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Design and Automation of Passive and Active Systems to a Net Zero Energy School Building
Artur Ribeiro 1,3, Joo Ramos 1,2 and Jos Baptista 3
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Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra, Portugal. School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal. 3 Trs-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, Vila Real, Portugal.
E-mail: artur.ribeiro.eng@sapo.pt

Summary - This summary shows a study of a new school building model, developed to enable an energy-efficient and sustainable building. The bioclimatic framework and the organization of space, allied with the integration of passive techniques, in which emerges the incorporation of renewable energy, complemented by active ones, creates a high potential of self-sustainability in buildings. The building automation through passive and active systems, via centralized technique management, led us to create integration of actuators, with innovative perspectives, in the natural ventilation systems and renewable energy production in school building. With this proposed model, it is expected a radical change in the way to designing the building, making it possible to obtain a Net Zero Energy Building balance. This is reflected by the annual balance between demand and supply energy in the building equal to zero and "Zero" Carbon. It was given particular attention to natural light components and its relationship to artificial lighting minimization and cooling systems or heating ventilation through air-ground heat exchanger, air collector, cross effect or chimney effect, ensuring excellent air quality and indoor comfort conditions. Key words - Energy Building Efficiency, Daylight, Natural Ventilation, Air-Ground Heat Exchanger, Active and Passive Systems, Centered Technical Management, Renewable Energy, Solar Thermal, Solar Photovoltaic, Net Zero Energy Building

Implementation This work is carried out to study the implementation a new school building in Portugal. It was done an energy balance and, in particular, a building ventilation study using passive techniques, of which is the incorporation of renewable energy, complemented by active ones and centered technique management, analyzed the high potential self-sustainability of the building [1]. The wind action analysis is very important in natural ventilation characterization. It was used in this sense the values collected in a meteorological station [2]. To protect the definition of prevailing winds and decreased temperature radiant, it was been implemented a live hedge composed with sheet persistent species (Figure 1) and Tuia, from Cupressaceas family, has a high evapotranspiration rate, which regulate and balance the extreme weather conditions, creating a microclimate. Native species was chosen because of the low porosity achieved in the implementation of a hedge, reducing wind speed till 90%. [3] [4] [5]. The space main building has 24 classrooms with 56 m2 each in two floors. There exists a natural ventilation system, with a faade air collector with four

openings (automated faade records) in each classroom section, two 20cm below the floor level and two at the top, 50cm above false ceiling. The air collector (Figure 2) is composed by 6 PV modules, mounted on an aluminium structure, arranged in N-S direction and distanced 10cm from the wall. For this study was selected a particularly classroom type, (with 56 m2), with a natural ventilation system. The facade is composed of air collector with four openings (automated faade records) in each classroom section, two 20cm below the floor level and two at the top, 50cm above false ceiling. The air collector (Figure 2) is composed by 6 PV modules, mounted on an aluminium structure, arranged in N-S direction and distanced 10cm from the wall. The records of facade implemented here were developed by [6], the building Solar XXI, taking in the action guide and left their manipulation to the users. This study intended to automate its operation, with two actuators, one linear and one rotation in each record, optimizing its use. A flag is placed in thin glass steer able in each classroom door, to obtain a cross-ventilation effect. The flags are open or closed depending on the temperature, humidity and indoor air quality, compared with outside temperature and humidity, measured by sensors installed

Figure 1: Protect vegetation scheme in profile of prevailing winds.

Figure 3: Integrated system of natural ventilation and lighting systems with facade PV air collector and airground heat exchanger. produced by fan, that is mounted axially above a metal ring duct, with 65 cm axis, above the floor, only serving as a complement to ensure indoor air quality in wind lack situations on the outside or when CO2 level is achieving the regulatory limits [7] (Figure 4). The centered technique management allows to all this automatic manipulation but only some parameters can be modify by users in a short period of time, end of witch the management takes control. The solar thermal system consists of 64 collectors connected by primary network piping in coverage, is

Figure 2: Records and PV air collector cut. therein. The cross-ventilation effect can be complemented with the chimney effect, by using the adjacent movement corridors. They are vertically connected through a duct across the length and forming a projection on the southern side of the roof. On this side the ventilation grilles are also established (Figure 3). The chimney effect can be increased through a higher temperature in the duct, obtained by placing a polished aluminium plate liner in the last 2m. The air ground heat exchanger, allows clean air entrance in the classroom through concrete pipes buried at 3m. This air can be used for heating or cooling, depending on the season, since the conditions of temperature at the burial are almost constant. These are obvious advantages both heating and cooling process, being controlled by actuators on registration circular ventilation ducts. The spread is

Figure 4: Detail with front view (left) and cut (right) of the duct and spread of air-ground heat exchanger system in floor 0. composed of compound parabolic collectors (CPC) [8], with 1,99 m2 each, arranged in the E/W direction in its metal mounting flat roof and with 60 degrees inclination in order to obtain the maximum return for the winter period and minimize the gains in July and August. In this period the hot water needs are virtually nil. This system will be the main source of heating and DHW Building. On heating we used two different systems, radiant panels at classrooms and thermo-ventilation with hot water batteries in services area and gymnasium at floor 2. This thermo-ventilation is performed in two steps. The first unit in the treatment of fresh air (UTAN) [9], the level of coverage, which makes a pre-heating to a temperature of 18 C. The second a postheating with individual control spaces, which allows a +3 C jump (Figure 5). This measure alone generates energy savings consumption associated with UTAN [9] operation

Figure 5: Termoventilation in offices on level 2

Figure 6: Solar thermal scheme. and the use of hot water batteries, whose power stems primarily from solar thermal system (Figure 6), makes the heating system extremely economical. The active cooling, it is expected of marginal use and is intended for floor 2 and floor 1 in the auditorium areas. It is achieved by installing a cold water battery in UTAN [9], which is fueled by a chiller compressor with single pump, expansion vessel and deposit of inertia. This thermo-ventilation is performed in two steps, the first unit of new air handling (UTAN), which carries a cooling to a temperature of 23 C and the second, post-heating in areas with individual control, which allows a jump of +3 C. The cooling output of the chiller is 22,5 kW, with an input power of 8,74 kW and an EER of 2,57 [10]. In the gross taxable earnings may be accounted for all passive systems can contribute to the heating. In this case were considered as possible contributing gains introduced in solar thermal heating systems, radiant floor and thermo-ventilation, earnings for the air-ground heat exchanger and won by air collector faade. Solar glazing protection is achieved by using external blinds with rotatable lamellae [11], allowing daylight modulation into the interior without creating glare, minimizing solar gains in summer, through its factor g=0,09, when in the closed position. In the PV simulation

4 was using the computer program "Sunny Design" [12], provided by the manufacturer of the drive, SMA, using Lisbon location, closest existing in the database. For this system we used two mounting types, an PV air collector faade, with 180 modules of 190W and 90 of inclination and another on the gymnasium cover, with 180 modules of 205W, where each line has a inter-distance of 2,5 m and 30 inclination. In the latter type took advantage of the provision zenith coverage to the South face is required to PV mount and on the North side the daylight introduction to this space. Results The exchange system functioning will be controlled by centered technique management, by criteria that prevent interior overheating or under cooling, within the area served by the current needs, taking advantage of range temperature between surface and soil to the depth of underground piping, which on average is 10 C. The flow of fresh air introduced into building interior by the airground heat exchanger and dissemination of thermal drift effect by cross-ventilation to hallway duct or air collector faade, creates the conditions for interior comfort, without the use of mechanical cooling systems. In daylight simulation and their integration with the artificial lighting was used "Dialux" [13] calculation program and made the energy evaluation according to EN 15193 [14]. In addition to lighting design which determined the placement of fixtures in order to achieve an lux average, corresponding to each type of space and its use, we evaluated the energy systems involved, which is obtained by weighting the hours of use annual day and night, combined with economic adjustment, maintenance, presence, absence, performance, provision of daylight, artificial light control and light transmittance of the glazing [15] [16]. The "Daylight" regulation [17] [18] [19], which was implemented in classrooms, will allow an automatic adjustment in lighting, maximizing natural component through the interaction of the solar control blinds slat blade driven [11], the first two spaces. In Figure 7, we present "Dialux" [13] results calculation, in a classroom type. The figures represent 100% daylight use and 100% artificial lighting use, complemented by daylight. If we consider separately the energy values calculated by the energy assessment of the Dialux program, the areas illuminated and non illuminated, have respectively, 139,62 kWh/year and 180,99 kWh/year, with LENI [14] corresponding to 3,93kWh/ year.m2 and 9,08 kWh/ year.m2, and the areas of calculation, respectively, 35,51 m2, 19,93 m2 for each classroom. The global LENI [14] is 5,78 kWh/year.m2, much below the limit of 38,1 kWh/year set for this typology. With the coverage final disposition [20] [21], it was possible that the daylight of

Figure 8: Gymnasium coverage PV configuration the gymnasium (Figure 8), one gets a better uniformity. And besides, it was possible the layout of modules on the surface facing to the south, against an ideal of 30, without obstruction. These modules in addition to the component generators, still benefits building, in thermal component, because with a lower U, there is a consequent reduction of heat losses by coverage. This solution is also more advantageous for the increase in energy productivity and also by reducing the inverters loss, as can be confirmed by the simulations in "Sunny Design" (Figure 9) [12], which translated into a global energy production of 84372 kWh/year. RSECE [22] calculation in monozone typology

Figure 7: Results of scenario 1 - 100% lighting with daylight and stage 2 - 100% daylight [13]

Figure 9: Initial result of PV simulation faade system by Sunny Design of SMA [12]

5 was based on the simplified method of global conversion factor. For these, were esteem functioning hours of each equipment to building install, were with the respective powers converted to primary energy, annual consumption energy was calculated. In this calculation were obtained the values Cei=-0,01 (kgep/m2.year) and a IEE=-0,01. Conclusions This work is carried out to implementation study of a new school building in Alcobaa, Portugal. Passive technique in school buildings, which emerges the incorporation of renewable energy, complemented by active ones creates a high potential self-sustainability in these buildings [1]. The air-ground heat exchanger used for heating and cooling process, is controlled by actuators on record circular duct ventilation, cannot replace a conventional air conditioning system, but can provide most of energy need for heating or cooling at main area of building. The solar chimney is an extremely useful, especially when applied on the North side of the greater use of space, including classrooms. This can satisfy both ventilation processes such as daylight. The ventilation system especially in cooling effect can effectively replaces the active systems application. The radiant panels system present in levels 0 and 1, was chosen for work with low temperatures system. Only then can integration with power generation by solar thermal system, the cost profitable, and that in a situation of need to support the boiler consumption will also be lower, it does not require a temperature as high. Thermo-ventilation was considered only for the 2nd floor, given the needs ventilation type above the levels 0 and 1. The pre and post treatment air system, both in heating and cooling could be an efficient method for management of existing resources against the expected thermal reduced requirements in this floor. The reduction of power generation, resulting from the photovoltaic system was installed vertically on the faades were offset, in terms of energy, improving the internal thermal gains of the classrooms, through the air collector associated with these structures on the facade. The use of equipment with high efficiency combined with passive techniques for heating and cooling, controlled by centered technical management, have been central to the achievement of NZEB classification [23]. We managed to produce a higher overall power consumption of the building. The 1st law of thermodynamics, called the "Principle of Conservation of Energy and the law of Lavoisier, have an intrinsic relationship. The implementation of NZEB classification for this building, is a practical demonstration of application, "In Nature nothing is created, nothing is lost, everything becomes" more and more and we have to continue for a Sustainable World. References
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