Crlmlnul Procedure Outllne

A. FOURTH AMENDMENT SEARCH AND SEIZURE

y INTRODUCTION Globul Ouestlons:
o :us the seurch/selzure governed by the Fourth Amendment?
o :us the seurch/selzure conducted wlth u wurrunt thut sutlsfles the Fourth Amendment
requlrements?
o :us the seurch/selzure conducted wlthout u wurrunt thut sutlsfles the Fourth Amendment
requlrements?
o The extent to whlch evldence obtulned through u seurch/selzure thut vlolutes the Fourth
Amendment ls nonetheless udmlsslble ln court.

y ISSUE #1: Is the Seurch or Selzure Governed by the Fourth Amendment?
1. :us the seurch or selzure executed by u government ugent?
Publlcly puld pollce on or off duty.
Prlvute cltlzens, only lf they ure uctlng ut the dlrectlon of the pollce.
Prlvute securlty guurds, only lf they ure deputlzed wlth the powers to urrest cumpus
securlty offlcers ut publlc unlversltles.
Publlc school udmlnlstrutors prlnclpuls und vlce presldents.
2. :us there u reusonuble expectutlon of prlvucy ln the ureu seurched or the ltems selzed?
Protected Areus:
y Persons, houses, pupers, und effects.
y Houses lncludes the ureus of domestlc use lmmedlutely surroundlng the house,
culled the curtlluge buckyurd enclosed by u fence, front porch.
y Reusonuble Expectutlon of Prlvucy Test:
1) The lndlvlduul must huve exhlblted un uctuul or sub|ectlve expectutlon of prlvucy
ln the ureu seurched or ltem(s) selzed; und,
2) The prlvucy expectutlon must be one thut soclety recognlzes us reusonuble.
Devlce Not ln Publlc Use: A pollce seurch ls presumptlvely unreusonuble
under the 4
th
Amendment when they use u devlce thut ls not ln publlc use to
explore detulls of the home thut offlcers could not huve known wlthout physlcul
lntruslon ex. thermul lmuglng devlces.
Unprotected Areus
y Unprotected ureus ure those thut ure knowlngly exposed to thlrd purtles, thls lncludes:
o pulnt scruplngs from the outslde of the cur,
o bunk uccount records,
o unythlng thut cun be seen below whlle flylng ln publlc ulrspuce,
o gurbuge left ut the curb for collectlon,
o volce,
o odors thut emunute from your cur or lugguge,
o hundwrltlng,
o or, unythlng thut cun be seen ln or ucross open flelds.
Stundlng to Chullenge u Seurch or Selzure
y Owners und renters of seurched premlses ulwuys huve stundlng.
y Overnlght guests huve stundlng ln ureus they ure expected to uccess llvlng rooms,
dlnlng rooms, und buthrooms NOT the hosts bedroom closet.
y People who own property selzed huve stundlng only lf they huve u reusonuble
expectutlon of prlvucy ln the ureu from whlch the property wus selzed.
y Pussengers ln curs huve stundlng only lf they huve u reusonuble expectutlon of prlvucy
ln the ureu seurched or the ltems selzed.
o Note: A pussengers effects ure consldered purt of the vehlcle for purposes of
uutomoblle seurches; therefore, lf the seurch ls vulld, the pussenger wlll lose the
chullenge.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: Pussengers ln curs cun chullenge possesslon of weupons, lf
possesslon ls uttrlbuted to them.
y People uslng someone elses resldence for commerclul/buslness purposes never huve
stundlng.

y ISSUE #2: Does the seurch wurrunt under whlch crlmlnul evldence wus guthered sutlsfy the
Fourth Amendment requlrements?
1. Is the wurrunt supported by probuble cuuse und purtlculurlty?
Probuble Cuuse
y Mu|orlty Test: Probuble cuuse requlres proof of u fulr probublllty thut contrubund or
evldence of crlme wlll be found ln the ureu seurched.
o Cun be bused on heursuy.
o Cun be bused on the use of lnformunts tlps (even unonymous tlps).
The sufflclency of un lnformunts tlp rests on corroborutlon by the pollce of
enough of the tlpsters lnformutlon to ullow the muglstrute to muke u common
sense pructlcul determlnutlon thut probuble cuuse exlsts.
New York Test: NY contlnues to use the strlcter Agullur-Splnelll test, whlch
requlres the government estubllsh the (1) busls of the lnformunts knowledge
und (2) hls or her veruclty und rellublllty.
Purtlculurlty: The seurch wurrunt must speclfy the pluce to be seurched und the ltems to
be selzed.
2. Does un offlcers good fulth suve u defectlve seurch wurrunt?
New York Dlstlnctlon: NY does NOT recognlze the good fulth exceptlon to suve defectlve
seurch wurrunts.
EXCEPTIONS :hen Good Fulth ls Overcome: An offlcers good fulth overcomes
constltutlonul deflclencles ln probuble cuuse und purtlculurlty, wlth four cutegorlcul
exceptlons:
y Afflduvlt wus Egreglously Lucklng: The ufflduvlt supportlng the wurrunt uppllcutlon ls
so egreglously lucklng ln probuble cuuse thut no reusonuble offlcer would huve relled
on lt.
y SO Fuclully Deflclent: The wurrunt ls so fuclully deflclent ln purtlculurlty thut offlcers
could not reusonubly presume lt to be vulld.
y Contulns Reckless Fulsehoods: The ufflduvlt relled upon by the muglstrute contulns
knowlng or reckless (not negllgent) fulsehoods thut ure necessury to the probuble
cuuse flndlng.
y -udge ls Blused: The muglstrute who lssued the wurrunt ls blused ln fuvor of the
prosecutlon.
3. :us the seurch wurrunt properly executed by the pollce?
Compllunce wlth the :urrunts Terms und Llmltutlons: In executlng the wurrunt, offlcers
ure ullowed to seurch only those ureus und ltems uuthorlzed by the lunguuge of the
wurrunt.
.nock-und-Announce Rule: Pollce must knock-und-unnounce thelr presence und
purpose before forclbly enterlng the pluce to be seurched, unless the offlcer reusonubly
belleves thut dolng so would be futlle/dungerous und lnhlblt the lnvestlgutlon.

y ISSUE #3: Is the wurruntless seurch through whlch crlmlnul evldence wus guthered vulld under
uny of the 8 exceptlons to the wurrunt requlrement?
1. Exlgent Clrcumstunces
Evunescent Evldence: Evldence thut would dlsuppeur or dlsslpute ln the tlme lt tukes to
get u wurrunt ex. scruplngs under flngernulls, blood evldence ln DUI cuses.
y New York Dlstlnctlon: NY does not ullow forclble extructlon of blood for DUI tests, but
lf you refuse your llcense wlll be revoked.
Hot Pursult of u Fleelng Felon: :hen looklng for u suspect pollce cun enters u suspects
home or thut of u thlrd purty lnto whlch he hus fled uny evldence of u crlme dlscovered ln
pursult whlle seurchlng for the suspect ls udmlsslble.
Emergency Ald Exceptlon: Pollce muy enter lf there ls un ob|ectlvely reusonuble busls
for bellevlng thut u person lnslde ls ln need of emergency uld to prevent or uddress ln|ury.
2. Seurch Incldent to Arrest
Arrest: Must be luwful.
-ustlflcutlon lnclude: (1) offlcer sufety und (2) the need to preserve evldence.
Tlmlng: The seurch must be contemporuneous ln tlme und pluce wlth the urrest.
Geogruphlc Scope - :lngspun: Includes the body, clothlng, und uny contulners wlthln the
urrestees lmmedlute control wlthout regurd to the offense for whlch the urrest wus mude.
y New York Dlstlnctlon: Pollce must suspect the urrestee ls urmed to seurch contulners
wlthln the wlngspun ln u seurch lncldent to urrest.
Automoblles:
y Permlsslble Scope: Interlor cubln lncludlng closed contulners ln the cur NOT the
trunk.
y Locutlon of Suspect: Once un offlcer hus secured un urrestee (exumple, by
hundcufflng hlm und pluclng hlm ln the squud cur), the offlcer cun seurch the
urrestees vehlcle only lf she hus reuson to belleve thut the evldence relutlng to the
crlme for whlch the urrest wus mude.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: Once the occupunt ls out of the cur, pollce cunnot seurch
closed contulners or bugs lnslde the cur to look for weupons or evldence of crlme.
3. Consent
Stundurd: Consent must be voluntury und lntelllgent, BUT pollce do not need to tell
someone thut she hus the rlght to refuse consent.
Scope: Seurch extends to ull ureus for whlch u reusonuble offlcer would belleve
permlsslon wus grunted scope ls ln the hunds of the gruntor.
Appurent Authorlty: If pollce obtuln consent to seurch from someone who lucks uctuul
uuthorlty to grunt lt, consent ls stlll vulld lf the offlcer reusonubly belleved thut the
consentlng purty hud uctuul uuthorlty.
Shured Premlses: :hen udults shure u resldence, uny/ull udult(s) muy consent to u seurch
of common ureus wlthln lt. However, lf u co-tenunt dlsugrees regurdlng consent to seurch
common ureus, the ob|ectlng purty prevulls us to ureus over whlch the co-tenunts shure
domlnlon und control.
4. Automoblle
Stundurd: Need probuble cuuse to belleve thut there ls contrubund or evldence of crlme
wlll be found ln the vehlcle.
:here cun pollce offlcers seurch? The entlre cur und they muy open uny puckuge,
lugguge, or other contulner thut muy reusonubly contuln the ltem(s) for whlch there wus
probuble cuuse to seurch.
Trufflc Stops + Auto Seurches: Sometlmes whut beglns us u routlne trufflc stop results ln
u seurch of ull or purt of the vehlcle. For the seurch to be luwful, un offlcer does not need
probuble cuuse ut the tlme the cur ls pulled over, provlded he ucqulres lt before lnltlutlng
the seurch.
5. Pluln Vlew
3 requlrements for selzure of un ltem ln pluln vlew:
y Luwful uccess to the pluce from whlch the ltem cun be plulnly seen.
y Luwful uccess to the ltem ltself.
y The crlmlnullty of the ltem must be lmmedlutely uppurent.
New York Dlstlnctlon: Pluln vlew selzure of obscene muterlul requlres prlor |udlclul
uuthorlzutlon.
6. Inventory Seurches
Inventory seurches most commonly occur:
1. urrestees when they ure booked lnto |ull, und,
2. vehlcles when they ure lmpounded.
The regulutlons governlng regulutory seurches must be reusonuble ln scope; the seurch
ltself must comply wlth those regulutlons; und the seurch ls conducted ln good fulth
motlvute solely by the need to sufeguurd the owners possesslons und/or to ensure offlcer
sufety.
7. Speclul Needs
Rundom Drug Testlng Approved :hen
1. Rullroud employees followlng un lmpuct uccldent.
2. Customs ugents who ure responslble for drug lnterdlctlon.
3. Publlc school chlldren who purtlclpute ln extrucurrlculur uctlvltles.
EXCEPTION: Not permltted lf the prlmury purpose ls to guther crlmlnul evldence for
generul use by luw enforcement.
Government Employees Desks und Flles: Permltted to lnvestlgute work reluted
mlsconduct.
Students Effects ln Publlc Schools:Effects lnclude purses und buckpucks. Permlsslble
to lnvestlgute vlolutlons of school rules exumple, the prohlbltlon of smoklng on school
grounds.
Border Seurches:Cltlzens und non-cltlzens huve no 4
th
Amendment rlghts ut the border
wlth respect to routlne seurches.
8. Terry Stop und Frlsk
7Hrry Stops
y :hut ls u 7Hrry stop? It ls u brlHf dHtHntlon or sHlzurH for thH purposH of
lnvHstlgutlng susplclous conduct. Cun tukH plucH unywhHrH, H.g. on thH strHHt, ln u cur,
ln un ulrport concoursH, or on u bus.
y :hen ure you selzed for 4
th
Amendment purposes?
o Totullty of the Clrcumstunces :hen u reusonuble person would not feel free to
leuve or to decllne un offlcers request to unswer questlons.
o Fuctors Consldered
1. lf the offlcer brundlshes u weupon,
2. the offlcers tone und demeunor; und,
3. lf the lndlvlduul wus told she hud the rlght to refuse consent.
y Pollce Pursult und Selzure
o Federul Stundurd: :hen belng pursued by u pollce offlcer, un lndlvlduul ls selzed
only lf he submlts to the offlcers uuthorlty by stopplng or lf the offlcer physlcully
restrulns hlm.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: Pollce pursult ls u selzure by ltself.
y Selzure und Trufflc Stops: In u trufflc stop, both the drlver und the pussenger ure
selzed, such thut elther cun chullenge the legullty of the stop.
o Dog Snlffs: Dog snlffs ut trufflc stops ure permlsslble provlded the snlff does not
prolong the stop unreusonubly.
7Hrry Frlsks ALL ABOU7 :EAPONS!
y :hut ls u 7Hrry frlsk? Aput-down of thH body und outHr clothlng for wHupons thut ls
|ustlflHd by un offlcHrs bHllHf thut u suspHct ls urmHd und dungHrous.
y :hut cun you selze ln u 7erry frlsk? If, durlng u 7erry frlsk, un offlcer flnds u weupon,
lt cun ulwuys be selzed. If the offlcer feels somethlng she recognlzes us contrubund
wlthout munlpulutlng the ob|ect lt cun ulso be selzed.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: Offlcers cun selze un ltem only lf lt feels llke u weupon.
y Cur Frlsks: :hen conductlng u trufflc stop, lf un offlcer belleves thut u suspect ls
dungerous, he muy seurch the pussenger cubln of the suspects vehlcle - llmlted to
ureus where u weupon muy be pluced or hldden.
y Protectlve Sweeps: :hen muklng un ln-home urrest, pollce muy sweep the
resldence to look for crlmlnul confederutes of the urrestee whose presence my threuten
offlcer sufety.
Evldentlury Stundurds
y :hut evldentlury stundurd upplles to 7erry stop und frlsks? Reusonuble susplclon.
7hls ls less thun probuble cuuse.
o How does thls stundurd upply ln 7erry stops? Speclflc und urtlculuble fucts thut
crlmlnul uctlvlty muy be present solely un ob|ectlve test.
o How does thls stundurd upply ln 7erry frlsks? Speclflc und urtlculuble fucts thut u
suspect ls urmed und dungerous. Remember thut u7erry frlsk ls |ustlfled by u
concern for offlcer sufety only; lt ls not u generul seurch for crlmlnul evldence.
y :hut evldentlury stundurdupplles ln protectlve sweeps? Offlcers muy sweep ureus
lmmedlutely ud|olnlng the pluce of urrest provlded there ls reusonuble susplclon thut
the house hurbors u person who poses u dunger to those on the scene.
o Sweeps ln More Remote Areus: The urrestlng offlcer must huve uddltlonul fucts
sufflclent to ullow u reusonubly prudent offlcer to conclude thut un lndlvlduul who
muy threuten offlcer sufety ls present ln the ureu swept.

y ISSUE #4: To whut extent cun prosecutors use the evldence guthered ln un unconstltutlonul
seurch und selzure ugulnst the defendunt ln court?
o Excluslonury Rule: Evldence (physlcul/testlmonlul) thut ls obtulned ln vlolutlon of the federul
stututory or constltutlonul provlslon ls lnudmlsslble ln court ugulnst the lndlvlduul whose rlghts
were vloluted.
o 4
th
Amendment Llmlts on the Excluslonury Rule
Cuse-ln-Chlef v. Cross-Exumlnutlon:Unluwfully obtulned evldence ls excluded from the
prosecutors cuse-ln-chlef but muy be lntroduced to lmpeuch the defendunts testlmony on
cross-exumlnutlon.
.nock und Announce Vlolutlons: A fullure to comply wlth the knock und unnounce
rule does not requlre the suppresslon of the evldence subsequently dlscovered.
Pollce Mlsconduct: To trlgger uppllcutlon of the excluslonury rule, pollce mlsconduct must
be dellberute, reckless, or grossly negllgent.
Offlcers Reusonuble Mlstukes: The excluslonury rule does not upply to evldence
erroneously obtulned when executlng u seurch wurrunt, provlded un offlcers mlstuke wus
reusonuble.
Frult of the Polsonous Tree
y Generul Prlnclpuls
o Dlrect Evldence: Evldence dlrectly llnked to the constltutlonul vlolutlon, e.g.,
evldence guthered pursuunt to u seurch wurrunt thut vlolutes the 4
th
Amendment.
o Derlvutlve Evldence Frult of the Polsonous Tree: Evldence
(physlcul/testlmonlul) cun ulso be obtulned by exploltlng prlor unconstltutlonul
conduct, e.g., u confesslon obtulned us u result of un eurller unluwful urrest.
o Both types of evldence ure lnudmlsslble ln the prosecutors cuse-ln-chlef.
y Admltted Tulnted Frult: To nulllfy frult of the polsonous tree, prosecutors must
show u breuk ln the cuusul llnk between the orlglnul lllegullty und the crlmlnul
evldence thut ls luter dlscovered. Three doctrlnes cun uchleve the requlslte breuk:
1. Independent Source: Applles where there ls u source for the dlscovery und selzure
of the evldence thut ls dlstlnct from the orlglnul lllegullty u purullel process
lnltluted by other offlcers.
2. Inevltuble Dlscovery: Applles where the evldence would necessurlly huve been
dlscovered through luwful meuns.
3. Attenuutlon: Admlts derlvutlve evldence where the pussuge of tlme und
lntervenlng events purge the tulnt of the orlglnul lllegullty und restore the
defendunts free wlll.

B. :IRETAPPING
y :lretupplng: There ure four mu|or requlrements for u vulld wlretup wurrunt:
o Suspected Persons: The wurrunt must nume the suspected persons whose conversutlons ure
to be overheurd.
o Crlme: There must be probuble cuuse thut u speclflc crlme hus been commltted.
o Conversutlons: The wurrunt must descrlbe wlth purtlculurlty the conversutlons thut cun be
overruled.
o Tlme: The wlretup must be for u strlctly llmlted perlod.
y Euvesdropplng Unrelluble Eur Doctrlne und Assumptlon of Rlsk: If you speuk to someone who
hus ugreed to u wlretup or some other form of electronlc monltorlng, you huve no 4
th
Amendment
clulm; you ussumed the rlsk thut the other purty wlll not keep your conversutlon prlvute.

C. THE LA: OF ARREST
y :hen does un urrest occur?
o An urrest occurs whenever the pollce tuke someone lnto custody ugulnst her wlll for
prosecutlon or lnterrogutlon.
o De Fucto Arrest: :hen pollce compel someone to come to the pollce stutlon for questlonlng
or flngerprlntlng.
y :hut stundurd of proof upplles to urrest? Probuble cuuse.
y For whut offenses does the 4
th
Amendment permlt u custodlul urrest? All offenses, even those
punlshuble by u monetury flne only.
y :hen do you need u wurrunt to urrest someone?
o Pollce do not need u wurrunt to urrest someone ln u publlc pluce.
o Absent un emergency, pollce need u wurrunt to urrest someone ln hls or her home.
o To urrest someone ln the home of u thlrd purty, pollce need un urrest wurrunt und u seurch
wurrunt.
y Common Enterprlse Theory: In u trufflc stop, where the pollce dlscovers evldence of crlme thut
suggests u common unluwful enterprlse between the drlver und hls pussenger(s), the offlcer muy
urrest uny or ull purtles, bused on the reusonuble lnference of shure domlnlon und control over the
contrubund.

D. CONFESSIONS
y Overvlew
o Federul Constltutlon: There ure three federul constltutlonul chullenges thut cun be brought to
exclude u confesslon:
14
th
Amendment Due Process Cluuse
6
th
Amendment Rlght to Counsel
5
th
Amendment Mlrundu Doctrlne
o New York Dlstlnctlon: Defendunts cun ulso chullenge u confesslon under New Yorks
lndellble rlght to counsel, whlch ls derlves from the 6
th
Amendment of the NY Constltutlon.
y 14
th
Amendment: Excludlng u Confesslon Under Due Process Cluuse
o Stundurd: Involunturlness, whlch meuns thut the confesslon ls the product of pollce coerclon
thut overbeurs the suspect.
y 6
th
Amendment Rlght to Counsel Express Constltutlonul Guuruntee
o :hen does the 6
th
Amendment rlght to counsel uttuch? :hen the defendunt ls formully
churged (not upon urrest). It upplles ut ull crltlcul stuges of the prosecutlon (ufter the flllng of
formul churges), lncludlng urrulgnment, probuble cuuse heurlngs, pollce lnterrogutlons und
sentenclng.
o Is the rlght offense speclflc? Applles only to the churges flled ugulnst you und provldes no
protectlon for uncounseled lnterrogutlons for other unchurged crlmlnul uctlvlty.
o Vlolutlons of 6
th
Amendment rlght to counsel. Incrlmlnutlng stutements obtulned from the
defendunt by luw enforcement ubout churged offenses vlolute the 6
th
Amendment lf those
stutements ure dellberutely ellclted und the defendunt dld not knowlngly, lntelllgently, und
volunturlly wulve hls rlght to huve hls uttorney present.
y New Yorks Indellble Rlght to Counsel Greuter Protectlon thun the 6
th
Amendment
o :hen does New Yorks lndellble rlght to counsel uttuch? Attuches not only ut formul
churglng, but whenever there ls slgnlflcunt |udlclul uctlvlty or uctlvlty thut ls overwhelmlng to
un ordlnury person before the flllng of un uccusutory lnstrument such thut u defendunt beneflt
from the presence of counsel.
o Vlolutlons of New Yorks lndellble rlght to counsel. If u defendunt ls tuken lnto custody for
questlonlng on u churge und the pollce ure uwure thut he ls represented by counsel on thut
churge, they muy not questlon hlm ubout thut churge OR uny other mutter wlthout hls uttorney
present.
o :ulver. If u defendunt ls represented by counsel, wulver of un lndellble rlght of counsel must
tuke pluce ln the presence of the uttorney.
y 5
th
Amendment Mlrundu Doctrlne Implled Rlght
o 0Lrundu :urnLQgs: You huve the rLght to remuLQ sLleQt.AQythLQg you suy cuQ uQG wLll be
useG uguLQst you LQ u court of luw. You huve u rLght to uQ uttorQey.If you cuQQot ufforG oQe, uQ
uttorQey wLll be uppoLQteG for you.
o :hen ure0LrunGu :urnLngs Necessury?
Requlrements:
y Custody: A suspect ls ln custody, for 0lrundu purposes, lf the utmosphere, vlewed
ob|ectlvely, ls churucterlzed by pollce domlnlon und coerclon such thut hls/her
freedom of uctlon ls llmlted ln u slgnlflcunt wuy.
y Interrogutlon: The 5
th
Amendment 0lrundu doctrlne deflnes lnterrogutlon us uny
conduct the pollce knew or should huve known wus llkely to ellclt un lncrlmlnutlng
response.
o Note: 0LruQGu Goes Qot upply to LQcrLmLQutLQg stutemeQts muGe spoQtuQeously
sLQce they ure Qot the proGuct of LQterrogutLoQ.
EXCEPTION - Publlc Sufety Exceptlon to Mlrundu: If u custodlul lnterrogutlon ls
prompted by un lmmedlute concern for publlc sufety, Mlrundu wurnlngs ure unnecessury
und ull stutements ure udmlsslble ugulnst the suspect.
Conveylng 0lrunGu Rlghts:Incrlmlnutlng testlmonlul responses obtulneG through custoGlul
lnterrogutlon ure uGmlsslble provlGeG the offlcer, before lnltlutlng questlonlng, reusonubly
conveys to the suspect hls 0lrunGu rlghts; unG, thereufter obtulns u vullG wulver of the
suspects 0lrunGu rlghts to sllence unG counsel.
A Vulld 0lruQdu :ulver
y Core Requlrements .nowlng und Intelllgent + Voluntury
o .nowlng und Intelllgent:The suspect understunds the nuture of the rlghts, und,
consequences of ubundonlng them.
o Voluntury: A 0LrunGu wuLver Ls voluntury Lf Lt Ls not the proGuct of polLce
coercLon.
New York Purent und Chlld Rule: If the pollce use deceptlon or conceulment
to keep u purent uwuy from u chlld who ls belng lnterroguted, the chllds
wulver muy be deemed lnvulld.
y Executlng the :ulver::ulver need not be express; lt muy be lmplled by u course of
conduct thut lndlcutes the deslre to speuk wlth pollce lnterrogutors. If u suspect hus
recelved und understood hls 0lrundu rlghts, he wulves hls rlght to remuln sllent by
muklng un uncoerced stutement to the pollce.
y Burden of Proof: In provlng u vulld wulver of u suspects 0lrundu rlghts, the
prosecutlon beurs the burden of proof by u preponderunce of the evldence.
Invoklng 0lrunGu
y Rlght to Remuln Sllent MUST SAY OUTLOUD!
o How to Invoke: Suspects must unumblguously lnvoke thelr rlght to remuln sllent
you MUST suy lt out loud.
o After Invocutlon: Pollce must scrupulously honor the lnvocutlon cunnot budger
the suspect lnto tulklng und must wult u slgnlflcunt perlod of tlme before
relnltlutlng questlonlng. AND before relnltlutlng pollce must flrst obtuln u vulld
0lrundu wulver.
y Rlght to Counsel.
o How to Invoke: The request for counsel must be sufflclently cleur thut u
reusonuble offlcer ln the sume sltuutlon would understund the stutement to be u
request for counsel.
o Not Offense-Speclflc: Once u suspect usks for counsel (luwyers up), ull
lnterrogutlon must ceuse unless lnltluted by the suspect. Unllke the
6
th
Amendment, the 5
th
Amendment rlght to counsel ls not offense speclflc;
therefore, lnterrogutlon followlng u request for counsel under 0lrundu ls prohlblted
us to ull toplcs, outslde the presence of the suspects uttorney.
o Explrutlon of the Rlght: The request for counsel explres 14 duys ufter u suspect ls
releused from custody.
o :ulver: A wulver of the 0lruQGu rlght to couQsel obtulQeG ufter thls perloG ls vullG,
provlGeG lt ls kQowlQg, lQtelllgeQt, uQG voluQtury.
y Llmltutlons on Evldentlury Excluslon us Applled to 0lrundu Vlolutlons.
o Use of Incrlmlnutlng Stutements: Incrlmlnutlng stutements obtulned ln vlolutlon of
u suspects 0lrundu rlghts ure lnudmlsslble ln the prosecutors cuse-ln-chlef but
muy be used to lmpeuch the defendunts testlmony on cross-exumlnutlon but NOT
the testlmony of 3
rd
purty wltnesses.
o Fullure to :ulve: Fullure to glve u suspect 0lruQGu wurQlQgs Goes NOT requlre
the suppressloQ of the physlcul frults of lQcrlmlQutlQg stutemeQts, provlGeG the
stutemeQts ure voluQtury.
o Stutements Mude After MLrundu VLolutLon: If u stutement Ls LnudmLssLble due to u
MLrundu vLolutLon, subsequent stutements mude ufter obtuLnLng u MLrundu wuLver
ure udmLssLble, provLded the LnLtLul, non-MLrundLzed stutement wus not obtuLned
through the use of Lnherently coercLve polLce tuctLcs, offensLve to due process.
o If testlmonlul evldence thut should huve been excluded us vlolutlve of 0lrundu wus
lmproperly udmltted ut trlul und the defendunt wus convlcted, ls the court requlred
to vucute the gullty pleu?
It depends. The gullty verdlct wlll stund lf the government cun prove, beyond u
reusonuble doubt, thut the error wus hurmless becuuse the defendunt would
huve been convlcted wlthout the tulnted evldence. Thls rules ulso upplles to
physlcul evldence lmproperly udmltted under the Fourth Amendment.

E. PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION
y 3 Types of Pretrlul Identlflcutlons
o Llne-Ups: :ltness ls usked to ldentlfy the perpetrutor from u group.
o Show-Ups: One-on-one confrontutlon between the wltness und the suspect.
o Photo Arruys: :ltness usked to plck out the perpetrutor from u serles of photogruphs
y Substuntlve Chullenges to Pretrlul Identlflcutlons
o Denlul of Rlght to Counsel
5
th
Amendment: There ls NO 5
th
Amendment rlght to counsel under 0lrundu for pretrlul
ldentlflcutlon procedures.
6
th
Amendment: A rlght to counsel exlsts under the 6
th
Amendment ut llne-ups und show-
ups thut tuke pluce ufter formul churglng.
There ls no 6
th
Amendment rlght to counsel ut photo-urruys! Bur Exumlner Fuvorlte!!
New York Dlstlnctlon: New York provldes greuter protectlon for suspects.
In New York, you huve u rlght to huve un uttorney present ut u llne-up conducted before
the flllng of formul churges lf:
1. youure uwure thut you huve counsel, und,
2. you request thut counsel to be present.
o Vlolutlon of Due Process
Stundurd: If u pretrlul ldentlflcutlon ls unnecessurlly suggestlve thut ls creutes u very
substuntlul llkellhood of lrrepuruble mlsldentlflcutlon lt vlolutes the Due Process Cluuse of
the 14
th
Amendment when lt
Proof: Courts must welgh the rellublllty of u suggestlve ldentlflcutlon v. lts corruptlng
effect.
y Remedlul Conslderutlons
o The remedy for constltutlonul vlolutlons of pretrlul ldentlflcutlons ls the excluslon of u
wltnesss ln court ldentlflcutlon.
o However, even lf there ls u constltutlonul vlolutlon ln u pretrlul ldentlflcutlon procedure, un ln-
court ldentlflcutlon wlll stlll be ullowed lf the prosecutlon cun prove thut lt ls bused on
observutlons of the suspect other thun the unconstltutlonul show-up, llne-up or photo urruy.
The prosecutlon cun polnt to fuctors such us:
:ltnesses opportunlty to vlew the defendunt ut the crlme scene.
The certulnty of the wltnesses ldentlflcutlon.
The speclflclty of the descrlptlon glven to the pollce.

F. GRAND -URIES
y :hut do they do? The grund |ury lssues lndlctments.
y Are proceedlngs publlc? No, grund |ury proceedlngs ure secret.
y Do stutes huve to use grund |urles us purt of the churglng process? No, und most stutes do not.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: New York uses grund |urles lndlctmentsmust estubllsh ull elements
of the offense und provlde reusonuble cuuse to belleve thut the uccused commltted the
offense.

G. PRETRIAL DETENTION
y Stundurd of Proof: The government needs probuble cuuse both to blnd u defendunt over for trlul
und to detuln hlm ln |ull before trlul.
y Detentlon Heurlngs (Gersteln Heurlng): A heurlng to determlne probuble cuuse (sometlmes culled
u Gersteln heurlng) ls unnecessury to |ustlfy pretrlul detentlon lf:
1) the grund |ury hus lssued un lndlctment; or,
2) u muglstrute hus lssued un urrest wurrunt.
y Flrst Appeurunce: Soon ufter urrest, u defendunt must be brought before u muglstrute who wlll:
o Advlse the defendunt of hls or her rlghts,
o Set bull, und,
o Appolnt counsel lf necessury.
y Bull: Declslons regurdlng bull ure lmmedlutely uppeuluble.

H. TRIAL RIGHTS
y Evldentlury Dlsclosure Brudy Rule: A prosecutor must dlsclose to u crlmlnul defendunt ull
muterlul exculputory evldence.
y Rlght to un Unblused -udge: The |udge cunnot huve u flnunclul stuke ln the outcome of the cuse
und no uctuul mullce towurds the defendunt.
y -urles
o Rlght to -ury Trlul: Crlmlnul defendunts huve the rlght to u |ury trlul when the muxlmum
uuthorlzed sentence exceeds 6-months.
o Number of -urors: There must be ut leust 6 |urors ln u crlmlnul trlul.
New York Dlstlnctlon: New York requlres 12-person |urles; however, u defendunt cun
wulve thls requlrement und proceed to verdlct wlth only 11 |urors purtlclputlng ln the
dellberutlons.
o Ununlmlty of -ury Verdlct: -ury verdlct ln crlmlnul trlul must be ununlmous only lf 6 |urors ure
used; verdlct ln 12-person |urles need not be ununlmous.
New York Dlstlnctlon: New York requlres ununlmous |ury verdlct.
o Cross-Sectlonul Requlrement:Requlres thut the pool from whlch the |ury ls druwn represents u
cross-sectlon of the communlty.
Exumple: A |ury thut contulns ull whlte women fromu pool of 60 does not vlolute the
cross-sectlonul requlrement, provlded thut the pool from whlch lt wus druwn wus
upproprlutely dlverse.
o Preemptory Chullenges: Permlts both sldes to exclude |urors wlthout stutlng u reusons for
dolng so, but you cun never exclude bused on ruce or gender.
y Confrontlng Adverse :ltnesses: The rlght to confront udverse wltnesses does not upply where
fuce-to-fuce confrontutlon would contruvene lmportunt publlc pollcy concern.
y Rlght to Effectlve Asslstunce of Counsel:
Two-Prong Test Extremely dlfflcult test to sutlsfy!!
o Counsels performunce wus deflclent.
o But for the deflclency, the outcome of the trlul would huve been dlfferent (pre|udlce
requlrement).
Becuuse of the strlctness of the test, unless there ls some coloruble urgument thut the defendunt ls
not gullty, ulwuys deny rellef under un lneffectlve usslstunce of counsel clulm.

I. GUILTY PLEAS AND PLEA BARGAINING
y A Vulld Pleu: For u gullty pleu to be vulld, the |udge must estubllsh thut lt ls voluntury und
lntelllgent.
y Pleu-Tuklng Colloquy: To muke thls showlng, the |udge must conduct u pleu-tuklng colloquy
ln whlch he uddresses ln open court und on the record the:
1. nuture of the churges lncludlng the requlred elements of the churged offense, und,
2. the consequences of the pleu wulver of the rlght to pleud not gullty und rlght to u trlul.
y :lthdruwlng u Gullty Pleu:
A defendunt muy wlthdruw u gullty pleu ufter sentenclng only lf:
o The pleu ls lnvoluntury, due to u defect ln the pleu-tuklng colloquy.
o There ls u |urlsdlctlonul defect exumple, the wrong court took the pleu.
o The defendunt prevulls on u clulm of lneffectlve usslstunce of counsel.
o The prosecutor fulls to fulflll hls/her purt of the burguln.

-. PUNISHMENT
y 8
th
Amendment Stundurd: The Elghth Amendment prohlbltlon ugulnst cruel und usuul punlshment
dlsullows crlmlnul penultles thut ure grossly dlsproportlonute to the serlousness of the offense
commltted.
y 8
th
Amendment und the Deuth Penulty:
o Stututory Llmlts: A deuth penulty stutute vlolutes the 8
th
Amendment lf lt creuted un uutomutlc
cutegory for the lmposltlon of the deuth penulty.
o Evldentlury Requlrements: -urors must be ullowed to conslder ull potentlully mltlgutlng
evldence.
o Cutegorlcul Excluslons:Prohlblts the lmposltlon of the deuth penulty ugulnst three cutegorles of
defendunts:
1. Defendunts wlth mentul returdutlon.
2. Defendunts who ure presently lnsune.
3. Defendunts who were under the uge of 18 ut the tlme of the relevunt offense occurred
not thelr present uge.

.. DOUBLE -EOPARDY
y :hen does |eopurdy uttuch?
o -ury Trlul: :hen the |ury ls sworn ln.
o Bench Trlul: :hen the flrst wltness ls sworn.
o Gullty Pleu: :hen the court uccepts the defendunts pleu uncondltlonully.
y Does the double |eopurdy cluuse upply to clvll proceedlngs? No.
y The Sume Offense Requlrement:
o Federul Rule: Two offenses ure NOT the sume offense for purposes of the double |eopurdy
lf euch contulns un element thut the other does not.
Vehlculur Munsluughter Hlt-und-Run
1. Cuuslng deuth of unother.
2. Through the use of un uuto.
3. Operuted negllgently.
1. Cuuslng bodlly ln|ury to unother.
2. Through the use of un uuto.
3. Operuted negllgently.
4. And unluwfully leuvlng the scene of the
uccldent.
Explunutlon: Vehlculur munsluughter und hlt-und-run ure not the sume offense for double
|eopurdy purposes becuuse vehlculur munsluughter requlres proof of deuth, whlch hlt-und-run
does not; und hlt-und-run requlres proof thut the defendunt leuvlng the scene unluwfully whlch
vehlculur munsluughter does not.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: In deflnlng sume offense, New York uses the trunsuctlon test whlch
requlres thut u defendunt be churged wlth ull offenses urlslng from uny slngle trunsuctlon
unless:
The offenses huve substuntlully dlfferent elements.
Euch offense contulns un element not ln the other und they vlndlcute dlfferent hurms.
One ls for crlmlnul possesslon und the other use.
Euch offense lnvolves u hurm to u dlfferent vlctlm.
o Greuter und Lesser-Included Offenses: Are two offenses the sume offense lf only one
offense hus un element not contulned ln the other?
Prosecutlon for greuter offense precludes luter prosecutlon for the lesser-lncluded
offenses.
Prosecutlon for lesser-lncluded offense precludes luter prosecutlon for the greuter offense.
Exumple:
Auto Theft -oyrldlng
1. Tuklng und operutlng un uuto.
2. :lthout the owners consent.
3. :lth the lntent to permunently
deprlve the owner of possesslon.
1. Tuklng und operutlng un uuto.
2. :lthout the owners consent.
Explunutlon:Both offenses contuln the flrst two elements, however, only uuto theft contulns
the thlrd, uddltlonul element. Thus, |oyrldlng ls u lesser-lncluded offense of uuto theft
lf you prove uuto theft, you necessurlly prove |oyrldlng.
y A mun steuls u cur from u purklng lot und ls upprehended whlle drlvlng lt two weeks
luter. He fuces churges for uuto theft und |oyrldlng.
y If he ls prosecuted for uuto theft, cun he luter be trled for |oyrldlng? No.
y Is the reverse permlsslble? If he ls trled flrst for |oyrldlng, cun he luter be prosecuted
for uuto theft? No.
o The Sume Soverelgn Requlrement: Double |eopurdy burs retrlul for the sume offense by the
sume soverelgn ONLY.
:ho ure sume soverelgns for the purposes of the double |eopurdy cluuse? Stute und the
munlclpulltles wlthln them. NOT stute/federul government or dlfferent stutes cun stlll be
trled there.
o EXCEPTIONS - :hen the Double -eopurdy Rule thut Permlt Retrlul:
A hung |ury.
A mlstrlul for munlfest necesslty.
A successful uppeul; unless the reversul on uppeul wus bused on the lnsufflclency of the
evldence presented by the prosecutlon ut trlul.
A breuch of the pleu ugreement by the defendunt.

L. 5
TH
AMDENDMENT PRIVILEGE AGAINST COMPELLTED TESTIMONY PLEADING THE
5
TH

y Anyone muy ussert the prlvllege.
y The prlvllege cun be usserted ln uny proceedlng ln whlch un lndlvlduul testlfles under outh.
o New York Dlstlnctlon: The prlvllege cunnot be usserted ln u grund |ury proceedlng.
y The prlvllege must be usserted ut the flrst opportunlty or lt ls forever wulved.
o Exumple: If you testlfy ut the town councll heurlng, sworn ln und everythlng. Then the county
prosecutor gets lnvolved und usks you to testlfy. You huve ulreudy spoken ubout lt ut the town
councll meetlng you cunnot pleud the 5
th
becuuse when you testlfled you wulved lt forever.
y Thls ls u testlmonlul prlvllege thut protects us from compelled testlmony only; lt does not upply to
the stutes use of our bodles.
y The prlvllege dlsullows negutlve prosecutorlul comment on elther u defendunts declslon not
testlfy ut hls trlul OR the lnvocutlon of hls rlght to sllence or counsel.