JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH, 47(4), 301313, 2010 Copyright # The Society for the Scientic Study of Sexuality ISSN:

0022-4499 print=1559-8519 online DOI: 10.1080/00224490903062266

A Person-Centered Approach to the Multifaceted Nature of Young Adult Sexual Behavior

Jenifer K. McGuire
Department of Human Development, Washington State University

Bonnie L. Barber
School of Psychology, Murdoch University; and Family Studies and Human Development, University of Arizona Young adult sexual relationships were examined using a multifaceted, person-centered approach with data from Wave 7 (aged 2021; N 1,126) of the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions. The study utilized hierarchical cluster analyses based on the following measured variables: frequency of sex, importance of regularly having sex, satisfaction with sex life, experience of coercion for sex, and sexual risk reduction. Five distinct clusters emerged for females (Satised, Moderate, Active Unprotected, Pressured, and Inactive) and represented patterns such as more partners paired with less risk reduction (Active Unprotected), high satisfaction paired with frequent sex and high-risk reduction (Satised), or higher levels of coercion paired with low satisfaction and low-risk reduction (Pressured). Similar clusters emerged for males, with one additional cluster: the Dissatised cluster. Clusters differed with respect to relationship status, marital status, and psychological well-being (both males and females) and parental divorce, living situation, and sexual orientation (females only).

Research on adolescent and young adult sexual behavior has generally focused on single constructs such as frequency of sex, contraceptive vigilance, or experience of coercion in relationships. There is little research that incorporates multiple components of sexual behavior into an integrated framework. Studies examining a single aspect of sexuality are unable to consider the complexity of the relations between sexual behaviors. The meaning of a single indicator of sexuality, such as frequency of sex, may vary considerably based on levels of other indicators of sexuality, such as number of partners or regularity of condom and contraception use. We used a person-centered approach, assuming that various features of sexuality including behaviors, attitudes, and relational experiences would not occur or function independently. This study examined sexual style as an integrated component of a broader sexuality focusing on the complete individual, not a particular behavior. Individuals who shared similar proles were clustered into sexual styles using multiple sexual behaviors, attitudes, and experiences. Such a strategy allows for an integrative perspective about sexuality to be extended into the analyses and interpretation of sexual attitudes and
Correspondence should be addressed to Jenifer K. McGuire, Department of Human Development, Washington State University, P.O. Box 644852, Pullman, WA 99164-4852. E-mail: jkmcguire@ wsu.edu

behaviors. A person-centered analytic approach classies people and examines associations among the classications, rather than associations among single variables. Once the styles were dened, they were contrasted and validated based on demographic factors and indicators of well-being. Previous Studies of Sexual Style Few studies have explicitly examined adolescent or young adult sexual style by describing individuals as belonging to groups or typologies based on multiple indicators of sexuality, and those with a typology approach have focused specically on behavior (Miller, 1997) or self-concept (Buzwell & Rosenthal, 1996; Gfellner, 1986). The research that most inuenced our multidimensional conceptualization of young adult sexuality was that of Buzwell and Rosenthal, as well as Miller. These two studies were groundbreaking for their examination of adolescent sexuality from a person-centered approach. Millers research, based on sexual behavior of early adolescents, included multiple typologies for less sexually experienced youth based on intentions of future sex and laid the foundation for work on older adolescents that combines the behavioral indicators from her study with attitudinal and relational aspects of sexuality.

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Buzwell and Rosenthal (1996) used cluster analyses to examine the constructions of sexuality among adolescents and proposed ve different sexual styles that later predicted differences in sexual risk taking. The data included in the clusters measured adolescents sense of themselves as sexually efcacious, interested, and competent. The ve styles they identied were sexually nave, sexually unassured, sexually competent, sexually adventurous, and sexually driven; and the clusters differed in sexual behaviors and risk taking. The styles included concepts that tap into more stable personal characteristics, such as assertiveness, as well as developmental processes, such as condence in accurately using condoms (Smith & Rosenthal, 1998). This study extends both Millers (1997) and Buzwell and Rosenthals approaches by integrating a broader range of sexual behaviors, attitudes, experiences, and relationship characteristics. By incorporating such a person-centered approach, the individuals overall style, rather than his or her score on any single variable, becomes the focus of conceptualization and prediction about the links between sexuality and well-being. Several young adult sexuality studies have linked love styles to sexual styles, employing perspectives based in the interpersonal relationship literature, with less focus on risk reduction. Love styles (Frey & Hojjat, 1998; Stephan & Bachman, 1999; Walsh, 1993) include basic orientations to relationships such as eros (physical romantic love), pragma (practical love), storge (friendship love), ludus (game-playing orientation), and agape (seless love). The focus on romantic relationships that love style approaches add to the literature allows for a view of sexuality as a feature of identity, as very person-centered, and often relatively stable. This study, although not directly including love styles, incorporates variables that are often associated with love styles, such as number of partners or importance of sex. Examining the multifaceted nature of sexuality by using a person-centered approach allows for the examination of multiple, correlated aspects of sexuality. For instance, Buzwell and Rosenthal (1996) and Smith and Rosenthal (1998) found that persons with different sexual styles (based on sexual self-esteem, self-efcacy, and attitude) varied on a number of related sexual behaviors, such as number of partners and use of protection or alcohol. Miller (1997) found that individuals in different typologies may have different prevention needs because they have different behavioral intentions and practices. A person-centered approach allows researchers and policymakers to look beyond relationships between individual variables to see how a persons composite style may relate to a variety of sexual attitudes, behaviors, and values. This study expands existing person-centered literature in sexuality to examine sexual styles dened through behavioral, relational, and attitudinal attributes. What is specically gained by including behavioral, attitudinal, and relational characteristics together in a single cluster analysis is a typology of sexual styles that 302

allows for more holistic portrayals at the individual level. For example, being sexually healthy with regard to reducing physical risks (such as using condoms) may occur more frequently in the context of non-satisfying sexual relationships, as a feature of being less willing to risk ones health for a casual sexual partner (Gebhardt, Kuyper, & Greunsven, 2003). On the other hand, reducing physical risks could just be one feature of an overall healthy sexuality that includes satisfaction and mutuality. Our multifaceted approach to dening sexual styles has allowed for an examination of a richer picture of young adult sexual relationships.

Aspects of Sexual Style In the current climate of concern about sexual health, risk reduction is often a primary focus for studies of sexuality in adolescents and young adults. This study expands on this practice by including items that assessed behavior (e.g., frequency of sex, health-risk reduction), as well as attitudes about those behaviors (e.g., satisfaction with frequency, importance of sex), and relational experiences (e.g., frequency of coercion), ultimately resulting in a relational and individual approach to sexuality that includes risk reduction, but is not driven by that perspective. Five aspects of sexual behavior were integrated into this person-centered approach to sexual style: frequency of sex, regularity of coercion for sex, satisfaction with sex life, importance of sex, and health-risk reduction (number of partners, contraception use). These ve aspects of the young adult sexual relationship have been linked to one another at the bivariate level in prior studies, lending support for the need to consider these behaviors simultaneously. Studies examining links between two or more of these aspects are reviewed. Frequency and Satisfaction Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels (1994) analyzed data from a nationally representative and comprehensive study of sexual behavior among Americans aged 18 to 64 and found that both males and females with more frequent intercourse reported higher overall satisfaction than those with less frequent intercourse. Additionally, males and females engaged in current relationships reported higher frequency of sex and subsequently higher overall satisfaction with sex. Other researchers have documented a connection between frequency of sex and sexual satisfaction as well. Blumstein and Schwartz (1983) reported that couples with more frequent sex reported greater satisfaction. Haavio-Mannila and Kontula (1997) reported positive, moderate correlations among higher satisfaction with sex life, more frequent intercourse, and higher importance of sex. By and large, investigators have found that frequency of sex is positively related to sexual satisfaction.

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However, this link may not hold true for all individuals. A person-centered approach can help to better understand the experience of sexuality for people who differ from those reporting such links between variables. For instance, for those who experience frequent intercourse but low satisfaction, how are other aspects of sexuality such as coercion or risk reduction experienced? A person-centered approach can help to describe not only sexual styles with covarying frequency and satisfaction, but also those with less expected combinations. Coercion and Health-Risk Reduction Several studies have documented a link between coercion in a sexual relationship and increases in risky sexual behaviors, such as failure to use contraception or condoms. Gielen, McDonnell, and OCampo (2002) found that women reporting frequent psychological, physical, or sexual abuse from their partners were less likely to use condoms. In a population-based assessment of forced sex and risky behavior (Molitor, Ruiz, Klausner, & McFarland, 2000), investigators found that women who had experienced forced sex were less likely to use condoms and more likely to have had more partners and been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease. Johnsen (1997) found that increased unprotected intercourse was signicantly predicted by having experienced adult sexual victimization. Zweig, Sayer, Crockett, and Vicary (2002) documented a positive link between frequency of sex and experience of coercion. The consequences of coercion can vary depending on gender (Zweig, Barber, & Eccles, 1997), and using a person-centered approach allows us to examine what patterns of sexual experience co-occur with sexual coercion for males and females. Given the demonstrated link between coercion, frequency of sex, and sexual health-risk reduction, coercion as part of ones pattern of sexual experience was included in our cluster analyses. We think that other aspects of sexual style (like frequency, satisfaction, and health-risk reduction) may be so inextricably linked to coercion that to consider sexual style in the absence of coercion would be misleading. Importance of Sex, Risk Reduction, and Frequency Several studies have examined the importance placed on intercourse as it related to other features of sexuality. In a study of gender differences in the importance of intercourse (Hong, Evans, Hall, & Sheehan, 1994), investigators found that males reported higher importance of intercourse than females. Youmans (2001) found no correlation between reported importance of heterosexual relationships and consistency of condom use among women. Slogett and Herold (1996) studied single women with a high interest in sex, and found that importance of sex was correlated with frequency.

Importance of sex may provide an indicator of motivation for sexuality that is linked to other aspects of sexual style, such as frequency or willingness to engage in risk reducing practices. Someone for whom having sex is very important may be less committed to reducing risk by maintaining monogamy or consistently using condoms. Additionally, such a person may be particularly dissatised if the frequency of sex is low. Including a motivational construct in the clusters was important to ll out the picture of the different styles. An Integrative View of Sexuality The evidence linking aspects of sexuality highlights the need to consider sexuality as a multifaceted feature of the self. Various features of an individuals sex life are likely to operate together. In addition, individuals may vary in how these aspects of sexuality are related to one another. Sufcient linkages are found in prior literature to support the inclusion of the following ve aspects of sexuality in the cluster derivation: frequency of sex, health-risk reduction, coercion, satisfaction with sex, and importance of sex. Demographic Differences in Sexual Behavior Certain demographic factors have been consistently linked to sexual attitudes and behaviors in prior literature such as parent divorce, living status, sexual orientation, and ethnicity (Flewelling & Bauman, 1990; Meschke, Zweig, Barber, & Eccles, 2000; Solomon, Rothblum, & Balsam, 2005). In an effort to provide support for the validity of the clusters, the clusters were compared across several demographic factors including parental divorce, college attendance, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. Well-Being and Sexuality Well-being is broadly conceptualized in the literature, but typically incorporates elements of mental health such as self-esteem, indicators of positive social relationships like relationship satisfaction and freedom from coercion, and behaviors that promote physical health like contraception or condom use. Considerable research has documented relationships between aspects of sexuality and aspects of well-being. For example, self-perception of positive social skills has been correlated with condence in contraception use (Hynes & Bruch, 1985; Tschann & Adler, 1997) and relationship satisfaction (Flora & Segrin, 1999). Social concerns have been linked positively to experiences of coercion (Walker, 2001), and negatively to relationship and sexual competence, (Feeney, Kelly, Gallois, Peterson, & Terry, 1999; Lesure-Lester, 2001), while social isolation has been linked to a history of sexual coercion (Zweig et al., 1997). These known associations between well-being and distinct sexuality variables suggested 303

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one approach to validate the distinctiveness of our dened sexual style clusters by examining links between cluster status and elements of well-being. We tested for differences among the clusters in self-esteem, depressed mood, social isolation, social anxiety, anger, and coping. We expected that well-being would differ among the clusters in directions consistent with previous ndings, but that clusters might also be particularly distinct with respect to adjustment because they represent a more complete, multifaceted sexual style.

Method Design The data for this project were taken from the Michigan Study of Adolescent Life Transitions, a nine-wave, 20-year longitudinal investigation that began in 1983 when participants were in the sixth grade in 10 middle- and lower middle-class school districts in southeastern Michigan (Barber, Eccles, & Stone, 2001). This study utilized data from Wave 7, when the participants were two to three years post high school (2021 years old). Wave 7 data were collected through mailed questionnaires with return postage-paid envelopes. Participants were sent $20 for completing the survey. Participants At Wave 7, 1,401 individuals completed the survey Booklets 1 and 3, which included the items for this study. A total of 1,310 completed all of the items included in these analyses. Of those, 1,126 had experienced rst intercourse and were included in the cluster analyses and subsequent cluster group comparisons. Those not yet having experienced rst intercourse, 111 females and 73 males, were not included in this study because they did not answer the questions about sexual behavior used in the cluster analyses. The sample description that follows includes the 1,126 sexually active individuals. More than one half of these individuals were attending college at least part time (68.6%). Ninety-one percent were Caucasian, and 62.8% were female. A total of 16% were either married (7.6%), engaged, or living with a partner (8.2%). Sixty-eight percent were in a relationship. Twelve percent of the sample had children. Over one half of the young adults (53%) indicated that they had lived with their parent(s) or other relative(s) during the prior winter. Another 21.0% had lived in a dormitory, and 22.9% lived in an apartment (not with their parents). Most of these individuals parents (64.9%) were married and living together. Measures Young adult sexual style. All respondents were asked to indicate whether they had ever experienced 304

voluntary sexual intercourse, and at what age this rst occurred. Seventy-ve percent of those who had initiated intercourse were between 15 and 18 years of age the rst time. Participants who indicated that they had not experienced intercourse appropriately skipped the ensuing items and, therefore, could not be included in the cluster analyses about sexual behavior patterns. Participants were asked two questions to determine frequency of sex. First, they were asked, In the last four weeks, how often did you have sex? The response choices were every day, almost every day, once or twice a week, once or twice in the past four weeks, and not at all. About one half of the sexually experienced participants (46.8%) indicated that during the past month they had sex either not at all or once or twice. Next, the participants were asked if this was a lot more or less than usual. Scores ranged from 1 (a lot less) to 5 (a lot more) (M 2.61, SD 1.01). On average, the reported frequency was typical or just slightly below the norm for each respondent. Information about usual frequency was used only in the case of persons who reported having no sex in the past 30 days. Because so many of the participants (24.5%) were included in this category, an additional level was added to the frequency variable to increase the variability at the lower end. The resulting variable accounts for people who had not had sex in the past 30 days, and reported that this was the usual amount, and was coded 0 (not at all and that is typical) (10.2%), 1 (not at all but that is less than usual) (14.3%), 2 (once or twice in the past four weeks) (22.3%), 3 (once or twice a week) (36.7%), 4 (almost every day) (14.7%), and 5 (every day) (1.9%). Responses to several items were combined to create an index of risk reduction. Participants were asked one question to determine number of recent sexual partners. The question was, In the past four weeks, how many sexual partners have you had? The response choices included none (22%), one person (72%), mainly one person but others as well (5%), and a number of persons (1%). Two questions assessed contraceptive use and unprotected intercourse. The rst question asked, How often in the last six months did you engage in unprotected sex? The response choices were never, once, 23 times, 46 times, 710 times, 1120 times, and 21 or more times. With regard to unprotected intercourse, 54% said that they had never engaged in unprotected intercourse in the last six months, and another 10% said only once. The second question asked which method of contraception was used during the last intercourse. The most common were the pill (41%) and condoms (47%). High scores on risk reduction indicated use of practices such as contraception or having only one sexual partner. Low scores indicated sexual behaviors such as multiple partners, unprotected intercourse, and failure to use contraception. The nal variable included ve

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ordinal levels of risk reduction: 5 highest (47%), 4 second (12%), 3 third (24%), 2 fourth (15%), and 1 lowest (2%). The most risky level included participants with multiple sex partners who had frequent unprotected sex. The second-most risky level included participants with multiple partners with occasional unprotected sex or poor contraception use, or one partner with frequent unprotected sex. The middle level included participants with one partner with occasional unprotected sex or poor contraception use. The second-least risky level had participants with one partner with one instance of unprotected sex, use of poor contraception methods, or multiple partners with no unprotected sex and good contraception use. To receive a score of ve, individuals must have reported one or no sexual partners in the last 30 days, an effective means of contraception at last intercourse, and no instances of unprotected sex in the last six months. Persons with same-sex partners (n 40) did not have to report effective contraception, but did have to report no unprotected sex and one or no partners to score a ve. Participant reports of efforts to intentionally get pregnant were incorporated into the scheme to not exaggerate risk of unprotected intercourse in such cases. The high scores of the participants indicate the relatively low-risk nature of this sample. A single item assessed satisfaction with sex life: How satised are you with your sex life? Responses ranged from 1 (not at all satised) to 7 (very satised). On average, participants indicated that they were satised with their sex life (M 5.10, SD 1.83). Again, a single item assessed importance of sex: How important is it to you to regularly have sex? Responses ranged from 1 (not at all important) to 7 (very important). On average, participants indicated that having regular sex was somewhat important (M 3.70, SD 1.75). Three items assessed experience of coercion or pressure for sex. Each of the items were asked in a section that led with, How often do you have sex for the following reasons? The rst question specied, How often does it happen because you are forced into it? The second question asked, Because you are pressured into it?, and the third question asked, Because it is expected of you? All three answers had the same response scale: 1 (never), 2 (once in a while), 3 (about half the time), 4 (about 3=4 of the time), 5 (almost always), and 6 (always). These three items were averaged to create a single coercion scale. Most were never forced (91%) or pressured (79%) into intercourse, and most never had sex because they felt it was expected of them (63%). Cronbachs alpha for the three-item scale of sexual coercion was .64 (M 1.30, SD 0.47). Background characteristics. Participants were asked to indicate their race or ethnic background and, because of the limited racial diversity of participants, responses were collapsed into two groups: White (91%) and other

(9%). A single item asked whether participants were married, in a cohabiting relationship, in a committed relationship but not living together, or not in a committed relationship. We collapsed all those in romantic partnerships together into in a relationship (62%), and the balance were not in a relationship (38%). Living status was measured with a single item about where the participant lived during the prior winter. A majority was living with a parent or at home (55%), and the rest were living away from home (45%). Participants indicated whether they were full-time college students (70%) or not (30%) during the preceding academic year. When asked if they had ever had a child, 10% indicated that they had. When asked about their parents marital status, 67% indicated that their parents were still married, and 32% had parents who were divorced or never married. Finally, several items were combined to identify participants who had been in sexual or dating relationships with members of the same sex (3%). Well-being. Participants responded to 35 items assessing their psychological well-being. The stem for these items was, How often do you . . . ?, and responses ranged from 1 (never) to 7 (daily). Scores were computed as a mean of the items in each scale. Cronbachs alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of each subscale. Self-Esteem was assessed with four items including feel sure of who you are and feel satised with yourself the way you are (a .85). The Depressed Mood subscale was composed of ve items such as feel unhappy, sad, or depressed and lose your appetite or eat a lot when you get upset (a .81). Social Isolation captured individual isolation from social activities (a .77). Examples of the ve items include feel you are no longer close to anyone and feel your interests and ideas are not shared by those around you. Social Anxiety measured the extent to which a person experienced discomfort when interacting socially. The four items describe times when you feel nervous when meeting new people and feel shy (a .76). The Anger subscale includes four items such as feel like beating or injuring someone and have a hot temper (a .82). The Coping subscale referred to how often individuals think they deal well with adversity. Examples of the ve items include feel you are good at learning from mistakes and feel capable of coping with most of your problems (a .68). Analytic Procedures for Cluster Development This study utilized hierarchical cluster analysis with split halves of females and males to group individuals into different sexual style clusters. Clusters were based on the ve variables: frequency of sex, importance of regularly having sex, satisfaction with sex life, 305

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Table 1.

Clusters of Females
Cluster Group

Sexuality Components Importance Satisfaction Coercion Frequency Risk reduction Unprotected sex No. of partners

Active Unprotected (n 158) 4.01a 5.95a 1.23a,c 3.09a 2.61a 5.05a 2.04a

Satised (n 154) 2.09b 6.48b 1.11b 2.78b 4.60b 2.12b 1.92b

Moderate (n 143) 4.90c 5.51c 1.14a,b 2.64b 4.62b 1.91b,c 1.90b

Inactive (n 145) 2.77d 4.17d 1.25a,c 1.66c 4.83c 1.53c 1.57c

Pressured (n 108) 3.12e 4.28d 2.04d 2.09d 3.25d 3.40d 1.82b

F 89.76 68.97 109.43 40.60 263.63 94.25 25.28

Note. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < .05 in the least signicant difference comparison. p < .05.

experience of coercion for sex, and sexual risk reduction. Clusters were separately computed for males and females, based on an assumption that the component variables might not cluster in the same way for both genders. The data from Wave 7 were prepared for use in cluster analyses in the following way. Before conducting the cluster analysis, the sample was split into four groups. Within each gender, individuals were randomly assigned into one of two groups. Thus, there were four total groups: two groups of females (Group F1, n 370; and Group F2, n 338) and two groups of males (Group M1, n 194; and Group M2, n 224). The purpose of this step was to allow us to demonstrate reliability of the cluster solutionsclusters that emerged in both Group 1 and Group 2 for each gender that had an acceptable correlation to each other were accepted as nal clusters. In all cases, accepted clusters had a correlation above .80 across the split halves. To provide common units of measurement for the cluster analysis, items were standardized within each gender, including both cluster halves in the standardization, and z scores were used. Standardization allows the use of items on different measurement scales in the same analysis without higher weighting of items on larger scales (Norusis, 1990). Cluster analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using the average linkage between groups method. This method denes
Table 2. Clusters of Males

the cluster based on the average of the correlations between all pairs of cases with one member in each cluster (Bailey, 1994). This agglomerative, hierarchical method uses information about all pairs of correlations, instead of just the smallest and largest pairs. Because we were attempting to cluster individuals rather than variables, a Q correlation was the preferred method (Bailey, 1994). The number of clusters was allowed to vary between three to six clusters. The clusters were held mutually exclusivethat is, each individual was placed in a single cluster and not allowed to be a member of more than one cluster. The analyses were hierarchical, which meant that some cluster groups would be more similar to each other than other groups. The nal number of clusters was chosen based on the highest overall correlation to the parallel gender group, with a consideration for conceptual coherence, cluster size, and mean levels within the cluster on the items included in the analyses. Analyses were run with a second random split of the data, and overall ndings were unchanged, indicating that the clusters generated were indeed represented in this sample. Finally, each member of each cluster group was compared to other members of the group on those variables included in the cluster analyses to ensure that no outliers occurred in a group. For instance, it was necessary to ensure that no person reporting no coercion belonged to the cluster dened

Cluster Group Sexuality Components Importance Satisfaction Coercion Frequency Risk reduction Unprotected sex No. of partners Active Unprotected (n 77) 5.22a 5.65a 1.25a 3.05a 2.29a 5.00a 2.21a Satised (n 100) 2.94b 6.10b 1.16a 2.92a 3.81b 3.06b 2.02b Moderate (n 71) 4.62c 3.56c 1.18a 1.77c 4.73c 1.62c 1.65d Inactive (n 56) 2.89b 4.43d 1.26a 0.95b 4.66c 1.34c 1.34c Pressured (n 46) 4.50c 3.98c,d 1.99b 2.48d 2.80d 4.07d 2.04a,b Dissatised (n 68) 5.44a 2.74e 1.15a 1.26b 3.50e 2.35e 1.57d

F 56.31 59.07 49.35 52.81 75.53 40.05 23.84

Note. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < .05 in the least signicant difference comparison. p < .05.

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by higher rates of coercion. It was clear from this careful inspection of each member of the sample that no person belonged to a cluster dened by characteristics that were not present in that individuals prole. Results of the cluster analyses for males and females can be found in Tables 1 and 2. These tables include the recombination of the split halves. Each cluster is rst described by reporting which of the ve clustering characteristics seem to distinguish it. To better understand between-cluster differences, one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were run for each of the ve variables in the cluster analyses, as well as the two components of the risk reduction variable: frequency of unprotected sex and number of partners. All analyses yielded signicant omnibus tests and, therefore, the least signicant difference (LSD) test was used for follow-up comparisons among the groups.

Results Cluster Results for Females In both groups of females, a ve-cluster solution seemed to best capture diverse groups and replicate cleanly in both randomly split halves. Those clusters were Active Unprotected, Very Satised, Moderate, Inactive, and Pressured. For each of the female clusters, the correlation between the split halves of the sample was between .88 and .96, indicating reliable replication across the split halves. Means and ANOVA contrasts of the items used to develop the clusters are presented in Table 2, with clusters from the split halves combined. The Active Unprotected cluster was characterized by low-risk reduction and relatively high frequency of sex, as well as moderately high satisfaction. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Active Unprotected cluster had sex signicantly more often, but with a lower level of risk reduction than all other clusters, including having more partners, on average, than any other group. They also reported the second highest level of satisfaction, but experienced coercion more than the Satised and Moderate clusters, and less than the Pressured cluster. The Satised cluster was characterized by very high satisfaction with sex life, a low importance placed on having regular sex, and very low coercion. Post hoc analyses indicated that this cluster was more satised with their sex life, and rated sex as less important, than any other group. The Satised cluster was among the clusters lowest in coercion, and was among the second highest clusters in frequency and risk reduction, including number of partners, with an average of one sexual partner in the prior 30 days. The Moderate cluster was characterized by high importance of sexuality and low rates of coercion. We named them Moderate because their other scores generally fell between those of other groups. Post hoc

analyses indicated that the Moderate cluster rated sex as more important than any other group, and was among the clusters reporting the lowest levels of coercion. This group also had the second highest rate of risk reduction, being among the clusters least likely to have reported unprotected intercourse, and typically having one sex partner in the last 30 days. The Inactive cluster included women who had low frequency of sex, a low rating of the importance of a sexual relationship, very high risk reduction scores, and low coercion. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Inactive group had sex less frequently, with fewer partners than any other group. They were among the lowest in satisfaction. Importance of sex was low, only higher than the Satised cluster. Coercion rates were higher than the Satised and Moderate clusters, but lower than the Pressured cluster. The Inactive cluster scored the highest of all ve clusters in risk reduction; however, this was, in part, an artifact of not having been sexually active. Specically, females in the Inactive cluster had few or no sexual partners and had not had unprotected intercourse in the last six months, primarily because they had not been having intercourse at all. However, their reports of contraception use at last intercourse make clear that when sexually active, this group practices contraception. The Pressured cluster was characterized primarily by higher than average coercion, and also reported lower than average satisfaction and risk reduction. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Pressured cluster reported more frequent coerced or pressured sex than any other cluster. They also had intercourse less often than any other cluster, except the Inactive cluster, but reported lower risk reduction, with more unprotected sex, than all groups except the Active Unprotected group. The pressured cluster was also less satised with their sex lives than the Moderate, Active Unprotected, and Satised clusters. Comparison of groups based on demographic characteristics. Differences in background characteristics among the clusters were examined to understand the social and demographic circumstances of the sexual style groups. Cross-tabulation analyses were conducted to determine whether demographic characteristics varied in prevalence across the groups. In cases where the chi-squared statistic was signicant, and a cell contained a standardized residual larger than 2.0, the cell is described, with the corresponding percentage in parentheses, as well as the expected frequency of the characteristic. The clusters were signicantly different in relational, family, and living indicators. The groups differed with respect to relationship status, v2(4, N 708) 87.34, p < .001. More females from the Active Unprotected, Satised, and Moderate clusters were in a relationship (84.2%, 89.0%, and 85.3%, respectively) than females in the Inactive and Pressured groups (54.5% and 307

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54.6%, respectively). Marital status was distributed signicantly differently from expected rates across the clusters, v2(8, N 708) 19.87, p < .01. Fewer females in the Inactive cluster were married (3.4%), compared to the expected frequency (9.7%). Sexual orientation was also distributed signicantly differently among the clusters, v2(4, N 708) 9.95, p < .05). Females with a history of same-sex relationships were marginally more represented in the Satised cluster (4.5%) and marginally less in the Active Unprotected cluster (0.0%) than would be expected by chance (2.4%). Parental marital status was also differentially distributed among the clusters, v2(4, N 701) 13.26, p < .01. Females in the Active Unprotected cluster were more likely to have divorced parents (48.1%) than expected (36.8%). Living status was distributed differentially among the groups, v2(8, N 701) 16.45, p < .05). More Inactive females lived in a dormitory (27.3%), compared to the expected 18.1% in dormitories, and fewer lived independently (15.4%), compared to the expected 24.7%. There were no signicant differences among the clusters in living with parents. In summary, here is a description of the characteristics that differentially characterized each cluster. Females in the Active Unprotected cluster were more likely to have divorced parents and be in a relationship, but were less likely to report same-sex relationships than would be expected by chance. In the Satised cluster, respondents were more likely to be in a relationship and more likely to have a history of same-sex relationships than expected. Females in the Moderate cluster were also more likely to be in a relationship. In the Inactive cluster, respondents were less likely to be in a relationship, be married, or live independently and more likely to live in a dormitory than chance distribution would suggest. Finally, females from the Pressured cluster were less likely to be in a relationship. Well-being across the clusters. To further assess the validity of the sexual style clusters, differences in well-being across the clusters were examined using one-way ANOVAs (see Table 3). For all indicators,
Table 3. Well-Being Across Clusters for Females

females in the Pressured cluster reported poorer well-being than at least one other cluster. Females in the Satised cluster reported better well-being, including less depressed mood and social isolation, than the Inactive cluster and better coping and higher self-esteem than the Active Unprotected, Inactive, and Pressured clusters. Conversely, females in the Pressured cluster reported more depressed mood, social anxiety, and anger than females in any other cluster. Cluster Results for Males In both groups of males, a six-cluster solution seemed to best represent diverse groups, and replicated cleanly in both randomly split halves. Those clusters were Active Unprotected, Satised, Moderate, Inactive, Pressured, and Dissatised. For each of the male clusters, the correlation between the split halves of the sample was between .88 and .99, indicating reliable replication across the split halves. Means and signicant LSD contrasts of the items used to develop the clusters are presented in Table 2, with clusters from the split halves combined. The Active Unprotected cluster was characterized by high frequency of sex accompanied by very low risk reduction. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Active Unprotected cluster had sex more often than all other groups, except the Satised clusteron average, once or twice per week. They reported lower levels of risk reduction than all other clusters, including an average of more partners than any cluster, except Pressured, and higher rates of unprotected sex than any other group. The Active Unprotected cluster also had higher levels of satisfaction than all groups except the Satised cluster. The Satised cluster was characterized by very high satisfaction with sex life, a low importance placed on having regular sex, a relatively high frequency of sex, and low coercion. Post hoc analyses indicated that this cluster was more satised with their sex life than all other groups. It was also among the clusters reporting lowest importance, and was among the highest clusters in frequency and second highest in number of partners.

Cluster Group Active Unprotected (n 158) 3.69a,b 2.70a,b 3.83a 2.74a 4.83a 4.57a,c Satised (n 154) 3.49a 2.87b 3.66a 2.57a 5.06b 4.91b Moderate (n 143) 3.67a,b 2.87b 3.62a 2.67a 4.94a,b 4.61a,b Inactive (n 145) 3.77b 3.19c 3.80a 2.70a 4.74a 4.31c Pressured (n 108) 4.30c 3.18a,c 4.15b 3.06b 4.72a 4.78c

Well-Being Depressed mood Social isolation Social anxiety Anger Coping Self-esteem

F 11.68 4.20 3.03 3.06 3.59 6.68

Note. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < .05 in the least signicant difference comparison. p < .05, p < .01.

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Although the Satised group reports active sex lives, this group differs from the Active Unprotected group by being signicantly higher in satisfaction and risk reduction and lower in importance of sex than the Active Unprotected group. The Moderate cluster was characterized by high levels of risk reduction, low rates of coercion, and ratings of frequency, satisfaction, and importance that generally fell in the middle of the other groups. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Moderate cluster was among the highest in rate of risk reduction and among the least likely to have reported unprotected intercourse. The Inactive cluster included men who had a low frequency of sex, a low rating of the importance of a sexual relationship, average satisfaction, high-risk reduction scores, and low coercion. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Inactive group had sex less frequently than any other cluster, except the Dissatised cluster, and had fewer partners than any other cluster. Satisfaction was higher than in the Moderate or Dissatised clusters. Importance of sex was among the lowest. The Inactive cluster scored among the highest in risk reduction; however, this was an artifact of having not been sexually active. For instance, males in the Inactive cluster had not had unprotected intercourse in the last six months, primarily because they had not been having intercourse at all, not necessarily because they were active contraception users. The Pressured cluster was characterized primarily by higher than average coercion, and also reported an average frequency of sex, average satisfaction, and lower than average risk reduction. Post hoc analyses indicated that the Pressured cluster reported more frequent coerced or pressured sex than any other cluster. They also had a higher frequency of sex than all other clusters, except the Active Unprotected and Satised clusters, had lower risk reduction than all other clusters, except the Active Unprotected cluster, and were among the highest group of clusters in numbers of partners. Finally, the Dissatised cluster was characterized by low satisfaction with sex life and very low frequency of

sex, accompanied by a high importance placed on having regular sex. Post hoc analyses indicated that this cluster had lower levels of satisfaction than all other clusters. The Dissatised cluster was also among the clusters reporting the highest importance of sex, and was among the clusters having the lowest frequency of sex. Comparison of groups based on demographic characteristics. Differences among the clusters were examined to explore contrasts across sexual behavior typologies. Cross-tabulation analyses were conducted to determine whether demographic characteristics varied in prevalence across the groups. In cases where the chi-squared statistic was signicant, and a cell contained a standardized residual larger than 2.0, the cell is described, with the corresponding percentage in parentheses, as well as the expected frequency of the characteristic. The clusters were signicantly different in marital and relationship status. Males differed across the clusters in likelihood of living with a romantic partner, v2(10, N 418) 24.66, p < .01. Males in the Active Unprotected cluster were more likely to be in a live-in, unmarried relationship (13.0%) than expected (6.2%). The clusters also differed with regard to relationship status, v2(5, N 418) 88.76, p < .001. More males from the Active Unprotected and Satised clusters were in a relationship (75.3% and 86.0%, respectively) than males in the Moderate and Dissatised clusters (27.9% and 38.0%, respectively). No signicant differences emerged in cluster distribution among the other demographic characteristics. Well-being across the clusters. Differences in well-being among the male clusters were assessed using one-way ANOVAs (see Table 4). Fewer signicant, overall differences were found for males than females; only the analyses for anger and self-esteem produced signicant omnibus tests. Males in the Satised cluster reported better well-being, with less anger than males

Table 4.

Well-Being Across Clusters for Males

Cluster Group Active Unprotected (n 77) 3.49 2.90 3.58 3.33a 5.33 4.96a,c Satised (n 100) 3.18 2.86 3.48 2.81b 5.34 5.10a Moderate (n 71) 3.45 3.13 3.88 3.13a,b 5.16 4.72c,b Inactive (n 56) 3.46 3.10 3.86 2.86b 5.13 4.74a,b,c Pressured (n 46) 3.62 3.18 3.68 3.13a,b 5.04 4.35b Dissatised (n 68) 3.42 3.11 3.84 3.05a,b 5.07 4.71c,b

Well-Being Depressed mood Social isolation Social anxiety Anger Coping Self-esteem

F 1.55 (ns) 1.69 (ns) 1.39 (ns) 2.02 1.72 (ns) 3.46

Note. Means in the same row that do not share subscripts differ at p < .05 in the least signicant difference comparison. p < .05, p < .01.

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in the Active Unprotected cluster and higher self-esteem than males in the Pressured, Moderate, and Dissatised clusters. Males in the Active Unprotected cluster reported more anger than those in the Inactive cluster and higher self-esteem than those in the Pressured cluster.

Discussion Our results highlight the value of a person-centered approach to young adult sexuality. Three contributions of this study that derive from the person-centered approach are discussed: (a) the signicance of background characteristics including current relationship status, history of parental divorce, and sexual orientation for predicting sexual style; (b) the emergence of a dissatised sexual style, found only among men; and (c) the links between multifaceted typologies of sexuality and psychological well-being. Demographic Differences Among the Clusters Relationship status. One major nding of this study was the signicant role of relationship status as a predictor of sexual style. For both females and males, being in a relationship distinguished the different sexual styles. This nding is consistent with the U.S. study of sexuality conducted by Laumann et al. (1994), that found that persons in relationships had sex more often and were more satised with their sex life than those not in relationships. Similarly, Grello, Welsh, Harper, and Dickson (2003) found that sexual intercourse outside of special romantic relationships was positively associated with depression, but that was not true within romantic relationships. Finally, consistent contraception use with casual sexual partners has been linked to a higher expressed need for intimacy in romantic relationships (Gebhardt et al., 2003). In this study, relationship status was also linked to the conceptualization of risk. Individuals in monogamous relationships, who had also indicated they were actively attempting to get pregnant, were not coded as having risky sex when they did not use contraception. Further, individuals with only one partner who used contraception, but reported unsafe sex, were not coded as low in risk reduction as those with more than one partner and the same responses to the other variables. Parent marital status. The female Active Unprotected cluster included a larger than average proportion of women who had experienced the divorce of their parents (48%). Parental divorce and father absence are important risk factors for adolescent females early sexual activity, frequency of intercourse, and riskier sexual practices (Biglan, Metzler, Wirt, & Ary, 1990; Billy, 310

Brewster, & Grady, 1994; Ellis et al., 2003; Flewelling & Bauman, 1990; Meschke et al., 2000; Simons & Associates, 1996). Our results suggest that divorce may be related to a constellation of risks for young adult womens sexual behavior because the Active Unprotected cluster had a relatively high frequency of sex, the most frequent unprotected sex, more partners than any other cluster, and some coercion for sex. The other two relatively sexually active groups (based on reports of frequency: Satised and Moderate) practiced more risk reduction and experienced less coercion. Those groups did not have a disproportionate number of women with divorced parents (38% and 31%, respectively), compared to the sample mean of 37%. Such results suggest that the use of a cluster approach reveals important relational patterns that might be fruitfully explored by those who seek to understand intergenerational transmission of divorce. Sexual orientation. For females, sexual orientation was distributed differently across the clusters. Females with a history of same-sex relationships were marginally more represented in the Satised cluster and marginally less represented in the Active Unprotected cluster. Although these ndings are marginal, they are worthy of note because only 3% of the sample indicated prior same-sex sexual experience. There are several important considerations when interpreting this nding. First, the measure was based on behavior, and not identity, while most of the other research on same-sex relationships among women has been based on identity. From these data, it is impossible to determine which women identify as heterosexual, bisexual, or lesbian, which limits the interpretation based on prior literature. Second, this nding could be linked to a measurement issue in that women who have sex with women may be less likely to characterize their sexual relations as unprotected; and, for this study, we did not include use of contraception as a feature of sexual risk reduction for women with female partners because there was no risk of accidental pregnancy. Some current studies have examined sexuality in lesbian-identied relationships in ways that could shed light on our ndings. Solomon, Rothblum, and Balsam (2005) found that lesbians in committed relationships were more likely to tell their partner when they wanted to have sex and less likely to refuse to have sexfactors that could be linked to overall satisfaction with sex life, even though the lesbians in that sample reported less frequent sex than their heterosexual counterparts. The Dissatised cluster. One cluster emerged among males but was not found in the female sample: the Dissatised cluster. In a bivariate approach, the Dissatised cluster might be masked because members have low frequency of sex, low coercion, and one or no partners in

YOUNG ADULT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR CLUSTERS

the last 30 days. Their risk appears low, due to low frequency, but examination of the risk reduction index shows that, on average, members of this group have engaged in unprotected intercourse and reported no contraception use at last intercourse, despite having infrequent sex. Having regular sex is very important among those in this cluster (they are among the top in this category), and satisfaction with sex life is low. In a bivariate approach, they might appear to have little risk, but when the importance of sex coupled with reduced likelihood of reducing risk is considered, this cluster may well contain the young men at higher risk for unintended pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. The Dissatised cluster represents an interesting combination of sexual behaviors and attitudes that varies considerably from the other cluster comprised mostly of single, not very sexually active, men: the Inactive cluster. The prevention needs for men in the Dissatised cluster may be different than for men in the Inactive cluster, despite similarities in frequency and number of partners, due to differences in satisfaction and risk reduction when sexually active. A variable-centered approach based on frequency of sex would not have disentangled these two unique groups and their potentially distinct prevention needs. Among women, there was not a Dissatised group per se; however, the inactive group of women was also the least satised. The Inactive women was distinguished from the Dissatised men by their reports of contraception use at last intercourse. The relationship between frequency, satisfaction, and risk reduction was played out in the analyses among men, revealing a group of men who may be willing to take risks to increase sexual behavior and another group with low frequency, high satisfaction, and good risk reduction. However, for women, only one group was dened by low frequency and low satisfaction, and this group did not report risky practices when sexually active. Well-Being and Sexual Style The differences in elements of well-being among clusters appear to be consistent with the literature on the relationship between well-being and sexuality, indicating good predictive validity and conceptual utility of the derived clusters. For both males and females, membership in the Satised (marked by relationship satisfaction, good contraception use, and little coercion) cluster was linked to more positive self-assessments of well-being. Conversely, membership in the Pressured cluster was more consistently linked to reduced well-being for women, which extends research documenting negative consequences of sexual coercion for women but not for men (Zweig et al., 1997). Potentially, coercion represents a physical and psychological threat for women that may not be true for men.

Females. The differences among the clusters correspond to anticipated differences based on known relationships between well-being and sexuality, such as coerced persons reporting more depressed mood (Zweig et al., 1997). Additionally, interesting differences among the clusters surfaced that would not be evident if the person-centered cluster approach had not been used. For instance, the Active Unprotected cluster and the Satised cluster are both high in frequency of sex, but differ considerably in risk reduction and importance of sex. The Moderate cluster exists between these two with higher importance and higher risk reduction. In terms of well-being, these clusters are signicantly different in coping and self-esteem, with the Satised cluster reporting higher levels of both than the Active Unprotected, and the Moderate cluster in between. If only bivariate analyses had been conducted, we would have concluded that coping was not correlated with frequency of sex (r .012, ns), risk reduction (r .066, ns), or importance of sex (r .012, ns); and self-esteem was not correlated with frequency (r .064, ns) or importance of sex (r .019, ns). However, when the multiple sexual variables were considered as patterns (high frequency, high risk reduction, low importance vs. high frequency, low risk reduction, high importance) well-being was shown to vary across the patterns. If the study were only focused on frequency or importance, we would have missed this valuable distinction among types of sexually active young adults. The Moderate cluster reveals a pattern of sexuality for women with importance levels closer to their male peers, coupled with conscientious risk reduction. Few studies have documented the links between high sexual motivation and risk-reducing behaviors among women; yet, in this study, we nd two distinct groups of women with high sexual motivations: those who reduce most risks and those who reduce fewer risks. These two clusters do not differ from one another in well-being; however, they differ in their relation to the cluster with the highest well-being scores: the Satised cluster. The Moderate cluster was not statistically different from the Satised cluster in well-being, while the Active Unprotected cluster was signicantly lower. Similarly, many studies are concerned only with risk reduction, which was not signicantly correlated with social isolation and correlated at a low level (r .09, p .02) with self-esteem in this sample. However, two clusters that are both high in risk reduction (Moderate and Inactive) were signicantly different in social isolation and self-esteem. We see that risk reduction in the context of higher frequency (Moderate cluster) is indicative of reduced social isolation and increased self-esteem. Males. For males, there were fewer differences in well-being across the clusters. Only anger and self-esteem were signicantly different. The direction 311

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of differences among the clusters corresponded to anticipated differences, such as Satised persons reporting less anger and higher self-esteem, while those in the Pressured cluster reported lower self-esteem. As with the females, we found that interesting differences among the clusters surfaced that would not have been evident without a person-centered cluster approach. For instance, although self-esteem was not correlated with frequency of sex (r .08, ns), risk reduction (r .027, ns), or importance of sex (r .043, ns) at the bivariate level, the Active Unprotected cluster reported higher self-esteem than the Pressured cluster. These two clusters were dened by their differences in frequency, risk reduction, and importance of sex, but only when the items were combined in a multivariate way were the implications for self-esteem revealed. Limitations and Strengths The sample for this study consisted of a single cohort of individuals who were aged 19 to 21 in 1992, of whom 90% were Caucasian, and the other 10% mostly African American. Cross-tabulations indicated no signicant differences in sexual style by race for males or females. We fully acknowledge the limits this places on the usefulness of our results for understanding ethnically and culturally diverse groups of young adults. Further, it cannot be known at this time how historical inuences on sexuality (such as HIV and AIDS) may have affected the sexual styles in this study. Additionally, the nature of risk taking in sexual relationships varies considerably at this developmental level, given that some were in longterm, committed relationships and others were not. Attempts to correct for risk associated with intentional efforts to become pregnant were enacted, but could have been measured in a more straightforward manner. Despite the limitations of our homogeneous sample, we think that our approach may offer a promising direction for studying more diverse groups and, as such, may be the rst step toward more complex mappings of sexual behavior typologies in young adults. A strength of this study was that approximately one half of the participants were enrolled as full-time college students, and one half were not. It is reasonable to expect that college status would be signicant in the development of sexual style and, thus, predictive of cluster membership. This was generally not the case. College status was not signicantly differently distributed among the sexual styles. Implications This study expands existing literature in a variety of ways and generates considerable material for future investigation. Within the realm of sexuality and sexual behavior, this study provides evidence of the interwoven nature of multiple features of sexuality and the 312

importance of examining them as simultaneous and related experiences. When considering the theoretical divide between the study of adolescent sexuality with a focus on prevention and risk, and the study of adult sexuality with an interpersonal focus (Brown, Feiring, & Furman, 1999), this study may provide a bridge by incorporating both risk reduction and interpersonal experiences to the measurement of sexual styles. Miller and Bensen (1999) discussed the many perspectives in scholarship about adolescent romantic relationships and sexual behavior, and concluded that adolescent theories do not adequately integrate studies of sexual behavior and relationships. This study is placed in the intersection of studies of relationships and studies of sexual behavior, and offers one step toward exploring existing gaps between these two conceptualizations of young adult sexuality.

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