Qu.1 Sketch the BM diagram for the beam shown in Fig.1. Take E = 200kN/mm2. 50kN A = = 10kN/m B C 60kN-m D
3m I = 60
3m 50 Fig.1
3m 40 x 106 mm4
60.0
23.5
A
25.7
C
16.9 BM diagram in kN-m units
Qu.2 Sketch the BM diagram for the beam shown in Fig.2. Take EI = constant.
2m
40.0
18.3
B
58.2 @ mid-span
40kN/m
8m
11m Fig.3
239.2 383.7
8m
B
293.6 @ mid-span
179.8
Qu.4 Sketch the BM diagram for the beam shown in Fig.4. Support B undergoes a settlement of 15mm. Take E = 200kN/mm2 and I = 1 x 10-4m4. 80kN A B
2m 6m
40kN 8m 8m Fig.4 4m
160.0
17.0
B
5.8 84.4
f11
f12
f11 =
L 3EI
f12 =
L 6EI
f21
f22
f21 =
L 6EI
f22 =
L 3EI
UDL of intensity 1
==
L3 24EI
= a
L
= L2(1 - )(2 - )
6EI
= L2(1 - 2)
6EI
Example 1.
P A X B Y
Q C
RA LAB
RB LBC
RC
Using statics Res. vertically: Taking mom. about C: RA + RB + RC = P + Q RA x (LAB + LBC) + RB x LBC = P x XC + Q x YC (1) (2)
The three reactions are the unknowns but only two equations are available. Therefore the problem is statically indeterminate. We must use compatibility of displacements to generate an additional equation in order to complete the solution. One procedure for doing this is illustrated in the figures below:
P A X B
Q C
Step 1
B
B 1
Step 2
B
(3)
For compatibility
B / B
We use these three equations to solve for RA, RB and RC respectively. The bending moment at B is MB = RA x LAB - P x XB (4)
P MB A B
Q C
Bending Moment Diagram The major disadvantage of this method arises when EI varies from span to span. The deflections cannot be calculated from standard tables which assume that the flexural rigidity EI is constant. The free-body diagram for the individual spans are given below: P A B RA RBA RBC RC MB Q C
RB =RBA + RBC
P A
MB
RA
RBA
MB
Reactant BM P
Free BM
A powerful method that does not suffer from this defect is now described. It uses displacement compatibility and leads to the Three Moment Theorem. The method breaks a continuous beam into a series of simply supported spans. The slopes are therefore discontinuous over the supports. Rotations are then introduced via the reactant moments to heal the cuts.
A
(a)
B
(b)
I
(i)
J
(j)
tangent to curve
RI LIJ
RJ LJK
RK
MI I RIJ RJI
MJ J K RJK
MK
RKL
RJ =RJI + RJk
JI
JK
MI
MJ J
MK
J = JI - = - JK
1
1
f11
f12
2 1
f21
f22
2
Making use of the flexibility coefts shown above we may write the compatibility condition as follows:
JI + JK
Note fi12 = (L/6EI)IJ , fi22 = (L/3EI)IJ , fj11 = (L/3EI)JK , fj21 = (L/6EI)JK This is the so-called Three Moment Theorem (due to Clapeyron). Settlement of supports The theorem can be easily extended to deal with settlement of supports. Let J be the settlement of support J. The rotations on each side of support J due to the differential settlement are (J - I)/LIJ and (J - K)/LJK respectively. We get
(JI - (J -
I)/LIJ) +
(JK - (J -
K)/LJK)
MA A RAB RBA
MB B
RBC
A fixed end, A in the figure above, does not rotate. The rotation therefore be balanced by the reactant rotations. We have
AB must
MA fa11 + MB fa21 =
AB - (A - B)/LAB
Worked examples
Example 1. Calculate the reactions at the supports of the beam shown in Fig.1. The flexural rigidity EI is the same for both spans. 10kN/m B A C
3m Fig.1
3m
10kN/m B A C
B
1
B = 5 B = 1
x 10 x 64/(384EI) x 63/(48EI)
168.75/EI
4.5/EI
Let RB denote the reaction at the support B in Fig. 1 then RB B = B which yields
RB = 37.5kN Resolving vertically we get for the beam in Fig. 1, RA + RB + RC = 60 Also Therefore RA = RC by symmetry
RA = 11.25kN
Worked examples
Example 2. Calculate the rotations at the supports of the beam shown in Fig.2. The flexural rigidity is EI.
L Fig.2 1 B x
BM diagram
x/L
Deflection diagram
Apply
EI d2y/dx2
EI dy/dx EI y
= x3/(6L) + Cx + D [2]
Applying b.cs : At x = 0 , y = 0 At x = L, y = 0 Substituting in Eq.{1] D = 0 C = -L/6 EIA = C = -L/6 EIB = L/2 + C or or A = B = -L/(6EI) L/(3EI) from Eq.[2]
Note: The difference in signs of the rotations is due to the direction of the rotation. A positive sign denotes an clockwise rotation whilst the negative sign denotes an anti-clockwise rotation.
Worked examples
Example 3. Draw the BM diagram for the beam shown in Fig. 3 below. The flexural rigidity EI is the same for both spans. 200kN B A 5kN/m C
2m 2m Fig.3 We note that MA = 0 and MC = 0 , simple supports. Applying the three-moment theorem at B we get 2 + 3EI 3EI = 815/(9EI) 3 MB = BA + BC 3m
= 54.33kN-m
27.2
54.3 18.1
Reactant BM (kN-m)
2.5 133.3
Free BM (kN-m)
24.7
Final BM (kN-m)
115.2
Worked examples
Example 4. Calculate the bending moments at the supports of the beam in Fig.4. The flexural rigidity EI is the same for all spans. 200kN B A 5kN/m C = 400kN = D
2m 2m 3m Fig.4 We note that MA = 0 and MD = 0 , simple supports. Applying the three-moment we get: Joint B Taking EI = 1, [2/3 + 3/3] MB + 3/6 MC = 5/3 + 800/9 2m
3 MB + 10 MC = 1266.7
[2]
MB = 18.0kN-m
MC = 121.3kN-m
Worked examples
Example 5. Rework the problem of example 3 taking the support A as being fixed.
5kN/m
200kN B C
2m 2m Fig.3 We note that MC = 0 , simple support. Applying the three-moment theorem at B we get: Joint A Taking EI = 1, 2/3 MA + 2/6 MB = 5/3 [1] = 815/9 [2] 3m
4 MA + 2 MB = 10 Joint B 2/6 MA +
[2/3 + 3/3] MB
59.8 27.4
19.9
Reactant BM (kN-m)
2.5 133.3
Free BM (kN-m)
27.4 113.4
Final BM (kN-m)