WIRELESS Operating & Basics

Wireless - Theory of Operations & Basics
Jagadeesh.D
Electromagnetic Waves
When you listen to the radio, watch TV, or cook dinner in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic waves. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves can be longer than a football field or as short as a football. Radio waves do more than just bring music to your radio. They also carry signals for your television and cellular phones.
Electromagnetic Waves have different wavelengths

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 2
Wireless architecture
A wireless solution uses radio waves instead of physical wires as the communication medium. A radio and antenna convert electronic signals from the measurement transmitter into radio waves, and another antenna and radio at the host convert the waves back into usable information.
2.4 GHz is accepted around the globe as part of the Wi-Fi standard, and can be used for wireless Ethernet communications. Other nonEthernet devices can also communicate in this frequency band. Because it is a band rather than a single fixed frequency, it also allows the use of spread-spectrum techniques to increase network reliability.
Different types of wireless

GSM/GPRS
widely used in cellular networks
900-MHz and 2.4-GHz radios

useful for monitoring and SCADA applications in oil and gas fields
Self-organizing networks
offer high network reliability for in-plant applications
Wi-Fi
excellent backbone for data concentration and networking.
Satellite
very remote operations
Smart Wireless Self-organising Field Network

Self-organising Networks have demonstrated high reliability in the field
Use IEEE 802.15.4 radio with added channel hopping and Time Synchronised Mesh Protocol (TSMP) Robust/tolerant to almost all interference and coexists with other wireless networks Demonstrated > 99% field reliability
Robust security is designed in.
Smart Wireless Solutions Utilize Robust Self-Organizing Technology IEC 62591

Self-Organizing Networks
Redundant data pathways eliminate single points of failure Automatic reconfiguration, No user intervention is required Robust and tolerant to all types of interference Coexists with other wireless networks
Additional Technical Details

Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol (TSMP) IEEE 802.15.4 radio with added channel hopping
System is scalable to 100,000+ nodes Real world installations consistently demonstrate >99% data reliability
Industrial Applications
Global
Distributed Inventory Hard To Reach, Unmanned Sites
Near-Plant
In Plant
Stranded Diagnostics Enterprise
DCS
DCS
Remote Assets Incremental Measurements
Suitable Applications: Monitoring

Control
Importance of data
Fieldbus or HART HART
Non-critical monitoring
Fieldbus
Basic monitoring New
Wireless
Existing
Plant infrastructure
Topology: Star
A star topology is a point-topoint architecture where individual wireless devices, or nodes, communicate directly with a central "hub or gateway. Devices in a star topology communicate only with the gateway not with each other. The gateway then transmits the data to a central collection point, such as a control room either directly, or by connecting to another network.
Topology: Star
In a star topology, communication can be interrupted if something disrupts the line-of-sight transmission path between device and gateway. Obstruction such as physical structures such as vessels, piping, and equipment Environmental factor such as rain, fog, and humidity.
Topology: Mesh
The devices in a mesh topology can also communicate with other nodes in the network. A message can "hop" from node to node to node until it reaches the assigned gateway
What is TDMA?
Time Division Multiple Access is a preferred method for
synchronizing messages to avoid collisions. It is a digital transmission technology that allows a number of users to access a single RF channel without interference by allocating unique time slots (superframes) to each user within each channel
A critical component of any TDMA system is time synchronization. All nodes must share a common sense of time so that they know precisely when to talk, listen, or sleep. TSMP does not begin each frame with a synchronization beacon. TSMP nodes maintain a precise sense of time and exchange offset information with neighbors to ensure alignment.
What is DSSS ?
It stands for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum - a redundant bit pattern called the chipping code is generated for each data bit that is to be tranmitted. DSSS functions by dividing the data into several pieces & SIMULTANEOUSLY sending the pieces on as many different frequencies as possible. To an unintended receiver, DSSS appears as low-power wideband noise and is rejected(ignored) by most narrowband receivers.
Amplitude (amount of Power) amplitude
f
Narrow Band signal at a fixed frequency
f
Spread Spectrum Signal
Security
5 layers of security
Encryption Authentication Verification
verify that a message hasn't been changed during transmission is by time stamp to ensure the freshness of the message.
Anti-jamming
16 different channels from 2.4000 GHz to 2.4835 GHz Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
alter or scramble it proves that a data in a message, device making it communicating on unreadable to the network is the anyone other than authorized node the receiving device that its messages or system say it is.
Key Management
Password to access the gateway.
Integrated, Best-In-Class Security Protects Your Networks from Outside Threats

The ability to Encrypt the data
Protects your valuable information
The ability to Authenticate sender and receiver

Verifies good communication within the network
The ability to Verify that the data has not been changed
Ensures data integrity as it is communicated back to the gateway
Effective Anti-Jamming technology

Channel hopping is employed to avoid interference and increase reliability
Reliable Key Management

Automatic key rotation further protects your network from unauthorized access
Emersons security approach is validated and tested by customers and wireless experts
Self Organizing Network

Based on industrial standard, WirelessHART Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol network. Dynamically manage their own configuration and communications to ensure messages reach their destinations. Each device in the network also acts as a router for other neighboring devices. No requirement for direct line-of-site paths between source and destination. Automatic path configuration
Advantages of Self Organizing Network

High Reliability No site survey Energy efficiency Self-reorganizing Easy installation Diagnostics
Over 99% data reliability Transmitters in network serves as repeater to provide additional paths. No physical check to identify clear, line-of-sight paths for communication
LCD is turned off when transmitter is idle When not transmitting messages, they go into a sleep mode Mesh network No programming, routes planning required
Same process connection No special training required
Health of a device or a process. Counter measure suggestions.
How does a Wireless Device join a network?

Listens
Neighbor Advertisements
Network ID + Time
Hears
Send Unique Join Keys for Network Access
A3DC9E2D-7F3A1ED4-B4FWA2A1-CDA82FDB
Correct Network ID + Schedule
Synchronizes
Listen for Unique Network ID
123456
Communicates with Advertising Neighbor at advertised schedule
Typical Join Time Less than 5 minutes Up to 32 Neighbors Bandwidth Allocation includes neighbors Uses all 16 channels in 2.4 GHz spectrum
Validates
Join Key approved by gateway
Bandwidth Allocated Repeat
RF in the surrounding
Absorption example - rain, glass, wood, foliage Reflection example - Concrete (moderately) -Metal (completely) Diffraction - Bending of waves around corners
Signal attenuation for different materials

Material
Glass window Brick wall Metal frame glass gall into building Office wall Metal door in office wall Cinder block wall Metal door in brick wall Brick wall next to metal door Drywall Six inch thick solid-core wall Human body Plasterboard wall
Attenuation (db)
2.3 2 6 6 6 4 12 3 5-8 15-20 3 3
Standard Gateway Antenna

Vertical Beam Width
60 Degrees for legacy P-t-P wireless engineering
Self-Organizing leverages much more in practice
Remote Gateway Antenna

Vertical Beam Width
Self-Organizing leverages much more in practice Remote Antenna Cable negates Remote Antenna Gain
Long Range Antenna

Vertical Beam Width
Extended Range Antenna

Vertical Beam Width
Specified Effective Range = 250 m

LOS = Line of Sight = No Obstructions
750 ft
Control
6 ft
Installation Practices
Transmitter
Should be1m away from any structure.
Gateway
Should be 1 m away from the side of the building, or Should be 2 m above the roof of the building, or If the transmitters are near the ground, the gateway must be 4 to 8 m from the ground.
Remote Antenna
Should be 1m from side of building and 4 to 8 m above ground. Should be 2m above the roof Should be 4 to 8 m above ground.
Wireless Basics
How Wireless Works? In Summary
Uses Self Organising Mesh Network Technology - which manages their own configuration & communications automatically to look for the most efficient path. Self Organising Mesh Network Technology delivers high data reliability in Dynamic plant environments. Self Organising Networks offer flexibility to expand into additional applications. Integrated Best-in-class security is simple to use - IEEE 802.15.4 radios with 2.4 GHz frequency ISM band & total of 16 channels to hob around. No Wireless expertise required, devices automatically finds the best communication paths. Network continuously monitors paths for degradation and repairs itself. Adaptive behaviour provides reliable, hands-off operation and simplifies network deployments, expansion and reconfiguration. Self healing Network - automatically finds an alternate path if there is an obstruction. Seamless integration to existing host with same control system applications.
Wireless - Benefits
Physical Cablings or Wirings are not required. Installation & Configuration is simple and easy. Multiplexers & Marshalling cabinets space are not required to install & communicate with the devices. Installation/planning for cables/wiring labor cost is very much eliminated - Up to 90% Installation cost reduction. Minimal ongoing Maintenance. Faster commissioning and startup. On the Platform/SKID applications, where the Platform/SKID is moving around the plant. Current devices installed in the field are less utilized for their diagnostic features built-in. With WirelessHART THUM, they can extract/utilize all the features. Measurement of Process Variables can be done only when need thereby maximizing operational efficiency. In essence they are the same as monitoring applications. Wireless opens the door to providing new monitoring and control points in areas previously inaccessible. Systems previously controlled open loop or through a purely manual process can be automated without the need for wiring new I/O (input/output) points. Wireless delivers benefits beyond installation savings.
Easy Installation
Easy to Install
Familiar instrument practices for field networks Self-organizing networks minimize configuration No site surveys for field networks Seamless integration between wired & wireless
Easy to Maintain
Easily add field devices, gateways, access points Asset and Network Management Software:
Monitors health of devices Monitors health of communications between devices. Quickly identifies faults.
Wireless Basics
Where WIRELESS Products are currently used
Currently used for Monitoring and Non-critical control application. Can be used for closed loop application, if the process is not so critical. WirelessHART is designed for control applications. It is up to the user to decide whether or not wireless should be used for control. WirelessHART Communication has the advantage of providing a simple, reliable and secure solution, whether wired or wireless.
You Cant Improve What You Cant See

Most HART instrumentation points in the plants are under-utilized. HART devices are equipped with rich diagnostics and process information, yet this valuable information goes unused.Why?
Older legacy systems are not equipped to receive HART communications. Too expensive and too complicated to enable this capability through traditional wired means.
Now, theres an easy and cost-effective way to see/get the valuable diagnostic and process information in your devices
See More with the Smart Wireless THUM Adapter

Extend predictive intelligence to areas not possible before due to technical or economic reasons
Enable enhanced valve capabilities Gain access to advanced instrument diagnostics Remotely manage devices and monitor device health Efficiently gather data from multivariable devices Make any HART device wireless to enable new measurement points
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter?

A device you can retrofit on any existing two or four-wire device. Consists of a radio transmitter, receiver, microprocessor and an antenna. Allows you to wirelessly transmit HART measurement and diagnostic information that was previously not available.
Smart Wireless THUM

Provides a simple cost-effective way to wirelessly access HART device information
Enable enhanced valve capabilities Gain access to advanced instrument diagnostics Remotely manage devices and monitor health Efficiently gather data from multivariable devices Make any HART device wireless to enable new measurement points
2 or 4 Wire HART Devices

HART 5.0 or newer
Does not impact connected device approvals

Intrinsically Safe & Explosion Proof THUM is available with same approvals
SmartPower
Scavenges power from existing source No batteries
How Does the THUM Work?

Does not impact wiring to existing control system
HART data passes through self-organizing network to Smart Wireless Gateway
Attaches to any 2-wire or 4-wire HART device and uses WirelessHART to transmit measurement and/or diagnostic information
WIRELESS NETWORK UNLEASHES MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION

The THUM is Easy to Install and Use

No need to install costly Multiplexers
Eliminates constraints of limited rack room space and costly engineering and wiring
Attaches to standard electrical conduit port No special power requirements

Smart Power loop scavenging No battery required
The THUM can connect to any device

There are some considerations for certain hazardous area approvals
Self-organizing WirelessHART network offers >99% data reliability AMS Wireless SNAP-ON application makes it easy to plan and validate the wireless network
Enables Enhanced Valve Capabilities

Currently 75% of valves are unnecessarily removed from service for maintenance The Smart Wireless THUM adapter with AMS ValveLink software works with FIELDVUE digital valves to deliver more insight
Complete maintenance on and as needed basis Learn about impending problems before they impact the plant Avoid pulling valves from service unnecessarily for maintenance
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter BENEFITS
Online, in-service valve testing Monitor alerts such as travel deviation, supply pressure and electronics health Trend actual valve positions
Gain Access to Advanced Diagnostics

Smart Wireless THUM adapter retrieves digital information from HART devices Take action before potential problems impact process
Plugged Line Detection
Online Configuration and Diagnostics

In-situ Meter Verification pH Probe Monitoring
Remotely Manage Devices and Monitor Health

Smart Wireless THUM adapter with AMS Suite allows you to troubleshoot HART devices from your desktop Avoid unnecessary trips to the field Optimize maintenance and minimize downtime Obtain a universal window into your HART devices
Online access to diagnostics Automated documentation Calibration management Device configuration
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter for Valve Diagnostics

You cant improve what you cant see
Legacy host system unable to read HART diagnostic data from FIELDVUE Instruments to detect valve assembly problems
Dirty air supply can increase maintenance requirements on instruments or for an unplanned shutdown. Normal wear and tear on the valve can increase the likelihood of an unplanned shutdown
Any images available for plugged line detection?

Status screen showing active alerts and the result of the last One Button Sweep diagnostic test.
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter Solution

THUM adapter attaches to an existing HART digital valve controller (e.g. DVC6000 or DVC2000) allowing valuable HART information to be integrated with legacy systems
Valve Alerts Valve Diagnostic Tests
Results
Improved maintenance efficiency Increased visibility into equipment health for improved operations
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter for Valve Position Feedback

You cant improve what you cant see
Legacy host system unable to read valve travel feedback via HART communication
Valve position variable is available with FIELDVUE instruments
Smart Wireless THUM Adapter Solution

THUM adapter attaches to an existing HART digital valve controller (e.g. DVC6000 or DVC2000) allowing HART variables to be integrated into legacy systems
Confirm that the valve has reached its set point position Trend valve position over time
Any images available for plugged line detection?

Status screen showing valve travel feedback.
Results
Increased visibility into the performance of the valve Improved troubleshooting tools
Wireless Basics Summary

Why the customer need to go for Wireless
Cost saving: remove wiring cost, installation cost and shorten commissioning time. If there is no more room to add more wirings with existing infrastructure. Free up space in panel for more important applications or any other applications.
How the WIRELESS can help them in their day to day operation?
Operation manpower can be utilized in more meaningful job instead of clipboard rounds especially where areas are not accessible & remote . Improve accuracy of data - human error is totally eliminated. Improved Operational efficiency.
Wireless Major Applications

Difficult Process Monitoring Where operator access is limited Rotating Equipment Environmental Auxiliary Systems Safety System Status Operator Safety Mobile Assets On/Off Valve Position Process Startup Temporary Installations Wired Alternative
1420 Gateway WIRED To DCS via OPC or Modbus
Control Valve with 4320 Position Transmitter

1420 Gateway WIRED To DCS via OPC or Modbus
4-20mA Hardwired Control

Wireless Connection to DeltaV11
To DCS via OPC or Modbus
Thank you. For more Wireless Solutions please visit www.emersonprocess.co m/Smartwireless/
4-20mA Hardwired Control

WIRELESS Operating &amp; Basics

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WIRELESS Operating &amp; Basics

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Wireless - Theory of Operations & Basics

Electromagnetic Waves have different wavelengths

Different types of wireless

900-MHz and 2.4-GHz radios

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 4

Smart Wireless Self-organising Field Network

Robust security is designed in.

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 5

Smart Wireless Solutions Utilize Robust Self-Organizing Technology IEC 62591

Additional Technical Details

Remote Assets Incremental Measurements

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 7

Suitable Applications: Monitoring

Fieldbus or HART HART

Basic monitoring New

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 11

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 13

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 14

Integrated, Best-In-Class Security Protects Your Networks from Outside Threats

The ability to Authenticate sender and receiver

Effective Anti-Jamming technology

Reliable Key Management

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 15

Self Organizing Network

Advantages of Self Organizing Network

Same process connection No special training required

Health of a device or a process. Counter measure suggestions.

How does a Wireless Device join a network?

Correct Network ID + Schedule

Communicates with Advertising Neighbor at advertised schedule

Bandwidth Allocated Repeat

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 19

Signal attenuation for different materials

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 20

Standard Gateway Antenna

Self-Organizing leverages much more in practice

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 21

Remote Gateway Antenna

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 22

Long Range Antenna

Self-Organizing leverages much more in practice

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 23

Extended Range Antenna

Self-Organizing leverages much more in practice

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 24

Specified Effective Range = 250 m

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 25

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 26

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 28

You Cant Improve What You Cant See

See More with the Smart Wireless THUM Adapter

Smart Wireless THUM Adapter?

[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 33

Smart Wireless THUM

2 or 4 Wire HART Devices

Does not impact connected device approvals

How Does the THUM Work?

HART data passes through self-organizing network to Smart Wireless Gateway

WIRELESS NETWORK UNLEASHES MEASUREMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC INFORMATION

The THUM is Easy to Install and Use

Attaches to standard electrical conduit port No special power requirements

The THUM can connect to any device

Enables Enhanced Valve Capabilities

WIRELESS Operating & Basics

WIRELESS Operating & Basics