*Corresponding author.
Dr. V. Mohanasrinivasan Assistant Professor School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST) VIT UniversityVellore, Tamil Nadu. E-mail.: v.mohan@vit.ac.in Tel: +91-9486802902
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Haemagglutinin(HA)
PB2
PB1
PA HA NP NA M NS
Table 6.Various TIVs, their contents and their reactogenicity (Source: WHO,2005)
TIV Content Inactivated Virus Reactogenicity
Figure 2 Structure of Influenza Virus Table 1. Classification of Influenza Virus Genome : (-)ss RNA (Eight Segments) Order :Mononegavirales Family :Orthomyxoviridae Genus :Influenza A Species :Influenza A virus Subtype :H5N1 or H1N1 Table 2. Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1) reported to WHO (Source: WHO; 10 September 2008)
Year-----Country ... Azerbaijan Bangladesh Cambodia China Egypt Indonesia Iraq Myanmar Pakistan Viet Nam 2004 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 2005 C 0 0 4 8 0 20 0 0 0 98 D 0 0 4 5 0 13 0 0 0 43 2006 C 8 0 2 13 18 55 3 0 0 115 D 5 0 2 8 10 45 2 0 0 79 2007 C 0 0 1 5 25 42 0 1 3 88 D 0 0 1 3 9 37 0 0 1 59 2008 C 0 1 0 3 7 20 0 0 0 36 D 0 0 0 3 3 17 0 0 0 28 Total C 8 1 7 29 50 137 3 1 3 383 D 5 0 7 19 22 112 2 0 1 241
15-20% vaccines experience local reactions lasting for 1-2 days; Systemic reaction occurs within 6-12 hours of vaccination Virus disrupted by some detergent Reduced systemic reactogenicity compared Purified HA and NA to the above vaccines
that facilitates these HA moieties to be cleaved by several intracellular proteases. The above remark is supported as the recombinant H5N1 viruses lacking these bases were found to be non-virulent in mice (14).Thus it can be assumed that cleavage by intracellular proteases are important factor which contributes for the virulence of these viruses. Pathogenicity: Transmission of influenza is primarily by bioaerosols expelled into the air by coughing and sneezing of an infected person (15) .This droplet if inhaled by healthy persons can cause spread of the infection. The incubation period ranges from 1-5 days. Human flu viruses upon infection bind to sialosaccharides which are a (2, 3-galactose) receptors that populate the human respiratory tract. Avian HA protein prefer the (2, 3-galactose) form which are common in birds and were initially thought to be absent in humans. Adaptation from avian to human recognition pattern can occur very rapidly as the virus disseminates and evolves. However a team of scientists recently showed that using marker molecules which bind to one receptor or the other humans also possess a(2,3galactose) receptors but in and around alveoli of lungs. In addition, a research team in Netherlands showed that H5N1 readily binds to the alveoli of lungs but does not bind to tissues higher up in the respiratory tract. In the human lower respiratory tract,H5N1 viruses primarily binds to type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages and the non-ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells present in terminal bronchioles. This binding of viruses is progressively low towards the trachea. Thus, the attachment of the viral particles to the superficial epithelial cells of the respiratory tract unfolds the wider distribution of protease enzymes needed for the cleavage of HA of the virus. The occurrence of systemic illness accompanied with fever depicts dissemination of the virus via blood stream (16). Symptoms: The range of symptoms, which occur during Influenza virus infection, is variable which ranges from the mild respiratory disease accompanied with
Note: C-Cases; D-Deaths virulence of H5N1 viruses in humans and do not perform any of the above functions.H5N1 strains which are found to be virulent in mice has lysine at this position while those that are non-virulent H5N1 viruses encodes glutamic acid this position (14).This change in the amino acid residue at this position 627 of PB2 protein may attribute to the adaptation of H5N1 virus for efficient replication in mammals and thus cause infection . HA, in the outer membrane is cleaved into two disulphide linked subunits for initiation of infection in the host tissue.H5N1 viruses which are highly pathogenic in mice has a series of basic residues just closer to the HA cleavage site
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8. 9.
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13.
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