This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, seePhosphorus (disambiguation).
silicon N P As
phosphorus
sulfur
15
P
Periodic table
waxy white (yellow cut), red, violet and black phosphorus General properties Name, symbol,number Element category Group, period,block Standard atomic weight Electron configuration Electrons pershell phosphorus, P, 15 nonmetal 15, 3, p 30.973762(2) gmol1 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 2, 8, 5 (Image) Physical properties Density (near r.t.) (white) 1.823, (red) 2.2 2.34, (violet) 2.36, (black) 2.69 gcm3 (white) 44.2 C, (black) 610 C
Melting point
B ili H H
(white) 280.5 C (white) 0.66 kJmol (white) 12.4 kJmol (25 C) (white) 23.824 Jmol 1 K1
Vapor pressure (white)
usi
iz i
P/Pa
10
100
at T/K
279
307
342
P/Pa
10
100
at T/K
455
489
529
Atomic properties Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2 [1], 1 [2], -1, -2, -3 (mildl acidic oxide)
107 3 pm 180 pm
Miscellanea
Electronegativity
2.19 (Pauli
1k
388
1k
576
scale)
Subli
i i
10 k
100 k
453
549
10 k
100 k
635
704
X RQ PQ Qa aRUQ XUVT SS XQa Y XQV XcPS QP XQTY U` RS Y P X RQ U Q PQR XQ XS V Q R aQXW b Qa SX U QPU XaRWSV`SY XWPSTVXST XPQ PQ S RS YWaSPV QT X X UY `QTY aQXU XWPSTVXSTV S QXW U YPQ``SY RU PSV` XS` QT X QY R U PS RQ`Q Q U RQXXQ RU XWT X XQRUP `Q` QY U `PS Y Xa V S VXS V Q SX U aRU S RQRSV`SY U X XWPSTVXST T T T T T
x g b t -b . It i t i , fi w f it i gt t i , t f DNA, RNA, ATP, l i t giv l "M ti i ti l l wi f i g St ", t ,t l G t tf ti i t ll livi g ff tiliz x l t l l g , l iv , tV t g ll . T t . t . . v g ti li i t , w i i g "lig t-b t t f ll i l " ll
76 XWRQ QRU V QT PU R RPS QT S R PPQ QP 7 76C@ H 9 9E H@ ICCD @9D 7C C@67 G CA7CE 7 C H 9 9 DCD6C E CDBG9F C 79FB 9 7 6 6 G @C 7 GBD9EFG9EF C E CDC 9AG C 9 G BD9EFG9EF 9 @D9 8 8 GD CE E D6 79 CDB 67 7 7C@C C CCD 6 G6 87B9 DC C7 G GBD9EFG9EF H A6CD E E G 9 CB CA7CAGC7 @B @CEA C 6A C B9EG 76 GBD9EFG9EF CD 97 8 8 8 8 B C E CE 9 79 6 9 @9D GC 67 D9 GBD 9EFG9EF 9 9 GBD9EFG9EF @9D GC DC 79 67 @B 8 8 DC 6 9 7 76C@ CA7CAG CD9EFG9EF @DC CE E B9E GBD9EFG9EF 8CD 876 G BD9EFG9EF C E G@D9 D9 6@ 9 7 G G C GBD9EFG9EF 6 7C@C GIA9D C 6EFG9EF A 76 D97 7 87B9 H 79@@9A G G BD9EFG9EF FB9D 7C 9D 7 CE 9 6 C@797 7C 6 B@ DC @B7 A @9 6 876 5 14' &%$"#!"! ) '2 2 3)1) ) 2 0 1) 0 ) ' ( ( ( ( (
t b lP i t it f ) ti l f , ig t iv i i i tivit , t b f g b i / f sf r s/, FOS-f r- s) i t i 15. A l b
This box: view talk edit
f i ti
ill
(L ti Lucifer),
w it
1 Physical properties
Phosphorus (
33
32
31
iso
Bul modulus
100%
NA
syn
syn
Contents
hal -li e
14.28 d
[hide] 25.3 d Main article: Isotopes of phosphorus 7723-14-0 (white) 5, (red) 11 GPa
31
DM
(w it
, gl w f
ll
ltiv l
. Alt
DE (MeV)
0.249
1.709
. El
g t
il
t l ft
t l
, i 1669)
DP
33
32
"
igi
it g
l l
it
ti
xi t i tw
tt
f i t gl w
xi
",
ti
E t .T
i g gl w ft
ft
w it (b t
fi t
o o
2 Chemical properties
o o o o
2.1 Chemical bonding 2.2 Phosphine, diphosphine and phosphonium salts 2.3 Halides 2.4 Oxides and oxyacids
3 Spelling and etymology 4 History and discovery 5 Occurrence 6 Production 7 Applications 8 Biological role 9 Precautions
o o
13 External links
[edit]P [edit]Glow
l
fe
erties
f h
rine, and in t e process e produced a w ite material t at glowed in t e dark.[4] T e phosphorus had
in fact been produced from inorganic phosphate, which is a significant component of dissolved urine
with ox gen. The glow observed b Brand was actuall caused b the very slow burning of the phosphorus, but as he neither saw flame nor felt any heat he did not recognize it as burning. It was known from early times that the glow would persist for a time in a stoppered jar but then cease. Robert Boyle in the 1680s ascribed it to "debilitation" of the air; in fact, it is oxygen being consumed. By the 18th century, it was known that in pure oxygen, phosphorus does not glow at all;
[5]
there is only a range of partial pressure at which it does. Heat can be applied to drive the
solids.
hite phosphorus is highl reactive and gives off a faint greenish glow upon uniting
I 1669, German al
p q
i d
place at the surface of the solid or liquid) phosphorus, formin the short li ed molecules PO and
not phosphorescence re emittin li ht that pre i ously fell onto a su stance and e cited it).
a spin flip, makin it classically for i dden. Often it in ol e s a transition from an e cited triplet state to a sin l et round state. he metasta l e e cited state may ha e een populated y thermal e citations
e cited molecules then release their e cess ener y in the form of li ht. he frequency colour) of the li ht emitted is proportional to the ener y difference of the t o electronic states in ol ed. [edit]Allotropes Main article: Allotropes of phosphorus
P4 molecule
electricity, and has puckered sheets of linked atoms. Another allotrope is diphosphorus; it contains a phosphorus dimer as a structural unit and is hi hly reacti e.
[10]
is o tained y heatin
allo i n a solution of
hite phosphorus in car on disulfide to e aporate in sunli ht. Black phosphorus atmospheres). In
phase et een
[9]
he t o most
ed phosphorus is an intermediate
y y
reaction
PO and P2O2 in this case) lea e the reaction in an electronically e cited state. hese
[8]
or some li ht source. Since phosphorescence is slo , it persists for some time after the e citin
w v
w y
y y
v w w wu
u t
t v
yt
u t
t u t
v u
and only ery little of the intermediates are continues in a stoppered jar. hich i es
tv
y t
t t
w y
u t
uu t t y t
In
74, the l o
t t t
r s
t v
P4 O10 molecule
three atoms y a sin le ond. his P4 tetrahedron is also present in liquid and aseous phosphorus up to the temperature of 800 C hen it starts decomposin to P2molecules.
[11]
the least sta l e, the most reacti e, more olatile, less dense, and more to i c than the other allotropes.
thermodynamically unsta l e at normal condition and ill radually chan e to red phosphorus. his
in napalm. he odour of com ustion of this form has a characteristic arlic smell, and samples are
o y en inserted et een the phosphorus atoms and at their ertices. White phosphorus is insol l e u in ater ut solu l e in car on disulfide.
[12]
apour and can e collected under phosphoric acid. his process is similar to the first synthesis of
In the red phosphorus, one of the P4 onds is roken, and one additional ond is formed i th a
strain and i es reater sta i lity; further heatin results in the red phosphorus ecomin crystalline. herefore red phosphorus is not a certain allotrope, ut rather an intermediate phase et een the
hite and i olet phosphorus, and most of its properties ha e a ran e of alues.
ed phosphorus does
sunli ht. Phosphorus after this treatment e i sts as an amorphous net ork of atoms
[4]
g e
heatin
hite phosphorus to
hich reduces
[13]
he
hite allotrope can e produced usin se eral different methods. In one hich is deri ed from phosphate rock, is heated in an electric or fuel
i g
f f
e e e
commonly coated i th
h g
f f
contain some red phosphorus and therefore appear yello . For this reason, it is also called yello
hi e
d e
transformation,
he to i city of
White phosphorus is
temperature
d e g
d d f
30 C.
[14]
recrystalli ed from molten lead, a red/purple form is o tained. herefore this form is sometimes kno n
Black phosphorus is the least reacti e allotrope and the thermodynamic sta l e form elo 550 C. It
[15][16]
[17]
he diphosphorus allotrope, P2, is sta l e only at hi h temperatures. he dimeric unit contains a triple
Form
white( )
white( )
iolet
black
Symmetry
Pearson symbol
aP24
mP84
oS8
Space group
I-43m
1.88
2.36
2.69
[18]
o tained in eneratin the diatomic molecule in homo eneous solution, under normal conditions
q y
l z w
u y
2.
he diphosphorus allotrope P2) can e o tained normally only under e ertheless, some ad ancements ere ith
l l u
of raphite.
l m
is also kno n as
metallic phosphorus and has a structure some hat resem lin that
m l
o l l
as
metallic phosphorus).[10]
rr q l
hen phosphorus
m l
q m
n m l p
2 0 C,
hereas
v s o
z l u
Bandgap (eV)
2.1
1.5
0.34
2.6
2.4
[19]
only P, with spin 1/ , is stable and is therefore present at 100% abundance. The half-integer spin and high abundance of P make it useful for nuclear magnetic resonance studies of biomolecules, particularly DNA. Two radioactive isotopes of phosphorus have half-lives which make them useful for scientific experiments.
3 31
P has a half-life of 14. 6 days and P has a half-life of 5.34 days. Biomolecules can
33
be "tagged" with a radioisotope to allow for the study of very dilute samples. Radioactive isotopes of phosphorus include
3
P, a beta-emitter (1. 1 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days which is used routinely in life-science
laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e. . for use inNorthern blots or Southern blots. Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into
3
similar institutions in other developed countries require that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes.Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e. . lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as Bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, e. . Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water.
33 3
[20]
P, a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in
applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as D sequencing. NA [edit]
hemical properties
See also: Category:Phosphorus compounds Hydrides: PH3,P2H4 Halides: PBr5, PBr3, P l 3, PI3 xides:P4O6, P4O10
~ ~
P up to
46
P),
Organophosphorus and organophosphates: Lawesson's reagent, Parathion, Sarin, Soman, Tabun, Triphenyl phosphine, VX nerve gas
[edit]Chemical
bonding
For more details on this topic, see Octet rule. Because phosphorus is just below nitrogen in the periodic table, the two elements share many of their bonding characteristics. or instance, phosphine, PH3, is an analogue of ammonia, NH3. Phosphorus, like nitrogen, is trivalent in this molecule. The "trivalent" or simple 3-bond view is the pre-quantum mechanical Lewis structure, which although somewhat of a simplification from a quantum chemical point of view, illustrates some of the distinguishing chemistry of the element. In quantum chemical valence bond theory, the valence electrons are seen to be in mixtures of four s and p atomic orbitals, so-called hybrids. In this view, the three unpaired electrons in the three 3p orbitals combine with the two electrons in the 3s orbital to form three electron pairs of opposite spin, available for the formation of three bonds. The remaining hybrid orbital contains two paired non-bonding electrons, which show as a lone pair in the Lewis structure. The phosphorus cation is very similar to the nitrogen cation. In the same way that nitrogen forms the tetravalent ammonium ion, phosphorus can form the tetravalent phosphonium ion, and form salts such as phosphonium iodide [PH4] [I ]. Like other elements in the third or lower rows of the periodic table, phosphorus atoms can expand their valence to make penta- and hexavalent compounds. The phosphorus chloride molecule is an
+
located in the apical positions and the least electronegative ligands are located in the axial positions.
octahedral ion is isoelectronic with S 6. In the bonding the six octahedral sp d hybrid atomic orbitals play an important role.
3 2
Before extensive computer calculations were feasible, it was generally assumed that the nearby d orbitals in the n = 3 shell were the obvious cause of the difference in binding between nitrogen and phosphorus (i.e., phosphorus had 3d orbitals available for 3s and 3p shell bonding electron hybridisation, but nitrogen did not). However, in the early eighties the German theoretical
[21]
binding is more likely due to differences in character between the valence 2pand valence 3p orbitals of nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The 2s and 2p orbitals of first row atoms are localized in roughly the same region of space, while the 3p orbitals of phosphorus are much more extended in
chemist
erner Kutzelnigg
example.
hen the phosphorus ligands are not identical, the more electronegative ligands are
Phosphides:
u3 P
Phosphates: (NH4)3PO4,
a(H2PO4)2, KH2PO4
space. The violation of the octet rule observed in compounds of phosphorus is then due to the size of the phosphorus atom, and the corresponding reduction of steric hindrance between its ligands. In modern theoretical chemistry, Kutzelnigg's analysis is generally accepted. The simple Lewis structure for the trigonal bipyramidal P l 5 molecule contains five covalent bonds, implying a hypervalent molecule with ten valence electrons contrary to the octet rule. An alternate description of the bonding, however, respects the octet rule by using 3-centre-4-electron (3c-4e) bonds. In this model the octet on the P atom corresponds to six electrons which form three
and does not contribute to the electron density on the phosphorus atom. (However, it should always be remembered that the octet rule is not some universal rule of chemical bonding, and while many compounds obey it, there are many elements to which it does not apply). [edit]Phosphine,
Phosphine (PH3) and arsine (AsH3) are structural analogues with ammonia (NH3) and form pyramidal structures with the phosphorus or arsenic atom in the centre bound to three hydrogen atoms and one lone electron pair. Both are colourless, ill-smelling, toxic compounds. Phosphine is produced in a
and it reacts instantly with air giving off phosphoric acid clouds. Arsine is even less stable. Although phosphine is less basic than ammonia, it can form some phosphonium salts (like PH4I), analogues of ammonium salts, but these salts immediately decompose in water and do not yield phosphonium (PH4 ) ions. Diphosphine (P2H4 or H2P-PH2) is an analogue of hydrazine (N2H4) that is a colourless liquid which spontaneously ignites in air and can disproportionate into phosphine and complex hydrides. [edit]Halides The trihalides P 3, P l 3, PBr3 and PI3 and the pentahalides, P l 5 and PBr5 are all known and mixed halides can also be formed. The trihalides can be formed simply by mixing the appropriate
+
made by reacting P l 3 with AsF5 and fractional distillation because the direct reaction of phosphorus with fluorine can be explosive. The pentahalides, PX5, are synthesized by reacting excess halogen with either elemental phosphorus or with the corresponding trihalide. Mixed phosphorus halides are unstable and decompose to form simple halides. Thus 5PF3Br2 decomposes into 3PF5 and 2PBr5. [edit]Oxides
and oxyacids
Phosphorus(III) oxide, P4O6 (also called tetraphosphorus hexoxide) and phosphorus(IV) oxide, P4O10 (or tetraphosphorus decoxide) are acid anhydrides of phosphorus oxyacidsand hence readily
nitride,
a3P2, or calcium
is typically
nonbonding molecular orbital are not included because this orbital is localized on the two
l atoms
Lewis (2c-2e) bonds to the three equatorial l atoms, plus the two electrons in the 3-centre
l-P- l
react with water. P 4O10 is a particularly good dehydrating agent that can even remove water from nitric acid, HNO3. The structure of P4O6 is like that of P 4 with an oxygen atom inserted between each of the P-P bonds. The structure of P4 O10 is like that of P 4O6 with the addition of one oxygen bond to each phosphorus atom via a double bond and protruding away from the tetrahedral structure. Phosphorous oxyacids can have acidic protons bound to oxygen atoms and nonacidic protons which are bonded directly to the phosphorus atom. Although many oxyacids of phosphorus are formed, only six are important (see table), and three of them, hypophosphorous acid, phosphorous acid and phosphoric acid are particularly important ones. Oxidation state Formula Name Acidic protons Compounds
+1
H3PO2
hypophosphorous acid
acid, salts
+3
H3PO3
(ortho)phosphorous acid 2
acid, salts
+5
salts (n=3,4)
+5
salts
+5
H4P2O7
pyrophosphoric acid
acid, salts
+5
H3PO4
(ortho)phosphoric acid
acid, salts
[edit]Spelling
and etymology
The name Phosphorus in Ancient Greece was the name for the planet Venus and is derived from the Greek words ( carrier.
[4]
= light,
(In Greek mythology, Hesperus (evening star) and Eosphorus (dawnbearer) are close
homologues, and also associated with Phosphorus-the-planet). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the correct spelling of the element is phosphorus. The word phosphorous is the adjectival form of the P
5+ 3+
sulfuric compounds, phosphorus forms phosphorous compounds (see, e.g., phosphorous acid) and P valency phosphoric compounds (see, e.g., phosphoric acids and phosphates).
[edit]History
and discovery
[22]
The discovery of phosphorus is credited to the |German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669, although other chemists might have discovered phosphorus around the same time. Brand experimented
with urine, which contains considerable quantities of dissolved phosphates from normal
the distillation of some salts by evaporating urine, and in the process produced a white material that glowed in the dark and burned brilliantly. His process originally involved letting urine stand for days until it gave off a terrible smell. Then he boiled it down to a paste, heated this paste to a high temperature, and led the vapours through water, where he hoped they would condense to gold. Instead, he obtained a white, waxy substance that glowed in the dark. Brand had discovered
(it took about 1,100 L of urine to make about 60 g of phosphorus), it was unnecessary to allow the urine to rot. Later scientists would discover that fresh urine yielded the same amount of phosphorus. Since that time, phosphors and phosphorescence were used loosely to describe substances that shine in the dark without burning. However, as mentioned above, even though the term phosphorescence was originally coined as a term by analogy with the glow from oxidation of elemental phosphorus, is now reserved for another fundamentally different processre-emission of light after illumination. Phosphorus was gradually recognized as a chemical element in its own right at the emergence of the atomic theory that gradually occurred in the late part of the 18th century and the early 19th century (see ohn Dalton for more history). Brand at first tried to keep the method secret, Dresden,
[4]
[23]
but later sold the recipe for 200 thaler to D Krafft from
who could now make it as well, and toured much of Europe with it, including England,
where he met with Robert Boyle. The secret that it was made from urine leaked out and first ohann Kunckel (1630-1 03) in Sweden (16 8) and later Boyle in London (1680) also managed to make phosphorus. Boyle states that Krafft gave him no information as to the preparation of phosphorus other than that it was derived from "somewhat that belonged to the body of man". This gave Boyle a valuable clue, however, so that he, too, managed to make phosphorus, and published the method of its manufacture. Later he improved Brand's process by using sand in the reaction (still using urine as base material), 4 NaPO3 + 2 SiO2 + 10 2 Na2SiO3 + 10
[4]
O + P4
Robert Boyle was the first to use phosphorus to ignite sulfur-tipped wooden splints, forerunners of our modern matches, in 1680.
( a3 (PO4)2) is found in bones, and they obtained phosphorus from bone ash. Antoine Lavoisierrecognized phosphorus as an element in 1
phosphorus until the 1840s. Phosphate rock, a mineral containing calcium phosphate, was first used in 1850 and following the introduction of the electric arc furnace in 1890, this became the
metabolism.
[4]
e now know that Brand produced hile the quantities were essentially correct
only source of phosphorus. Phosphorus, phosphates and phosphoric acid are still obtained from phosphate rock. Phosphate rock is a major feedstock in the fertilizer industry. Early matches used white phosphorus in their composition, which was dangerous due to its toxicity. Murders, suicides and accidental poisonings resulted from its use. (An apocryphal tale tells of a woman attempting to murder her husband with white phosphorus in his food, which was detected by the stew giving off luminous steam). In addition, exposure to the vapours gave match workers a severe necrosis of the bones of the jaw, the infamous "phossy jaw".
[7]
adoption as a safer alternative for match manufacture. [edit]Occurrence See also: category:Phosphate minerals
[12]
Due to its reactivity with air and many other oxygen-containing substances, phosphorus is not found free in nature but it is widely distributed in many different minerals. Phosphate rock, which is partially made of apatite (an impure tri-calcium phosphate mineral), is an important commercial source of this element. About 50 percent of the global phosphorus reserves are in the Arab nations.[24] Large deposits of apatite are located
rock in the 1890s and 1900s from onnetable, Tennessee and Florida; by 1950 they were using phosphate rock mainly from Tennessee and North Africa.[13] In the early 1990s Albright and
ilson's purified wet phosphoric acid business was being adversely affected by phosphate rock
sales by hina and the entry of their long-standing Moroccan phosphate suppliers into the purified wet phosphoric acid business.
In 2007, at the current rate of consumption, the supply of phosphorus was estimated to run out in 345 years.[26] However, scientists are now claiming that a "Peak Phosphorus" will occur in 30 years and that "At current rates, reserves will be depleted in the next 50 to 100 years." [edit]Production
[27]
hite phosphorus was first made commercially, for the match industry in the 19th century, by
[28]
distilling off phosphorus vapour from precipitated phosphates, mixed with ground coal orcharcoal, which was heated in an iron pot, in retort. The precipitated phosphates were made
from ground-up bones that had been de-greased and treated with strong acids. arbon monoxide and other flammable gases produced during the reduction process were burnt off in a flare stack.
ilson in the
nited Kingdom and their Niagara Falls plant, for instance, were using phosphate
[25]
in
hen a safe process for manufacturing red phosphorus was discovered, with its far lower onvention (1906), requiring its
[29][30]
Calcium phosphate phosphate rock), mostly mined in Florida an d hich is mostly SiO2, and coke impure
car on) to produce apori ed tetraphosphorus, P4, mp. 44.2 C) hich is su sequently
phosphorus is slo l y con erted to the more sta l e red phosphorus allotrope mp. 597 C). Both
The electric furnace method allo ed production to increase to the point here phosphorus could
[13]
in Britain to specially selected ci ilians ithin the British resistance operation, for defence; and
s to e tin uish and if it splashes onto human skin it has horrific effect see precautions elo ). Today phosphorus production is lar er than e er. It is used as a precursorfor arious
liquid form. Some major accidents ha e occurred durin transportation, train derailments
at Placentia Bay,
e foundland.
[32]
[edit]Applications
atch strikin surface made of a mi ture of red phosphorus, lue and round lass. The lass is used to
Use
Ca(H2PO4)2H2O
at Bro nston,
e raska and
Production of
chemicals,
[31]
in particular the her icide l yphosate sold under the rand name oundup.
phosphorus incendiary om s
ere used in
i nited).
[13]
tracer ullets.
e used in
eapons of
ar.
[7][13]
the
ater.
condensed into a
ater, hite
CaHPO42H2O
PCl3
P4S10
Na5P3O10
Detergents
Phosphorus, being an essential plant nutrient, finds its major use as a constituent of fertilizers for agriculture and farm production in the form of concentrated phosphoric acids, which can consist of 70% to 75% P2O5. Global demand for fertilizers led to large increase in phosphate (PO4 ) production in the second half of the 20th century. Due to the essential nature of phosphorus to living organisms, the low solubility of natural phosphorus-containing compounds, and the slow natural cycle of phosphorus, the agricultural industry is heavily reliant on fertilizers which contain phosphate, mostly in the form of superphosphate of lime. Superphosphate of lime is a mixture of two phosphate salts, calcium dihydrogen phosphate a(H2PO4)2 and calcium sulfate dihydrate
3-
and water with calcium phosphate. , Phosphorus is widely used to make organophosphorus compounds through the intermediates phosphorus chlorides and two phosphorus sulfides: phosphorus pentasulfide, andphosphorus sesquisulfide.
[12] [13]
including in plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides, extraction agents, and water treatment.
Phosphorus is also an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products. Phosphates are utilized in the making of special glasses that are used for sodium lamps. Bone-ash, calcium phosphate, is used in the production of fine china.[33] Sodium tripolyphosphate made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in some countries, but banned for this use in others.
[33] [33]
Phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus is used in food applications such as some soda beverages. The acid is also a starting point to make food grade phosphates. These
[13]
POCl3
Manufacturing plastici er
H3PO4
include mono-calcium phosphate which is employed in baking powder and sodium tripolyphosphate and other sodium phosphates . Among other uses these are used to improve the characteristics of processed meat and cheese. Others are used in toothpaste.
[13] [13]
as incendiary bombs, for smoke-screening as smoke pots and smoke bombs, and in tracer
multipurpose grenade was mostly used for signalling, smoke screens and inflammation; it could also cause severe burns and had a psychological impact on the enemy. Red phosphorus is essential for manufacturing matchbook strikers, flares,
[13] [34][35]
pharmaceutical grade and street methamphetamine, and is used in cap gun caps. Phosphorus sesquisulfide is used in heads of strike-anywhere matches.
[13]
P and
33
[edit]Biological
role
Phosphorus is a key element in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO4 plays a major role in biological molecules such as DNA and RNA where it forms part of the structural framework of these molecules. Living cells also use phosphate to transport cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP. ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. alcium phosphate salts assist in stiffening bones. Every cell has a membrane that separates it from its surrounding environment. Biological membranes are made from a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. Phospholipids are derived from glycerol, such that two of the glycerol hydroxyl (OH) protons have been replaced with fatty acids as an ester, and the third hydroxyl proton has been replaced with phosphate bonded to another alcohol.
[12] [12] 3-
An average adult human contains about 0.7 kg of phosphorus, about 85-90% of which is present in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids (~1%). The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65-1.1 weight% in adults. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates.
[36]
consumes and excretes about 1-3 g of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of urine phosphate ion. Only about
hite phosphorus, called " P" (slang term " illie Peter") is used in military applications
safety matches,
0.1% of ody phosphate circulates in the l ood, ut this amount reflects the amount of phosphate a aila l e to soft tissue cells.
[12]
acteri ed feedin after malnutrition) or pass too much of it into the urine. All are char
solu l e phosphate le els in the l ood serum, and therefore inside cells. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include muscle and neurolo ical dysfunction, and disruption of muscle and l ood cells due to lack of ATP. Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification
[37]
hardenin ) of or ans and soft tissue, and can interfere ith the ody's a i lity to use iron,
in edapholo y in order to understand plant uptake from soil systems. In ecolo ical terms, phosphorus is often a limitin factor in many en i ronments; i.e. the a aila ility of phosphorus o erns the rate of ro th of many or anisms. In ecosystems an e cess of phosphorus can e
pro l ematic, especially in aquatic systems, see eutrophication and al al l ooms. [edit]Precautions
to i c. Fluorophosphate esters are amon the most potent neuroto i nskno n. A i de ran e of or anophosphorus compounds are used for their to i city to certain or anisms
as pesticides her i cides, insecticides, fun icides, etc.) and eaponised as ner e a ents.
[12]
inor anic phosphates are relati ely nonto i c and essential nutrients. For en i ronmentally ad erse effects of phosphates seeeutrophication and al al l ooms.
si nificant fire ha ard due to its e treme reacti ity i th atmospheric o y en, and it should only
[38]
called phossy ja
. In estion of
hite
e manipulated ith forceps since contact i th skin can cause se ere urns. Chronic
The
hite
hichare e tremely
ost
hich dra
In medicine, lo
also emits hi hly to ic fumes that consist of phosphorus o ides hen it is heated.[12]
Phosphorus e plosion
copper II)) sulfate has een used y U.S. personnel in the past and is still ein used y some
[39]
fra ments are seen as luminescent spots. Then, Promptly de ride the urn if the patient's
remo ed. Follo i n complete remo al of the particles, treat the lesions as thermal burns.[note
[edit]US
hite phosphorus
[40]
1]
As
hite phosphorus readily mi es i th oils, any oily substances or ointments are not
systemic poisonin .
O OT apply oily -based ointments until it is certain that all WP has been
condition
ill permit remo al of its of WP hich mi ht e a sor edlater and possi ly produce
of smoke
hen air strikes them, or y their phosphorescence in the dark. In dark surroundin s,
then allo
remo al of isi le
The manual su
nations.
hich i ll
onventional
e sted to
handled
hich does not chemoluminesce in air. The red allotrope does not
When the
theControlled Substances Act in order to reduce di ersion of these substances for use in clandestine production of controlled substances. [edit]See
[41][42][43]
also
eapon)
otes
Potassium compounds are those chemical compounds hich contain the chemical element potassium.
Subcate ories
This cate ory has only the follo i n subcate ory.
A
Alkalide
P cont.
Potassium benzoate
P cont.
Potassium iodate
WP in the
ord phosphorescence ,
C
Chrome alum
Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bifluoride Potassium bisulfate Potassium bisulfite Potassium bitartrate Potassium bromate Potassium bromide Potassium canrenoate Potassium carbonate Potassium chlorate Potassium chloride Potassium chromate Potassium citrate Potassium cobaltinitrite
Potassium iodide Potassium malate Potassium manganate Potassium manganite Potassium metabisulfite Potassium nitrate Potassium nitrite Potassium octachlorodimolybdate Potassium oxide Potassium perchlorate Potassium periodate Potassium permanganate Potassium persulfate Potassium picrate Potassium propionate Potassium pyrosulfate Potassium silicate Potassium sodium tartrate Potassium sulfate Potassium sulfide Potassium sulfite Potassium superoxide Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)
D
Dipotassium guanylate Dipotassium phosphate
F
Fowler's solution
K
Krogmann's salt
L
Liver of sulfur
M
Monopotassium glutamate Monopotassium phosphate Monopotassium phosphite
Nessler's reagent
Template:Potassium compounds Potassium cyanate Potassium cyanide Potassium dichromate Potassium dideuterium phosphate
N
P
Potassium ferrate Potassium ferricyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium formate Potassium fulminate Potassium gluconate Potassium hexachloroplatinate
Potassium 2-ethylhexanoate Potassium aluminate Potassium ferrioxalate Potassium ferrocyanide Potassium fumarate Potassium peroxide Potassium peroxymonosulfate
S
Salt substitute
Potassium phosphate Potassium sorbate Potassium tartrate Potassium acetate Potassium adipate Potassium alum
T
Tripotassium phosphate
Potassium amide Potassium argentocyanide Potassium arsenate Potassium ascorbate Potassium azide