2

( wzZ)
All rights reserved

Rubaroo(Volume:1)
By:Khushtar Noorani
First edition: November 2010

z'
,
zg

!
WY xzfi 6,
b)BgzZ h I

Price:

o] j

IdaraD eD Fikre Islami,Delhi

Distributed by:Maktaba JaamD eD Noor

422 Matia Mahal,Jama Masjid,DelhiD 6

Phone:011-23281418
email: ifikreislami@gmail.com

sZg Z Z

k`
06
18
27
37

Zgp

h^j]

tg Z

vZyZG1Z 

~g ZZ **

~g /ZZ **

45

zg ZwD Z { Zic

54


h
+ix Z

64

~g }ZWz6,

77

~g@zZp **

86

pZ ZY g ~g

102
112
121
132

tZ+ Zg**

~gZ 
**

+ E
3!
ZZ e

~g sZ**

150

~g ?Z
4E
5.Z**
EG

162

pZyZ?

169

@yZ?

142

179
186

~g ]
.Z Z?

2YsZlZ e

p^] ]

( Y 2002&Y 1925)

^ 1
kZgzZ]gzZ c*
z+Z
+gzZV wq{WX
;g @*
kZ ]Z W,
Z!

199

Vx.s~ZZg q{ 

209

kI,
'YxZ e

226
236

~g gixZ e

~gsZ**

oF^i ^e

246

ZZ**

tg Z

252

~zh Z Zg
**

273
281

]F,
.
x KZ~skZ Z6,
wz 7g@*

 e 7q `z{z LZz!*
V DgzZ4 z
g ],
Z r Z Zg f~V z 7yZ D ZIglV~uz
V kZgzZ ` y*zy)p
H@*
F,
Wz
-L~V }g
q
/yZ DT~VIzg Z c*
I
#J
Z
-
z kZ s3 Z @*
Wz {],
Z W,
Zk
,
i" _
.c*
ByZ Dg !*
]g Zw~"_
.c*
-{gJ
q
,^WDl
/
6,g"LZQzt
yZP ]Z/ p6,z w!*
LZ I V
gzZ m} 70
+
i sV g I ~" V DyZg Z)f
qJ +
$Yx ZZ 3g {0
+
iJ
-/DZzZz
bz
/Z
G7E
D e7

g @*
okZgh
+
q=xI
kZ >gzZ 7W6,T
$z kZ +**
3g Zz6,"
J
-VV !*
igzZVZ * D w7o KZa

294

kI@ug I**

~g](@*
A**
&~g y{?
~Zx(?

305

~xVx?

313

~gsZ .?

322

~C
i ZxsZ**

335
341
355

~g+Zx ?

~g w)_g Zz**

kI Z[**

~"2ZgzZ~)D 3
W**
wZ DD 4
wZ]
.zk
B 6,
b)z
D5
zgzZ
z~
)
Zbg D 6
]Z W,
ZzZD7
: YYH~g Zz Zg e~R'
,
gz ZJ
-Y 1900 Y 1858 gz ZuzJ
-1857 Y 1833gz
Y 1870i WIDwq @*
Y 1948gz agzZJ
-Y 1947Y 1901
D @*

T Y ]!*
I V ~gz
z V ]xsZ C g V 6,gZ I ~
@*
_ Cc*
z ]g @*
b)Bz IgzZ C
)
Z
KZ V z m,
Z ]!*
]D M 7r Zu kZ ~gz kZ
T c*
VZi W V|~% ZZ

qz!g c*
C+
$YV pg Z Zg Z~
C~
Y 57 {z kZ D k
,
/**

i W x kZ ~ gq
HH7
[zZ ~ kZ 6 7,Z ]q ( o
IV *zy:gzZ ~7.6,} i Zzgy*zy
g 6,R(y
z kZ CtD H ZQ xi ZL L
Vzm,
Z D ]5 ZZgzZ I yZzz ~(,q
-Z # 1
xsZ4z]
.Sy.z xEsZgzZ 8{ y!*
i g )gf
D}g 7Zzg#
xsZD fkZ
)
ZgzZ g +C
 |t

g @*
IZ
# MtuM6,wZziz `zgzZ g@*

}pzdoP6,
$zgzZ]**
T
Dg2ZzkZ
ZuzgzZ Z q
-Z : D~
Cz wZzi c*
F,
D X 7
Yg {Z
# @*
g & gzZ7
A &mZ DYg{
M F,
K
z^9Vzg Z F,
DD6,wj gzZ]q
x D CY0
) !*
q=**
gzZwZzi ~g Z**
q
-Z ~yZ 6,
h ~gZz Z ZV-
/]g @*
IgzZ
{gq=**
Vzz!*
]ZW,
Z!r Z Zg f~gzC
Y
D YY~b
W,
Z ],
ZkZ$
+pg 9~gzC
Z
ZYg {t c*
7 ! gzZ Wz L Yg {
:t,XgZ~ i
Vc*
i !*
!(g u~ m,
Z D 1
P qu **
ZY 1857D 2
D 3
CgzZIV gzZVyD 4
yD5
c^
, sZ y!*
izgZ D 6
tzg: Zg Z+
$YV6,
]Z ZgzZZyD7
ZBYg { :
L p x x Z IZ
#
:t,Xg
& Zzg 7D 1
[NZ ]OutdatedD 2g

10


}pKZ~}g Lbgz]Zg ZkZ Z @*
W7
U ~g7 gz}uz {zg ZuD D c*

z~ Zi Wz~g7kZ~gzZ LZpg6,Z'
,
~ Zi Wq~
/
% ~gz}uz 9t Di%6,4z]
.
~Zg ~p CW7}I~gz kZ s tgzZ ;gz
zi WkZ ]!*
Zt D @*
gz Zi WI{!*
Dm7
I V{Zu @*
C_ g@*
~R'
,
D H~gY tZ d
$L L|
/Z~ Y 1870cB24gzZ g
C
uDb & Z ] yZgzZ g V g kZ
f LZ yZk
,
i 
L L~}g t Z d
$L L
: D
akZgzZ V yy*zy Zg 'L L
*z+yZnJ
-Vd6,
kZ=g &
+
 @*
D~g Yp6,
t
( 1:m ) D,~>
: ~g @*
7g ZmgkZ
g Z kZ D c*
0*
,[zZ ~ V70
'
+
i V t Z d
$ L L
c*
{gt uF,
J0
+Z ] g ]c*
Zzg {
V
aVY, ZgxsZ~V70
+
i KZ H{ W6,]!*
kZV
D,{ .Zy.zxEnC
gzZ,x OZ
( y 0*
!*
WxsZy!*
i {g,B83:m )

q=z ]{ C " t Z d
$ ~(,]!*
t
kZ eW7t Zuz I J
-y
W~kZz!*

R'
,
 ]D g C )g f <} fVgzZ x PZ
gz DLZp ey f~ `zgzZ i W~
~ V/}uz c*
i Z0
+Z!*
I V,Z ~
/Z g Zzi WDU Vzx PZxsZ)g f

CY~
q {g C 7'
,Z e
$Dt @*
Z 7)g ff
CWt g @*
{ 1t Z
# CY p!*
gzZ
z kZe
$Dt D
s VgzBz gzZ ] Z (,q
-Z f
z kZ
G
G
?-#G ~Z Y b
gzZ x J54Zz ty
{w .gzZ g D
+z kg
**
EE
-Z ]5z^q y Z 6,h
q
+ F,

* D sz^~ w8Z zg
g D
+ ft 0D p~ V- k
,
$g c*
g ` W x
z kZ: ~R'

,
q ; g s6,y y Z ` Wz Z (,q
-Z
wZt ~, Z D h
+z q yZ ` W:gzZ g *6, ]c*
{g

**
- ~ I @*
Y Z9t }g B **
Z ~g7 KZ
V@g ZD
?a gzZ VY V Zg W)u t w8Zz h
+ F,

D e7t} \ WLZ[ Z j kZJ

- ` W~  z!*
g0
+Z\zg- ~ ~, g VZgzZ , , yZ ~(,] !*
t
W!*
.
kZgzZ c*
g
**
- [ zZ h
+]
. Zz 0*
,
'
I
Zg { Z'
, ~g
C
[
+Z
gzZ xg xi Z yzg Z e
!*
zMzf } (,
*R'
,wgzZ x Z
+zg Z
D ` W:gzZ qp f
zkZ:,h
+]
.t\zg- 1g
{g \zg- { z } 7,
C
6 Z
# V z e
DVzsh
+ F,
zg D
+]c*

y
Kz x **
I ~gz}uz bgz

12

**
. Z[ ZgzZ

/
u
g ~B ~z **
!Zf| 1359
( ~7e,
-yZ, 92:m g

~gz kZ YY ! zZgz }
i W~,
Y]!*
I
/Z~gz kZ D6,
`zLZ
Vo
Z kZ VZR'
,gzZ Z`
Z {!*
I
Mr Zu Z
+Z`
zbgI| l,
e J
-Y 1947~kZ D @*
qz
I
/Z w'Z L L Zi W **
~gz}kZD
kZ q=gzZ ]!g c*
C{z kZ Y c*
~}%i
Igz kZJ
-VDgw'ZJ
-VeV7J
-~
~
zbg| l,
e kZ7Zgz ~ kZ m e
$ Z
z V ~ VLZ LZ Wt ]NgzZ bg F,Z
gz kZY Zr z
y!*
izg ZZ !*
)gfyZ 2=g f g
{zg W6,x Z
+Z`
z bg gzZ _ 6,giy!*
i g~
` )x z
Z ~ yZ D ~ zg Z

D f .
6,gm{ ( Y 1918) !*
W Z%WZ ZZ /?gzZ( Y 1908)
!
z<
L IZ s 0*
Z z uZ Z h {z0
+q
- Z wzZ
~q
-y 0*
x Zy

H Z Zg Z~
C s
))
ZpD 1zVc*
)g f}p0ZgzZ]LZ
Igz kZ {zyZ D e {g: ~g YyZuzgzZwZ
EZ { izg 8 ~Z
!*
Wg yWZ y)F,
)x ( Y 1918)<%Z G
0G
+Z`
z bg
( Y 1921)x  { izg 8gzZ( Y 1916)|
/WZsg )x ( Y 1932)
n
pgE6,bgx g Z]Z W,
ZgzZ]LZgzZ Z
gz kZ ' ]!*
kZ Y ]Z W,
Z Wz]!*
#p
Z

11

CZ ~ g @*
q=x kZ Z ~gY!g I
/Z ~
VA~gz}uz bgzDmZ7` Zg0
+Z
I~XZ]F,
yZgzZ]V
/
u fgzZ
q=**
gzZ p xx Z Z" g { i $T7R
V gzZ VxsZZ
# gJ
- ` WI~ ^
IgzZ 1| 7,g Z-kZ uD Y=g f W,
gzZ Z(,q
-Zt g
 Z ` WD c*
0*
,[zZ ~z 6f ~ =g f
'
gzZ >g Zj g@*
(gzZ ! Z Dk& Z R'
,
D C7%fu]!*
V Zz
tBs Z Zg ZVc*
u~ g Zz i WI
Vzk
,
IgzZI KZ VrZ
g !*
(KZ ]!*
0#
Z ^5
ZZ L L{z 7 =z + )gi
~ V Zy k& Z gzZ D(u D0 :
L ]ZZ I h
+
=z{gzz ]%Zh
+ yZ fz!*
] }
.gZ
/
{ Z'
,6,VrDgzZ k& Z (yZ^W]%Z Cc*
t D
]Z W,
Z yZ6,0#
ZgzZ ]%=I uD i Z0
+Z W,
Z
Zg
:_.
kZt ~zdZ1Z**
Zj
V  ItgzZ *
* p Z WgzZ b & Zx uL L

yZ  _Z (! Z Z ( I Z yZ ~
t s D izI u IZg M yZ b: gu
o
yZ N Za ~ V VZegTJ
-[Z Y 57
wzZx Z~}iukZ {z (J
-]Zf uZzc*
Z !*

wZyZZ y)F,
) D g * h ` Z'
x ~g7 gzZ

14

Y ]!*
I
/Z~gz ~y
W Y 47
 I I Y 47 D C 7pN]ZW,
Zz
)
Z kZ
zbgI ZgzZ Ch
+'
Y 47{z wq]gYg {gzZZ
g
/
z D vy 0*
Q c*
c*
{z Z
+Z`

!
],
Z IZZh
+'
Z
#8
-g h 6,kOIR'
,
B
gzZ ]Z W,
Z
)
Z I
/Z [Z D
H` @*
z W,
Z
!
Y 47 D YY 1~ V { h 7Z
8{ ^
,Y ]
~z6,ZkZ VAI
/Zz!*
wq]gx t
,q z ~ * JwVY @*
Z 8
-g I ` W C
4X3 ~uzgzZ ] q
gzZ y
KZ Zg D] G
5E
-Z  |
# z
.

=g f qzg wV
/Z ZKkZD bzg
0
+
i
)
ZzkZ p xx Z I a kZD<

LZ O hYu yZIL L gzZ x ZZ8 ~x" gzZ
r Z Zg f f; gzkZt7Z'CZ Dce **
g6,
V-zg
[zZ D **
Z6,Hg & 7bg I ~ ~{
3+

M
KZgzZ+
M qzg<
{z c*
W[c sg gzZe
$ )g f
yZD Za b)h
+]
.g " ~} TD [@*
"a
{z ;gYH[NZ ]XaIb)h
+]
.
F,
a+F,
W,
~~{D ;"gzZ)H
IZ
# g YCF,
!x gzZzcNy!*
i
YgzZ ( V D F,!*
gzZ { H[|Z
s6,b)z
bbD qYgz O i%z6,b)
D Ze6,
yZwZ]
.zk
B

13

7]Z W,
Zf .
~}6,e Wz!g c*
CI~
" ( ~y~ ZZ,T)
Z Lz
L z ~
CkZ D e
!

D
h V LB
L v
F,
V  t]!*
t)g f>~g @*
R'
,
!
)g f( Y 1831&Y 1779) ~  Z { 
ZZ ~ 
h yxg
!L~( Y 1824&25)| 1240 V,Z Z
[ kZD[ **
yZZ G
#
G
kZDZuzgzZq
-Zg
z ~ V I
)
Z
IZ! ;zW~z 
~g Zz Z Z
)
Z [
m{~ qz
gzZ wZ
C
D{)z ~o ~ Z ~-yW
IZg
$u
p
W ~ VQgzZ V
Zy y**
bkZ D Z z q ]c*

!
7zJ
- R~gzZ Cc*
sh t V  C
D
y]
.) W~zkg Z~^kXZq
-ZY 57 g
!
; g
8
-g h 6,
yZIN 0*
gzZ N
g Y l q gzZ V LZ LZ f C
gzZ RC
Y
!
6,kZ W,
Z h ZZ I Z
# ~ wj kZD
gz kZsc q zVhkZgzZc*
9D Z7,
-Z ~yZakZgLZ LZbgIx
q
!
W q=x kZht ID e07!g #
Z
!
B ]c*
h m{ LZp6,C
a kZ 0 ^zg~ ]Z W,
ZgzZ
LZ qC
 !*
]!*
tD ;g Y J 7,~ LZ s
LZ D C ~gz~g Z0*
X  D wZgzZ2
gzZ Z Cc*
{ c*
i uT wZ gzZ 2
D CW7kZge
$g Z+
$Y

16

f(,gx Y sq
-Z ]!*
tD e V7!g Zuz ~ g @*
~g7
gz {
/Z]o]!*
kZ s~uz tg 
Z e
$ ZZgzZ q=
{zs: ~
dz{gzZ}WV~)I~
DVA
$%]ZW,
ZkggzkZ YS7,
~Wz
+]
h
.B Z v ~ e
$ ZZ gzZ q=gx Y
6,gm{~ V> yZ ;gzVc*
E, x kZ 6,V
z'
,
zg LZ wzZ~ yZD f .
){L gLzZ
I~k
,
L L z '
,
zg L L
]DgzZ O (! Z(B I szcR'
, 

)
ZKZgx Y[ZD H}gi Wh
ei-zZ
w ZD ~g Y Z g h
e i-zZ [}g7 }g B100
Hg ~ ]1Z L Lgx Y xkZ~ * Z
+Z`
z bg I
c*
g~g @*
!| l,
e IY :IY
D H7x Zh
ei-zZx}h
+`

]szcB100u 0*
zyJ
-[Z~
)
Z!J Wgx Y
g Z CZf c*
WwD`Zsg Mg LZ ]zg ZyZgzZ
Yg{gzZ Z V gzZ sz g @*
[ Zz DKz ]q z @
Zz W @*
Y 1p~ ^!i-zZgVZ
/yZF
F6,b)

i-zZ ]X~k
,
i Dg gg ]zg ZyZ
i-zZ x **
z '
,
zg L LakZ VgzZ V ZyZmyZ
:
HH~Vz&kZ
D 6,
Y xzf :
D 6,
[ Z+**
gzZZ !*
Z :~uz
D 6,
]DgzZ O ((B:~

15

~A
$kZ V B b)x {g I
e
$ ZZdgzZ ~ ~k
,
KZ~ bg I,Z bg
{ izg {gG
) )z<
L IZ ~ yZ D w=~ VLZ LZzz
)x yZgzZ !*
W[Z y0*
L)
L x g x YL )
L x W,
x YL L
~g Zg Z)bgVzZwzZDf .
( Y 1988) h
+
]
.i sL L
D ~ V g e &gzZ~Y 1960&61 ]g Z Zk
,
i ( Y 2002&Y 1925)
u"zz i Z0
+ZgzZk
,
[|Zk
,
LZbgVzt ~LZ
D- iL L)x gzZ ZL L ~- bZ D w=
I ! ZL Ly{+Zz **
gzZ ] L L{ izg9 sZ
))
{z { Zp7Zg z ~ kZ Dg Vc*
~ ]Zg Z z bg
kZ D B
bg
A & ~i Z0
+Z W,
ZgzZ ~ \WLZIc*
B (
;.
**
]q & ZgzZ Vz] F,
zy~~i f6,
eWz)g f
x z wZ ~  t o D YY H ~ }
DYc*
`VgzZwZLZkZO
x Y)x ~ Y 2002 n
pgt g @*
{g I
E
7h
+]
.D c*
W6,x {g kZ~'
,
ZwZgzZ H6U*
> hI$ g
z^9ZkZB[|Z ~)gzZ]updated
yZ wZzi I Zt W,
Z T ~zg7 6,K
M F,
kZD
H0i ZzW Wzu 0*
zy!gt D8V *Z
]gzZ q=kZ VWh+F,
Z F~ V'
,J W
)
Z
+
h
D y 0*
)

Z kZ Y 2010#J
-V ZZ~
I J
-V ]g@*
(Ztq=gzZ
)
Z gx Y

18

vZyZG1Z 

( !*
W!Z )VZzZuBg : *W{ =d
$i
c
t$DBg { { szc !*
W[ZV ZzZu

( | 1320 ) {uvZ k%sg { 

xz$]|v!*
sg T

Z ~$~vZ yZG1Z { 
]|g D H
{ { !
!*
ZP R Z/
Zz LZ \ WD { =d
$i *W

V ZzZu] z \ WDz+
h%{uvZ k%Z { 
]|

IZ[ ZZD ~ Y 1958~} Z { *

sg w .Z t W]| Z
/
ZzgzZxj%' ~&~,
'

Z O[ {\ Wlgz6,\ W q {uvZ k
;gE- |
/Z \ W~Y 1975  D ~46,
uz

{ { !
!*
y xg ~|
/ZD 1Z ~ ( g ) } Z D ! ~
\ W % \ W| 1398{Z ~ fB 176, k:
D Zi Z = *WgzZ ]i YZz g Z L]sgzZ H
a g Z
Z Y gz <gzZ sz}~ Y 1993

b) g Z',
Z] g ZuZ] \L L~\ WD H B
g eYL L

~ z \ WD B
bg wQ~zg Z~ st
# Iz

V) ZY #z+ +
h%\ Wzzo Ze
$.
\ WvZ
+Zi c*
x Zx Z Vz] \ W~
R',6,s~Z\ W~w qD`wJxsZ6,B;

D Z 
y ZL
L ! C Czdg !*

17

7kZi-zZ~ Vz&6,],g ZD
q
-Z
,
o~ h
e i-zZ ~gzs ZZ ]!*
kZ D
kZ]!*
Z { eg kg
z K
M F,
]Z [NZ
x Z yZ @*
7,**
g
/
iZ%XJ
- { g gzZ|i
+Zz K
M F,
D ;gwzgVc*
k IZy.fgx Yk
,
6,gm{~g7 gx Y~
D 7e**
0*
x Z!|Zlp x kZ%~g ZzyZ
Zgp
Y 2010B10

20

[ZptA IZ **
7t kZ
~ v W **
{ VzgzZ ,
[ ~+
$Y Vz!7t
x b & Zz]Bmz/_
.gzZkZZ#
Z Z
Z
/Z ` W
D gzvZY 
yZ ,
D 0*
uH{ {gzZs\W~:*zy{D : ]
?
7ubkZ{ ~: *zy {D :G1Z 
tpgzu:sd%Z( # ] ^^ ]ce 6
D 7aZ Z
yjqzg+
M
KZ
w
I
A !*
ZgzZwd)Ys x ZZ m{q
-ZD : ]
?D 
H\WmkZ
D6,V
yZZgzZxsZ x **
sD :G1Z 
t sZ Z
# qyZgzZ t ZPH,
,
'
kZ yZZzxsZY Y7I
A !*
ZgzZwd)Ys
G
G
G38gzZsv{zD s
" bkZ 7 W s
LG
g 0*

/g Z LZ6,x **
s{z   DtCZ6,
V
C
gzmZzx ZZ bkZ 7ZzgzskZ
ssY {g~ sceyZ 
D 7q
-Z
GG3E
4!*
ze
$usD :]
? Ht
~
C~
m!*
yZ D6,x Z ~C
<D :G1Z 
~C
~gz)x ZgzZD sx **
~g Z k0*
ze
$g [Z W

19

"
45E
G
? H|
# Y} fgzZ ?yEG
!*
g} fD :]
E
"
4G
5 !*
g} fD :G1Z 
c*
vZ ~ X v {z Z% EG
o oi ]ZZ 0
+
iXo]y
WgzZW
* Tg~* 1 XXnF] h i^^nv
7 yZ n : fvZg!*
zg ~E V Z
@*
z { KZy
KZ ~ z "
$
yZ Vz
)
Z + s
s]{ Zg Zzx v C Za g Zz"s ZZ
DgZ/_
.t Z~Z}
.{ ZgZ~tzy~
wX,wEZaq *+  {z} fgzZ
~l *H{ggzpgzZN C3 Zg vZVzuz ~z
:
L vZ }Za Ag" + Xg VZ
/
u
gZ {h+I**
 z gzZ]zZzaz gzZ
) !*
zgz
D c*

IVg ),g (ZV, Z DY s
?
HugVY~~g Zz ZZZ]sZD :]
n jZZJ
-Z
# 6,
r zw#
Z Z
Z D :G1Z 
x| XX] i ^e i ^ kq]]
oF] 4]ZZgzZg ZcJ
-Z
# 6,
XX]^ n] ] ]ZZ;g

sZgV6,
Az~ XXv]] v^e e nf
Vz]gzZ V-gZ)f KZ#
ZgzZ ;g ~g Y Vz]
x +q
H@*
7,
+ x ] sZ
0
H@*
kZ ]gzzZ
C Le!*
zg ZBBmZgzZ/_

.zl
, V, ~ ? H Z}
.p

22

V 
&s ~ y Z #
$~ V 
Zv : c*


t { 
!*
z + " 
q
-Z ~ y Z uh !*
0*
]
c*
Ly Z { 
!*
Hw y~ e
$ ~{+ y ZgzZ
H4B
g ~g Y V ~{+ V,Z Q : ] w y~ T
Zuz
gz Z ] w y :g0
+ZT
Zc*
ZzL7Z { 
!*
gz Z l7 zg~ Vz h N { zzz Tg i ] qaV:
Dg (Z+
M Gg
? fp
zygtHgzZ ? Hx|9 Z>uzD :]
 Z Z Z
# Zz t x|9 Z >uzD :G1Z 
wg ZC
 ZsgzZsz 7~ |]Z!*
] m ( u] ] D {2zu 0*
zz
gzZ Zz
KZ {z n  m ] ^ ZkZ7gzZ vZ u]
C  6 (Z{z[Z^ ^ ] u 0*
wpzp~]z]Zf
kZ Z V @*
w
~ k
,
+5 y t
5
C ;gW~]
: L w

: e : kZ: `
yZZ{ tD7
g
/
fp ,zy Z>uzgt
C
**
z q z vZ sgzZ s]Z!*
 xsZ gzZ
{uz <Z z !*
z C
z y
Wz wzZ z
s !gzZ { Zg Z qgzZ q _z s~ |D !q
-
vZ Z._<
L z[ z s Z

21

GG3E
4!*
sZgzZ euZu
*
*~ z6,!*
s buF,

D ot
H~<
Zgq
-ZgzZq
-ZgzZ ? Hx|+
M Gg D : ]
? t

t x| ( s MZ
)+
M Gg D :G1Z 
Z ggz ZZ}
.sp D6,VyZgzZ VZxsZ
vZg0
+Zh
+u g @W&**
Y w'~ !
H,
{
: 
g Z]+Z[g
^ ^je] n^fa u fi] m] h o ^q
m] ^ni^F ^jm^ u ^ ^ ] ] ^je] ] n^ ^fj
2 kZBB1 F `n% q] ] !
g (ZZ
/Z n
pgp VyZ D ~gzui Z ~g Z k0*
X
D:
L [z[Z:gz [ZNz`
Z
) !*
M Gg+Z @*
+

aZ gx  s
# z]!*
kZ~e
$W{g 6
kZvZ~yZQH7nt6,
yZvZq XZ+
M Gg
kZVXgzZ}I [Z{z:
L Tn: e
$gt
D
HH `
Zs[gyZyZe
$g
1@*
{zHg (Zi [Z C+
M Gg
/Z
C qNt
/ZgzZ
H M Zz q
-~ +
M Gg yZ
d~ Khgg!*
yD[Z: gzZ D c*
Y: ~ Zwg "
# *
e ZZ +Z|XX] o n^fZZ g
$uDD
D qN+
M GgC
: Ze
)$
+
: IXX
C

gZ "
# vZ w g Hy Zj&0Z k
,
0Z
`

24

4E
& Z Vz%
0pIG
H 0*
, V{ N Y wd g{ x
'
/Z ` W
DYY6,
x [zZqzgzZZZ
b & Zz ]
o{ c*
i g Zz Zgzt aVz ]
a }g Vc*
g Z {z ;gB}n}g o V-g Z X~ yZy
yWx Vz]~gz {:
L bZ
bzzZg f D7
Vz]{~gz {VHB~
HF,
yW
{ {~ |{ o $
Z Z wzg ~ Z ~ yZy
\WLZ ~ t Z xgk]Z|Zz'g ~ V{gzZN Y
DN Y0($ Zz
ZwJ e
V!* W
77 W
Y Z ( 0 (
?b& ~:ggzZ:{\WD :]
C @*
mgzZ+
M @*
7x **
D :G1Z 
GG3;XO 
* t CY 0 +
*i F,
++ V nZZ
$
/Z
Y:g:{7:gz YZ YZx Yc*
g x **
b Z KZ KZ '
,
Z'
,]!*
Y :{ :g c*
x **
s MZ :
L +
M !*
g +
M Gg {zc*
+
M Ggs MZ
+ q w  gzZ t~ ]g y
KZ q
-Z } }
g +
$ 4 g Z {0
+
i
$
+ kZ y
KZt Vzs~
)
Z
{ Zg Zz+
M swD @'
,
q @*
C
] /_
.
XXl^n^e ^] ^]ZZ

23

sgzZs!*
 Z e z  Z Z Z
# ZzD p
e q ofm ^ ^n ZZ *zZ
# Zz ]Z f Z
XX]] r]
gzZD
zZ i Z ]!
zZi Z!L L g Z 6, Z e

zZpl]!g L

L g Z6,
 ZZ
# Zz
t ZJ
-V\WZgkZ @*
V Z>uzD : ]
?D
>uza kZ n
pg 7t Z !*
Zg kZ D :G1Z 
@*
.Zz**
|kZ ) @*
~g 6,  wqq
-Z Z
%KZ {z @*
!*
hgzZ ]Z f KZ~ wq kZ
D @*
g !z { Zg ZvZC
kZ @*
7
C @*
\hgzZ @*
# !Wq
-Z~wqkZ
zZ ] Z f
$
+!*
Va xg (Z
zZg g z

Z g zZ g
?$
Z Zg Z H~Vz]{~gz {D :]
x C
gz " gzZ [ZCZ qzg gz {D :G1Z 
Vzg ZD
zz : g 9gzZ ~ l yj qzg m{z
jy EZ yj6,gz ]%Z y
KZ g { Zey W Z
Z
vZ6,
CW:B; j
ggJ
-[ | 0
+
i
akZs(Z Ze D WDw yc*
Z >uzL L
V{Z
H ] :{  7u{ ;g
C V-&
(Vz~
g c*
{ggzW~ V{

26

D Lg:~
?
Hgz sH ? HwBgzZsD :]
ggzZ gz s 1@ZpVz*14 L LD :G1Z 
Vz gzZ**
Z6,{ **
Z
yjVjzg
KZ x sD
+~ * Z
$
# ]gz kZ+
M
KZ **
h [gyZm
| yEZz yjgzZ Z
:+
M
KZ @*
Za wj g _
OZz *Z
sgzZ s ZzZ kZgzZ CY VZ
/
u~ l C
DZaBgsJ
-Z
# gzZ g !*
gz s D s
Z
Z,Z \vZ ]gz%gzZ ! %V
KZ Z
#Z
# D g
D7} i ZzggkZ g &~*
Y zggzZ YZwBgzZsVYt ~@
gzZ ~lyjqzg Wb
[ZCZYg {zZy
KZ ` W
D CY| (,
]gzBV
z{z
?x aMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
rg |

# : Z]
.q
-Z KZ~ bg Igx Y)x D :G1Z 
^ 4 ^ ^ ZZMgD Lg @*
7 Zk& ZgzZ d{ C

lgZ
/
VzgZ)f)x D,{ .ZkZD6,XX
* g kZgzZ g 6,u kZB mZz t{z
n] Zg Z D6,<
vZDN ]y
WO
nVD 
=6,
xyZgzZ#
}
.BB
n] n ^re
( Y 2009'
,
Z {g )

25

$gzZsD : ]
gq
-ZgzZ { {q
-ZgzZ?g H !*
~GEG
?ce**
mH~
gzZ sx **
H,
a Za v!*
mD :G1Z 
$ x **
 c*
GEG
z ) Zg fzxE)g fzgav!*
m
G
G
E
E
.$kZsgzZ ~G
.$q
$
H ZzV- Z u|i~G
-ZGEG
E
$ Y Y
~ysgzZ ] h4$z ] i Z ~y ]g qGEG
$D
ZzVz Zst
q
-Zz[VzsgzZGEG

D x **
% Z
Z Zx Vz1 q
-Zwq[z Vz { {z kg Z
g Zz1 @*
Wt
~Vz:
L ~pZ $
+g 
y.z xE9ga kZ 0 }uz q
-Z 7o1%)Vz
D(^iav!*
mxEyZ { {gzZ(w
$
}uz q
-Z Vz bkZ o ng Z b!*
{ {z9ggzZ sz GEG
$ s
u sgzZ Y ~ GEG
/Z D **
z **
%
$  ,Z {h
{z t~ s%GEG
+'
,xgzZ**
g (Z

x **
~ w2l +Z wVkZD Y & 0
+
i z { Ze
D} 7,
^6,
3 Zg
$ akZ
yZD *
*g Z}uzq
-ZVz sgzZGEG
jm i ZZ Ye
$.wt x ZaK*gb!*
^ne q i jm i i
}1gzZ
H{z7gzZHq} T) XXvi
| kZ Bq ,q Vz TgzZ
H & 0
+
i {z H7q
vZgt Qwz
/Z @*

HuhyZZ**


g Z WZx ZgzZ ( D 10*

28

hgg D
+
BZ G!Z{ Zxq
-ZtD : ]
?HkC\W% eVz]~[f
 q V;z dg CZBZ G!Z D :~g ZZ *
*
L : RD ]+ D@
:
gzZV;z ?xVV
l r Zl
+ y]V D :ZzBZ
q 46,
ux Z{ E
+Z V;z DD 0*
7._ ]gz
D
V gzZ CY g yZ ~ b)dgzZ ]Zg {
g D
+
zkg V;zD **
VgzZ  ax V;z
}g7 ]YZy
ZeY V;z ~i wj V wj c*
q
-Z
akZ 7x Z E
+Z Za W Zg fa
D **

pVgzZoZg7OZ4
0*
zVZ.D CWt taV
uk\ dKZw 0*
kZQ *
*g VZ.Vc*

g q
-Z 4D 70*
B; LZ VZ.V;zgzZ
kg@
D7gkZvD
C' ~9a0*
 sz^~

}C
!*
# ygzZ  qa tZ ~ {
r
E
&
4}Cv@*
{E
+Z EG
0*
7[Tgq
HWyJZ: iD
D @*
[Zg7yJZ[
D **
pVa[zZd  HkC
Z r
#
# ~g Zg$
+**
]|xsZ Z ~ Y 20017kZ Z
(
:G
Q D c*
W~~q
-ZtZx O ZsZ~46,
uC; X'
,
G!Z ZZ { Z'
,
ur
# Z **
]|I m,
~ Y 2003^W

27

kI~g ZZ **

M%ZO ZsZ { Z'

,
uz!*
B 12Za \WD @*
~]D~fgkI~g ZZ **

D ~ g 7 6z {QL LV q
-Z 8- |
/WZ I| 1378Z
#g
gzZ !*
WxZY MBZ9gayW
ZZ
( kggzZ 5]Z
D~g7 ugIBZ G!Z
~ ggzZ}z g
$uDDq~ Y 1983B ci7 ZZ
xZgZ K
M n!*

) Z
D q ]iYZ \W '
,
Z
" 9g!*
0G
gzZ kg xZ GE
WxZYMBZxZgZ^g c*
tg
l
~gZZ**
Dg]}
.+gD
+
~BZ G!Z~ZQ
7Z Vp: ZBB kg +4
V
/
u\WV DH^ i
Z ~ Y 1995zz Vp
nZ Ds xsZ6,
B; \WZ
Zq
-Z yZgz

C O Z sZL L \W VVDH^ M%Z ~ Y 1997

gzZZ kggzZ 
gZzY Z]Y Z
zO Zg
}xZ 9
gD
+
z kgBB {Z'
,
ukZwq @*
pg ug YZ ~ Y Z z}BB gD
n
+z V**
D g
~ VY} (,} (,i]zZ VrZ VM%Z
-[ZgiZq
J
-ZB
yZD g V
D`W6,
x 
ggzZWZF,
XgyZ

30

D Z}g]gV
LDNL @*
x !*
i L Sg k
B bC
uz x
/V;z
Z uk
B m,
g VpgzZ wyz OLLgzZ CY W"
$
MZ
oq
-KZ%wZ]
.z k
B ~C
D @*
x Nc*
!*
i F,
{ c*
iV
ggzZ z  hIZ
6,!*
1 x
/
u
C
~
~ x **
-yZgzZ [ hIZgzZ  n
q
pggz# {6,
}WD 
e
$Z@\vZ DTg
kZ hIZHgzZ Hgzi +
.
M c*
X~[fD : ]
?g 
g.

kZgzZ
M ;zu **
{ c*
i+
M c*
ahIZ D :~g ZZ *
*
kZgzZ { c*
i
M ;zDwJvW,
Z +
M c*
D e
$- { c*
i
W VZ9 ?{ }g  xV Y D e
y
$- { c*
i
kZ Zxc*
gzZ Y W7 *zmvZ-V Z
DTgg yZya
x DgzZ<
L IZLZvte
$-gzZ
M ;zs '
,
gzZ
6,h7Z D7.ZzZ
+
g*yZ y
yZCgCgQ DD Y0zi !*
z
yZ
~q
-yZ
x
J5gzZ x Z1zZ s sZ LZ0z q
-
kZ LZ<
L IZakZ DD Yh#6,
#h
+0!*
gzZs
D ]gz{ c*
ig pwu **
gzZR

;g| (,sxsZ St[ Z[f g Y] !*

t D : ]
?n
pgt ZJ
-VZgkZ t7[fgz ZzWgzZ
zZ
+D] kZgzZ 6,+ C
]!*
tD :~g ZZ *
*

29

sZB V yZ p=M%Z V Xg7 ugIBZ

~ tD Z ~8
- q
-Z tZtm,
xZg Zx Zk
,
iO Z
**
Iq !*
BZ G!Z ,x Zz 0*
,[zZ d
'
x **
kZ D[ Z
/ZZm~gg I_m,
+Z

Zq
-Z ~ Y 2003gzZ c*
8
-g y IqQ
H3gtm,
xZg Z
ZmIqgzZ ~h
+y

yxg m{ ezg
}i!zWzZ
+Zi
gcz Z Zm +Z ~g **
]|
/
+F,
wzZ
G
(:X
ug ILZY 2007 #B6 '
,#
Z ~g /Z [Z F,
{
)]|
Iq~ Y 2007 ~ZB12 { P gzZ 3g
C xZg Z V;
Z pZ V Z**
#
]|g.
gzZ } (,q
-ZZm
(
:G
8
-5xZg ZV;ugIZusZgz~hw X'
,
z 7 +&
+Z J
-8
- ~g Zh
+y
}i D c*
W~ b Z
9zggzB8 ._"xZg ZgzZ` ay

9zg hz
D}WDYV0*
x kZ}vZ D !*
Zx ~y
!pz ~ 8
- pKZ xZg Z J
-[Z y b Z !v:Z
}i Y Hx mgzZ
/Z Z kCt TD ;g^
D $
!*
W
VZk
,
z KZ wD Z} Z k- :
&gi ~(,t Zg f
Vo)gzZV
{G Zi
) ) z<
L IZ~u0*
zyR'
,
D : ]
~ !f}uzgzZM%Z H ]gg ZgzZx
z!B
? Zwq]gc*
wq
1 Lgx !*
t
VbR'
,
D :~g ZZ *
*

32

wzZ ~ V d
$z * ~g7 ._ ^g7g Ranking.com
Y
& R,
gzZ 6, a g Z 5EG
~ V d
$z sZ * gzZ
D6,
wzZ~Trust Gauge
3g O ZsZ6,V
$KZ V d
$z3,593 *
KZ V
$ ~g xZ'
,
 D
Zpg V~: i
D qq=tpv:Z[ZD,wZ e6,
$
V
V;zDM
hNZU
$N*
O ZsZ~Z auC
*
+F,{ i @* #B3D c*
hg V V~(,~(,
^~(,
V;zg0
+ZM%Z ._ ^g7g Alexa.com

V--gzZ D O Z sZ (ISNA)173,664
WO ZsZhg~ 488,654 (ICNA)^US~(,
D _
hz 3)35 w
/
 @*
kZ { i Z0
+Z q= kZ
Zt ~ypgD W: ; d
$
Z
Zq
-Z DHits(k&
g "  D W] Z~ Z=g &+ VZ
+Zi z CY| (,k
HF
sZ~ DDlib)LZyvV
x **
V;zgzZ  x **
O Z sZ6,~z K!Zj ]
x H
d
$z }g ^g7g { i @*
!*
{g D D~ Z v k0*
}g
DtVm6,X Z
~g r
# C
[
]gz ]V
$d
$z n&a
)
Zz zF,
h
DDkC
+y.zxEsZg [!*
Z
V:9g .
$Z D 1
DY~._<
L IZ

31

xsZ D yW{ c*
i t~[f
)
Zz zF,
<
L IZ]c*

g2 ~ y*zy ~ Zi W6,kZgzZ wJ7]

D zJ
-k
,
7~ Zi W~g7 n1 qgz~ Zi WI._y
$f ZnC
e
{z@*
YH7th~
CtkZ }wJxsZzy
/ZV;z
D C6,
kZ HxsZwJ6,
B;yT @*
g ez
6,
L IZ] ]!*
<
~(,

)
ZzzF,
<
L IZZ
+~p[
LZV }0
+
g yZgzZ yZx~:D C Z~
/
D @*
Yc*
o ~
zkZ~* ~g77o] zx/Zy ~ Zi WI ~ V-gE- gzZ wjZ V

zg kZ7Z VqB[s]]gzZ,wEZ k]sZ CZ

D CY]i YZ"7,
i ]i YZ; kZ7ZD @*
Y7
sZ KZ
/Z ZD7~0*
6,x {)z]
.)kg Z
/Z%sZ
zgzZ!|ZlpVzuzgzZVZc6,<x ZgzZpzd
$
] 'ghZz kZgzZ W~ { C xsZ Z
D7e**
**
Yw$
+~d
$sZd
$!f,[pgzZg
YZ g @*
@*
r V
{ 4 V0*
twZ wEZgzZ C V
$d
$z\WD :]
g+**
kZH qzZ \WBV gzZVzyZX
a
)
Zz zF,
hN Ct 2D c*
0*
&HZ \W
?DkC\W]gzV d
$znh
+'

islamic academy.orgV
$d
$zKZ !v:Z D :~g ZZ *
*
+F,{ i @*
#B 3 ` WgzZ qzIwP tD c*
0*
&{ c*
i yZ

34

~ekZ7
g **
Ct[D twM%Z Z"
$U*
k ] [L!L gZm~g gZx Z]|dZ~
Z^g yZ**
]|@N :3 Zg WTg-i
zkZ f]
zZp)]|]z]gzZ Zq e
$]Z|r
#
:Z D c*
Wx Z (,
HHk
,
~ zg G
Z|g ~ :@
D56,
q
-ZvgzZ Zgzs %Ztyz
'
,
yZ !v
[ Zm ~g ~g +Z ; **
]| ]|dZ
M%Z ._g EpZ /szcEpZDEZCZzC
ZZ
$z ~g C R,
d
],
Ze Vzg" ZgzZ
D
Hc*
wZ e6,
$
V
ZgN*
i  V
z kZ ]zZVzi X Zuz
Y (~ [f
z Dg 3~HvY
z ~ kZ
Z Z)i ]Z|46,wzZ 4)~
zf
e| 7,
G
*9g ~$@aZ?**
]|gzZ qz6,
XkZD f
e
knj] e[p~'
,
xsZ<
L IZ
/
%?.mvZ
x EZ VzVzg ZD
R,
Q C ]zZ Vzi
g " !v:Z D b wZe 6,V
$ d
$z ~g C]zZ
D b & ZVzi KZwJZx ZgzZkg Zz]
.)
DTn
pg/y}g Z Zy)Zxq
-Z\WD : ]
kZ H { )Z}g Z Zyk
,
ikZZ V
$d
$z\W
?T ebx Z] }
.~ ZZ\W
M%Za
)
Zz<
L zxsZO ZsZD :~g ZZ *
*
DkZ
zkZD ~

33

a]!*
ZV ZZzW*V:Y Zg Z .
$ZD 2
W0 {)z ]5z ]Z zZ
+C
q
-Z x Zy
.
$Z ._ 4}gzZ <
L IZZ
+]!*
Z V Z nC
Zz
Zz Y 2~ ]2z uN V
$ d
$z { Ze D=g f
gzZwZ eB*Z'
,
zbyZ]c*
zZ
+~zf+**
D3 { Zge
$Z@zhgzkZzyZ
V =g fkZ !v:Z D gx 6,kZ V
$d
$z ~g
x 6,e } (,6,kZ1Dq ] ZegzZ 0*
$Z@
e
D ]gz
xsZ 7Z6,T:V
$ d
$za gzZ )D 3
V ZzwJxsZ6 DY ~] xs ZgzZN YC
h 2~ ] 2z u0 xsZ ) D nz a
h{ ZggzZn Y Ht} [Z 
7Z  DwZ~ l
Dn Y3
gzZ 0*
$Z@ { Zg V) =g f V
e
$ d
$z ~g !v:Z
DhZzZZ6,
xsZy
xzd\Wg D
+
yZgz~g7ug IBZ G!ZD : ]
?
H{c*
;g ~g YtYM%Zsz^~
V[Z V<zdg7 ug IBZ G!Z D :~g ZZ *
*
xZgZ y BZ gzZ Iq @*
V +z Q ?
D ~g Y'gsz^~xdwZe
C kggzZY Zg Z
~ DD Z7g X
D WM%Z~ Y 1997
Xt Cz t[ Zuz k7,i tw{z
/q
-Z <
L IZ

36

~
C VjZ gzZ xE ~)V { og g Z0
+
q
-Z D :wjZ sZ
GG3E
4]z xsZB [
DY ~ o )]]kggzZ
G!Y q
-Zv Dn Vz ~E gzZ
z {z @*
4
4E
5E
BVY]aZ G!Y Zq
-ZgzZ Y~ VV EG
Z
Dm
DqyEZx yzVD :9;
7]!*
wY ~ m

Z + wY {z i
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx YD :]
y@gZ;y)F,
<
L I Z
) )gx YD :~g ZZ *
*
zDZgp **
gx YD g c*
]g@*
yZgzZ yZ6,IZ Kg
pgx YDtuB[!*
g ZgzZVz NgyZ {xxy
D)x ZzY8 gx Y WgzZ Zz\YWKZ
y$
+ygzZ 
p$
+gy'
6,
o ZZ \vZ
D}W 
F,
ww
( Y 2008y {g )

DC kgVxZg ZuZzM%ZD :t,

mxZgZ
] )!{eyZ V % &ZpgzZ VYtD :]aZ G
`g
D
Zz W *=g f~ ZgzZy .
$ZVD :~ Zg Z
DD Yb]!*
ZV ZI
$z
CZfgzZ kgC
a{ b & Z D :q Z G
DD Y2b)gB<~kZ
+Zz D @*
q Z: ;t a
M F,
z V&D :q ZBDDq
-pBVLZ {z Sgp ~(,
q ZkZ
] )!xZgZa
M F,
z b & Z VgzZ &ZpD :q Z k7
~ T @*
q Z mt yZB x Z}6,{ C
Zk
,
i
D C7]i YZqVgzZVz%
*
*x  W xsZ6,ih+]
.=g f.
$Z D :$
V $
dz sZ
L IZZ
<
+ b}gzZg
$uzyW
5 *
*
)
Zz<
L zxsZ
V ]c*
zZ
+u **
yZgzZ V
!*
**
Zkzg *
D,gikZ D *
* Z
kZ<
L IZ} f*
*g
ByZZ+F,
Zm]|dZ ~yW
Zg7
g e y Z e ~R,
F
LZ vg " J
-[Z
HZe ~ i ZzWhZ
:tDB
bgm  ,qg "{zkZD
WWW.ISLAMICACADEMY.ORG

"O ZsZ
gzZ: E
@- i <
L IZ y**
V yKy)Z xq
-ZD :K
DZ Z._LZ{)z+

38

?ZV;gzZ
x C
i ZeYD :]
~ {C
Y #~ ~ ~aD :~g /ZZ *
*
z kg ~ KkZ
H3gOiZ Y x **
kZgzZ yKy q
-Z
g D
+
z kg ~ kZ wZzi>D Z qz g D
+
0 {
/
% sZxEy]tQgzZ C ]kZ W Wg C
Zg~ y*zy J
-wB80B70 ` W z g D
+T V
H
 D
T x {)z ]**
JZ:
) ) : D
kCt{ E
+ ZZ
# @*
1
) kZ {zC7,
[
K
z kZ DCY ~} r Z
(kZ
H.
[Z D

D c*
kg { E
+Z~ VZKgzZ Tg~ Vzv
yJZ Z yJZ Z qz F,
z b & Z ~ ; B 30 c*
B20Q
t CgCg
HH Zgx {)z]ZgzZViZ%(Z
) Z

Hc*
}zg ;gE- {!*
kZ ~ ; B50g y
WgzZ J (,W
OiZ G!YD
H3gx **XX] ^q ZZ OOiZ YB
Dq
-ZZg7zD[ZgzZIZ'g qyE]Z
1X~eYD : ]
2G
.H
yy{zgzZ ?gzZ (Faculties) E
G
?
E
1B 26 ~ pOi ZD :~g /ZZ *
2G
.H
sZ xE E
G
E *

1 sfzgqa
2G
.H
"Z G
G
0 G
0E
0!sZ ]ZgZ G
G
0+Z wZ E
G
G
G
G
"nZ G
"Z G
$ Z
0E
0 G
0E
0>Z G
0 GG
0*
c*
g e &~ C
Q D G
G
EZ G
G
G
G
G
n ge ~ ( *
@Y ]Z x ZT ) +Z wZ G
G
0}
E
D >Zn G
EiZz>Zng
$-ZnyWZxEzZ

37

~g /ZZ**

(8-)V-Z$
+
tg D{{z
~t ~g /ZZ **
x HB^Y 2004B 15
z LZ Y 2004~Z J dZ KZ ^C
i ZeY {z
#
rgzZD#
r ~g **
Dg p=y *zy
 ~ Y 197 5 ~} Z { g V-Z$
+Za \ WD
` @*
\ WD ;g] qzg z dI V-J W{ Z {

E
-Z$
+k,
;Z**
/WWZ ?gzZ -Z$
+g Z**
w B Z
~tg 9g } g Z Z OzgLZ ZZ sD D7
{E
+ZvgzZtg { {{ =d
$i ~g ?Z]|ZzLZ
} g Z Z Z kg \ Wy W
)g f
~ { kg ~g @zZp **
w P a h+'

LZ V ^C
i ZeY~ Y 1998aZZQgzZ} g Z
/
G
E
+
XX n ^]^q]ZZ{B~y W
zxEy Zgzx ! 0*

zyD Z
M F,
!q
-Z~t . ZY Zg Z 2q(

t0*
s~gz kZ o zZ qzgz dV{~ u 0*
{ ` W G s zZ Ozg.
gzZ ` Z'
yVZ d
gzZ g
$u c Yz [\ WD g .
a Vz ZP
*yW
L~? Z \ WD q]i YZ sZ
Df.
#
Zt Z Zg
$uLg zZ

40

}g Z Zk#e
$gzZ ~:{zkZ `zOi Z
D`zv)
Applyb{zn
pgZpYV;z}gD : ]
?ceVc*
g b7ZgzZ,
, T  V
H ~ kZ D :~g /Z Z *
*
{z qZp Y V;zD

/Z,z 7 {
Z
~ ekZ Vgg nC
~ YZg
Zg { Z'
,
D]=~yzD

zkZgzZH]:SkZ? Hx ~k

,
$eYD : ]
?X~kZ
 ~k
,
$ Z KZ C
V-D :~g /Z Z *
*
gzZ *PxsZ~k
,
$~
/
%pOi Zp 6,Vzg ZD

kZ Zz~ ]g qy
!2J WtD q
-Z ~ V-k
,
$x
VN[c*
**
gzZ *Vzg ZD
 ]"kZS~(,

NVzgzZVuZzX+Z~kZ 6,
t S Z ~uzq
-Z D Ps~ *X,Z
~ e Z8 gzZ*Z~]ZpOi Z~wB40B 30
/

Z (, q
-ZpO  ~ ~k
,
$ kZ
{z  
D {fd
? ZgH\Wmd+{ E
+ZV;zD :]
C
6,V;z
/
%@zDpOi Z D :~g /ZZ *
*
i *
/
~hf *Zh
+
I { c*
i~ekZ{ E
+ZC

{E
+ZV;z Y pOi Zt |1DY g~q

39

? Hg D
+T gzZ[eYD :]
ekZ,z ,[Z kZ D :~g /ZZ *
*
)x [Z -kZ ) DV[ ,~
I~k
,
L
L gx Y~
( {g Z Z'N 
5~Y 2003m{g gx Y
?n
pgm gzZ X Z~eYD :]
@z ]x pOi Z D :~g /ZZ *
*
g ZD
B20B15 B 95~T k0*
k Wq
-Z Z
D

?Hx gzZ;gD :]
)q
-Z9;B4~pOi Z D :~g /ZZ *
*
9; )D ]] ~^q
-ZgzZ ~^q
-Z ]])q
-Z
HH~ ( k ) VZkZD k

,
+;gg ZD
5
B8 ~
'g qD Lg {z~T @*
Yc*
{#q
-ZD
q
-Z6,
gx
yZg0'g q5 [ZgzZTgD
z~{#q
-Z~X+Z
y } # D
H3g&~ {#q
-Z Z } (,} #~
K Z
seY
{)z},g e ~gZ s
@*
ndZ **
3 w; Z e Z ( )<C
a3D D Y
DCY~/e Z ZyC
gzZ @*
qZ(,
(Menu)
eYQc*
D 7,
VZp]YZy
Z LZV;zH ( 6) D : ]
? nz)**
;7Z
6,ay
CZ f LZD
'gVz D :~g /ZZ *
*
pOi Z D D Y  `z +
$Y pOi ZgzZ YY
n] [ oF] r{g Z Z~fq
-Z s zZ]g Ziz~^{z

42

q] X
= ~kzgsgzZ}wZg
$u\WDV
P
) ) ~g 6,Y Z wZ VrZ yZgzY Z
M F,
{zkZ
KZ c*
g D @*
kC~ { og yZ )
D ;gBZzg ~g7
I\ W yZi WC
i ZLZ}g Z Z D : ]
?e
}g [Z ]!*
]~(,
t D :~g /ZZ *
*
~yZgZ)fVzg Z ZyZ
HpOi Z! gzZt Z ]Y
: ]gzZ ~g Zg
z pOi Z LZ Ve **
lg Z
/
t
!*

A & ~ f , Zg x <~ Vzg Z Za kZ N S

{ Zp{ pOi Z vt @*
Y H[NZ yZ sV gzZg
zgx **
}g Z Z\Wg0
+ZOi ZgyZ { .Z
DF7=g f ZgOi Z{z WVgzZ
[ yt~y*zyf}g 6,
gx D :]
s~]YV;z C~ Vzg Z Z }g 4 ]Y
?}HmykZ\Wce**
YaI!
~k
,
gx Y ~6,$
+c*
lpkD :~g /ZZ *
*
Z s 7]gz h
+'
6,kZ V [ ,~I
 Vzn
Zz V H 2
7 8 k\Z ;
?HqhZ
\W~Oi ZeYD :]
VY ,[Z kZ D :~g /ZZ *
*

41

LZ ~ D c*
0*
kZ]Z|yZ ~ g Z~}g !*

V ~ yZ Z s 2
gzZ_z D ]Z|X~ { E
+Z
,} 5ZWz6,DV Le *
*f ]Z|&s U
zZp]|zDx Z Z
/f *Z : f ]!*
kZ V f *Z
@*
0*
tgzZ Zz"7,]~{ og r
# @
z!*
kZ1 =6,#
}
.r
# zZp]|J
-wg e
, g: Z ]~H qz 7,
,r
# Z eZ
#
P yZgzZ r
# zZp]|Zz gzZKXD t
# I {z
Ze6,t
# Iz b)yZ  [ ~ y*zy {z{m
zy Z~ ~y*zy
H{g8
-~i): ]gzZ: r
#
ZkC(Z=Q @*
Y c*
J 7,7~Vog6,gx AJ 7,,
Y Zg s Z cr
# Ze D H qz 7,, }u6 ~
w@
6,
ZgkZ~ XX[] e m] ]] ZZ"
t Z W,
M ~ wZZe f *Zq
-Z}g yZgzY Z
M F,
D
I
E
] t ~ yZ6,gZ )
/Z D J 7,G
0{B\wZjZ
pOi ZZzp
pg~6,qz
z wZ )Vzg eVY7]!*
}tQ}{zg Z )t]!*
]{ E
+Z ~
VrZ 2Z Z ~ yZ6,tC
}gzZ!*
Z
zz T n
pgg6,V !*
i 
gzZ ~ m,
Z {z {zkZ H_
-ZpO_ Wz Z H_
q
Zg { Z'
, y ! f VrZ
J 7, c*
C6,g ZyZ ] ~(, kZ ]!*
0Z ]
g  )- ZZeWz6,WZ ?{^D 6,y!*
i u
q
-ZP h
+
0*
yZ ~ xsZ ~ Zg **
~ ( 

44

'D W] Zi WgzZ~zg
?HNe  e
]uXyZgq
zkZV;z D : ]
?OghZz
{ c*
i 7 y Z \ W wZtD :~g /ZZ *
*
D 4
d6,
R,)? { ZgZ H \W[Z
) Z
eYD : ]
?ug ZD
+
-ukZ=g fC
J
i ZOg H
QgzZ}g Z
/wJ W~9g~D :~g /ZZ *
*
q]!*
~^(kZ LZ ~ V ;gw 0*
~ pOi Z
K ogzZ s Z@Za LZ ~~ zg ]!*
yZ K

zi ZII6,yZwZ 1 { Zg Z x 6,oyZvZY 
yZ
W GZZ t <g OZakZ Y (,: Z-h
+
gzZ
D @*
H
? HZgu!*
"\Wmgx Y D :]
gx Y Zmr
# )]|D :~g /ZZ *
*
c*
VZx s bg z~zdgzZ^y
) )=g f
c*
VZx,j} (,
sukZY Z`
Z {g !*
z gx Y\W
 Vzns~
F, ;g 8
- : i
W kZg @ Z N 1
( Y 2004m{g)



43

~yZ *

*t[ZVZW,
M~X,q+Z
zD~ { E
+ZgzZ fV;z Vzgzf ]!*
-Z Hq hZ
q
D HW,
M={ gzZ ~g Z {z
?{h
+I**

gzZD :]
Oi Z D cgzk
,
C
C
D :~g /ZZ *
*
2Z YY H7s Z X +Z '!*
{z Vp
;gZs~ 9; 6,gwV d
$z Z ,Z
7i W'g~9; {zM7nzTMnzOi ZTY~
{# {z ;gnzTVYce **
@'
,kZnq
kZ { c*
i {z ;g 7nzTZ
# Y{g C
!*

t{z Sge
$DD
C
T]!*
~uz DY~(~9;
$
+ Z uOi Z gzZi Zy

t Z !*
fgzZ { E
+ZOi Z
 D W7Z
/,Z,Z \
dgzZ% N*
x  ` Z'
9ZgzZ
DZzy Z
YV;z tZgq
-Z~IVD : ]
? CYW Zi WgzZ~zg Zi W~
Zi W {o
/Z Zi WgzZ ~zg Zi WD :~g /ZZ *
*
 V C \W~ V 75 ]!*
kZ ~ Z% Zi WgzZ ~zg
k
,
i~Oi Z )
/
q
-Z LZ f *Zq
-Z{g Z Zgq
-Zy*zy
zqDs yZ ?Z
s6,fOi Z ~ ( 
0Z)gzZ0Z gzZ 7]gzO y6,]Zy

z]$
+yZ
H { i Z0

+Z wq]g\W VyZDg D_
Zi WV;zg Y~kZv}g z!*
kZ

46

)~
)
Z]c*
gg g>L L~46,
u\WD : ]
Vx
/
u { kZ N C \W H sz^B ^4Z
?H
VyN6,g CZ f \W~
D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
kZ  T e
7] }
.~6,kZgzZ g g g >~
/
%L L\W
\W +
$Y y 0*
g} fgzZ KZ~ I W m
.]|<
L IZ ~ Y 1968 DV @*
xl l 6,6,
WV
g >~
/
% L L~gV arz
]c*
g L L r
# ~<%Z
vZg]|dZ yzTwKgq
-ZgzZ g
C
Z~wB20VrZ
)
Z V1yZgzZg Z
Zx ZZ
# gz {zt c*
;~V57,gzZxsZ 

izgz
VrZp .Zz v V1yZgzZ] c*
g
dZ>tUb g ZvZg ~w',~yy
kZ1g Cj 
V1 ~ NZgzZ ]|
#
rc*
t VvyZ #
rZ&Wz6,Z
#
L IZtg t vQgzZ c*
<
Z ; V6&]|dZ ~Vv
>~/
% L
L Hw Zt \ WD D q]c*

D] }
.H~6, rz
g Z]|dZxg P g
? HwZmV
/
u{>~7D :]
# V C \W~ ekZ YZ YZ D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
r
gg ZkZgzZ egze v!*
g >~
/
% ~wZ
dZ e~kZXj
0*
6,

45

zgZwDZ{Zic**

y 0*
g gyL)
L xdZk
,
z g>L L~
/
%{Z'
,
u
Zj
)
Z ggZLL, zgZwDZ {Zic**

]Z| Iy 0*
]z \WD7`Zsg~ u0*
zy
q~ LZJ
-w~Y 1928~V {0
+?q
-Z
S(,pgzZ H qz_V1 W p=gQgzZ
V1(kgtk
,
iZj **
~tL L
y YgzZ H}Z *Z ~ g ;gE- [
yZgz#
i5D W~#
i5gkZgzZq~
/e
gzZ;@*
z"~Y 1960gzZXqzVx
/
udgzZIKZ\W
tta
)
ZV1<
L IZgzZzs3F,
~XK3F,
V1?F2X;@*
z"H
4Z `gL L
3E
~ _/Z gzZ VgqLL~ Vz& > E
~tL LZ
/f*ZLZf.
6,
gm{ yZZL L
g>~
/
%L L\WDH~zgZF,
Vz 15Y Ng LZ
~gzr
# ~<%Z.Z
# c*
W(Z
zq
-Zg!*
wZyZgzZ ekZ|(,
W\W ^I g>
0*
6,ggZ xgP g>~
/
% L
L
yL L)x ~ Y 1991 2Xjyxg mZpz xZ 

D;gB!x H~gY g

48

YtY V~V5xg ~gz{ c*

it~~
~Z6,!*
gzZ Y Hh
+'
gyL
L  {gtt=v
x d ]|dZg tY &7
okZ~1 Y c*
6,R
D 74a
sz^~
)
Z ]c*
gL L}g Z Zq
-ZFu 0*
zyD : ]
yZ }Uq
-Z F,! ~w'
, 47\W H1
y{z]c*
g~\Wx [Z {)z'
,
+(gzZx
D
? ~gze
$.**
x
zkZ6,
X[Z1Z
\ W~@*

z
/Z HwZ YZ\ WtD :zgZwD Z { Zic
gx v c*
}g Z Z yy~y z u 0*
z kZ C ,

{z1 gx
z kZ vg " 6,]|dZ V }g 
yDg x Z6,gZ V}g gg6,g~ ZZ

$!*
.
VgzZ ,x gzZ" 
/Z Z7Za
D nx jyEZ6,C
]c*
gV&~B
kZax 6,
[Z1Z ]c*
gL
L  CtYZ D :]
?M
hjyy~gz
}uzc*
CZj~k
,
J
-[Z~D :zgZwDZ{ Zic
}=gfo
Zarz
tYeCZ7Zgf
gzZ~)
,ZaCZXg & gzZ Zgf v !V; V
ZnxgzZd9]|dZ @*
YZ,xZ
!*
**
x ZazF,
ggZ  gg
/gz ZZ
7x Systematical J
-[Z6,kZ B t g zL L[Z D
kZt z D[!*
g Z1 q Zq
-Z by b) kZ e

47

{ C
~ ]g+
G 7)g fV1sg Z]|
gy L )
L x ~ Y 1991 ~~Tce **
; 

D 
}p6,
]Z~kZgzZHi W
VgzZ"w Z g>~
/
%L LD : ]
?,y,Zg f7Z
KZ~1 "F
z kZt }D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
7zzK
-{ c*
i ~ J
-t0*
V1yZzz : Zc
[Z !v:Zzz q
-kZgzZ x g >~
/
%L L ! V; V ;g 0*
G
4$gzZ~)
,}g Z Z F~ y 0*
V
~ rz
gg Z ` /E
{z x gzZ d9 ~w'
, ]|dZ [Z ~ ~
D ]gzh
+'
akZ e7
tZgx p y)F,
g>L L gyL LD : ]
kZ @*
7 
~ i Z0
+Z dy)F, kZ bkZ d>t bT
?}H\W~e
Mg gyL
L V@*
kC~Zg D :zg ZwD Z { Zic
}pt Z6,ggZ 7Zzp
pg~gzZ7,
:~VZd{z @*
3g ZZ~aZ n| 7,
kZ {z!v:Z]c*
<
L IZ~i Z0
+Z} N Y
D d
D7kC\WH1
Ha6xgq
-Z tD : ]
gg Z @*
ce **
!gd{ aV57,
gzZyZgZ
?n)F,
d
kZ1 CkC]gzt !V; Y D :zg ZwD Z { Zic

50

D :
L gaVzuzx >V@*

uZ Z~A C
giZ*Zzgu 0*
zy` WD : ]
D
+y{zq
- 4,
\W~,Z g Y f(,"
$
}uz q
-ZgzZ
z Z f y 0*
gzZ y*zy 6,T q Z` y c*

?N J (,
Wx ]c*
g rz
LB
L uZ Z
Za *Zzg iZ y xg y z u 0*
J
-[Z D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
g D7 Z
ZZzp
pgm gzZ M(a
c
/Zp H7 V Za w@*
3W6,RI 
E
GG34]gzZ]c*
ax Zj
gfyzu0*
g Z
Zx AZj]c*
g~y 0*
 HkC~} 7,**

Z
ZgzZ}gZ Z g W~g Z V;z [Z1e 7~ y*zy Z
G
/Zpg t bzZiZV]|dZ
D,{ .Z}uzq
-Z
Kx yy6,
]c*
g L LJ
-[Z6,
gCZ f \WD : ]
?,N CZx{ Z'
,
a} .Zgx YMg
>~
/
% L L{z q  0
+
i ~D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
VVz yZ 6,], gyL Q
?
L c*
~ ^ g
Q1V e} K
M F,
:gzZ V e: { c*
i p~
~ @*
W={ze7J
-[Z x 3 Z m ]c*
g L L
7 ]|dZ] L L V'
,
B70}V @*
Z
B30{z[[c*
**
kZ y*zy} fPZ
# m
Vq) c*
K
M F,
| (,
Z !v:Z~ ;gxV'
,
GG3E
4]} * 
kZ~ H7t
ZgzZ c*
=Z ~ ._

49

B ~
]|dZ D q Zq
-Z *
*7 jZ
8
-g L LD
H7{ c*
i6,! ZgzZ d/Z kZ
]|dZ[ZgzZ Hx 6,
VZkZyz[ Z[!*
gZ
KZt p x?e
$. gw ?gzZq
-Z {z6,~

D ]gzx h
+'
~kZ x
?x { c*
i6,
g~k
,
g { et\WD :]
~rz
q
-gzZ]c*
6,g~k
,
! V; Y D :zgZwD Z { Zic
t ~Z
# BkZp @*
7)g f*zgzZ {z @*
Wx PZ
wEZ6,R@ r Z Zg fh
+]
.{A
$k}uzV 8
 C Za Zpt g0
+Z}g} rz
]c*
{ ZeLZ
@*
0*
73x kZ\WLZ ~k\Z1Vzx ~ i Z0
+Z Z ~
DV CZyZykZ7,Zbz}Y
**
sg 6,
R Z Z ,~L~w'
,
D : ]
kZ ZgzZ  [xJ
-u}g Z Z}uzgzZ g >L L~ kZ ce
?!*
*
*iZ%{ Zg
agT VZd (Zq
-ZtD :zg Z wD Z { Zic
VX Ve I~z!*
kZ1 x z,jgzZ
zce
yZ  [x {z Hx ~ { Zg kZB x gzZ mZ
g >L L~
/
%~g V D Z
Z,je
$.  7k- }
gzZ6 6x ]Z|}uz[Z T g
CkZ
y*zy ` WD C]N g t bzZiZ
VrZ~T 5wq
-Z=V1P6,
] ]c*
g L L
6,kZ~akZT e *
*x 6,Vz
C g>~
/
%L L

52

g UZe=pB: q {zyZ Y D :D :zgZ wD Z { Zic

zgZ**
{zZg ]|dZ ] L
L c*
Cr
# zig W+Z
zq
-ZZ z {h
+ VrZ c*
H {zt yZ [Z r

#
Dx7=c*
Z
H bgz]Zg Z {zV1~r z
]c*
g L L D : ]
?g Wt Z
+Z Hbg
zkZ6,
gm{gzZ ;gg Z
y 0*
Zj ]c*
g L LV &~D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
W6,x Z
+Z`
z bg Vzg ZD
)g f VIZgzZ Vzg Z Z Z~
E
GG34] ~ V5Vz ZgzZ d VM
~~ g Z c
GG3E
4]Z
ca
+Z`
zbggzZ g>~
/
%D ]!*
~(,
tgzZ H Z Zg Z
a 
yW
F,
yZZ+J
- W,
Zt g i

\WZ D Y k0*
Zz v` @*
z 7g
syZ`
@*
g e ` W !v:Z ?}h
+y
yZ @*
7g {z1,
gzZsZ
) ) ~ - ~Xg 
yZZ+g0
+Zy 0*
D
6Xe
$uIZ
?x \WaMg kZgzZ g x YL)
L x D :]
~!~(,~ V zgx Y)x D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
kZ ~ ZwzKsKZzV7,yz u 0*
B
~  X }pdgzZ DgZ } (,~ kZ= V ~gx
ib)Bz,)6,
ih
+]
. ;g7, Z6,
!gt HkC
gkZMg }g { i Z0
+Z Z kZ D ;g4z]
.e
$.a
VPgzZV@*
ZjV\ g x YL L~gV~N 6,
kZ ~ V<vgzZ_gzZ  D Y h
+y
v ~

51

D Z Z 7,~ , V 5 x xq
-Z=V @*
6,
} K
M F,
fy*zy[Z t~!v:Z[Z
~ K
M F,~1 Z !*
M F,
K
gzZ i Z0
+Z T H 

D ZYZ{ c*
ix 6,
]|dZ]L L
~K
M F,
sZ.?~y*zy\WD : ]
M F,
K
yN Cte
$.\W[ZS7,
]|dZ]L L
?ci
+Z*zyc*
{A
$%\W? W,
gzZhZ{ c*
i
KZ~
z TVz C\W~]!*
-Z D :zg Z wD Z { Zic
q
~ 77}ci
+Z *zy
z kZ ;g } K
M F,
[
t ~ [Za kZ ci
+Z *zy ~ 
[
~ y*zy VM 4 Vg )
,yZ lz ~V Y
D 7{z8Yq
-ZVrZ {zkZ D ~K
M F,
Z
? 8Yq
-Z\W @*
YtpD :]
N 
5[ ~\W 7(Z !v:Z D :zg ZwD Z { Zic
VrZ D 7~hgq 1 c*
~q
-Z Vg e
c*
57z{z7Zx7=?HVYVrZ (Z[ZH 
7zq
-Z
LZ 1 yY VrZ @*
t kCp
HH (ZZz {h
+Q
e{)z]ZuF,
~kZY H (Zzz]q(o
)gzZ b ZWZZ
+~ kZgzZ Zh m[pVzy ]|dZ~
e 
kZ {z
/Z H7t z6,gCbwD Z
D @*
7,
*
* o])7Z
]q(V;z~ 7(Z wZ7D : ]
? $
zzgzZ{zkZ wZV.Zz

54


h
+ix Z

M%Z *g ^kXZ:i],
Ze
Za ~ *g /M%Z DAfrican Amrican 
h
+ix Z

O%Z D HwJxsZ~Y 1977 yZgz#

i 5~` O%Z
gzZ c)
/~ International

Relation dZz ;gE-

~
/e } Z * Z~ Political Science Rutgers

University

nI! gzZKbzgh+xsZ Dq

y!*
i ~g yZ Z H^ [ {)z [gzZ x 
^
BBxEh
+]
.D_7,
gzZ s1~!

B w
x Z ~}D g 6,}g
$u
eZO%Z 
h+ix Z Dn
pgZz~Y xz
6,y z y!*
i DwgZ 6,
( O%Z w

M%ZDTg6,
^ 8g-Z{zM%Zzz]g

_ZF,
sZDf *Zy!*
i! ~
',
L L;gE- g
~M%Z9B11D`F,
~Z ! Xg

Scattered

Pictures [ Z q
-Z yZ6,]q V

ZM%Z9B11D w=u" ~M%Z z \g- W6,x

)gzZ 7
g xsZ Zg f Z~ VzgzZ V1
 ' sD sz^~ Vz ] xsZ~ V

~ Wz {],
Z xsZY F,
~)]c*
sZ 9
/Z
D$
7bqq

53

x=D7dt@6,V-gZ Z6,gm{gzZt
# I}pN
Vp7D: Zzg]ZW,
@*
LZvk0*
( i
+Z )\W7
zkZ ~DDg Z p{ C"6,

ygzZ !*
i ~k
,

4- g x YL Lab & Z kZ ~zg { Zg" ~gzZ ~ NZ ~}

t@ ] }
.\W~ D ;g @*

0y)F,IB! x
D ~gzZ5q
-Z<
L IZ
) )\WYV@*
7q
-r


( Y 2005s6,
Z{g )

56

{z Z S7,
yZxsZL L[q
-Z~g y
W
vZ~gzZ`g
/w 31[Z !v:ZgzZ
HV]Z h6, _7,[
6, LZ L ~gzZ VyZ a\z ug n
D H7
gzZn
pgm
) ) z<
L IZ\W D : ]
pgm w
n
x Z\W qz H w
x Z~
?W~~ptc*

~ kg JZ O%Z
z kZ~ HwJxsZ ~ Z
# D : +
hix Z
q Zg
q;#
i 5~ kgJZ ~ ;g#
i5
IwZ {Zz ~~ w~ Z
# a
kZp ;g#
i 5BB"7,~wZyZgzZ
zz]qyZY
Z'
,
py
J 7,
KZgzZ y~7Z W
: i k
B x **
$ztVC~kg JZ~ H~
e
~ Le *
*7O~Yp kg JZ~
6,
gkZ 7~g Yk
B
zkZ~g6,
kZt
q
-Z ~ @*

Zpg 4Z ~ kg JZ F, ~
f ~ ~ F,D wJt ~Vj{g ~ }
=6,kZ n
pgm 4 qz **
qxsZ
 6,x !Z #
i 5 kg JZ ~7D~}g !*
V Zg e
-Z ]5 ~~,Z D 1Z ~ ;gE- ~ g wP s
q
~zc 1Zx ZgzZ **
 VrZ  ]|,Z
. qz 7,}} ~ yZgz kZ D
)$
+**

~a wJ WH qz 7, ]>{ogzZ

55

C~}g !*
ZzwJxs Z LZ\ WHD : ]
?M
h
l wz xsZ ~D Z Z vZ pD : +
hi x Z
lkZ ~;g~lh+~J
-wz HwJ~g Y 1977
` yZh+
M qzggzZugzZ "
$~} [x ,Zzz
Tg~ yk#K s#
q
-Z~Dn
}g Zz}g H Z(,k7 w0*
V yZ s a ]
!*
( }
A 7ZvZ ) {Zz~
HwZ ~
D 0*
hZ V
zz YZ'
xgzZ yZ y{
**
g V~~
q hsg VZ'
,C
/
g Z}g %Z
H qz O ~ ~
) ) ,g!*
~Z
# 7]!*
5

~ }g !*
<
~ ~ ,Z Y Y Hsp ]q yZ
~Y |{zH_~T<
C
H qz a^g
|= C ~ ~pD Z Za ~ Z y|q
-Z
6,]!*
kZ~
H`@*
gz|~gzZ W~}o
}wgkZgzZ \zugnvZ YgZ
<
(Zq
-Z|gzZ[+Zq
-Z {z 7[ x?Zm
D [YHspa~g Z {g YZ al
&
gzZ H_#
|$
+~ H qz_<
Z~gy
W
-,y
J
KZs<
Z
ta}pHg6,
i Z0
+ZV7
VZ'
,} ~ yZp M
h J (,+
M qzg ~{z Wz
D 7ia

58

kZ x fs{z M
hw7sKZ<
L gzZyW

T 7c6,
W,Z bTC

5E4$,Z c*
T 7~h KZG
g| 7,[ q
-Z
TD Y7k0*
i yZ0
+
,Zc*
3g| 7,
w ~h N*
-Iy
,Z ~A + gq: ~i yZ0
+

LZ Yk0*
ZeD:C
LZ M
hYk0*

~}~$
+Z bzg KZ Y k0*
)gzZ sZ e~}
s~ ]5 * g kZ  C p\W[Z  wZ e
7a yZ  ~$
+Z ]5 qzggzZ  Dq #
}
.+C

D~}g !*
g
$ qZ V W**
VZgzZ+ v,Z
gzZ V W **
wzZ[ZgzZ.Zz**
yWZxE V n
pg:
yZZgzZq~y
Z[
8 yW
%X: D
7C
y!*
i ! gzZ 7D]P
yW
T C c*
iB
D Z **
uZut,} ~g Z)f yZZ LZZj,Z
s~M%ZVgzZ mHs\WD : ]
?gH~}g !*
c*
yZyZp ZsJ
-W ~}O%Z D : +
hix Z
spyDgt~V p ;g W,
Z Z
ZZzp
pgm
D _{i ZzWyZ~gzZ [
yY]!*
kZp
)$
+q
-ZDt G msDJ
-V
E
-
3Y BwV B ZD
/ZC7~'
,
)$

+
ce
C
8
& 1Z]|
/Z 7y
Kzx **
D,Z~: i/
Dw {z ZzZ~]! vZ g

57

~ yZ Hi W VzKz yZgz kZ ~ q ~ wj ,Z
HE
454yEKt x Zp]Z &
5G
+~ xsZKq
-Z
}KZ D ~ HG
= ,Z~} @*
kZ= ~ yZ @*
J 7,~
yZgz Z Sg Cy.6,Z]!*
t= D 7, sKZp
}w
q
-Z x; = yZzp
pg m q
-Z
D~"7,
[
~}~~ [kZ Z kZ q kZ=| 7,[kZ
[ kZ 7]gz ,q sKZ= gzZ 7
qz **
J 7,} [ w
x Z~K ~"7,

~}g!*
V Zg e~kZ Z >0x **
[kZ~
~~Vzg e
H^ ]!*
kZ Ug = qz *
*
g
/ V-V; fVzg ZD
7B; y
KZ q
-Z
DKwZxsZgzZib)
 (Zq
-Z}t{zZs Z6,
T]!*
gzZq
-Z
Z Z !*
twZD 6~C
~C
E
gzZ 6w

yZ 9Xf6gzZ ]ZT e 6,VZ\W
Zfx ZVz
/
yZgzZ w
x Z ~ %yZ {z Zg6,VZ
G
47
-+ G
x Z v0Z ~zZx Z Zx Z}7Zx Z  x Z ~Nx ZZ
x Z
{ c*
i ~ ~zc VZ { z yZgzZ V ZZz W~ gzZ ~g
DV@*
kCp
gzZ ce ] V g zc VQ}uz %Z
70#
Z7,
~]5,Zceg Z
/0
+
i}g e
gzZ7$c*
$C
~ce*
*w]!*
kZ M
h}

60

yZgzZzmvZ -kZgzZvZ~ \WLZ ng w'

~9]g qsD6,T
C{z xsZt nce **
Y H[ Z
0
+
i D6,]xkZ~ YJ
-uT=gzZ
DV@*
g Z
/
,g Z
/0
+
i._]xsv

/Zce g c*

B ~ i Z6,Y 7Z e 7v
c*
u0*
!*
6,
gqzg!*
LZT,Zq
-Z\W
wqZx kZgzZ @*
w'~ Z c*
zC

 ,Zq
-ZgzZ
,Z g {0
+
i~\WLZVx  ._<
7Z g {0
+
i6,sD b9v` W
/Z @*
Y
]Zf q
-Z 7s zZx {z~ yZY q6,B
t B %Z ~ ]q ` Wce ~
Dh
+%{z
/
}Quc*
@*

)$
+
V7Z~6,Vj0~VsZ~V Le~ Z
[
+t}LL@*
7w'~Z c*
gzZf
zC
~Y
~ =
W~VsZ=\zug nvZ
/Z D C~zq6,
DvZY 
yZVzkC6,
~
E
+
V #
gzZx ZO%Z A 9&11D : ]
?
H~ Vz p iYV x ZO%ZD : +
hix Z
yZ w 6,gc*
6,x V V%ZX YY
b V%Z X%Z t YZ ~ }g!*
V
s V W,
O } " z6,{z 7w V

59

vZ g tzg /]|
/Z 7~
q 9KZ r Zg Z
+

Z]| bT Y 7,g Z
+
[c*
q %t7
E
-B
$
+

HHi W ZDaDy!*
i! ~: ivZg
~ : H6,XkZ y7 gzZ D Y k0*
/\W
/Z~}bZ
yZ}a/- \W ~ b [!*
 c*
W~{g [ !*
t
z= zmvZ -u0*
wZ
t ayZ
gzZ \vZ @*
Zi W}DbT Dmq
-Z:Z
gzZn Y VZkZgzZ< zmvZ -u 0*

E
-B
D s bZY Hpy!*
i !  Z i W Z DbT
{oDDmYDwb+
M qzgV  @*
HHi W

gzZ ZxE/D
HHayZZV bZ i W
payZ {o:gzZ 7]gz7,~]]
M 1ggzZvZ : Za yZ ,wEZ ]q Z

/Z D
rg
ZzWxsZ @*
I qzakZ]qZ
tn
pg: pvZ
DnYHpaVY
mvZ-u0*
D bkZ, Z6,
CkZs
/Z
E
-
D } 7,
**
Z{oDgzZ GEZD B ZD7~ iz
sTq {zC
x **
s7
/
t c kZ
C
DY1y @*
YH
~} ],
Z
6,
kZ| 7,

zyc*
**
- v M
h}7]i YZ
/
]!*
C
kZ
H zmvZ -u 0*
i W kZ ,7,Z f s
gz V{ qzg g0
+Z LZ y
KZ a kZ wEZ sD
~fy!*
iKZnsp~g ZiZg Z}'
,
~!*
LZn

62

D7{ ~
/c ;gZ ]s~V
 6 g Y ~
/c  s x Z~ Vy
k
B t zz kZ @*
Y YZt ~ c*
zO%ZTy 0*
\W
/Z 7
g !*
.t n Y H{ I c yZ @*

^zzVo) I YC
,
ig$Zy 0*
Dq
{zM
#
h7Zyg ZPvN { i Z0
+Zp\W } 7,
7
D7!*
?M
h0{aH6,
?x \WaV Z D :]
6,kZ @*

C!*
.Z y
_
KZ~gzZ D : +
h ix Z
V,ZgzZg16,]!*
.LZ y
_
KZ C]gzq kZ { c*
i
~ sKZv ` WgzZ Z Z XY| m
: V;
D_3YV lyZzzyZsz^~V|
yYKZah
eyYyZTB wVyn" \W

/gZ H: 6,]g{ k
H" q
-Z s: kZ ~ }
 x ZZ6, ZuZ c*
} Z WO%ZvF c*
Ox Zd
$
g
$ qZ
/Z~,Z y{z HZ Tt |p
vZ~]y
W{z~OyT9 ,_
~ t W
/Z
H~Tg
$ukZ c*
gxz g
{zY yYy~[fzzT}]!*
+Zy!*
i
]i YZ Vw+Z ~ zg <Q D g~ 3
DM
h}
G ~kZ +yi ZxsZtx V Z Z
yp V{ k
H":axsZWZzvZp Z

61

D`{i
s{zgzZIs Z ]Z| m#
J
-V
]Z|%Z @*
,maV :  T e 4 !*
'
y
E
+
O%Z * ` WV wEZ A 9&11  ,Z
6,*
~+Zq
-ZD7 ( bx4,
~ )
bg Z
^
,YZgWf YKZ {z7 e kZV gzZ Se
Z Y 6n 7
-~~i Z{ c*
igzZ {z @*
Se
-Z k
q
B yg Z gzZ Y Z%Z O%ZgzZ g !*
zg jo q
-Z ~i
V1g Z~ k
B tZp ;gF :x M%Z ` g!*
zg
ag !*
zg k
B L
L ]zO%Zg Y Z eV17
V|O%ZzzZ
~g !*
zg k
B kZZ n
pw bkZ6,gx  _ o Z e V1g Z F~ V
V %Z n Y H :x Zi Z YZ
/Z @*
7e**
Ck
B B
D g KZS ~
/c#
ak
B
V ~h W~
/c#
O%Z @*
YD : ]
?}H~}g !*
kZ\W gk
B
x **
~
/c ZZ Z V #
! V; YD : +
hi x Z
g7{ ~
/c #
O%Ztwq]gZ g6,
t g gzZ?V z ~ VVk
B ~ yj
jZgzZ t Z
D7 $
0
) !*
Z ~ Z
Z ~
/c wq ]g
V Z7t ~
/c#
~w}
{zBBkZ 6,VNU*
Z
Fi
V k
B kZtwq]gZDT eYKZ~

64

~g }ZWz6,

" Z I{0{C
( 8 -)H
0G
g <'
,
DU *W{ =d
$i
VzD+~R',%Kf VEg; qzg {C
g Y x
C',~g Vx}Z{ 
Wz6,I}Z D $
7 g @*

* _g Zzz }Z +
M qzg M Z ( Y 1952~ZB15 ] z)

Dh+ kZgzZ 3 Zg W **
h+]
.gzZ  +gzZ
4z]
.gzZKZ( Y 1995) 6,{C
g { {

]}
.V c*
 ~ r z
u~ygzZ qzg ( \ W
g7 ug IBZ G!Z {g Z ZxR',D7 I Z {z  7
Dg Z/ zg ] \ WA
$kz kg Z Vz o

{
gzZ**
g dgzZ ] vZ
',{ 
s 0 Z d
$ Z [ Z ~g7 0
+e

sg ZZ ` Zu ' { ^
,Y ~Wz gzZF,zg Z

gzZ kg Z Vg W 9Z [ Z WgzZ q Z Zg X sg Zz c*
Zz
G
"
3E
E
Zzg Z%gzZgz !*
)Z] _Z
6,
uV G3.

s K
M F,
k,
it i- z Z[ Z DWz6,|
/
`g Y~ZY 2009 g p= DZt m

-Zg&
8
+Zg w :06 Z6,~ M%Z;gE- y N*
H
C+Z7Z sZ bzg ~gzZ
V * ~g7 yegm,Z E
-Z V ,Z 0*
q
~ V Vzhz y Z gzZ H} zu

~
zkZ Dn
pg] Z W,
Z} LZ6,V x  g
z

D6, , z44x **
~g V x}Z{ 
Wz6,

63

){k
H" xsZ ) c*
V yv { k
H" {z e a
D c*
V YV
y Z  M
h4}
/
gZ LZ {zce OV Z
: ~ ]Z
iz ]wgzZZ
+LZgzZ ,qD + LZce
'g qK
!*
gzZ ` @*
vg )
,}g ce O, W
,q w !*
+Z M7U*
~ * X hga }g
M qzggzZ +ceV Z D g Y Vhg6,~ Pgz
+
x  @*
, Za g0
+Z LZ t
WC
bgzZxE~z*BB
Di Z0
+ZW,
Z6,
giZ6,
0
+
iV
( Y 2008#{g )

66

YY H M/ x tzggzZ ~0*

z
/Z q Z
concept \ M 0 x
/Z t ]!*
Z q
-Z Zg D
\ M 
/YQ U Vz gzZ t ~
Cx \ M clear
DM
h!pzx gzZM
h0*
1?Vzq
IZ
) )gzZ_xo ZgVi'
,
Z~g ` WD : ]
d~,Z g Y Cxz Z
ZgzZ ZZ ~f zD~ f 4<
L
) ) ? D 0*

~ wq
) ) \W6,RgzZ ~y ~
?tH\WiZ%gZ
Vi'
,
Z ~g r
# p 9]!*
tD :~g }ZWz,
6
ZZ ~ m,
Z! ]g tgzZ_g
ZZ~ fzD~ f4 s %Z Zh=]!*
kZp (XX ^ ^`n
7lyZ t 7(Z D xz
) ) Z
Z gzZ
DD 7,
**
D7p Z
Z4Dg7[g0*
GE
GL)
4O] L X3Z
}'D gzZ ZZ ~ f  D~f ~
} yzb!*
}D7 collective efforts
H Z)}
D 3 C M} h M~{ Zg F,
bzL yZh3 M
( ~ 6,R,)
/Z C Z
Z
))
gzZ x
JY x x Z} f ~g Z )f ~g ~ kZ  gz$
/Z ]5
J
-x Z 9 t D M
h wZ e 7g~g7 6,yZg Z)f}uz
yZg Z)f
) )V D7 [x~ x  k& Z
G!OZZ
gz kZDn
pg]uH
Z D ~g Z{ c*
itzg
~{ i Z
) ) f'
,
Z gzZ ~}g !*
c*
u\ M D
A &~(,
convincex Z~]Z|yZ D

65

qZgzZe{ =z { {xq
-ZWz6,
;gE-q
-ZD : ]
yZgzZ @*
Maintain V-gZ)f V { Z'
,
u { kg ~)~g
? ~g Z)f ygzZ{ c*
i
akZ~V
gz
'
,
) !*
,q Vt a }D :~g }Z Wz,
6
l=g f ZgzZ9
>Z VWz6,;gE- ~ D e
$z
ug n[g {zOzgZtVx {<'
,
{D
'
,
) !*

akZ
b #x ]_ZL LD g
) !*
a }a kZ e
$ \z
-V gzZ e
J
$
) !*
a }a kZ u
HZCaz
yZ {z  
i ZZgzZ}t T ]!*
maintain
@*
glp p~D @*


gzZ
A & % e
D c*
#
}
.Vz *gzZ+*[gV
x HgzZ  Y7 \ M J
-V
-ZaZz:gzZ @*
q
7x aZzp
pg/_
.
t' Zg D *
*O QO Z
w2 M p g xa x
}g ; : KZ
/Z 
)
gzZ ~gz Times of Management { c*
i Vc*
g Z %Of
/Z
- 1:30 DV @*
J
E]zZ LZ aZ}
.~
gzZ [xZ _a J 7,izg}uz ~ ]ZggzZ ]_ZQgzZ ;gE~g Y ! pz
nj
+ayZgzZ '!*
yZ y
kC CY 7C   C b V*!*
Vzq ~ kZD

Y
Times of Management  Hn \ M ~D $

68

? ]gzz{ c*
i
t
D H\ M wZ Z Z(,
D :~g }ZWz,
6
Xn
pg]Z W,
@*
Hv{z~}g !*

) ) ~g  **
g
K gNeutral
/
p *
!  3Y t V yZgzZ s %Z Cc*

KZ J
-x ZJ
-[ZtZp g
/~q
-Z D D Y
H 
Z C Z (, ]Z| Dn77sg 9
))
L X3Z J
-WZ Z Z yvt kZ D ;gzJ
-Vzm{ {z p
GE
4O]
Compaign 6
,e } (,D0* 77 k
,
9
))z
kS gzZ Conferences=g f V=g fZ **
` programme
**
]!*
tJ
-fyZ *
@Y Hg J 7, ` M D
GE
GL) zh
4O]L X3Z
}ggzZVD .
D ~gz!Zi Z yZVx~e
}g D ~O 8 Zq
-Z iZ% g Z **
Z Z
h
+]
.sZ kg Z
~gz**
General awareness{z+xEx
Jyx Z} f
]gzy!*
i ~ m,
Z ~gz**
{ yZ6,
**
( Y BD
-Zax Z} f~ ]_ZeYvZ Y 
q
yS D i **
/Zz J
-u
! h
+]
.gzZR,
~ m,
ZyZ  T/ ~g Y kg (Z
F
? L
]x
C aorientationyZ B YZ

^Y iV1yZ\vZ D { Zg Z Z
(} M )D
ce Z
Z cg !*
#
QgzZ yZg Z)fkg ZgzZV {
z kZ
G!OQ & Z {z
V,~g Y u x Vh #a
{z D, Za/_
. gzZ agzZ <
~ V

67

7Zg)g fgizgzi c*
u}kZx Zsq
-
**
~g Z CZ f gzZ +
M ( g Zk0*
\ M a kZ D M
h

) ) c*
g !Zg E
&OZ} (,} c*
= Dce
D Y } 9x8 ~B; Z&
+Z q
-Z c*
r%q
-Z
/Z a
77%gzZ} &
+ZtDC c*
g 2
+
-]Zg-i LZ'g
J
KkZ  $
Y 7,nVzg ZD
+Z DZ y!*
i !Zg
D~
Science  Z4t }g ~gz {tt CZ f Z
Print & Electronic4 F
,
~ i kZ & Technology
Vg )
,LZgzZ N Y ugZ fyZ }g
/Z D Za c*
z
4wqg G ,x ~ zg VzgtgVZ
/
yZgzZ 46,
u
GE
4O]L X3Z

y
K\ M sT e~
) )
{zgzZ
~
C
) )TVzn~h7]!*
yEZ\ MJ
-VD
g **

D7Z T
)
Zz zF,
wgG
LL !V;D]gz H k- Z
Z yZgzZ uk Q q
-k Q
xg ~ Zz 
M optimistic D C 3 K
M F,
" ,q
}g Dce *
*6, over confidence
!r
# pDce
Zz M w
) )~g DD Y4' 9CZ]5
\ M 5{zgzZ  ,yZ ~(, 5KZ D u @*
~
{gzgz VD } ~g *[g D ]Z|

( vZY 
yS ) D Za ~y
7]]_qq)gzZwq]g{D : ]
6,Vm<!*
ce 4z]
. ba g Z
))

70

GE
4O]L X3ZD,x Z] }
qZ~: M Y xzfMq
-Z!*
w1
.
} (,}DYHx Z.Z }uzq
-Z~V{Vyz}uz
p YY c*
`x 50*
~|zD c*


g Z Z~k
,
gKZ E
&OZ
gzJ
- 0*
]5ce **
t @*
0*
7L%~ 0*
DM
h{g~1]q
*
*i q
Z L7 q
-Z @*
{],
Z q
-Z CZ qC
! [
GE
4O]z +
V 7 CZ f ~ b)Bz D 7l M ~C
!*
~
Z
( Z yZy + D yZy Zq
-Z qC
D
**
Concept clear Zg D D }uz Z }g7 CZf
D **
I+
$Yce
t[Z CgzZ JkZ g]!*
7~y\ M
(Z yDY Za (~ wa}uz q
-Z Y Za c Z

E
G
4h$ g !*

LE
kZys %Z g )
,zZpg u& ~g
]oyZgzZWZ_g u& (ZygzZ @*
:x
s %Z
@V Zz CZ 7s %Z Vg )
,Z
# D s ZZ
sVzuzB~Z Wzce OBmZD VY
]5,eY xzf{ {yZg Z)f}g Dce9
EE
,g6,VU t
ow , U*
LU$6,VKZ KZ
z<
]Z CZf}g'!*
~z
/~g gZ %Zx ,x
W,
O b ~'
,Iz #
Q Z zz X N Y b uF,
6,x **

yZ ~ =D7 @*M :Zzg z

) )gzZ Zc*
 QD
W 7B; q
-Z @*
D (,
M
xq
-Zq
-Zp (Zgz
g{ Zio D

69

VzzdX,q Zz Za g~+gzZ] gx
V2Vg  Z#
QgzZ |yQ 1~O 8 +
E!
L X3Z
) ) ~ W - 9 *
*7
a g h
GE
4O]
D nZ Zh#
}
.
sz^~V ~y{g Z]%Z! {C
g { {D : ]
~ V{ ~uz T m,
?+Z ~\WHp Sg
7sy 5z
) ) ~g7 gzZ{ ]%Z !
?n
xg VYgzZ  Tggz VY ]%Z D :~g }ZWz,
6
Z'
,
}[Z 
Z(,
kZce
# `}\ M sZm,
Z
VY s %ZQ q
-Z~
CZg q
-Z [q
-Z q
-Z E! Zg
bq
-Z c*
y M[Z }t \ MgzZ wZZ Z(,
t ?
!*
]!*
 ~ V ~y<'
,{ { Z
Z c*
} [Z
~ ]5 ~yB Positive Attitude M Z
#  s
}g DSg 7 ]gzk
Z ~ yZ c*
Za ]%ZZ @*
Y
]5}uz Z x 6,V D Sg[~(,
z k0*
D 7
cgs
D Y Zh  V;z  @{h
+I**
}'!*
L
/Z V;
Compromise6
,RC
~ * 5 g g @*
t { { ~g D
GG3E
4O]gzZ +pf
]5 DD7M~A
C
e
.kZ '
,
Z}g gzZ D xl WZzC
**
g
D ;g
z<
~T G@*
+ 
D t Zz Z ~
) ) Le 7y

72

GO$~ w}g  }Y {zzlvZ DD7m,

b #
/~

<'
, { D Sg ZpgzZ /Z Xx ~yaz
yxg x Z=g f T H7g Diplomatic formula(Z
G
GOfgzZ]DV n
D ~B; h'
,q
pg E
5O.'[8gzZ w=
gzZ Za ~g ~ wVz LZ kZ xZ kZt
\z ug nvZ D DgKZ Z 'D 9 V,Z
( } M ) D 
/_
.#
}
. Z}
.
op 5Z Ztn
6,
R,)x ]_ZeYD : ]
Sg !*
]gzVzg Z Zh
+'
bkZ7 ZV ~
b x  H]zW,
IZgzZ +Z
+ y =V{ cg !*
v \W~,Z
?e
x kZ Dv{zg Z hx D :~g }ZWz,
6
` lz % tb~g7 V-g Z)f KZgzZ V` Z Z h
Z \8 gzZ  Dg Z 7, x ]_ZeY DV
D 7KI
x }g V (,Aj}g x ]_ZeY
G
V+j kZ Hgq
-KZuCZu}g Hi Zg yz
L ^ ;Zu
Z !*
x D } = Z}
.D ZZgzZ ~
w L I VZZg f **
Z Zg VZzg
 }n k- gzZ @ M xzD N M Zg q
-g @*~(,
x }g K iB V[sgzZ w qg D
DN MLg
: gY~ D **
a6 xz#
Z

71

g x Z }
VzgzZ  {g

i g@*
{z
) ) KZ D e
H Za /_
.t
/Z
x Z} f{zgzZ6,xg Pq
-Z Y xz fx ~T gz
GE!
GE
4O] L X3ZIy;'
g
,
IXL3WgWZ L-g}x
JY xgzZ
GO$LE
E
w M DZ:vZ G
*9g !ZZg !ZgWZ_g
q
{zf'
,
Zx gzZ E
&OZ} (,
}p7]!*
x !Z c*
+Z
&
-Z !Z ~y*zy}g7 * c*
q
x Z)**
g
OZ !Z 6,Z wWD @*M 6, #
6,i Zz M
V Za ]q,ZQg !*
-Z ~DY c*
q
wZ eB; %a~
G
E
+
B gzZ B g vZ q
k**
LE
-Z bV Z

D,x Z] }
.mF
N% KZa
g
V ~yzd{z CZ&!g y{z{C
g { {D : ]
? w=z[8~mZpzx ZoyzzogzZsz^~
4E
5B&LZ D :~g }ZWz,
m ~gZ yZZ gzZ EG
6
~ kZ = E
.
L i8gzZ ~~g7 ]5 yZ gzZ  w yZ /_
One tDvgzZDVt]!*
~7s Dyz
Y

lp Z(,
p D @*
E. Zz M sVz V D 7 way traffic
VXgzZA [xZZz' e} (,
Dg
C 7O Z  Y bhZ]!*
kZ {z m
}vZY 
yS D g]5 +
M s gzZ w F \ M D
n V }g ( @*
(C
Exception) DV M'
,iZ
=KZ D n
pg 7]u{ c*
i Vzuz D C J

74

bZ
Vpg (LZ  Y ~ |
/Z9g q
-Z
~g kZ D q y
~i q
Zq
-Z Zj Quality
% Vocational coursesLg Lga x Z} fBB
eYa ^i"kZ ]t \ M D
ZpkZ,
\ M D _ Y q}i ]_Z
( } M ) DY! pz
Ck LZZmC'
,
~g gZx Z]|dZ D : ]
1 3g
Y Z`
Z ]ZgZ ~g +
$Y
) ) ~x Z
/
z6,
{~\We7g Z { Ro J
-[Z~ V
` WkZgzZ Pzg]gzzZ b ZkZ~gz '
,
? $
eb
|t D Y7 \ M wZ ZgzZ ~gzZ(,
D :~g }ZWz,
6
B ]Z
+Z`
gzZ bg ]Zg Z ~g ~ <
L IZ
) )
Ve **
nt~zg}@xgzZ"LZ~D g YkC
x Zz ]kZgzZp
pg g ^c*
) ) bggzZ]Zg Z

e} (,
)
ZzzF,
\ M
/Z DD=g f W,!

x Z  T e**
y y x  Vz ]  T e**
6,
k0*

) ) ~g7 ~g  tZ D **
communication gap
q \ M D 7J
-)**
Fortnightly 7g Z q
-Z
Wz{],
Z yZ ~g Zlpw Z 
y
KsU
3!gZ (Zq
T M6,0~E
-Z D ]gzg 6,kZ D
Z
) ) xXV ] iZ x {z {z VzZgzZ @ ~
]]_^
,Y}gD )F,
+4.
) ) ~g D ]gz

73

G
GO$ ]zW,
L X3ZgzZ+Z
+y =cg !*
s
gzZZzp
pgL C

 V ]Z|\ M V @*
lg Z/
t 
Zz kCg Z)fp
E
L i8 jLZ LZ6,RKZ KZ 6,T ~} T
a q
-Z
/Z D c*
{0
+? ]qXN Y0=gVyZ =
g DN M
h **
3q
-Z DN  M
h
~g DN  M
h s{ q
-Z D, M
h#
}
.
s c*
D, Z  M
h ~
q
-Z D, M
hy{#q
-Z
: p, {z  M
hc*
g e
$ Z }g
z
kZ \ M Z Z y HD 8 wqV ]+Z [g Dgz,
D lgZ
/
gzZx 'ZDYw=~{ g!*
g 3 Zg WVph
+]
.b]_ZeYHD : ]
? 
~"\Wx
{z  kgZ
) )z <
L IZ D :~g }ZWz,
6
gzZg (LZ 7 ]g qKZsZ kg Z D g Z
~g
Zj]Zgq
/Z\ MgzZ D Dw=gzZgzz V6&
Vph
+]
.'g qyk0*
kg Z
) ) ~g B
x Z fkR,
D w; Ze  { +'

6,yQkg Z Z ' ZD g Y Z

~ kg Z
kgZ yQ @*
^VzgZ Z g 
yZyzx ZB yZ Y
GG3E
4O]z+rg h} fg z!*
D,x Z] }
.
z
A &!*

~ T Y c*
` kga p gzZ f rg ~ ]_ZeY
Vzn~ ]!*
%9gJ
-VDV[f \ M
~ 46,
u<'
, { Zp y Zd
W } (,}

76

{ g !*
\[g Z b
D < #
g OZ V< [F,
+'
h
h
+'
\M
D[NZ }pg ~g Yt Vgz]!*
-Z D p~
q
s %Z c*
g T: ]!*
+Z Dkx |q
-g !*

z
Kg Kg,q hZ ZV ;gnakZt DykZ
~g Zi M wgzZ (
wpu !*
" D CY W,
O b~'
, V!*
yZ ~g7 = DOg ~g Yx Btzg: Zg Z +
$Y)\ M Du0*

D "
$U*
~* g YL Lyq
-ZvZY 
yS
]ogzZ{C
g { { SgzZ<
L IZx Z~y
WD :]
?ebx H\WaVzq
L IZx Z+m<'
<
,
{~D :~g }ZWz,
6
GE
GL)
4O]L X3Z
~{ i Z
zkZ Ve*
*n'~#
}
.
7}Dg 6,<DVh #a
{
]|dZ LE
iZ D8
- ggzZ w!*
< c*


g Z ZuZ Z
<DOg ~ VzwZ 'D hZ Z 8
- V w!*
g 6,<
D $
g Z Zg co
+ D6,h[h}hDBzg7~
)
Zz zF,
h
I
VtgzZs %Z D7compromise7M~wg L i~
V!!*
gzZ ^
,Y**
pD7]gzk
Zzz D6,
V]gz E
L i8V;z  Tg(TgzZ V D7wZ
5D,
M F,
hZkZgzZ, hZ D,lgz6,
9VLZ D,
e Kzg Dg V
ar z
DN g Z0*
g ZZ sZ
D N J 7
,
gzVpN 3S M
( Y 2007c {g )

JZcx 7 xt gzZ ?g7

ntvZY 
yS DYqyzg7 Z
Z4IZgzZY
~g7\ M Vz {gtt\ M ~ Yu!pz
6,
i D
A &x yZ 7,
DynamicgzZx !*
h } x Z ! lx kZ ]Z|\ M D ZgzZ Z ~
M
D,yz.
TgzZ,N a\ M D
DjyEZ ]qV;z wZ Z
+Z`
gzZbgJ
-V
g Zlp ~g gzZ S(, ZZ
+Z`
gzZ bg}g ~
DZ
~^q
-V B5gx Y)x y)F,
ID : ]
ukZ~\W sz^~ uDgzZ O ~dLZ
? He
$szZ
c*
7~{ i Z0
+Z ! xq
-c*
uD :~g }ZWz,
6
J
-x Z C[~(,
Dp c*
uzq
-D{z eD YY
~(,~ V ]Z|\ M Da y~ w x Za
dkZ G
*9Zmr
# ~g Zg Z) O]|gzZ Hx B xY
D[pV
$Zgz
D 
G
*9Zm!ZZg]
. Zz}~}g !*
gY
!gkZBV6&~(,\ M
@*
g 0*
G,0*
G,
Zez L gLx Y
E
E
kZZ gx YD6,x LU3!BVh
+]
.x ggzZ HY Z
# gzZyZ
r
A & !*
} (,
gkZ C
/YZ ]!*
gz {gzZ s ZZ ]c*
Zzgk
,
KZX hZz Z
Z
Dax D ` ZZqgzZ@Z(,
tgzZDV

78

GE
gzZ ZH,zyBG
0$xEvVz] IV]
? ~gzH GyZ

t xW Z 7t 5 Vz] IV~g@zZp *
*
Kqdz Z~r k
,
g ZKZB`
/}g7
b){xDgzZ `
@ Z: Zo~g {],
ZVz ] DN Y
x **
lph M h M V Z LZ Vz ] gzZ D 
z 4Z
E
# akZ x **
Z
Z|Aq
-Z x Z Z w G
5BZ Z 7
GE
/

Vz] +Z
C
: zz: gzZw+Z: G
53!~Vz]J
E
G
kZ7~
# qG
0$xEakZ "
$zk
,
g D$
7W,

D 
gzZ ~gziy!*
i5~
G
G

4
$

45GE5` W~ z IV]
b s~IG
xEyZ~,ZgC
~g Z,z yDkg Z 0E
0zz
? Hwy.z

Z'
,
:gzZ @*
+ Z'
,: Dw` WIV~g @zZp *
*
]!*
tgzZ D @*
l^Z'
,5gzZ 5 ( Y ]!*
)t y

z lZ
Z
5` WakZ CYq %7,y.zxEi Z{k
,
iyZa
~g Zi !*
kZ pD b s ~I O ~g Z "
$
TggxC
a4z]
.nC
  D W,Zz!*
9yzgzZ dZ]L wqt { og ~pD
Dg: {
~kgZyZgZgzZ]x+C
gE- IV]
*{ {z  g Y J 7, ]z :gzZ,z yJ
- `W

77

~g@zZp **

( 8 -) !*
W;g7{l
/ZgxZg Z :g
$-Z
Sh Z]gzp Ze6,
kZgzZ8
-g Zg@W6,
]gzM

I y*zy ) ~g @zZp **
z Dx Z t
G
3vZ zs
D[ SZD G
# )zE9y z~

DgzZ ~z[ z giDMg D[ 4Z D*Z ,Z

\ WDn
pgk,
z6,y.zxE[ gzZ[ c*
**
Z
D ~Y 1934~6g7 I2!*
{0
+?q
-ZgZa

QgzZ q]
. ZzLZJ
- Yb ~ Z;{ZZ

;**
!Z o\ WV V~'
,Y ! ! KxsZ1eY

\ WgzZ WxZ @~g7 y **

gzZ ~g +Z

**
W,
OV6&dgzZ$;f \ WDkg

~ }g Z Z Z \W xsZ1eY g
$-Z ~zvZ Y z

y*z y kZ D}g Z
/w 0*
\ WV 1g kg

{l
/ZgxZg Z x Z ] }
.+g D
+~ Vzg Z Z Z

xEy]\ WV'
,{gG V p= !*
W;g7
E
G G
g D
+
gz! k& LZ D g} G
0$z G
0 xEsZ

zb\ WBg D
+DKZa {Vzg ZD
\ W~
u 0*
zy }pg " 0 ] z ~ T3gg

~z KL L~
z?\ WD 
~Z
+Z`
z bg

Df.
- i
+z

80

kcD7Rg ZT %Zq
-Z ~p{~]c*

gpm
[Zpc*
g Z
uw]Zg (vgzZng Z
~p 9wZt V; D *
@Y **
ung Z w]Zg ( v gzZ
i z{ izg
"(,
g .z?=g fVzg (yZt VlZg*
x] i ZvgzZ]c*
gzZ]Zg (o zZwx c*
Zs]zZ
]zZ { Zp\Wa xVzq yZ D C7,~
# qz ]gz
D @*
7,
7t
~[kZ < n
u}i { Zp6 V)l
/
` WgzZ ]Xi  K
M F, Vg * zz
5.ZK;@*
t
/5~[{`g~ E
~(Greenwich)f
/
J 7,~ wjZ :q**
 @*
kZ {C
bi kZ D @*
7
xE~)v ` W& HqD(Z Y~ ;gE-c*
:gzZ
y.z xEyZ V1 g ! {g ~ ~gZ-g X 9g 5 
ZrXt Z
# z!*
kZp `,c*
`xEv&H_
.
$zZB17 "_Z ct c*
30 c*
B29 ~gz
{ Y 2000
# c*
Z
7c*
9**
[s d@*
vZ g Z]|ZzzG
 VZwZtZ
# c*
HYZ :P 0*

[sWZ ?g**

-V;z @*
J
0
+e VnZ[W[z
1 g @*
B27 { ~
{ ~ VZ wZt Z
# c*
ce **
6,~ Xng Z R**
a{
f (M%Z) V Z
# c*
7c*
Y D `g g @*
B 10
,gzZC; Z
# c*
cq
wZtm(Black Burn)y'
~g yZ {)z {)z @*
7
z Y (~ V:g @*
wV;z VZ
xEv& c*
xE yZ q**
kZ [Z 99 j V!*
D`

79

h]
+
.gzZ ]5 0 xEyZz { E
+Zkg ZgzZ  F
F6,]c*

]zZ bq
-Zt D 7.Zz yZ  gWt ]c*

?
gJ
-Vx ZZt

kZ wZ Z q
-Z
z wZt \WIV~g @zZp *
*
T {z f ]x+C
V-gE- s: ~i Z0
+Z
tt]!*
Zg1DwVyZ {z;g7m *,
K9yzgzZ,zy~kg ZD.Zz**

%ZkZ]Z|
.28F
F
He
$z nJ 7, kZgzZ @*
Y c*
J 7,(chapter) H
KgzZ [!*
gzZo Zc
z ]c*

*Bt]Z|tD C
y]Z|t a kZ D7]gz ~gz kZ T D @*
Y c*
o Z
f
et ]Z|t
/Z l D B]zZ q ,z
kZgt tm{,*V;z D @*
7 (Z~kg Z
!*b Ca kZ 5*z c 6,kZQgzZ CY
D CY ~1V nZ Z bgzZ @*
Y Hg ]c*

6, V!*
k^C
bgzZ @*
Y c*
k^]!*
gz$ b
-Z ~ f  @*
q
t bkZ D D Y Zh Z
kZ._ gzZ  @*
Y Za g ~_s gzZ 6!*
g ZG 0*
DnwEZf
,ce **
:t gZ Qh
eNkZi
]!*
g D ]zZ uZugzZ g " gzZ " zz% *
]c*
6 z.
: gzZ C ~p~
Cm{ ~ yZ: ]z
G
4
&
E

h
g YK7]c*
z h J
- ` W XZgz~kZ Wt
 Za ]!*
t ~ f h
+
 g W gz kc 

82

gzZ ?5 yZ \W ? xE y{z \WDX~

? Z HyZ~h
+]
.gz

@*
Y L
L c*
t \W~5 wZkZ IV~g@zZp *
*
G
\W~R'
,DX`xE ,Z~G
0xE
]!*
Zt YF
F6,
.**
Y (Z wZ? xEy{z
.Zz xEyZ @*
W7(Z q
-Zt V Zz ]!*
kZ
t D( sgpt) *xE}g t 79]!*
t BDV
b
Z Zg~ yZyC
~ x C
J
- ` W ]Z XZ KZ xE
xEZt [Z kZ wZZ ;g D VzZ VZzg gzZ ]3
D @*
6,
tztzfg ZG 0*
gzZ` Z'
**
q y.z
xEV#V#,Z,Z yZZzZm gZ x Z gWF
g
Zkg~Z
# gzZ]>V#V#+Z+ZyZ~xEyZC

}g +]
. y.z xEyZ Za ]!*
t ~ f }7
-eZ
kZ ]Z|Zz W~gzZ H XZxEyZ VrZy
KZ b
/5g !*
i kZ
HHyz y.z xEyZ ~ y!*
i TgzZ
77Zz!*
 yZ **
Z s H  Y
D7(Z
/
77?M
C
h
g ~g Y l V1 Zzp
pg m y.yZ D Wwt
gzZIQ= \h D ;g []> gZx Z m<!*

kZ D ;g @*
wEZ6,ZgzZ c*
0*
~ Dg D
Dg D b s}uz| (,WgzZ g f(, ~b
g u **
Z_h'
,%gzZ gZx Z k
,
[g= \h bkZ
t ZtQgzZ D ;g @*

u0*
gzyWZ ?g

81

f Z
# axV]t \W
E
g[t LZxE~)Dg Z ~g Zi"` 0Ei
gzZ ;e **

Xgt kZZ
# gzZZgzZ ;e *
*i
-Z Z
q
# pD#;e *
*iX Z
#
Dxq
-ZVX~g
Hc*
CwZ~z[gzZ
Hc*
{],
Z
+]
h
.gzZ ]5 9y t ]x+C
V-gE- %Z
I
\
0 Dcegz**
.Zzkg Z IZ}g yZg Wt ]c*

I
D 0\6i Z/
g J 7,
[*kZv\W~kg ZVY (Z
/Z IV]
?'Y7VY6,
]c*
h
+]
. **
J 7,
/Z ?

 ~ [Z 3 wZ \WZ Z IV~g @zZp *

*
6,wZkZW~h @*
awZa kZ {z
HHn
kZgzZI~
Ckg Z}gt Zg ]!*
D 4
8
V- [ {z a e
$z nkZ D r z
z `z
:~<
}g Dk^gzZ Ye
$.{z  K
M F,
5gzZ [6 a T @*
Za wh
+]
.:gzZ
8t*
a}g X U*
Z { s sZ}g ]gz~z"
{ ZpmTW~z,Z ]Z XZ6 9tV;D
akZ D ]q}g 7]Zm}g Zzc*
Z !*
.Zz XZwZ]Z ZyZ 7]gzyZP5
Zg+C
]Z XZyZ c*
z~h~
# qtgzZ D **

D CY~g7Za
G
R'
,
xE*,Z~G
0xE @*
YV IV]

84

wB 11 ` WgzZpV-Z$
+wB6gzZga wB8QgzZgzwB8
x wq
-Z Z (Z~ yxg%Z DV ;gg Z
/0
+
i~ !*
W;
xg ~ pV Z'
,wB3B2gzZ !*
Z!Z i Zd
$xZgZ wq
-Z p
0*
[jgzZ ! @*
[s~ Y Ze { ~
/Z6,N*
Z e kZ D Z
DYHg Zd
}g7 z~-T7+Z
0*
hbTD 
yNt~kwZv
wq x Z fbZ Lg s gzZ s ~gY*gzZ [Zy

Dx{z D7gyZv N Y{gW(q

-Z {z
/Z
~gYY g D kwZ0] o]n '
,
Z'
,
# gzZ
Z
DTgs zu 0*
{zb
[Z1 g& 
q
-Zw\W~q Z 4,
~gzZ IV]
~kZ N Za Vc*
gz ~ Vp V~ {uk
Bt

/Z ? ]gGr H Z 0*
,g _
'
OZ
'
,
iq
-Z ~ <
L IZ
?D7VY7]Z|\W
yZpZ Za s %Zdq
-Z f IV~g @zZp *
*
QgzZ ~ Za ]g q Z 4,
-Zs %ZZ V Zz+ f
q
kZ CYu V Z KZ k
BC
D .Zz bhZ kZ * Z
p~V ` Wp
/Z]Z W,Zk
B kZ D Zwq k
B
1 #
@*
k
B kZ D n
pg ` Z'
Z VyZ
*]
.\W ` WDXlg Z2Z] q Z hg7a
.6XLZ c*
V Z 3E
d%a kZ D Z] !*
kZ {z D
Tg px` WgzZ D Zqz **
Y**
Wp=x Z1
Gr M
ha kZ D Tg D] 5 Y xz fV;z

83

A-4X
G
E 9yz {z V1 ~g Zz ~ VogVZ )F
G
3 vZ z )z
4G
5_ wqZ i ~z [ b[ G
G
0E
E
g c*
Z%zoD Mg D[4ZD*Z ,ZD[SZDM B!*
ZUC
~ y.zxEyZ D 3g ~g Y_ y.z xE{)z {)z ZDz
D7f *Z
7o1% ) c*
C
gz m e
$ Z y.z xEyZ
{z%Z **
V7xEt~gzC
h
+]
.c*
*{ Zpwc*
wq c*
{ Zp: i
D ;g:: i xEyZ[Z wtyZ.Zz**
y.zxEyZ ]Z|
 c*

gZx Z7t6,V Zz_tg zp
% yZ ~ b) gzZ yzz **
~gZ xEZ ~ yZ
D7g {g ex Zy
}g Z Zq
-ZJ
-V\Wv6,
gx IV]
?VY (Z M
h{g7hZz
c*
V f *Z {g Z Z {z { Zpx Z f IV~g @zZp *
*
t:
L Zg kZ D @*
Yk
,
/**

kwZ7Z L?Y Zg Z
pD C~glkZ tig V CY z
KZ tig
Zz[W}7Zwj }} D[ZkZ UC

{)z @*
YZa X ]}gzZ7
ogq
-}7)
=zz Tg D Za [Zz ]q,ZC
a}D{)z
yZ VrZ 
x { Zz [xZ } t Z7,*
* k wZ
/ZpD c*

g 0*
[jgzZ! @*
=% a{ ^
,Y]q
1wB5Z }7(Z {z Y N*
Ze k wZ}k
,
~h
p~'
,xsZwB3QgzZg 6g7 xZg Z wB3p~'
,xsZ

86

pZ ZY g ~g **

y 0*
c ZKE:

gzZ4z]
. z$
+: {]t Z
 Hy ~ Y 1947
gzZIV1ypzu {
Hqzgz *q
-Z 6 gz

s6,}iz!*
kZpIo,BV\Wu **

V zzz gx **
~ Za Vc*
gz ~ V ,
g ZP g Z
'
,g pgzZ Cg QB ` W~ V
~wqc ZKEr
# ZY g ~g**
<

s M yZ p=6,}gz c*
+Z
&

b!*
VVz s BZq

] z r
# ~g DW-q
-Z6,] q Y ( d
\vZ Z*9g pZ ZZ **
=Z gZ
# ~RZ ~ Y 1924

45!9g \ WZZ D g=Z g G

4G
5!9g
~ G
0E
0E
G

]|[ xZyZgzZ ZzV{Z[ ZZ

# Q q
E
E
|
/ZVz Z
c*
gtGG
0q9g {g Z Z {LZ=Zg

kgzgzZ W|
/Z{ Z_ZzLZ r
# ~g 1
E
-
x **
B Zx Z6,gSag
$ukgQ 

**
Y**
Wy 0*
\ Wg !*
FD H{ .Zw~J_
/
zkZ\ WDk
,
+5
$jz6,
gxY 1957y
s !*
;g

+
$Y #
gzZ M wwh e
$zg y 0*
|(

D`{gz Z{

85

D| (,
Ww2F~{ YkZ V
s:a
m{h
+]
.]W~}g !*
whe
$zg] DTE IV]
ekZ?
]c*
yZgzZ . s sZ H ? Zg H\W
wEZ{h
+]
.]Wa] VY ?M
hYK~
? 0*
,
'
g_
OZ~y**

{h
+]
.]WJ
- V a wh ]o IV~g @zZp *
*
Dce *
*q {Z
+gz kZJ
-ukZ  M
h }B <
}g
D7]P`
s ZZ .s sZ LZv!*
f oZ~{ .ZkZ
M
hVJ
-LZ^6,wZ Cs sZZ
#
y**
~ zg yZa Z
ZLZ ?~
# q Hs ZZ
W'
,
ZyZ X
vZY
KZ YYHgzg _
OZ
Dg V~gx Yk
]gz
?W,
@*
c*
x \Wa]g Z Z>gzZMg IV]

[8gzZ {h
+`

) ) ~g gx YIV~g @zZp *
*
-~Z LZikZgzZV9q))x
J
}}z  L 1mm}V ~ kZ 9t D Lg (
wY& YkCz ]:kZ1 C kC:V
D
H yZ V
: V ]


( Y 2004y {g )

88

Y0y 0*
 @*
tg
z kZ[, k
,
yZ ~
QyZk
,
Zy 0*
Va Y#
{q
-ZaxsZ
xsZ y 0*
x 
Ctg [}uzQ tZ
bZ Z}uz c*
2- zg- bTD Y { i Zzg Z
SD Y ZL y 0*
x  y
y 0*
hgg !*
y CZ { Z ({ Zp:gz F:
L y 0*
]'!*

}g \ vZ b ZWZZ
+k\ZpD Le **
Y7
wj ~Z
Zq
-Z~y 0*
` WDn W7t }iZ { c*
igzZ
**
Y g r
# [-ZwpZzf xsZM W~Y 1956
Y g gzZ[zZgzC
y 0*
- ` WkZD c*
J
7Z
` WD e W7~z J
- ` W{z g
c*
g sZ D ;ggz
g W7gU*
W! xkZp sz^~kZy
70&80V;zpY YgzWg !*
yZvZ +
$Y 
~ 30&25 D hZz ]c*
Vkg 0*
x V;z v
D#
sZT e ,Zv
?yZ
(c*
x Z?yg Z)f **
kZIV]
7Z M
h 7gZf kZ x ZD : pZ Z Y g ~g
7x Z H VrZ ZgzZ c*
W~ z y 0*

Dgx **
{zp V ~ V Z+(gzZ M
h
e
$g/6,V;z: VMV &VY~g Z)f kZ Zg
p y 0*
sZtg/a sZD#
sZ:gzZ ~
~ V1 M WsZ V;z:gzZtg/sZ ~ y 0*
: ~ |
D x **
6,
RiM W{zp ~M WV;z

87

?VYgzZ]
\Wy*zyD :]
)} (,
LZ~Y 1950~y*zyD :pZ ZY g ~g
@kZ ;g @*

YkZQ
Hy 0*
Y r
# ~C
i Z ( Z )
Z;?a "
$z #
Z cZKE KszczgV;z
z"
$z#
Z~KkZVa1=f}uzgzZ
^ bkZ [ J 7,zZ F,
~]
.) ~uz y 0*
~J
-w
}xV;z~1956&57p [Y 1950&49i Wy 0*
M&Z m,
z B. Catagery~ ikZ De
$V;z=gzZ
H
DC]i YZYWy 0*
g !*
6&5~wZ
?zzm{ ?VY]y 0*
\WD :]
Z (,
w Y 19477]y 0*
~D :pZ ZY g ~g
{ Zg Z ]g !*
g !*
~
Hg
/w Y 1948bZ
Hg
/{z u **

oTc*
W7 OYS0
+~Y 1948e7]pH

z{zQgui **
$.]qJ
e
-g e& ]Z Yh
+~
$z#
"
Z KE H7g66,]q=
Hg
/
-Z~Y 1950Q~ qz#
q
i 5V ~ Z7,**
IV;za
E
-B
~#
}
._x) Zx Zag
$u gzh
+'
w
D Z7g (Z=]akZ ;g~JsZ9g
x Z Z}
.
HHTx y 0*
D : ]
?gZ)fkZvy 7
/Z?7c*
ZZg7{z
Ha sZ{ y 0*
x D : pZ Z Y g ~g
8 {z~ D p=|
/Z;gE- Z
# b ZWZZ
+
H

90

g W6,VvC
!*
{z D7Zz% eyZ yZ
Hc Z~ yZ {)z {)z
U b!*

U Vc*
h  Ze g ^
y*zy {zkZ D g]uZzbkZ~ y 0*
}g7 7
~ y*zy ce g \WkZ t
Vc*
 ~ y 0*
gzZ
n
Hc*
{
x : ZgZ Y x ! Zx : Zg Zi ~Y 1947

Hc*
~ Y 1947~ y*zyZ6,
zZx Z !*
 Vzg Z }i
Z
#  Zi W~ e
$g/ x Z~ y*zy }g7  zz
D !*
x ~g Zi !*
x ~g Zu J
- ` W~ y 0*
!*
C
!*
gzZ Zi W~Vzsx Z 0*
akZ Z}
{z]i YZ yZ%0*
Vzg Z}i c*
Vzg ZuDLZx ZN Y
kZ c*
c*
^zz s %Vzg Zu
/ZD M
h } 7^zz CZ
N YbuyZ c*
Y1VZ&ZpykZ c*
Yc*
y
B80 Y\WgzZ ~ Vzs~ Zi WV}g bkZ D
~Vs9J
-[Z6,
V;ztq W~g C
!*
~ !*
W
n"c*
# i ZD ~Z
r
Z V ;zzz Tm 7 e
$g/
{ x ~g Zu~ kZ We
$g/ ~gzyZg 3Zzf c*
/
D e7
0
+e K x } (,} (,Xq Vx r
# y
Zi W #
ZkZ g7hZ ~(, VrZ mZ
yZtD~ x **
wwhe
$zg L Lwq
-Z Z kZ
Dgx **
{z~8{x ~g ZupD)**
g Z(,
?q
-~kZvygzZ
HHVYx >{D :]
trD ZgzZ YZwZt\WvZY 
D : pZ ZY g ~g

89

?VYy
W @*
YHg
zu~VzZ$
+*c ZD :]
s kzg~yj
jZtzzkZ D :pZ ZY g ~g
y 0*
gzZt * ~g{zc*
~
TgzZ
Hc*
~
VrZ  v Zzp
pg f xsZ ~ * ~g7 x Zx
D
H)^I{zgzZkzgT Hkzg~yj
jZ
c~* ~g7+@W4ZkZ
H:Zz 3kzgZ
#
~  ~ yj
jZ s kzg D
Hc*
Zsg TerroristgzZ
/
[}uzgzZ~:^{z y 0*
{z q
-
Va y 0*
wi **
6,yj
jZ Z
# 9&11p Z
Z
o
/cZ~* ~g7akZ yj
jZ 6,g5Z'
C } 7,
I aZ e6,
,~g7kZD Y
y
V c*
g V x ** y

}i \W e 
H {Z ` WgzZ ZX q Z(, q
-ZB}g bkZ
YE9
kzg~yj
jZ~g tx **
 {)z{)z~HH ~ 5E
DZa s

y W6,
gwV?zzH*Z$
+cZ SpD : ]
~Z
Z~ V- 
1
e ~ga
8b!*
3 tz 6,VvV;z
VY ~ y 0*
]uZz 9 bkZ D{)z Z~ #
gzZ +`
'
?D
g7\Q [Z~#
gzZ+`
'D :pZ ZY g ~g
(  t zz kZ  m 0
+
i ~ \Wp
 ~ x x ZgzZ  _g D 6 gz

{z  )

92

r
# Vx~ i kZ ssZ
) ) 6,gwV
zx **
kZ *
@Y ?
Z
+q
-Z Z
# ~ sZ
) ) Y\W1
Z;?D ;gq
-~>{
) )C
bkZ @*
Y$
y
K
>~[q
#
-~ kZ <
L IZ} f}uzgzZ
D
?# {>D :]
yZ # kZ f y*zy D : pZ Z Y g ~g
6,gLZ ce **
7q Z A
$kx  I V
~ V D Zg Z fZX ~ Z q
-Zt ce (,W
v q Z # q Z q
-Z Zg s %ZVz C ]!*
-Z
q
w}D C ~gZ ~zx ~Z T Vz
Q M KWh
+'
kZ ce **
Zg s %Z ~
q
-Z ce 7#s '
, kZ  D Wt U }uz
#ce 7#ce **
Zgs %Z~ :WV
g0
+Z }g Z(,t D Y ] Zg
kZ q
-ZZ
# cet **
q Df
e #Zgs %Z
Zg s %Z }uz C
 jzt zaw
D: { W6,
#}uzpZgKZ {zg
?Zg jywhe
$zg]o` W~y 0*
D :]
Z
(z#
#
0*
D :pZ ZY g ~g
gzZ
!*
ge kZ ~ wwhe
$zg L Lq
-Z Zi W!*
c*
CY ]
Zg { Z'
,w~
/
% g @*
B 29
/Z w~
/
%q
-Z
Zg yakZ i
/
%{z Q] V!*

91

wZtx Z
zkZ @*
$ZZ
# Iw15&10` W
DW~ f x T, ^zz Kg0*
{z @*
y.6,
bkZ sZ
) ) xsZ} f y 0*
} f ~ y 0*
a
Z Zpv\WZ
#  H qz7tx Z){gG
~f <x gzZ x TYc*
^zzN
~uz
) )C
~\W ;g x **
xsZq
-ZC
~\W ?W
D #
))
y.6,{zJ
-V +Z
+Vo) ]!*
tZ
#
:W VrZ D q Z g0
+Z LZ wZt x Z Z7,' 7ZgzZ
ce**
Yz5~:Wb: V Ht)~
t c*
`J
-wz wkZ 3q
- B L LU VrZ
Y c*
{ Z'
,
u kZ Zt wZQ[Z D ]!*
w 6&7
~w'
,
) ) ~(,

~yZ) 6,V;z Y\W 6

Z szcZji *zg 2

+
gzZp ~
) ) z<
L IZ
c*
{ Z'
,
uzZ
+
Za kZ
) ) Z e
$Z Ht
Z
+t !*
ZgZ { 
)
K
Zz h[zZZ
+ODY
>{ L
L w$
+x **
3q
- B L LZ Z
+{zZ
# D
H1
<sZ{[Zg D 
] kZ]|] @*
D
Hc*
g
x c*
x **
x x **
yW
x {z { Zpa f

) ) uZz t Z V x {> L
L x **
<
D qG@*
]Z|IZ
TWt w
?yc*
vy+Z
+ ZkZD :]
+Z
+}g Vo) KZ KZ D :pZ ZY g ~g

94

D{)zb)whe
$zggzZY ZMZ
qz~ yZ  D Wb)h
+]
.bkD : pZ Z Y g ~g
 Hn ~ 6pce **
gzZ @*
s %ZgzZWZ~
m Y ZMZ6,$Z e }ce b 78
-g #Zg s %Z
kZ gzZmvZ G
*9g r
# vZ g ?]|~ y 0*

bZgzZ c*
:ZG)QmvZ G
*9g { 
]_Z1Z **
]|
gzZ c*
:i Z r
# 1Z { 
?**
]|
~y*zy
4
4E
5G
-Z ~ ekZ D ^
q
,Y **
Z8I a EG
}w]gc*
i c*
:t
]|~ 
mvZ G
*9g _x)]|VznZz ]g @*
VrZIWy 0*
 ~ Zr
# @**

E
7
V)lc*
],
Z)l s _)w&z
# _g !*
r
-Z\W
q
/Z ^g~zckZ~ ;g
I r
# _pD Y~hyZ, Zy~^g
yZ ~yZzz I sgzZ W7y 0*
spZ8
HwZ yZ ~gzZ Wy 0*
{zZ
# V QI Z
~ c*
} : i Z r
# 1Z ?) f *Z}
DV^ y 0*
 e ~ Z8I a }w^
6,kZ ;g :i Z x6,kZJ
-Z
# X q
-Z,g\W
gzZ } (,pmvZ G
*9g r
# )Z
# g D
yZQ WZ x Z va D 6,kZ Zg i Z 4
~ ZgzZ g W Dg # Y # yZQ Y #
zgf~yZb)h
+]
.z!*

yZpD a}g
Zg s %Z kZ @*
Zg s %Z ~ kZ
/ZgzZ Dce **

93

yn,
z 8gzZ-i
+g 0*
gzZ CyZ e
$zg w~
/
%Q @*
Y1
kZVz Ct\W~}g !*
wkZ D CZgzZ CY
~ kZ vC
 7v
) ) c*
m{ s~
Dxa
yZ kZakZgzZ

@*
YH6,gkZ { .Z b~y 0*
{z
) ) f
~u 0*
$ua p7c*
g
ee
$zg ` WD CZz]A
] ]^ n ^ jm ]_ jm]
Hc*


ee
$zg0
+e` WCtV Zz]AakZ n%$F
7w)ZZz bkZ D @*
7yZ e
$zg @*
Y W70
+eJ
-Z
#
Z?zp Zg W)u V ~uuc*
W
+egzZg { izgN0
0
+e c*
W~g
$u c*
yZ6,
gs r
#
kZ D~g7 g @*
MY 0
+e ~g z'
,
Z
/ZgzZ zN
-Z
J
#e
$gzzgzZ c*
gz
/
z!*
ykZe
$g Zzs
~ y 0*
~X0
+etW D Y H7yZ 0
+e C 7
C

) !*
WZ wC
Xt ~ y*zy V \W yje
$.
IZgzZ sZ

) ) g
$uIZ ~ - ~ w} Lg
-Z wC
q
gzZ YiX , V w bkZ
b)vgzZ t :z b {zkZ D Y {z @*
Y0wj
aib)yZfce xg Zz6,
gZ. f~
'g g \Wa kZ gz c*
zt a ce O
D0*
W: tZ Y~c*

z]!*
hZ ]gz
H{C
b ~b)X~y*zyzzHy
WD : ]
6,$Z e Z
/I ? CYC'
,7]~b)yZ~y 0*
@*
Y

96

g
ua
Zz h{z J
-Z
# guJ
-
z kZ ytW
VrZZ
# g D O+
M
KZx Z.ZgzZg Ds Zzwg
hM%Z \W& x ~uz(yZ \vZ 1 CZ kZ
M
/Z yZh +

M
KZ x Z .Z Zg0
+Z u 0*
zyR'
,` WD c*

gs
# Zg Z}
.y Yqzx 6,
M
+
KZx Z.Z~VVz
DN Yi\W\Wb)}g Y
~z ~y 0*
-[Z+`
J
' 7stHD : ]
? @*
Y
w {gG k ` W 7]!*
+Z 7D : pZ Z Y g ~g
D]Z Y~ +`
')z +`
'Z
# wq]g bkZ
g YD]bkZ W~g Z~gz=[Z
D c*
hgI`
'[Z\WLZ+`
'zz
c= ~uu ! ~ y 0*
 Ztr~ Z
H\WLZ {z y 0*
y*zy v {)z {)z y
 1wJx **
kZ VrZ`
'{z 0*
Z6,
yZ?}
Cg @*
gzZ^KZ VyZQD 7Z'
,~ kZg
yZ N V yZ ~ ekZ N6,{ Zg F,
+`
'Cg
OZ :7 VM Za Terrorist gzZ
/c V
CZV gzZ Vw= V-uu VgzZ i W #
gzZ
^KZ[ZgzZ Hspx **
CZVrZA
$Zg ZgyZZ
# CgCgQD 1
4$ {L
4$ `
3E
3E
D 1g HG
L HG
'x **

XBZe zg6,
0
+
i]qZm=Zg]|D :]
?H{@xp\W

95

fy 0*
~ kZX yn,
z 8bZ Dce **
{Z
+#
Z
9 6,yn,
z 8{zx Zwz ^
,Y**
9 C
!*
,q6,
kZgzZ Hzg
tIZD ^
,Y9 6,yn,
z8{z ^
,Y9 C
!*
,qgzZx Zw
x ZBB]%ZyZ fgzZg D]%ZbkZ
DD6,
kZ{z @*

gq
- 4,
Xg| (,
W
\Wg Z)f kZg[Zy

y$
+y]u0*
zyD : ]
? V
z  g I I ] sVz D : pZ Z Y g ~g
YZa/_
.+
M
KZx Z.ZgzZYWwZZ
/Z~yZgZ)fkZ
%z Y m
CZx +
M
KZx Z.Z Y \W \W~I Z ~g t
akZY m

CZzY m
CZy
W9}g Va gzZW ]x
^] m ^] nc*

\WD c*
gzi6,
kZ\W{ c*
i
~ ` W I^nq ^] j ^^ ne^ j yW

;g Y +
M
KZx Z .Z {z t
Z(,
 ~ * Cc*
F,
gzZ
&
HgzZg7 I gzZI **
2-g-/GG
O ZgzZz#

s Zzw avZ G
*} Z Zg tst
?g
G
a ZxgzZ $ CZ f KZ s yZgzZ a x
~* @WZ(,yZ }O #LZ W **

-8F
BG
4G
5F
5E
 g t ~ yj
jZ  g t ~ t Z7
t~ G
gzZ}C (C
g t~g
N VZ g @*
~g7 \W7 ` Ws]!*
gzZ z#
 @*
Y
6,VZg Hg6Z ]q
H7 }yB
D(
I~~ q s(x c*
VZg kZ

98

yZt nCW{)z B
@*
c*
WZ Za
yZ ByZ D Wb Z~|
/ZDy!*
yW! ZF,
x g0
+Z
~|
/Z~ ) Z kZ Y 1945&Y 1944Y !*
Z C Z e
Zi Wo6,g}g7 Vzm,
Z V Zz>~T q
-
g=ZgT
$**
V }g ZzV{@
**

z kZ D Hc_
V
CD c*
Zg5 ~{+} (,
Z+gzZ
^ !*
Vzm,
Z Y !*
Z W]!*
tZ
#
zkZ DZg5
y*zy~xWS0
+ Yzg5 ~gzH **

gg } ~{)z !*
W Z%yy
WDM
hX} }uz
y
W ^ !*
Vz ~ m,
Z Zg Z
#  g ]J 
} V; LZ {z D Za 7VY/_
.t ~ V
bq
-Z ~ gzi6, g5Kg xWS0
+sD(
}uz x VrZ g: Z ] ~g Q kZ D yv
Dh 8I~g gzZ Z Zg  c*
C~ ygzZb hg }
VrZ ZD Z c*
Vzm,
Z t Hg6,QkZ
D @*
c*
W cZ @*
 D c*
qz **
~0gzZ D c*
hg**

~
W 3Y !*
Zt q @*
c*
W|
/Z <a**
]ZuF,
p ZzI
gzZ tzf !*
} (,~ "hzZgzZ
 b hg < } LZ VrZ Z
# ~ e
~!zgzZ Kzgs~Vy
WD D hg W W3
zayZ ~~V pg FD 3B"g
6,
gm{1 D 3,q~uz g >Z CY0h
+W,
Kzg
:gzZ 7~& [zZt0
+
iY!*
ZD c*
3h
+W,
z

97

~ Y 1924Za ~V [ C ~ 6D : pZ Z Y g ~g
g]| Z
/
Zz~V kyZ~
Hg!*
~~Y 1934
~ ~'
, d
$
Z )z \vZ g pZ ZZ)=Z
}gzZ a | 7,}**
}g 0*
B4B3 ~ Z
#
z kZ
 : Y Z Y7w1{ c*
i Y!*
Z~ ZgZtyW
g0
+Z
_7,
NyW
a ~T{zq
-Z bz V Zz"7,yW
~g
\W= ~ _7,Ng Z-gzZ~T{z ~uzgzZ
~zz KZV7,Ng Z-gzZ ~, ~ 4Z
NgZ-gzZ~bV}uz t' ;g 0*
w17
~ yZ0
+{ LZgzZ HgzZ H qz ~ bkZ DV7,yW

g W ~ V_8&10~yZ0
+{}Va yW
q
 ;yZ tgzZ c*
q
Y !*
Z 7q
@*
. ]Zg &~ KE ~
H g~ * ~g7 yW
Z
gzZ gI * ~g7 gzZ @*
)g f yn,
z 8 ~ * ~g7 V
DD Wyp
~ =Zg]| kZjzl}g7 Y 1934~
9g !*
Wg[ZV;z~pRZ {zZ
# gz {zyZ
~fyZzz V1Zg=Zg{zkZ H
~'
, Wp~'
,{z V;z~^^! Z~jggzZ
y~ ikZ wj V1Z~|
/Z |
/ZQp
CW Cg ^
,
)0*
{z T @*
W Z nm{q
-Z
C 
yZ bZ C 8I ~g ZM Zz { 
Z]
.Zz [ZgzZ
ZzC Z ~r]g[pe
$.~B; CWC
!*
}

100

yZgzZ w"k0*
yZ g zv6,
9
/Zd
gzZ D F,
Zr
# ZzQB| 7,
i T e7,
i ~yZv
D~Vzi ~^yZx ZtD J 7,
i {,
~g Z ZzgIgzZ<~0*
+
M
KZx Z .Z~r
# Zz
Kg6,V ;z ( } F,
Z vZ ) tgtZeY V ~ ` W
H VKZ0
+{ Y\WK Z0
+{ ~g tKq
-Z
Y~ kZV LZa !*
WkZ r
# Zz @*

_7,i ~KR
q
-Z { zppg !*
W{ z @*
7,,i ~ kZ
~g Zg Z)]|Z Z\ W~KZgzZ D~ Z s MZ
# Zz{ z}g Z
r
/
Br
# ZzypgJ
-V 3B 2Y 1944
r
# Zzi F Vy Z0
+{ D Dx "7,B
'!*
s \ Wg Z)fKgzZ  _7,i ~KkZ \W
[
Z pDz 7Z  g  { z r
# Zz D D
i a kZ D { c*
i6, h kZ D **
!*
W Z ]
.RZ
~ Vy Z~ i kZVa D}> c*
}Z'
,{ z e D7,D
De
$- ~h
?Hi Z0
+Z V=Zg]|D :]
7 V Y 1944 r
# Zz D : pZ ZY g ~g
+ Zg z ?r
# Zz D Hp ~wzZ g {g !*
V;
] YZy
Z LZ]Z|
t C'
,V {Z 2 ~h
+i + ZI
| l,e t qD D c*
:
r
- z c*
-Zp,zB 12
q
9
F
.

5 6,zZkZ Bq
D Y w wY}uzgzZ G
-Z
VrZ { z kZ D _7,p ~r
# Zz6,kZQgzZ

99


yZ ~sq
-Z D]Z@x}
V;gye
$Zzg
/Z**
~{7Z D@ 7zg yZs~uzgzZ@
RZtgg
$-Z V V}g ;gE- cZ]
C f *Zr
#
VrZ Z
# gzZ ;gf r
# Zzyq
-Z ~ {p
L
L W:Zz bs 7zghg
r
# Zz
~ D
Hc*
wq
-Z ~kV- 7zg
/Z ~
g Z ~g @*
@*
{ zl!*
zg''
V\WuZzR'
,
tZ` V\W~g7!r
# Zz~Y 1944
W~uz Q ;g x **
c6,
W c*
Zg Vzm,
Z & wh Z(,
Dgzm "7, Y !*
ZkZgzZ D
Hx **
{z c*
Zc6,
W
x Dr
# /Zp?c*
D Zc*
{)zo{zkZ
: Zizg t Cq ]D D Z /Z p?[Z V :
o8&7&6~%q
-Zf
eZ=a[Zr
# ?W 8&7
g D
+DD Y D Z[Zg Zz sq
-ZkZgzZ D Z7,
}g Z
# gzZ 9g 4B10 0*
Z { z ~ i
~ ig D
+z kg
3 { og KZ \WA
$ D YJZ { E
+Z
6,p ~zDgzZ <g ~ ]zZ {v D 7 \W
~D c*
Z5Z zkZ Zc6,
WW\WZ
# ~Y 1944 q
gzZ~Y 1945
Hh ZzByZg !*
&zK ^FBr
# Zz
ypggzZ ~ y@
H~ Y 19 47 ~y
W ~ Y 19 46Q
: D 7 _7,i
) ) " yZ ~ LD Zg
/~ y 0*
y4~^a#
}
.Br
# ZzD?y:gzZ~|
/Z: ~RZ
# Zz g6,Z a4B15Z
r
# ~h D Z vZ

102

tZ+Zg**

pg sxz$Z9gzz!*
z x YL L9dZk
,

G
*9g ~ tZx { 
zZpv!*
sg ~~~,g !*

s !*
~g / }g
/
mvZ

gzZ Zz ~ {**
IpEc m { { \ WD q

**
x **
0
+
i
dq
-Z} Z { Z D !*
WZ Z {D
ZZ D ~ Y 1944] z \ W D tZ +Z g

~ Y 1968
) Z
D W~ Zk
,
i Vg )
, { Z {

,6,}g=Zg~ !*
^
Wy IVZ Ztm,
9g \ W

\ WDg6,
Z ~
H
BeYY 1974@*
Y 1970Z
#

,
'
ZB25 W,
O ] }
. gzZ V6& +gD
+gzZ N d

` g Z Z Zm ~g Zg Z)Z KgY 1974

z }g Z Z ! pz \ WJ
-wB9 D H4 \ Wx Z

9g L L~ pg a
)
Z z +Y 1983QgzZ c*
`

\W~ID H{g Z Z (x **
sxz$Z

{ izg {gG ~ x Z gz g Z Z \ W * ] }
.
\ W x YL L 9V B10Z
# 
]g Z Z
g L L

N W6,x \ WD ;g 
Zk
,
i

w !*
] Z}n[ " Z`]g @*
~X
E
Df.
tZ]gzZ iZ ZiF,

101

gzm V\Wr
# Zz Z
# Y 1944V ; D 
7Lk
,
z
mvZ -g{ z~ kZ D c*

Vzzk
,
D Y V
 { z
/gzZ c*

M ; z % D Hy ~ i Z0
+Z kZ bc
D @*
c*
Yg

?
VrZ<g D :]
Z ~ 0
+
i ]|dZ r
# Zz D : pZ Z Y g ~g
r
# Zz D og ]|dZ6,V4c*
3D c*
qz r
c*
x ;@*
z " VrZ H7x ~ i g D
+z kg

/
LZPz @*
9g
zq
-ZZ
# ~V
/
Q c*
H~V$
 Y7 t Nzt ~p
J
-){)z +Zgz ?
Dqp~zDc*
<g
?x \WaMgkZgzZgx YD :]
] ~(, gx Y% ~ Z
# D : pZ Z Y g ~g
 ZkC=QDM
h YZ Zy
W/gzZ&} (,
\W
gzZmvZ G
*9g \ Wx) mvZ G
*9g ~g Z g Z)t
gzZ ~g }p!g D #
ZgzZ;
+ yg )
,
s %Z {gtq
-Z Z\WpgVZ
/]D Zd
x Y { C
~ D #
#gzZgp+
M
KZx Z .Zp *
*A
~ Z~(, Mg kZ~ cZV k7, ~0*
g
D} J
- `zx !*
+'
h
Z \vZ
( Y 2007~g{g )

104

g * .g sZkg ZHD :D :tZ+Zg*

*
#Z ` ZcgzZ #Z~Q c*
 mgz D n ZgzZ ~
VodgzZg z!*
6,
VyZD!*
DH6,
x **
Y 1982D @*
x Z m{ kZ ~ V5~g *m{ D @*
YH
7 !*
,(Z
# D q
-~~g * 0pE
W[Zi Zd
$xZgZ~
\f6,
Vz( c*

Zm Zt )]| I6,
nZ
VrZ D6,nZ ~6,@zZp)]|6,kZ D Z
D  Z\fRs7+gHL L:i ZzW
V od6,V ~ g * 1 \W [ Z
-Zt x **
q
{ z e ] !*
V5 Zg [ Z ~gzVY
Dce~ oV Zz Z* gq
-Z ]g iz0
+Z gzZ ]gzp
@*
Y c*
b 0*
6,gzgzZ 6,Zg WgzZcgr e ~gz)
KZ  D YK + gH Zz%1 v^Z egzZ i !*
[ ~h
+z D
s~uzgzZ g yZ f Z sq
-Z D g Z
/] Zg ~ kZ
g {g x Z V\W? T g: Zzg ~h +gHgz&
pl
sC
izg}uz D gk\Z LZgzZ i" D
g ZD
D ay

[zgJ egzZ py

9zgz6,
vZg [ Z ? 5 Hx Zb 7 pD g ZD
k& gzZ
6f { z ` WDDa b & ZH k\Z DgzZ [
D {g0y
1zg+gHgz&,ZgzZV5yZ~\WQD : ]
?ce**
Ha
,Z D YY 7zgZ Z7,^ Zg J D : tZ +Zg *
*

103

z]gzZD ~k
,
<
L IZ
) )` W~ HD : ]
u \W
Z `zkZ (Z
/Z D wd { c*
i ~ yZy V
?0
+!*
A &+g D

+
g0
+Z
) )~g ~ D :tZ+Zg*
*
D ~k
,
! ,!*
D X6,&
+
e { E
+Z,z [ZgzZ ]c f
] V **
DgzZ" sV ZyVz]gzZ
}iVzo[x tU{yvTD[c*
bgz6,
=g fbgzZ
+Z`
gzZ Vz]1DCYg Z~h<
L IZ
 7}BVzTD D 0*
g7g Z2Z~ hLZZ
D
) !*

Z
zkZf kZ1
**
]|gzZ -Z$
+V{g c*
Z **
]|#
Z~ f+y
O
E
{.
gt Vgzx Z VM f .
Z :pZ Z
Vz] D 3 { Zg6,
/e ~k
,
bkZgzZ DN 
"
) ]|Z KggzZ Z t ) ]|t~ yZy
t
]Z|yZ D$
Y 7lZ
L] }
.Z :~g Z g Z

kg Zz]
.)((ap
pgpx ]ZW,
Z Z`
!*
}uzgzZ y0*
)x !*
W[Z q
-Z DN 
k
,
q q gzZ
~k
,
` WpDW'
,}kggz T H ~g Ygx Y)x
G!Z9
Za eYs sZ yZ~ yZyVz ]gzZ D
D ;g}x Zgg IBZ
!*
gzZ W,
H\WkDz*{6,
x **

)
Z+ D : ]
? Y

106

105

DW7^L~g @*
{g Z ZwV
.Z Z?**
]
]|a kZ D Y Zg Z%~
CZuz kZ
EgzZ 
wJ#
}
.kZ VrZ D
HHZg ~qr
#
e
$D bgzZg D S~g Z)f KZ Z T ~J
-
=:
L u yZ D~ {g Z Z {z J
- p}D c*
7
x OZ {~9gggzZ mgzVVzyZ Dx7
} #x w2D Hn z uZgpgzZ ;g zgzZ H
.
w2~uz V@KZ ~ **
( wEZ
D 7
yz)]|~TZy
q ~g yZg ZZg !*
g !*
T e**
)]|
v:Z ;g~ {g Z ZJ
-Z
# Y Z`
ZkZ D H~g Y
g L L{ izg {gG gzZ
DxVt { Zg yZ)]|D c*
7**
{gq
-Z kZ
D G
& ~ ]i YZ 7Za kZN 0*
7`t!g y7Z
s Z Z kZ fgogzZ V ;g6,g g
$G7U
gzZ D gz u @*

g {gZ Zgzt J
-[Z x izg
"
45E
G
!*
x gzZ)]|
D gz V1Zp{gZ Z EG
x u kZ {gZ ZzzX[Z H{zL
L ZtwZ\W
{g Z Z 6,f{g
Hot [Z UkZ D
HVJ
{
**
]|<}ZgzZg T D @*
Z eg1 fVZq
-Z g
g eg1f ~Zg2aDZmZ@
g
Zmr
# /Z ?**
]|gT
$**
D B<}Z z
DZm~ Zg Z)]|**
gzZ
g {g Z Z ~ TC Z eg1 f6,w&C

V5yZ yZgzZ_l7zg[Z
Zzx V
F,
Z~Z D'hZVyZs'!*
t\WgzZ ~g D hZz
Vzg Ztu}g $
+D,g6,]**
vkZ
V5yZ:gz T e 7x gZG0*
{z D p V5yZ
D YYXyvu
g Z)]|\W~x PZkZgzZx `{gZ Z D : ]
e0V1Zp)]|{z HDg zi !*
z
Zm ~g Z
?
HVJ
-x kZ {g Z ZzzX[ZH{zQ7
/ZD
m~g Zg Z)]|~Y 1974D :D :tZ+Zg*
*
D
HV6,r ]` gZ Z~}gz ){ {a Z
**
]|IZ
+)]|a]kZ3Zzy*zy
~g @ **
]|VZgz@WgzZ ~g7 V~
/ZgZuZ { 

g (Zz b
6,x Z g Z Z VT0*
= eg1 fg
gzZq
-Z~X U*
Z{g Z Zt s:
z kZ D c*
B
w qz wqtyZd D : Zs " q
-Z
{zw2s{gZ Z 5`g e {g Z Z=~n
9zg{z!*

D ma]zsq
-Z **
Zg Z Z D~
q)Z
7Z x **
-Z~
q
z: { x {g Z Za
Z Z VVz yZ D % Y Zg ZgzZY ?Zg Z~
CkZ
D H~ VV Z ZVz yZ
~ D 7Y
nz w { Z 9Zm ~g7 ;*a**
]|<
VrZ D vg )
,][Z{z D H{ W6,~g Z)f Y ?Zg Z 7Z
kZ D S~g Z)f KZBmT6,Y ~g gzZdwLZ

108

v ,Z D7I 9 D gzZ T e 7**

Vpg " V g Zg )
,Z Z \W
) !*
Z}
CZf D 16,kZ c*
 Tt ~gz$~(,q
-Z yZz
]zZ KZ vZz ~> a Z D / kZ\W6,g
~{g Z Z VXD}DD 1VZ {Z
+yZ { c*
i
Z )]|gzZ 1 f {q
-Z s } VrZ $
7wZ
**
z kZ ]XZ F,

s }] ZZ VZ {Z
+ ~gz$
D
o
eg1 f a [NZ dZggzZ xz <}Z~ Y 1983
VyZ Dykg Z Zx g ~TgzZ
]|[Z 
z~q s~TYZ[p] ZZyZ
g[8**
]|gzZ XZ?**
]| M**

y ~y
WDg17zg @*
] ZZ}g gzZ c*
f+
D c*
yZ ZLZ~
a 3Zz ZgzZ Z "
$U*
& } e
$. Zt Zp
/Z
GG3;XWmT~Y D ;g 6,LZ~1K 6}g
gzZ

g L LD 7,tkZ~x Z] }
.!k {gZ ZBe"
Vc*
g Z)fx kZ bZ
]1 D H~g Y6,D1.
LZ ~
yZ Q D H 7z kZ LgzZ DN VZ 6,VZ **
lz LZ
a } **
O y6,V!*
VZp$
+gzZ **
U yZg Z)f~ ]5
D
Z'
,
**
.
?Qg7
dg.
~{g Z ZzzHD :]
{ Z 9KsaVodg.
D :D :tZ+Zg*
*

107

g z'
,"gzZ ,m,
?gzZ D W~ ]!*
NZ 6 D @*
Y 1 {^
,Y
K{ E
+Zz**
VzgZ Zszcx }g 6,kZ DD Y
kZ yz}g Z Zg0
+ZyZ @*
D @*
YHg q
-7ZgzZ DD Y
Z D $ Z
) ) ~g7 7uZz {g Z Z {zgzZ DY
* ~g * wC
bV { D @*
Zx kZ6,
D @*
7
gzZ zz **
C
}g Z ZC
g t {Z
+ { Zp{ Zzgg kZ
}g Z ZgzZ Y {g Z Zp{ Z'
C
,
uz kggg
z}g Z Z
) !*
ZgzZ Z
/xi6,
zZ LZ *
***
~zuLZx 
Dg !*
& bkZ~x Z}
g
,
'
{zg $ D 
x Zg W~Vg-zi[!*
g Zeg1f` W
zD'gXf , Y7t v{zs
D 7Zg6,
te
$
/
%{g Z ZZ(,akZ
`W
g DD Y 0*
7]!*
.: Zg^ a {g Z Z ~ w ` WgzZ
_
D
H{g{g Z Zx **
-Z~VzgZ ZVzg ZD
q

y)F,
kZgzZgq
-~x ZZzx OZ{g Z ZkZ\WD : ]
g Z'
,
V;zQg wk
,

g L L{ izg {gG
?zzm{
c*
wZ e~= \WwZtD :D : tZ +Zg *
*
s zz
/Z V Z96, Zgz *:
/
z* L L~
z kZ D
CV@*
g (Z{gzZ 1VV@*
ys
D Wu}x ZZ
pDb @ : gpp: L Lv (ZZg

110

109

~g ux  c*
Wt t U{ yvTD HIBx Z
.6XVz)` W~VV~g u4gzZ
ayZsC
gzZg YA Z 3E
K~g Z {g YZ KZ6,VzgZ Z Zx {zJ
-ukZ D g WV*W
~9 W])t }g D VZxau,)` WgzZ
DC
VZ}g x Vznt ~ N 
s ]g 7 ~g \W
tgsV1nZ Z.
VrZ wt
c*

m,
/k

,
s 0Zx +ZgzZW'
,{ V-g Z)f ~k
,

x LZd
$
LZ 7ZgzZ D YY w VzgZ=g fT
C
gzZC
{z Vg )
,LZ Wg
/Z D YY c*
W
G
4$J
[Z D 7V {gzZ /E
-gzgzY D7[
7~{
V {LZ((gzZ} F,
Z~yZyvzk
Z
#
D ;g Wt {Z
+kZQ _k
,
D Hx OZ
z+'
,
Z}g  CWt~ ]!*
x q
-ZV}g D : ]
Z
# D Y 7hgdY ~z dgzZ w^Z CZ LZ +C
x
?H[Z D @*
YHx Z6,
gm{kZ6,
V~uz
1 r Zl
K r Zl
y L
L gD : tZ +Z g *
*
Dg 7 y tbkZ ~gx +'
,
Z} g
yZ~ Vz0
+
i
DK Za fi **
~ Vz
/
LZ VrZzz
d
W\!*
} (,
!vZY 
ZDn: Za qVp
{z c*
Wt  ~ e ~g3+.gzZ 3 { Zg ~ Zi W7Z
D x

WgkZ
z
/
yZ <: ]!*
yZ +C
xg[Z

~gz] OZ}uz 5zg zyZ 7**

3{0gzZ
g z!*
}Dgz7e**
)g yZ~]gyZhyZD
D Y7
Z'
,
Zx**
zC

\WHwm{gzZ=g)]|D : ]
x ~ya
) ) {zgzZ ? H Vz ] T yZ N C
?{ ZgaVY5 @*
D
m,
{zD ` Z'
m{q
-Z xj%)]|D :tZ+Zg*
*
} ~ kDz* c*
D Y p=}6,] [gZ z
z7ZgzZ Dxg z ZZV LZ f
e {^
,Y wj V;z
wZe r Z Kc*
9g a d
$
LZ Z
ZvgzZp
pg
V-g Z
/
g kZ 6,(kZs:[NZ gzZ
{z DTg D 3ZZg55aJ (,
Wx ,) izgC
Tg f
e
:Zzk
,
`
/s6,x k )gzZ Z
&
+
e &
+
e V }W z f LZ {z D : b Y ^
GG3E
4]
)
Z DD{ W6, c 
Zq
-Z KZ7ZgzZ D s
yZa
VZzgg ~g yZt]!*
EgzZ D'"
$U*
Wg e
$.lt
!
D @*
: CZf yZZ h
ZkDz* Z<
L IZ/zk
,
D : ]
;gkZ ZLZ~A
$k}uz ~ D~
? \Wg Z)f kZD [ZgzZ
v}uz ~ yZyzk
,
D : tZ +Z g *
*
x ZgzZ  DI zk
,
mZpD ` WgzZW
VJZgzZ c*
VZxg~mZp Vzuz D ZkDz*

112

~gZ 
**

~ sZ] L
L Z
D Za ~ ] Z|h Zz|
/**
 ( w 45 :/ ) ~gZ 
**

0G4F&Z xZ y 9g Q q ~|
g Z gzZ H
/**
 J
-u
a
45h!xZ
0E
xZg ZQ D 0*
%F,
zh+?gzZ Hy W
~ Y Zg G
G
J
-p!{
) ) kg gzZ 4Z ~ ~K{g f t
9
E.W Z **
~g +Z I**
~ { +
E Z \ W D q

q **
D
x **
~g7 ug IpZV { **
gzZ ~g
~g V { g **
y WZ ?D H{ .Z Zms Z

gzZ ~C
i Z V{ g Z **
 Z
# sZm

) Z
sD q Z;tg : *We{ =
L 0*gzZ g Z + e
<
$. hZz Vz ] B

L Lq
-C z k& Z ~ Y 1992 n b & Z z ] D

Ze )6',{zy *zy w= H sZ]

y *zy D ;g x YZ [ kZ ~ j
Zz O%Z gzZ
Zi W D D ] Z : y )Z x kZ ~6',gzZM%Z

+ **
D @*
y Z0
+
i
B5wC
~~y Zy
[ ZZ
# n
pgx kg Z{g
Hq
-Zax

Z ~ V1 **
D  ` wjZB kg ZB25,Z J
_
H
4
5
g \ W ;@*
z"D 
x 5GF;gzZwjZ *z
D_ W6,x k& Z FJ
-[ Z~T

111

VpzVz0
+
i
LZ {zD: I{ ZgtaVz0
+
i
LZVrZ
` @*
6,+zZ c*
WVs ~ 6,gmZ
D W

?x \WaMg kZgzZ g x YL)

L x ( 10) D :]
g Zg )
,Z Z\WZ
# g x YL LD : tZ +Z g *
*
"c*
WZ Z
z kZ E
0E
~ u 0*
zy 8
-g Z q
-Z kZ
_~ ]g Z Z
gzZ D c*
gz #
Z # b b{z a kZ [
D @*
c*
[Z yZ0
+
kZ6,
],g x YL Ls Zg { )]|
~]g Z Z\W g Wt w$
+a6 6 xsZ ` WgzZ
kZx Z D ;gG ]Z yZx g x Y LtL Zz
3
0
+
i!gkZcex akZ ]gzZy)F,
kZI
z
Q'
,~ /z D \W\z ug n \DN 
yz eC
a
D 

( Y 2004c {g )

114

] }g Z Z (z gzZ ~h
+%~cq
- 4,
}IV~g  *
*
g u Dce b x Z6,g 9Z pD Zg f W,

vZ \Z
VV=gf~h
+%~c \WcZmyWZ ?g
vZ
w)z w yZ c*
{ogzZ0*
<gzZ ~i
L L+ x\W W pkZgzZ Y+ {zD a
BgzZ j
+V
KZ wq y.6,izgz
D x **
Zp
H { Zpq]gz D ] ~0*
<
L z <yZB
yZDC ~g7 Z%kZgzZ egJ
-]|: VYd
$
G-o!
] E
5B z gzZ ]Zzz Z
p {z  W,
a kZ ]z
a
3 sKa
) )!*
i Z
# z!*
: ZcD0*
t i x Z DD 7,^s yvZ~ZMZ ]|
yZh1
ai C
D6,XX r jm]ZZ 
(J
-VD ]gz S iZ'3 Dg bm z
yZZz G
*9ZmIqg n~ekZ ]!*
Vzg Z Z
Iq gD ]gz CZ
M F,
igzZ g D
+
z kg i Z0
+Z
tzzg}x ZZ
]~*
/
Vz%
W~Z}
.{ ZggzZz mZBBV1ZmIq
Y1sW0
+
i\WD #
/Zz6,; Zz
a
W Z [xq
-ZBB D !*
w1 <
L IZQvZY 
yZ
E
E
37xsZ +
0
+
i m\vZ G
*9g _jZ)]|dZ 0G
] xsZyZ D7g OZ {zD:%xa}g
]gzZ H{gz Z*p\W}] OZgzZ a
g ZD
706,V; \Wzz z mZ\W c*
x Z9
{z

113

?H2 kZgzZ Hx| ] L IV]

E
GzskZp6,
{oTZ IV~g  *

*
Zj}okZZ Z
# e
z Z **
D ] **
B
.Zz *Z'
,
z b m}okZgzZ 9
 D 
Vzm\vZ -]g Z]
.@*
 ~ u 0*
yW
D
-g~klyW
6,
x }uz XXfi^ ^nj o] ] ]ZZ
onf ZZ
Hc*

a[V-Vzm\vZ
6,
+LZJ
Z
-Z
# Z Z XX ofi] ^] ne oF ] o]4]
]y
Wz
gz {o` WD 7e*
*Z Z h]
rg:
VD @7k
,
~
y yzz : /ZzZj
m\vZ - g WZ Z nn 2 ] J
g V
z kZ 
7vZ Z ] V%Z
# z
yW
Zc*

 zm\vZ-h'
,

zkZD?
-Z
J
# Z XXi ] f ] n k%f : HyV] D M
h 7[xZ Y::%] ~g zZg
2 ] {z kZD **
:%i ] z LZ
M
h
z kZ
t gzZ D2 igzZ 2 ~ 2 dD
Z
gzZ DBoZg Vzg zc9kZgzZ<
L zyW
Z
#
z mZ~] N shV%t
D:7~E gzZ zmw
Vz] L z!*
]Vzg Z Z (zgzZ ~h
+%~c IV]
? VYg D "~g x

116

g Z)]|Z Kg { P x q
-IV~g  *
*
p=~ Z kI Z[)]|k
,
Z KggzZZm ~g Z
aq
- H7zc~~{ g !*
x Z} fVz yZD

Dx ]6,o7Z  @*
, 
k
,
) Zg2 ]Z|\W
DKosf `g VrZ
~
Cq
-kZ
)
Zz zF,
<
L IZ L h!6,Riz ~/
 g C\vZ Y 
yZgzZ gx 6,o7Z q
-t gzZ 7Z
x Z 0*J'Zx Z@*
x Z 0E
!g VVYyZgzZzm\vZ -g
Z:\vZ yZg ]|dZggzZ i Zd
$zZpgzZ QZ _**

wqC
ggzZ0*
%Z kZq
-t~Z D 

!

Dgg Z
'
,
|
# h gzZ]Zi q
Z ,)LZ {z~
} f Z(,x q
-kZBB b & Z wqZzZ
+/
**
gz 0
+? Z z ( g o1%x Z <
L IZ kgZ gzZ <
L IZ
x **
q
-kZC
gzZ *
* VE.6,0#
Q=g fVk#z Y
s kg ZzfaU%gzZx **
Z%m{]Z f  **

DY`
]gzZsZ]q
-]zZ~VzZ IV]
#  D YV
Z
/z
!*
O 
g Zz ] y)g sZ
W Bq
y
- <
L IZ VrVz -z i[!*
gZ
) )
?D~g Y7VYx Z6,
zZab & Zy)g
V
/
z
!*
g c*
+ce **
7(Z IV~g  *
*
E
d
N
sZ] ]Q=gfgx Y ` W 7]i YZ
DOg6,
LZgzZ,m,
/

k
Z !*


115

gzZ, b & ZKZD ]gz"_

.Z ` WD HwJxsZVZ
+Zi
GG3E
4]zxsZ sC
N W} D
vZY 
yZ 6,xVg )
,yZ
vZY 
yZ D
? t
H~Wzh
+ F,
gzZ] IV]
akZ ~gzWzh
+ F,
~] IV~g  *
*
awJ] kZgzZ }7] xsZZ Z
#
+ F,
h
!*
yZq~kZ D }xsZ4Z J 7,qZ g
zm \vZ - g Hg Z
Z q
- {uz vZgzZ
gw]!*
kZ ! V;? 
7W6,
: **
yZgzZg !*
yZq
a b & Z NZzWz h
+ F,
mZg ~ ] ~gz
ZwZ]
.p **
IgzZ! W~{ ZgkZD7ad
$C
D Z ~gz6,
]!*
KZJ
-uz
gzZ{ Zez{o$
+`
z IV]
$
] 0~EG
{z @*
8]5 yZ Z
/Z ? Hi:
? YZ ZVY
gzZ {o$
+pM
h}] x `
zIV~g  *
*
LZ   M
h } x Zf z9
]!*
xsZ J
-uz

]Z Z V$
+gzZ Wzg BB p
pg ~ 6,<

D}[Z
?c*
W~~]qgzZ
x sZ] L L IV]
D Z~~liz'
,
Y 1992mB5x sZ] IV~g  *
*
HwZigzZ~ NZ~ ~
C sZ] L L IV]
? ]g qkZ6,
X

118

 xg P q
-[Z6,Rd! v:Z IV~g  *
*
-[Z  C T~ V !*
J
iZgzZ ~yzg Z
zq
-/{z g 

[ Z e
$.q
-Z d
$kD _ 
~(,KgZ
+Zi Xgz
$
4hG

~Z( kI Z EG
)" ) x|W
]c*
WLL
Z|gzZ6'
,}g ~~ m,
Z bZD ;g^x sz6,
[F,
x CZ=g fT _ W6,
x MP3]**

-[Z BDVg }gtgzZ ah

J
+'
D ;gY Hx OZ
~)Vzg ZD
VD [Y Hm,
Z sZ wjZ *zZg e
[ Z x Z k
,
i q
-gzZ D g3 ZgWg-i xEB xE
~ R,
z ZgzZ g D
+
z kg V  ` }g Z Z B25J
D CY
gzZ2 h
+]
.]~V)gzZV~\W IV]
? mY~7zJ
-[ZsXH Zgf
a ] ~ V)gzZ V~ ~IV~g  *
*
H
/YZVzm\vZ -xsZ9gzZ VpxsZ ~gz
Zz
/YZVxsZBB]` WDY
gzZn[Z { "z6,s xsZ @*
D ]gzg m,
e gzZ
DvxsZ-Z
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x IV]
]4^e:c*


g Zzm\vZ-vZwg IV~g  *
*
^ q] xfm ] n] _ j jv^] ^^e
I^n] e m4 nfm ]^ xfm ^ om ]^ om
( yZZ[ :9)

117

Vzq^zg { c*
i
~i LZ sZ]L L IV]
? ~gz**
YH Xzg+ZZz6,RZ c*
Yg {H
D Z
Z^zg ~(,
~ i q
-IV~g  *
*
} (,N z wa kZ D gY gzkZ
o zz oa p ~g Y ~i Z
Z,z D ]!*

kZzz sz^V ~y ;@*

z "2^z sg q
-~
D`g P Cc*
M F,

[ZpD 0*
} 7
z { Zp{~x
DvZY 
yZDN Yzg7gyZakZ
wEZyn,
z8J
- iq
-Z sZ]q
-L L IV]
b i Z
kZ {zs:[Z7]q1gs
~kZ sZ] H [ qzM
m kZ[Z
? g a
D 7{ Zg Z~kZwZ IV~g  *
*
ZaV1ZZ"~6,
x **
b & Z
) ) IV]
? m[xJ
-usZ] ~x uzgkZX
-D 3g{V~V!*
q
i
) ) IV~g  *
*
V!*
i sxsZg7 Ct gzZ c*
Z Zi WV kZ
kZq
-!v:Z D Le~ F,
,
'
z#
KZ~C
xsZ 7z~
D [xJ
-u~]!*
sZ] LC
L Czdq
-Z sZ] L L IV]
m{6,Rd wZD Z 

/w
] L LT g 

c*
g H q
-L La]!*
KZ J
- * ~ m,
ZgzZ ~y6,g
?x Z
/
z6,
HkZ~w

120

yZZ LZ gzZDZ ~ kZ: ,!Zi Z V #

Z zm
~+g ZgzZ WQgz ZvZY 
yZ D,yZZ zZ KZ D,
Dzy

u
sZ ~ X) wjZ *z ZBB xZg Z ~ q )
Vk6,
RgzZ w @*
~gzx ( nz w]x
GG3E
4]z xsZ J
~gzx w
7Z ~g B BgzZn V
V+ZgzZ D #
}
. Z}
.J
-u=g fz `  @*
VVyZZg D,x g ZZ6,
Z]W Cg N Y~
!
Zz CZ~ D D 0*
7W,
M 6,
g h ` Wzz ~
AM ]Z|V C \W
]B24 kZ c*
W!i Z
# 6,}iuF
V;zZ
# n g ZZgzZh
e{ ^
,YV;zBNg LZ
v Wx ~ ]!*
C
D` HVo) F
%t HkCt
zkZ DvZY 
ZDN YwkZ
xE~)` WDce 7<
L IZx Z0 kZ D ~gz
4$ZggcgzZ YY c*
E
LG
U%|
/Z^kXZ]_Z~e
GL) ~ VvgzZ $

Y q g IZ]|gzZI
kZ~ VVyS D 4,7yZ gzZyZgZ<
L IZ
n~Z D**
kZgzZ rz
L h!Y3gwq
D 
<!*
{\vZN 
aMkZ
( Y 2009{g )

119

#,Z  Zz W#} (,
a kZz~~ (:F,
gzZ x 
gzZ
x 
gzZ W } ]Zg ~0
+Z
D Z e
@~$
+y ~z*} h+ LZ

b} ]Zg ~0
C
+Z#tgzZgz z #` W ! ZvZ
zO 8]Zgp4` WZzW WDg
Z D [Zy

` WZz W,z D @*
q
-g@*
{ c*
izZz
Y #
g D Vz -D : z#
@*
[Z~ x (
-
tDyZ Z ? H/~gZa:tz#
wwN*

@*
Y [%{ t kZgzZ [c o$
+` WD
? H_Zs sZ @*
YwtD
8wJ]c*
zZ
+gzZ
D YW h + gzZ  D Y * ? H!*
? H h
7at~gz` WHI# ] ^^ ]D _x Zwzw'D
\vZ -g z 7
77D
 0
,~g ]y
W,KZ lg Z
/
akZ D c*
`zm
akZ D,:N*
g{ k
HLggzZ7, hgN*
gx (
^% m m ]n ^% m :c*


g Z\vZ
Im]
~y yZy(? } 9V~gz ) ` W
~gz[Z kZ J
- ]5 ( ]}
.YgzZ J
- yZy
GIXXl]n] ]fj^ZZDZc6,
$WkZklyW
e
lD
D ]gz ~ /g0
+Z }g ` WDD x Z gzZ C ~ *
0E
!_
.6,
gm{gzZ ]gz"_
. Zp ]gz z
\vZ -gD~gz#
}
. Z}
.tD ]gzgZ z mZ

122

Qc*
)$

+q
-Z g @*
sZs Zi Wq): ]
? H\W
[6,
ge
$Zzg
!
+ 3E
c*
)$

+q
-Z g @*
sZs
/Z Zi Wq) V Z
} &gzZ sZ}[Z {z ? H]~ kZ
[6,ge
$ZzgQ
zg
$u gigzZq
-Z Zi WD^6,S bswxsZ
$ <
<sZ Zi Wq)gzZ _g Z+ w G
=
L
fv!*
fD F,

.
;g Cts s bzgizg_sZ]zsZ g @*
gzZvZY 
Z tz tzf sVVoRgzZ w=x 
{gzZ ~g **
kZ QwVsg ZV
/Z
C Za y
: ]gzZ C~!*
ZD #

D
Hq kZ{z Zsss:yDg kZ
~'
,
Z
/Z 6, kZt h_z
g Z
zyjsZ [ZCZ sg Z~zc*
ZZV
DwV~(,

kZ Zx ZgzZxzg **
D
6,sb ZZx !ZpqznZs
/Z^ Wzg
D 
E
\vZ D ? x Z
~yZ\WgzZ]%Z H6,
g~
C~gzZ!;z: ]
?VYgzZB
g
E
!

3
4$ V + Z
x
/
uz  B 0E
0G
$E
Vq`z0pG
@*
z/zzmvZ-~tD
! ;z !;z ! ;z wqC
gzZ CB7t
z kZ

121

!
3E
+
ZZ e

E
`@gzZ!gztG
0.3!{{d{ =
x ~ ~,g !*
( | 1185 :x ) i !*
u 0*
{ 
xz$]|
`;U *WyZ D}g
/ !gzZ sg !*
g

gzZ qzg : *WtD U% V-~ ^vD

*WO
rg e
$Zzg dKZB ]g @*
{
Z e D"Z
+Zi 0*
gzZ ] ,gZD
16 ~ {
!
3E
dz kZ gzZ d{ =z *Wkl Z + Z
gzZ Vg )
,LZ~ { {]
C sD }ZVZzg

} Z * Z \ W hZz ~)Q q { E
+ Z Z

*zy * ~gzZ~ g ~uz ~ ! q

-Z  n
pg Z &

 i Z
u Z y gzZ ~k
,
$D~ Y Hg WgzZ g @*
&
Y 1997gzZgS~ ;gE- ` QghZz`g U*
W0*C V
d\WD%g
z kZ  ~ ! ` @gzZ
i Z0
+Z gzZ +
.D  q ,! ZgzZ ~ qzg

Z ozz ] :SyZ D ] :Sk

,
zk
,
\ W

] ~ V5gzZ Vzg V BgzZ qzg! Z I

bTxsZ9B11 yZym{ \ WsD D YK

9xsZ
H~gz~,Z g Yx **
+
$

P Z\ Wa TY H7t * xsZ

Dgxg

124

uZuy6,
CKZ bwzZ izg~ kZ[ZgzZ _W
D zW
{ ^] ^ ^es { {D n ^]
M ;z
/Z
`
M ; z
/Z D Gs =
M ;z
/Z D
s ]g w
M ;z
/ZD Zpnz o ] s ~ Zz
cizsppizgz
s _y Y**
p
M ;z
/Z D ]
^
M ;z
/ZD g J 7,
gzZ| 7,
nz ^] h] ^ gzZ g
D ^ ^ ^s n ] ni]
s~]q{gzZ t
H~sigzZ~: ]
? ]gzx i Z0
+Za
)
Z
!
3E
+
gzZ g
$u wZ  t
z ~ sigzZ ~ V Z
~ Law gzZ Jurisprudence Q c*
D ~}gzZ}wZ c*
~g
$u
E
bZ **
C
s 0Ei c*
s~g c*
t pD
**
Yx gVZ
/
6,xEsZtbT 7? Y
{g ggis~D 7? ykZ
D **
wC sigzZ
{ c*
i
gzZ { Z(,
x s~ ]q {
G
zg %gzZwew1KZtD@{3k!gzZ 4n4yv
yvg kZ  D yvg Tss zZ z gZZ g Z
{~?Rx szz D (7s+
G
t Y xaZ DQ ,WJJ6,
) ) z Z
Z gzZ
{z { Zp )F,
+Z s ] Zg Z 0G7yZ ~g Z)f ~(,
D(e
$ssT}: Lc*

123

: c*
3 }: c*
}! ;zIZkZp` WgzZB
D c*
x **

M ;zkZZzT zkZ bzg3

g c*
( Defination) p! ;ztt
~
CgzZ! ;z
bg c*
B
pgT CYw( Example)wVp B
bg
E
$ ! ;zD B
!Z0ZZ**

]|i W0pG
bgk0*
wVgZ
T Cz'
,
zg+Z q
-Z ZZz sZ g @*
# {z i
Z
kZp D p
pg c*
x Zzg ZZg
$uz yW
q
wVpO 7ZgzZ  D Y wZ]|wVzg
:i
KZgzZKZ yZ g
$uz yW
D g Z
g Z

+Zt D wV
t zWgzZg Z z g y
C
# D
Z
rg7pg Z ,gzZgZ DWT ]P`

x
JY xz x ZB $
Y [zZ**
]|6,
CKZ
IZizg gp V !*
g:p,ZvZ ?
rgw Hg Zzg
gz F! ;zD, qNZgzZ , ~ } ],
Z : {
wZZgzZ J
-wZZ g/ g Z Z]|D }g
/
~ gzZJ
-~[; Z 0Z)gzZJ
-g Z0Z)
DJ
-
M ;zw{~Z~gzZ~r
# Z~
.
5 \Z ~q
)Dg Cg
/
iz NJ
-~ G
-! ;z
z  D W Dg 6,g Zsq
-Z V0Z
\
.
5 Z ~ bZ D M
~ G
h YA y
tg
D W D0
+
zg#
Z t Zz Z bx Zy

^>~ yZZ G
!
G
3s~uz z
D W D ZMZ B[Z~ o Zz] GE
 ~  Z ~gzZ 0Z)
M ;z {p

126

!
3E
6,}Fpx ZZt Y H' ~g Z yZZ
/Z V + Z
z ~g Z0*
<
L z yW

) )z<
L IZ yZgzZ @*
"
$U*
!p
DD W~V'
,
{ayZ~~0*
oV 6,Vz
C#}vP V
!*
m{
@*
I<q
- 4,

) ) z<
L IZ 5#
C w z yYgzZ
D CW
)$
+~qC
{z>

!*
7Z
{
VI ,k
,
V
!*
sZ) VsZ
tgzZVZ m,
zW~VzOZg0
+Zx ZwKt ZgzZVzVZg
Du0*

)$
+gzZxsZ

aa [ x ZgzZ g Y U

a VzK
~!y# VzLV
!*
O x?Zz > }Zmwg
DwqZsz6,
)$

+
tgzZ ;g Yc*
w
.$gzZyf x Z6,g~g u!*
VE
~]
.)Z {zxw
D ZI
)$+i Zu 0*
<tgzZ
Hc*
0*
Z Z! Z ~g Z)f
{ <
L gzZVqJbkZ ];z(~Vzi
D ZI:
Hz
)$
+tgzZ
Hx uF,
!*
Vzi
&'
,
~i ZVa
0
+
z y!*
yZ ZgzZ 
)$
+  wqZ yZ VJ
~g ut
yZ  t Z] { k
Hi ZF,
+{ k
$
Hg]z@*
yZgzZ  <
L uF,
{ Zg !*
t gzZ {6zj .x ZZ ~i Z
)$
+6,
) ) z<

L IZ~
D
Hc*
} Zg ZZ
E
45"!*
G
kgZ?YVlyZ`WgzZ?y EG
g} fL L : ]

125

ce D
bgsz^z{ Zp{~C
D
C
V;ZpsD
vg )
,^6,6
/ZgzZ yv}Z
+OsD:gz
;g Z
]o ^**
wzZ izgas{ Zg {z wVgx **

: D 
( | 632x ) ~gz+Z[cZ ]|D
XXm_] ^_ m] `^ n] ^`q ]i ZZ
( D}'gzZga+ **
Y0#
bBIY)

)
ZgZ)f Zjzbz c*
W ZF,
V1 Y xtq~uz
V1+ZBVZa V*WaZzu{ ZgkZTce
DVZa ]?Tce*
*6,

)
Z
}zg
$uzDVrZce
)
ZV1yZ Y x
B~Y g Zy.zxE @*
 
;@*
0!)z!xEvz
DVc*
] }
.gVZ
/x Z
#
}
.gzZ ] z V! gzZ
z! {gzZ g Y x
c*
kZZ g D 6,
/Z%~g Z)ft: i  g
/Z% vZ
~(,~
)
Z sZk
,
zV gzZ ~ !*
WV{6,Zm{
sz^6,g{ Zp{
/Z{gzZgg " #~C
^zg
DYgzgj]sN Y
zy W
aVx B~0*
] zZ~VggzZV{
a g( 2 Vx x Z kgBR2 g
$u
b) Z~gzgzZ ZZ W; !*
K Z%zf x ZoZ V m
F,
W[ zZ Iygz0
+Z X V x
/
u+Zt x ZZ y kZ a
DIyzgzZ
?
g Hx ZZ ~i Z
)$
+6,
) ) z<

L IZ :]

128

VjZ ~ lwjZwe gzZ} (,

iZ
/

g t
t Z

w sZ
# la kZ Y {g IY {z : 4Z~
Dce`w2~d
$
LZgzZce
8: YZ y$E
HuZ Zz Z 0pG

) ) z<
L IZ6,
R@gzZ : ]
?
!
+ 3E
t Z z Z
) )z<
L IZ6,R@ z V Z
xZwgD i ]4 u] ` rn {z gTuZ Zz
yJ
-/gzZvZ ZazvZY 1zZ]o zmvZ
) ) z<
L IZ ~
/
%{zai Z {BayZ!*
DuZ Zz Z`
VZ ~)gzZkg ZyZgZf~gzzHy
W : ]
?yZh) 0E
!_
.gzZwjd~Vzg Z Z(V;zz!*
]
!
+ 3E
tzz ~
Cq
-Z z!*
]~g V Z
CY]s J]
.ZggzZV2c*
g z6,e} (,
1V

x okZaZ D #g VZh

V;zgzZ]V;zgzZ
%Ng s: Z ~(,
IZg ~b{ E
+Z  F
F,
Vzuz ]7g D y.z xEwq D Vc*
D
iZ ~g
/Z D *
@Y@*
{0
+?gpzz Dg z
%Ng r +4g 'Zg7Vh
g F
+]
.}g Z Z (~g
DM
h
" D yZh Z
Z,jgzZ C 1 { Zp{~g zz ~uz q
-Z
zz D
HWV V7 n ~g**
gzZ -"
}gzkZ ~g {z p ;g { @W( ~uz Z V

127

?gzZ}c*
~V{~
!
3E
E
"
+
4
5
G
E
z Z C7 { L*t G!*

g} f V Z
tgzZ n
n4^] ] lyZ~* kZpD+
m .]| e**
Z a% ! x~ lyZ
i Z t { .Z yZgzZg Zh
+]| !*
g Z
# x?Z
"
$U*
t *yW
gzZ )gzZ ~ g{z
Hc*
C
]|D @*
gzi Ka ~ l,
Z y-a x **
~ kZ
] nF] ^Dnx~l=gx?Zm.
wdgkZy-~{ Zg9q
-Z~lyZZ
# ] ] ^_n[]
"
45E
G
Vg !*
y Z 2z y ~
.Z yZgzZ]zm EG
!*
g} fyZ
L @*
: ~g k~g H Hy-6,
yZ~q~V{gzZVg
46,GZ L
)$
+Z L C <s Z
p{z @*
a kZ y-Zg (Z D } } g Z
uLgzZ }
ZzW6,{ZgkZ~ ZpkZ Z !*
',x~{ ZgZ
x?Zmx W]| !*
g ~ bTgzZVg
8x Z CZ
^e ^n]D Vg @*
Z !*
g} fyZ bZ
?~gc*
~K Y lV !*
g} fyZtwZ[Z
}[p Y**
]|[Z kZ
{ z z K 
p
# wz 1 zg
"
ztgzZ }7g (Z^6,
itgJ
-Z
# ts

z%y-6,Yw#
gzZ 7J
-+s Z :XZa
D YV7J
- !*
g{z}7{ C

130

$ f **
+
yZzz D y)F,
{Z 9Zz
CZ~g !*
{D^[m p`mz!*
kZp @*
YBo
t (x ZBgzZg6,
zs~.g Vzg Z Z ~)gzZ Cx
DXg .ZziZ+ 2
\WyZy+4aVz] ;gE-gzZ :]
?ce~/ bax ~yZykZ~
!
3E
Vz ] ;gE- gzZ 
g z 9!*
t V + Z
yZ  Sg Y V 55Z zDgzZz= yZy+4
T Zzp
pg+
M 7wj yZgzZy!*
iyZax yxg
: [x { Zp{h
+
g T ~W c*
Zzg D g{ c*
ig
D ~ ]**
kZ { Ze~/kZ V t pn
@*
?Zzg$
+tz tzf ~g 6,z ~g Z + ~/kZ z 
GOE
58E
w6,T Z~(,q
-Z 7}

/Z
DYg+Qc*
Y{g.Zz**
c*
+ {zg Z
454Xe 0*
G
{olp G
Z +Z ~ { Z ~)C

"
45%
E ~ kZgzZ ,yZgzZ ,Za ]**
G
EG
DggzZ
C
/Z khzfiZce S6,j
o]z
uyZBB/Zz0]~Tg D
Za tzf z t_iZ D
o N Ybgz ]2z
gyZJ
-yZ:gz4N YZagzZ
/Zce **
Z
ce YeC
._Vwj gzZ
z{zkZ DY
DY@*
F,
Vz
Vz
yDg + yZ
]!*
F,
Zf~
(yZysq
-Z~gz {: ]

129

'Z'
,
,
wZ%y: @*
t Z]
 z!*

1~g V- g ) V- g zz~q
-Z
a z kZ ^ ~ e Z (,
kZ ~g
/Z
x z t ^
,YgzZ c*
g D gj- gzZ ~k Z
1 ~g
D 3gxz
i$E
Z ~)c*
Vkg Z{z{ Zp}gZ Z (g tzza
V;z I
Up to date T gzZ [ p Q ]gzZ 'g q
wq Z'
,
CW7{zce W Vh
+]
. 7
.tlKZyZg Z)fz{ E
]
+ZV Vzg Z Z (~g u
c*
{% C)gzZ wj d p x yZ gzZ  ` w4z
Y: VZ 9J
-E/& **

q kg Z ~g uD
c*
bzg" g D
+z kg x V! : ZizggzZ v hz F,
~g u
{zgzZ  w{ w{Zg zZgzZ  A
$k F,{ c*
i ~ kgZ
~b(l{z];z~g yZ Dx **
Z'
,
c*
{E
+
**
.
G
$
D 7#
a zq{z c*
0*
,
'
[zZ
zq~Vzg Z Z ~) ' V : ]
? HmkZ\W CYZa ~
!
3E
gzZ 
'VzgZ Z ~)
/Z ~z V + Z
"
4G
5E
DD.g VZ ~)EG
!*
yZggzZ Za
gzgz <
gzZ + V;z c*
 A bz ~ Vzg Z Z ~)Zg
+ yZ Zz 0*
lgz6,~ wj kZ D el
:gzZ : J
D~ !*
WyC
ZzWkTggbkZ
Za yDg yxg ~ VzgZ Z ~)  t n Zuz

132

~g sZ**

y 0*
geY:g
$-Z.
~ >} fi y Z
) )z <
L I Z ~g sZ**

z [sD H OZzgu', Zy Z6,] X

V !*
i g z ! gzZkgN kg Bg

{z Hx Aag I~ 0
+
i!B63KZ \ WDC

\ WD
gzZg.
L L~Gwgx **
bg 
w

/wB3D ~ Y 1944~ y 0*
g7 g Ig7 Zi%] z

tgeY K
M n!*
Q ~Z ZZgzZ ]g ~
LZ 4Z ~ wc*
t ZZt1eYgzZgeY !*
W

~ c*
**
Zg Zu **
y 0*
_ ) fg;Z Y
z

kg ( ~zg ZD
xZ?gzZ ~ (s Z **

geY ~ Y 65
) Z
Dq(~ Y 1964gzZ

QgzZ vgeY~ Y 66 Hi W 0
+
i +g D
+KZ
! \ Wy xg kZ DghZz}g Z Z Z 0
+
i +g D
+~g7 KZ

K3 F,
V1d ZKZ
+Zi Xgz~zg ZgzZ g
~z dZgzZ ] qzgzZ Zj] l6,V1 g)z g

] }
.d4Z \ WDK 4] z }pV& 6,]
Jwz \ WD Zi Z ] Zi Z Z\ W Vzg Z Z~ s ZZ
Vg #6,] ,V zg ZD
y Z ~ V !*
i ZD Z ~ Y 2007m

Dg Dgtw2y ]GZjgzZW Z F,

?

131

k CZ W~
( f t s~uz g Y
? Zg H\WZjkZDD 0*
g7#
s
!
3E
+
?#c*
 Z}uzq
-ZVzt fgzZ
( V Z
]( f}iuyZk
,
Z ,&
+
e [Z kZ
/Z ~ g @*

[zx **
q
-Ztcg Zuzq
-Z wZZp CWgN
G
x Zw0*g 0*
kZgzZ gw'
(g 0*
uu
) )q
-Z Zz
fbZzai KbTvZg D
Bz kZ { Zpx C
{zi ~KV  T e 9 zzJ
fbZ B
bu 0*
**
KgzZ @*
Ws y
:
~a+Z7 D CWr Z6,#
ZZ 7z](
] ] D kZDxaLZ6,
}c*
maf
zmvZ-[
ggup~~t
g!*
t
tagzZ 7
g *
*qDgZzg1ize
$g q
- 4,
{zspt&bZzqDtzz`gzZ7,Z
t~TgzZ +[AZkZakZ g7C
=
(
>X\
(g ZzC
+p~{ ZgkZg Zz: Z%{zu
I] ] ]u n u a D Zzg
(Z
( Y 2009y {g )

134

: {Z
+~C
yZ Dg Z%OZg~hyZ:gzZ
gkZ #
hZgzZ w(q
-Z **
ZZyZy#
z!*

Dce
{gz V{gzZkgZZy*zy\WD : ]
fVH ? 
Zg H0V
/
uI<
L IZ} f
?tx ZV
/
u
kg Z~ ~Wy*zyD :~g sZ*
*
c*
 g| 7,u 0*
yW
c*
{z e
$Z V;zp H} zu
g7 ug IBZeY%Z D c*
W7~ Zha M{ c*
iakZ kg

ZB25 {zKg BZeY pNt!v:Z
H~Z
#
**
]|Im,
QgzZ y
]Zg qKg Wz t
V&~Dg Z0
+
{z  f Zr
# Z
o}g7 {z ;g~BZeY x  gzZ g q
-ZC
~ yZ
y 0*
gzZBZeY ~ y*zyD @*
W7~g }uz = ~
]!*
g[Z D
/Z% ZV
/
uI<
L IZtgeY~
<
L IZ x ZVY x7= t 7c*
 t f<
L IZ x Z
tp~ ]!*
~g 5 7ZggzZ w { c*
i =B
~ y*zy := ]!*
{zce **
x
/
ugzZgzZ wdAfDV7
~g
H0` Zzgt6,gx V}g D~y 0*
:gzZ W
q'gzZ 0 c*
Kg (Z#
Z 1J 7,gzZ 1| 7,
gzZgD| (,
}} ],
ZzkS {zVc*
g Z)f +q
-Z
,x {z~yZy
)
Zz"Vc*
g Z)f yQC
!*
K
Vx  wgzvZ"_
.kZ Vz ] !*
igzZ ,

133

?p=
g !*
y*zy\W IV]
g ~ ~g sZ x **
ZIV~g sZ *
*
vZ G
*9g !*
g x Z pyu~ Y 1994i DV Zq y 0*
D Zq~pkm
I CV VIWy*zy IV]
?n
pg W,G
& H\W0g (gzZDp
C~}g !*
V y*zy IV~g sZ *
*
~ yZyC
#
i 5
) Zgi ]g {z W,G
&t 6,ggzZ
p (gzZ p D &{0
+?7Z~V- c*

0*
y *zy gzZ Zg ~ g Z I p
q
-Z Va kZ D o{ c*
i / V
Zuz 8 Z
# Y @*
q])gzZ o{ c*
i W~ ]g+Z
g a !*
C

a yZZ z + LZ W
Dce !*
ayZZz+ LZ

?]Z W,G
& H\W[Zp=y*zyIV]
y*zy #
 Ht kC ~ D :~g sZ *
*
~g7 ]c*
gzV}uz {zV g7i Z0
+Z!*
V
6,gm{ g } z6,V {z V;z C
VZ
/ ~(,{zyZBeg1 !*
WWZtZ XkgZ {zV
yZ  { E
+Z  kg Z VD ~ ]g .
$Z
/ ZZ g
#
hZq
-ZtV &~DJ
-[zgg ZD
J WJ Wbb Z 9
iR,
zzyZ : fkg Z D 7{Z
+ fkgZ #

136

gzZ ZZ }gB [ ]!*

!h
+]
.g D 7{ge
7ZgyxgyZgzZ}gt ]!*
u**
k\Zp]qzg
V;g7q ~tgzZ
Z
/
z
'
,
Z}gVHt~D
D H7ZgVrZBV1gzZH7gZ!VrZ
w 0*
c*
w b   
+Z ~ [ kg
Zuz [ Z ~bB Y **
t ~g D Z6,
}uzgz Z { E
+ Z^z [ Z
# Y7b kZ W
D a  ~ zg ] !*
LZ 55 { E
+ Z
 g0
+Z* g " D, g p{ zce f} g
+Zgz Z , "[ 5q
-Z a LZgzZ Ogt y Z 
kC]gzK
M F,
V15~gz LZ { z
/Z, SVz
/

DK{ z,
b Z
+bVYce 5Z
+zwZ~kg Z}g
ce ZxsZ g@*
gzZ yc*
Z.
{zkZ Z6,w
/_
.wg q nZgzZ Z}
.sp~wsVY,
sth
+'

tD @*
b s zngzZ @*
y
KZ Wq
-Z @*
Za
z L LgzZ
Hc*
w ,z yV }g  ]!*
7}g,zy%[kZD
q
-ZZ
# g[
D Y| 7,
V5LZf}g  nZ Zt6,
5#}g ` W IV]
DW6,Y 1zZgzZY m
CZ]Zg (Z
g
s~
?
gJ
-V] ZZyZs16,
q
,Z~g ZMZgz m,
Z Zt ~ Z D :~g sZ*
*

135

K rZ6,ZgzZ gx t f6,gg ;gxp **

J
Dce**
7rZ6,
kZq
D Y0*
g U*
WVK"g0
+ZV Z Cc*
IV]
?,IZ ezg\W6,
] ;  zyZ H

) ) z<
L IZ6,V~IV~g sZ*
*
 " ]Z|tZz ~VyZ ]5 V Z
pg a n
n
pg\G,
-Zg0
q
+Z LZ vt D p= ]!*
kZgzZ
 C
];z ?H];z yZ \WDce *
* 
" kZ x ZQ,7x ~ i Z0
+Z j
sWZ
#
&~ ~g Z)ft D ,kC" yZ gzZgzZ,kC
.
OgB; 6,VzuV Z yZ Y xgzZ f{uV
? It D T ex ~ i Z0
+Z T e H{z[]!*
yZgzZOg
YY7yZ 7hZ]!*
tD!*
bC
yZ T e *
*#
}
.gzZ+ {z
/Z DHT e\W
DceZ
Z,jgzZ 46,
u
DkC\WHg
$-Z { kg
q
-Z\W IV]
]gz~p~ [sZ kg Z 7 V ~)
?N 
s
# z~zg]!*
LZ?
pg
$u~gtgeY ~ IV~g sZ *
*
th yZ kZgzZxZt \vZwM=gzZVx {
wq ~p~ [sZ kgZ ._ V ~)
+]
h
.gzZce gz ~ m,
Z ~ kgZ }g m<!*
gzZ ]gz
%Z  Te **
6,RDZx CZ
/ZVY D!

138

yZgzZDqa]g c*
iyZ Z
ZVzg ZD
D Y}{zZ
#
g0
+Z}g , U*
6,g ZLZ
/ZD WaG
gzz
6, Z u0*
wg , Zg7 yZ  V@*
gzZ V
-Zx ZgzZ, Za
q
A &x 6,
RgzZqdg0
+Z LZ,
V
z ZgZ x t p $
spwq ]gQ N Zg o
GG3;XWgzZmx x }g Z
DVF
F6,
#
kZH ?Z7VY f "
# x J
-[Z~y 0*
IV]
?9gV Zx(c*

K f~:
9g V Zx(gzZ
K f IV~g sZ*
*
yZakZ M
h7f 2ZfVY V Zx~g Z)f ~(,
1
# yZx,**
Z
b"
# x {z 7gZMZ k0*

,tW~g ZMZx ZD7~g ZMZ

wVzzLZ D W~g ZMZ1,f 2ZsZ,{zgzZ
f y 0*
VY  g Z)f {z X fJ
-V D D Y
7Z
Z~gz/Z Y Mw Z
# H7x 6,R,)
4& b) Zj g
VrZ1ce W6,G
0E
$ qZ z yW
Y V ;z
G
M F,
K
~ zg xsZx ]d 2Z Q c*
7kC]gzkZ
Z
Z VrZ : weY zgzZ Q Dg Z
Z,ZgzZ
 wZe !*
6,#
{z ]g0
+Z yZ :gzZZ{ :gzZKg
D}**
"
# x #

H\W~fu 0*
zy~e+
)
ZzV IV]
?HkCt

J]
.Zg y*zy Z
# {z
zq
-Z IV~g sZ*
*

137

]t~ h W VM46,
u f,ZgzZK} 9#
: gzZ vZ VrZ bze
$z gzZ
G
*9Zm ~w'
,gZx Z { 
]|dZ6,gm{gzZ <
L IZ} fD
~ c*
|0
+!*
|W[cyZgzZ#
VyZ~i Z0
+Zg7
V}g g Z
'
,
z[Z1 ~}x ~yZ V

z kZgzZ +
M Zuz ]+Z [gvZ  ) +Z
7bXx Z1zZgzZ"
# u0*
wg1 6,
g.
@*
q
-Z tX D z{ c*
i skZ f}g a kZ
QkZt ]Z!*
n!*
@*
q
-ZgzZ]Z!*
ug nvZt wZ ;g [Z ]Z f \z ugnvZ {z 7
%zc V~?7c*
gzZ Z\z
{zVY"
# ggzZ $6,]xu 0*
wg
VEgzZ Vzk
,
WKZ akZN ~ { {g!*
\z ug nvZ
W~}g !*
e
$zgzZ
g2ce **
Kq ~
s16,
qf}g ] ZZyZ]!*
g[ZDce
D 9]!*
t
~x Zg z<
L IZ} f~ @*
Y IV]
q{g !*
zg z ?VY (Z o zZ kZ~qgzp
? ]gzg (Zcg: Z'
,
y7Za
g Z f}g ~  9tIV~g sZ*
*
gzZ {z ~i g Z 7~i g %s{zVY
yZ~x Zzz Z Dx ag vZB~g 6,
yxgx Z
2zgX f,Z ` W
)ggzZ

140

~Z
# gzZ
Hg ~gzZa[Z kZ=~i *y{g yZ
[Z zz [|Z+
kZ s **
[Z kZ
c*
g~a  (Z t q
-Z D 7g Z L **
i
Zg D 7i Z0
+Z [Zt ~i Z0
+ZZzzg \ } (,t Y
}1 wEZy!*
i+
~ kZ 7lp (Zq
-Z
yZ~wjZz gzZ ZgzZCc*
 t 7
W~Lz
(gzZqaW yZgzZV;g
A ]!*
,Z ]!*

kZ]gz` WD,7wJZ {z:gz

zs]c*
zZ
+}g gzZ7,ZC
KKZ~Lz
yz=zz gzx ZZ ~IZ Vzu}g gzZ
E
Pc*
Wy*zy~Z
# Dwog"~ gIV O8Z
yZgzZS7,
V#V#\W 9zZhgf
nf oF] 4]  Z
/

g Z \zugnvZ,zD H{ .Z[p
Iu] o oj^e 4 ^q v] ] v^e e
? ZHtZ~+
)
ZzVIV]
)

ZzVt 7~ e
$W{g IV~g sZ*
*
z c 5#LZ CC gzZ C{g 
Z st Z ~ +
Z
Vg @*
C Zz q
-Z ~ ~ KkZD,6,ii ZZgzZI
]5gzZN WaYy{q
-Z k0*
vZqZeszc
x t~*`
zZ
gzZM%Zz\g-VYc*
J(,
WB;agr
z
\WgzZ c*
J(,
B; VrZ
/ZgzZC5B;Vz%'g ]!*

y{kZZ
# *
@Y ?E
+
z$
) !*
gzZ
wZ)Z c*
57
)H c*

gzZ H7gr VrZ *
c J (,
B; sr
# Ze

139

r~g Zg Z)17{g Z Z ,
#
ZgzZ
) ) z<
L IZ~
gzZ c*

Zg Z kI Z[**
gzZY 1zZ +Zx ]|eY
V &~ W~z {Fa
)
Z <
L IZ
6,y*zy }g7 ]ZW,
Z T [zZ
'
,
iq
-Zt 6,R,
Zz
H~ f u 0*
zy ~ e +
)
Z]!*
g [Z V A
$%
BVzogzZ?N*
]gzp~y*zy V~ t

 g Y 76,]6 6 1 g 

6,]h
+]
.B
)uZgzZ  g 
~ y 0*
gzZ
s{ V;z g Y ~ V !*
i Vz !gzZzg Z
g 
7+
)
ZzV 7 ~g!*
zg
tSkZ c*
W~V; }x Tgtg 
2 H 
B]qzz Zj6 V1 ~g kg kZ
IZ)]|VYX 
F6,G
*9Zm~ !*
Wha)]|
D~7zf}g6,
X,x{z<
L
\W~h
+ F,
t w_ZL L[IZyZ IV]
]~k
,
KZ \W ?
` Z'
~w'
,x [|Z yZ 
?{Z
+H[|Z+
z{\WgzZ?g (Z7VY
)q
-ZZz'ggIZyZ IV~g sZ*
*
kC" ~ mZpz x Zzz T[ *
*tw_Z VM
~g ZC
Wz6,~i *y{g yZ**
7ekZ
zg6,[ZkZV q ~~TZ=)q
-Z fy
Wz6,pWgk
C
,
i x **
f F [Z kZ y
HH
**
1q[Z kZ p~ @*

z k0*
}
/Z ~g Z

142

~g ?Z

( 8 -)V-Z$
+tg { {{ =d
$i
[ L z [ W,Z,Z u { kZ CY &gi ~(,V- Z$
+
gg~gzC
g @*
yy xsZ VE!*
@*
Xq
zZ \vZ g "y **
~ ~ ~ &x%Z

D~ zZ y Z c*
#CZ ~w*Z vg ),q
-Z ~ WZ

!*
zC
Dy Z0
+{t J
- ` W
z kZ Z (Z z

+
M qzgz sgzZz D~ y Z0
+{q
-Z ;g] I~

R',i Z g **
gzZ 0Z ] 6,V- J W (Z

!*
w8ZgzZ ht ZD$
Y77w V~uz +Z~u 0*
zy

V c*
Z] }
.', Zy Z0
+{kZ~V-z
/~

Z D$
7 g @* <
L IZ
) ) %f yZ
E

D7 - Z$
+g Z) w B Z ` @*
r Zl
z 0 } Z {
qzg 6tg Z {gzZ} Z- Z$
+k,
;Z**
wZ

] z X ~g ?Z _g Zz ] c*
ZzggzZ V Z

g !*
WLZ iZ% ( ~ Y 1939', ZB 11| 1358y @B 26

ozgzZ\ WDK ~tg 9g

Z z t Z0*
VZzg {gzZ Z0
+{ KZ \ WD ` W6,x
x~ dZgzZz wZZz yi Z ~zg: x:%', Z LZ~

\ WD wk& =\ W~ Y 2010D g c*

D ~] }
.~ygzZ ( k& Z

141

B; Zz% c*
x Z.Z Zu 0*
yW
xsZ V: nZg **
\W
Z b % c*
x Z .ZgzZ k Z]g xsZ ZgzZ @*
7
~}g !*
}6, VrZ bZ D g Z
/]yZ {z Y 7B;
X~ og +
M c*
Z
 
VB+Z~ Z

LZ {z ];t Vg c*


VrZ '{6,'g
DA{{z} 7,
+ yZe7{zSe
0
|{{z1D Y8
-g$
+~W,
Zk
,
iwj gzZgz
/]i {z
/ZD'{6,V;z 'g ZTg { i @*

zF,
,z {z D
''
,tZa+
)
ZzV~Vzk
,
gzZVzk
,
KZ
D }qz *
*wi oF,
xsZ
( Y 2002'
,
Z{g )

144

Z~ce**
yxgxz$gzZx {q
-Z,zJ
- ` W
6,
V;zg~p{C
g /Z{ 
]| Hn
Z
# ~x Z #
}
.t \W 4\W
M F,
zy Z
a Dw y Z WV-Z$
+x\W wz {C
g
]|gzZ ~zC
g ~Z wg wW{ 
**
'
,
Z ?{g
H qz **
WV-Z$
+
XM
hYK7x **
y ZP15i Z ~gZZ1Z { 
**

,
'
Z ?{]|{zkZ ZqV Zz V-Z$
+i ZZ
M F,
z
!*
g{ 
]|gzZ @g{ 
]|y ZVz LZ
{u k Vx ~g ]| Z z ]i YZ /Z { 
]|g ZZ

E
E
G
4
]
B
3
V 
x: z$
t D 
#
G w Z ` @*
]|
: { KZ V-Z$
+p Whui **
~^E kZ g @*

 k0*
}g  DyZt ` WgzZ 7lZ
Lw
D ;{0{C
g
{z
<
L IZ}gZ ZkZ ? Hw]g @*
tg 9gD : ]
?~wq{g Z Z]g@*
t` WgzZ ?bZb
+Zg} Z~w*ZD :~g ?Z
V**
Zt kZ H qz gD
+
z kg ~ V-Z$
+
}
#
. g D
+
z kg ~ i LZ LZ Z
Z yZ0
+{}g gzZ ;g
Z**
]|xZd ~y
ZzZ ~ ~,g !*
g x Z
, x x **
t9g { og \W Z { kg -Z$
+

{uk -Z$
+wg a**
w h. ZvZ ]|~ ; ~ ~
9gL Lx **
t9g H i W g D
+
z kg ._ g2 Z0
+{
;g Y wz x LZtg 9g [Z bkZ
Hc*
gt g

143

? H:]g @*
V-Z$
+
tg { {gzZ6 Z {D :]
V-Z$
+yZ0
+{~y
ZzZ~~D :~g ?Z 
y*y { Z_ H Z +Z ~ w*Z dZ _g
~w*Z ]| kZ ZgH3,
g V-Z$
+Z
# xZ +Z W
DyZ0
+{t z!*
: i]!*
zZJ
-[Z Z
# HgH V-Z$
+
D ;g#
}
.Iz+wJ W
/
gzZ !*
W
yZ0
+{ kZ n wZ : ]g @*
tg { {J
-V
yDg s +
M qzg gzZ u|z sBBC
D ZZ ~
zh
+% zg ; yzZp]|~w*Z dZ _g}g p;g
D[c*
; Vg 1zZz5 Z
ZyZ0
+{kZ~gzC
bZ
/Z{ 
]|~ bZzZ~,g ;VzuzgzZg
VxiZ Z wWg{C
g q {0{C
g -Z$
+~g Z
z ]i YZgzZ X B2u|g~ #
}
.{uk ~zC
g
{uk/Z]|J
-g I]{ukVxiZg } i Z
kZ c*

wz {ukVxiZg~| 1235g ~ p{C
g
b &Z Z}
.tgzZ p=V-Z$
+{u k /Z { 
]|

CV-Z$
+tg { { VrZ c*
sz^~YzH,
gzZ e
$Z@z
D J
- ` WtkZg
6,
kZHf Yr
# VxiZgZ\WD : ]
g yxg V-Z$
+gzZ {C
g ~g Zz Z Z g @*
 T e 'Yt
? HVgyZ` WgzZ ?g
y g yxg V-Z$
+gzZ {C
g D :~g ?Z 

146

E
{)zbRZ o /Z 3htZ 0.Z i iw[ BZ `t
7Zc}g c*
i q
Z~!*
zh 
"bgz
**
]|Vz Z]|kZ Ku6,o

E
yf {yZgzZ -Z$
+g Z**
w B Z ` @*
gzZ ~g +Z [
D c*
Z Z h htZgzZ e
,kZ H N ~g;z q
- tg 9g
VLeIgzZ]!*
-Z~VD $
q
Y@~g mZ)ZgzZg ZZ Z
tg !
{ Z {'
,
Z " q
-Z wz
/ 

~i Z0
+Zh
+]
.{g !*
z ~g {z~kZ H qz
)
Z
V1yZ 
"~gVzo$
+'
,
Z}g  g Y
9g ]o ]!*
kZ ~B ]gz
z
)
Zh
+]
.
+
G 6,lzg '
,
Zz s sZ LZ ` Wt s:tg
D 7` W~k
B ZzY~s
g
IZgzZV-Z$
+6,
gZ 6q
-Z 47(Z\WHD : ]
6,g O{zT c*
7x {z~ g @*
yZgzZ Hi Z0
+Z] }
.V-Z$
+
?
s sZ LZ e**
7{~6,kZ D :~g ?Z 
!*
 g Y  a 6,x ] }
.
D e
$D:gzZ hZz:}uz
z
gzZ
HH7s ZB,\WpD : ]
?}H6,
kZ
Hc*
g^}g J ,)V-Z$
+6,

Cb)
;gis sZ} VeIz6,
kZ D :~g ?Z
$D=~}g !*
e
kZ ] o] ou o%e ]] ^] 

145

t D c*
kg ~tg 9g vg )
, yZ0
+{ w
~g Y J
- ZZ {uk -Z$
+k
,
;Z **
wZ ]|
Zg]|~ !*
Wg
c*
g wD
ZWZ ?Z
# ;g
g P \Wa9g k
,
+x ~ !*
5
Wg6,gx\W
gb
z ;g ~ ]g: 9g wz ]| c*
g
F,
~!tg 9gQ[Z yZz]g[gp D W7V
~g G3gzZ ~g /ZZ ~ m,
d
W Vz } y'
s
} x Z ] }
.+g D
+~tg 9g D{0
+
i<
L s s Z LZ
D yZwzgN/_
.gzZ&&VyZg
Zg f bZn<
L IZ 9g kZ L
L [Z wZkZ
| 1260 { Z]!*
kZ g @*
B Z\W U Le,
tg 9g\W~ kZ k
B N yxg!*
z hJ
-| 1320
4uE
DN W~wzZbCc*
;gzZ {yZgzZ EG
\WZ,nT e]gm6,
x sD : ]
6yZ0
+{s q
-! ;zT e 'YtHf !*
zh
?] }
.Htg 9ggzZ
<
L IZ Z
# ~  Z { 
D :~g ?Z 
[=gfyZZ e
$gzZ qz **
;o$
+ Ds ZZ
g yZZ e
$~ ZZ!*
9g ZgZ
+pZ
\W M x **
-Z$
+~g Z/Z { 
]|~ V Zz
: { gzZ ,) c*

"!g x~ g yZZ e
$

a**
w h. ZvZ } Z \W kZ ~tg
E G
G
] f kZ {uk-Z$
+wg
tg Z1g (Z G34)Z G3. Z 

148

147

x Z~ kZ g c*
-Z$
+]
.Z **
 y L L]g q~
/
%
]>V-Z$
+'
,
Z
HHx ~k
,
$-Z$
+]
.Z**
L a
L
x Z ] }
.,
Z T
HH h1 {g Z Z a
)
Z
E

~ yZy ,
Z \ {h
Hc*
O Z w B Z ` @*
w$
+x **
kZQ,
3 Zg W~)V Z I g}x Z] }
.Vc*

^~]g q{yZ- wZ 
Hc*
~x ^k XZC
iZa
Zz qzy q}i ZakZ ;g
M.B.A. B.B.A. B.C.A g ^ kg&wZ ~ kZ
DN Yqzw B.EdgzZ B.Sc(I.T.) wZ g Y
]}
.~V ZyZ}g Z Z FgzZx OZk
,
itg { { bZ
t ~gz**
CtVD 7 {
Zf Xg}x Z
dZ**
~g xZq m,
}
/Z 7]!*
'}F,
zy
oF^i ] ]qD f
e:uLZVc*
gZ)fttg { {=gzZtg 9g
pg YDgzzD} ZP{6,gx D : ]
[z6~g /ZZ **
~{ {kZ I kZV- Z$+tg { {
**
} Z}gzZ gzZ s
# & !*
6~g G3**

] u
) ) yZgwi ozD~g x Z
Vz Z\ WT i Z0
+Z y{z
M F,
z \ Wt w Z
]!*
t , Share B Mg gx Y Z
/Z c*
J
-x kZ
?yz~
M F,
Vz ZPLZa{ {[!*
g Z}uz
:t]!*
D :~g ?Z
zi !*
gz)
,] X ,Z
E
+
{. Z}
. hIB E: @*

: 7

k zz$ e
$ S i Z
G
*0
+ZZg Z z g\ 0~
? ~gzH Z
/Z%gzZV{x ~]q{D :]
t 1 Z
zgzZ ~gzu" D :~g ?Z 
D<
L IZx ZZ
# Yq
zZ[Zp
V'
,
k&yZgwk& =\WD : ]
W { {~ = \WgzZ?, x Z ] }
.Htg { {~
?Zx H x PZz
[zg Y ~tg { { V'
,k&
/D :~g ?Z 
{z b &Zz IZ~kZV ;g} x Z #
}
.
GG3E
4]z+
{z
H~gzaF,
zy{ {gzZ
)
Zz rz

D
HHbzgzZ
A &
D
W!*
.
tg { gIy'g q5]gz
D ~{ ggzZ { {
WZ _{ g ~ p Z; y]g q { yy)Z x
kZ 9
L o Z : { yZ- L Lx **
kZ : { y .
W!*
y]g q5atg U{ 3g : { yZ- L Lx **
]g q
: {]g@*
t Z x h
+z MH,
{wPgzZ
N[c*
**
zg **
g ZD
q
-Z {z ],* Vzg ZD
~ T
Q[Z 6U*
>
Kg y]g qh
+]
.atg 9g
Fa F,
+'
h
gzZ ~gYB [@*
z [W~g7 g D
+
z kg
Z
/sZ tL La VY y gk
,
i "
V-Z$
+ q
-Z ~ V ~g PIV-Z$
+` W
HH V-Z$
+

150

.
4
5
E
E
GZ**

A+
.
E
( 8-)^c*
tg xZg Zzzg7ug I sZ ZL Lg !*
l
4E
5.Z**
g7ug IBZ G!Z { kgxR'
,
g EG

kg
A & !*
g q
-Z sD @*
~ Vz0
+
i
.

!
,) z h DD YY6,
gIiZq
-ZgzZ +[ x

s zZ Vc*
\ W~g 6,gzZ ~g Z $ Z /_
. ] q &Z
~BZ G!Z J
-q
-Z \ W
) Z
D
LZ \ WDg dZ k
,
B
Z)x L Ly)F,
kZ gzZ f *Z

k IZg Z **
gzZ kI Z[ **
kIZ**
[ xZ

V1 g VZ
/ <
L IZ bz gzZ 4 z]
.B
+
A.E
}gZ Z ,
Zq
-Z x **
sZ Z L a
L a^ggzZ
)
Z

IZ} fB ]g qxKZ~|
/WZg7 ug I ` W g
C
~ ~I^ c*
\ WD [ 
l
V& <
L

\ WJ
-[ Z D k
,
+F,
5
 Htg xZg Zx { kg q
-Z

x ?~(,
KgFF
F6,
{b & ZgzZ}p0Z Z

P }L L { Zg gzZ ]gL L~ X _ w= W6,

\ WD f .
6,gm{ {)z V Z'
,[ Zz ~R,
L gLzZ VZy

zd fyZ Dsg 6,gIx gzZgcq

-Z

 b & Zz] Dg D'

,
Z'
,
Z
Z,jgzZ
M F,
N

CZ D @*
Y **
Y\ W6,g +z q sZ ] L Lq
-
D ,` Z'
k& ZgzZ~yq
-Z\ W

149

gzZ { Zic LpyZgzN @*

yZ ~t }uz
,q ~g7 gzZ ,SV { E
+Z: { Z
zgx **
s sZ LZtvZY 
yZgzZ H6,kZ VyZ ] Z}
.
Dg,
@W]zDVz ZV\WZ
# ` WD : ]
? H/wtg { {ByZ w
: D :~g ?Z
W0  x K
CZ [ Z
# !*
 Z
# '!*
t
 "',yZ ~g [Z g7 s 
CZ [W [W x !*E
L ? VZ
lp b Zzg Z Vg )
,
,~/[xat yZ=
DByZ
zC
N ~,
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
g+ !
W !*
Z y)F,IZzgx Y D :~g ?Z 
yZ V+j \Wg[g ~ { i @*
c*
Z Z x HLZ \W
: VZs\Wg
[ } Z Z<
: # !*H
a Zh Z zZ N t
GO$_ kZV &gzZ V ~g q

-Z ~ Mg wZ ;g
g ~ Zg 9gzZ }g 6f ~ ]5 a
D "
$U*
( Y 2010~gz
{g )

152

D D W ] <
L g!*
G
0BZ tgzZ  =
L LD c*

W,
O]ZW,
ZsZ] r
# c} (,
-Z` W
q
~g k1Z **
` Wn J h Z: 8 IVzh
+%X Z
/Zz}H~
)]|~g g bg 
D c*
= VqVzu yZ sZ ]
y c Z Hy {@x CZpZm ~Z /Z p?
~(,V}g  CZ~q Z ~g Zz~ sZ]
/
%
~H} (, } (, } (,} (,gzZ C7~ V ~(,
D W_ N zgzg6,Vv~q Z ~g Zz{zs 7
z Y
/_
.t /zgzg Vk
HLZgzZtt
~]Z 
! xtGgzZV&! x ~(,~&D + sZ] s
D<z+gzZ <
L zxsZs
GG3E
4]t ;g YH{ "z6,

ts ^kZV D : ]
fgzZx Zy {!*
6,T g Y +
$Y
M ;zs
'ggz kZgzZ 
77 gzZ as kZKg } z
? HCy
W S
4E
5.Z *
H_ Z sZ ] ~D : EG
*
k1Z**
sZ]ZpgzZ'5 Vzg Z)fkZ
~ZyZ c*
~Wc*
,
k
yZ ~V5g!*
F ~g g
}g 5#gzZ @ 7]!*
s
))z<
L IZ
?~g r
# +Zx ?**
]| c*
0*
gzZ N*
} "z6,
Zz CZ6,3Zz ]g c*
i z e wP gg IBZ G!Z Y ZgZ
gW k0*
~g k1Z**
]|~ Hy
i V;z Y7 r
# q
-Z~Zg Yi7 b)

151

~96,
x ` WwAz~k
,
<
L IZ
) )D : ]
? Hw~k
,
kZgzZ

4E
5.Z *
wq <
L IZ
) ) p Az ~k
,
D : EG
*
D ~4h
+'
~ wgzZ 4~ d
$

F,
tpgWlp G ZZ ~ ZV Zz
zkZ~
gZx Z { z Dg Z]
.@*
5*g '
,
Z IZ
?g u ~ !*
W Z%Zg]| pZ=Zg m,
+Z {uk
aZ? Z V{g c*
Z ?**
#
Z ~w'
,~gy WZ
f *Z ~gz +Z !Z _x !Zg ~$
**
Iy0*
pZ Z)g
$-Z  ~ !*
W Z%Iqg!Z
g Z)Zz k
,
Z Kg ~a gZ 1Z **
~ !*
W[Z Z t
w ?I( ~ ~Z /Z p?~gg bg 
~z ~g Z
A yZZz G
*9Z: ~gO
cgZ+Zg$
+**
Ig$
+~ZZ+Z
` WgzZ
HW**
 y'
,
Z7Z ` WYY7c*
>
/
] }
C
.
DgY}g ?'
,
Z7Z
HhZz+\W^@sZ] IV]
GG3E
4]M
hC\W
? g[xX{z~
)
ZxsZgzZ

4E
5.Z *
-Z
q
) )z<
L IZ G sZ ] q
-D : EG
*
T Z ;J
-VJ* {],
Z ] z VT ^@
z<
L T
$@*
Vk
HyV gzZ  hZz yhz F
_ !*
W~sZ] ,KyZk
,
zX`0*
<
VqVzuLZ ` W D7{gZ < 8I y{z 

154

zz kZV # [ZgzZt
HH{ W yZ
v tzz~(,q
-Z.: WyZ
Z Z{],
Z q
-ZC
Z
# BV7
Vz]gzZ : {o
:C
: Y{o WC
: D D W{e{ea x C

a x C
\vZ D ]!*
'
Vz ] : Y}
g Z ) ]|<
L IZ Z
+~ VE!*
sZ ]  K Za wYg
kZ  )Zz g ikZZm~g Z
)]| c*
W{z
zq
-Z D {z )]qZ
7Z Ug g t yZ Z
# p c*
wZe ~ . V
~eG@*
kZ D G @*
sZ]{zQ W~]!*
**
[ ;g!*
~ V1gzZ bg {z Hk
,
x **
})
{g7 wZ  {z ~ [ r
# p
c*

p r
# ~g Z g Z) ]| D Y ( V LZ )
/

%!*
L
L c*

gzZ D c*
0*
,[zZ~ * ~g7 ~g k1Zq
'
-ZL
L
D Zz 7x {gz szx OZ
M F, x gzZ z
D Vg ~]gz~~ekZ D (q
-Zab & Z
qz qzZm~Z /Zp?**
~g g bg 
]|
cgg
# L
L 
nZg **
]|]!*
sZ] ~Z
#~
{ c*
i~
z kZ gzZ ;g g
#
z kZ ~ ZzD Y 7\W ! **

Zm~g g bg 
]|Z
# V p
rg7]
t }gzZ p=p~ q ZYq 1yEZ
V Y {g sZ] [ZVz hgY Zg Z @*
W ~ Y L Lc*


gzZkIr
# ?**
D ?eyY Zg ZV Q1

153

, ( ~g k1Z ) **
]|[Z kZ ~ 7,
C7i yZ7^
,Y 7,i V;z:c*

VrZ6,kZ
kZ yZ ` WgzZ c*

y ~ W r
# ?]!*
kZ
p}7Z x ~ L
L y , yZ D $
Y &
\vZg]|dZg uwgy{XXgzZV@*

&

k
,
c*

t \W DV&
yZ ~ c*
:
gx ]g '~ kZ ,g V $
+x Z} f L
L
c*
V c*
bhZ b) {zgzZ ,y bcs{z CY ~ 7]i YZ
D F,
Z ,yN
:6,
zZyZ
CkZ 9!*
yZ.t w Z
ce hgz $
+KZyZy$
+]Z| ~ekZ D7
g **

~ D } (z ?} y 6bn } : gzZ
6,yZQ  CY ~[ssZ ]
C" '!*

Z D@ZFkZ k0*
}D YK 
q} z
#
Z
HHq : 
q
-Z x **
~g k1Z**
~ wq
kZ D c*
y!*
i: ~k
,
+Z~: c*


HH qg **

[ 
p~'
,Y Zg Z ~
/
%6,kZgzZ y*Z ~g7 

Z p?**
&  ] fv q
-Z F6,T

( 8-) !*
W[Z ezg
Zi%i Zd
$xZg Z f *Z ~g C'
,~g
sZ] L Ltx **
X 
gzZz s c*

{zg g,X ~
<
L IZ} f'
,
ZsZ]gzZL L ?VY
DN~_!*
{g
# D#zz . x Z} fZ ~
Z

156

z ~ 7Z (z kg {uk]|dZ D DS
"gzZ(" ` WD ,~ kZ YY tg
 @*
Y gzZ ) *
@Y Hg ~ fyZ  DQ 7,
7 {z @*
VZ 7i ZzWs yZ  w=zz !*
i[l
KZ
Q @*
7]P`
IY yZIYCc*
( gzZ
x e@6,
C4z]
.gzZ zDLZ ~g k1Z**

;g C s **
{ "z6,s yZ  t }T g
[ q
-t CZ
) )z <
L IZ @*
: 
li t
**
 Vgz Z !V; DA h
+'
Vzo$
+gzZ Y
zx ~Z$
yZV7x9y
KZ ~g k1Z
q
-gzZ **
7 h N t~(,KgC
1 M
hYK ib)
z<
L I Z'
,
Z c*

p **
D7k+
b **
y v
\Wc*

h
+'
D Vz6,kZ~N 
ab & Z ~x Zy
kZ ~ , i Zz l}
/Z BZ eN <
L y
D Vz b & Z
7~~]!*
t7Zf{z CY]!*
tJ
-V
C]5 yZ c*
D Y k0*
yZ {zZ
#  x Z} f ~ D CW
fZz//KZD Y} 9JZDWzg e
$
yY 7{zgzZ CY ]5 7
-eZ f V;  Ra B;
e @ q
-ZgzZ CY@*
~x Z .ZzW Y yt D 0*
7x yW 'T 'Y
 VY i ua +Z W
 x ZZwq C c*
Y ua +Z V
sz^T Vzg ZD
T ;g^q
-~(,

155

tQ7 c*
x **
X]Z| gzZ{ ZkZr
# Zn57
~g Z M)]|L_D 

g Z6,ZgzZ ]|]!*
k1ZV &q
-sZ]~ L Lc*


g Z ;g !*
=Zg{ ZP
;e **
:s yZ VZ
# ~ ~ V H ~g
]| ! V; D7
g bg Z
)yZgzZ **
:6,yZ zg ~
]akZ7s %Z ~
Ctp s %Z~egi
a 
& L_]|6,} :q
-Z~G@*
sZ
~g ~C
i Z V{ g Z ?) ]|=Z ` @*
gzZ _ ~
}0
+Z]Zg~g k1Z~L
L c*


g Z ;g !*
( yWZ ?dY)
Fg !*
gzZ 

g Z t } ]|]!*
t D V H~
E
GG34]p Ys %Z g iZ 
s ZZ

g Z6,
]
+ Y7 WgZggzZg Z)f t ]!*
]g 7gzZ]P`
~(,**

g <
L IZ +0
+Zz (Z Y
w+Z z Yg
/ z
D Z {6,
vs r
# ~g g k1Z**
ZsZ] D : ]
{ c*
i g0
+ZyZgzZ 7Z f7+ {z t
? Zg H\W~ekZ Dce7wJ] ,ZakZ
4E
5.Z*
wZ + ~ pszcJ
-V D : EG
*
gztp7D~ekZ=^(gzZkg
J(,DyZ V Zz q(gzZ kg 
x Z} fn
pg~ ~(,6,b) Wz Z(,
_yZ Z
 <gzZ CY x7Z <
L   Tg D[ZZ'
,
Z'
,
LZgzZ D {z6,yZ @*
YW~DyZX

158

?yZ6,
\W7
4E
5.Z*
yZ1 Z7,W,
Z6,fz yZ kZ D : EG
*
Zz
~{Ww{ i Z0
+Z 9TgzyZ6,
%Z
gzZ , Za
A & ~k
,
~
/Zx Z{ E
+Z}g D
Z
W/ IZiZ ~ wg f
e x (F,
zq
-
Vx
/
u~k
,
~g7 ug IBZ G!Z m<!*
kg Z v:Z  M
h
D i wWlp ;gg Ztzf _qz
R,
1 CW~R,
"~kgkZD : ]
kZ \WgzZ 7kg ~ Vzg Z Z I }g ?} y
} Y~ J
-V )~& Zg Zz R,
~ kg
b0 Press lawsgzZ Editing, Writing, Reporting( V
E!
?@*
W7W -" yZtH~,Z7]
4E
5.Z *
kg D!*
~ yZ LZ ~D : EG
*
ZV;D }yR,
wZt 7]!*
Y Z`
Z
Y Za
A &Z
# ~g y*gzZ " gz
!*
}g Z Z}g {W
/ZgzZ YgzyW g x~ yZy
gzVzgtgzZ ] }
. C
\W c*
` kg R,
DvZY 
yZYHqyzZegzZ Y3gt
"]gzZF~(,
KgF
F6,
{b & Z\WD : ]
D7kC\WH~,ZA{ h
+I  
k
,
z
x ?
b) %Z 'Y 7" hZ xk!*
6,R,)
?H];zkZ~\W 7
/Z}W,
M W

4E
5.Z*
VUVz tz~ {D : EG
*

157

kZ gzg m,
gLZakZ Y7
W{z
C
WC
Q 9t &7~ H
/ZkZ ~g6KZ
~g c*
gkZ ]!*
s ` Z'
T ZY7F,
Z 6,g
D n
: U*
itc*
c*
tHDH,
CesZ] sZ] D : ]
?tg sZ] \WHgzZ 9
4E
5.Z *
} e sZ ] sZ ] D : EG
*
VV yg9~,
CHkZ 7t
g!*
igzZ ~k
,
~D 4 { c*
iV~kZV&~J
KZ ~1Ygz s %Zt ]!*
~ ekZ ~g Z 
**
6,
t~y
s !*
lg Z*~pZV Z**
;gx **
~
~uz V;zgx q
-q
-Z ~VrVzyZVg m,
?gzZ
} Z}
.W: "
$x n @*
}: qzVx
/
uKZ q
-
GG3E
4]z +6,gLZ LZgzZ Zc6,kZ Vz
kZ~ ,x
{zt  '!*
VqgzZ {fg { c*
i~es %Z
@*
I x V W x ~ Y: WzgzZ U} @*
7I I
DV aZzx C
gzZV
~ wZ t} g sZ] J
-V
KZ {z M
h } 4 sZ ] Z [Z kZ Vzn
$
d
: { c*
i ] : k0*
}D .Zz g
))
D
55g yZ
+
A.E
B`z=g fsZ Z{g Z Z LZ~wqD :]
kZgzZ Z7,W,
ZH6,kg Z 0E
0kZ HyZ kgR,
Az D

160

Z[**
k,
Z Kg}g gzZ ;g~g7 kZJ
-ugx Y)x
'gz~)g !*
0 b)~)F,
{ c*
i g Z ZkI
g Z)f
~ce **
V 

ayZt
mbgz]Zg ZV;D wZg ZV6&yZ
gzZ
g ^6,}Oe q
-Z bg Z}g V @*
Z ~ ] !*
-Z
q
swCZ V- gzZ0&Zp sbgZ
# 
y1 Zg!g q
-Z s x **
y{( L L ]gz z
!*
~zg Z
rgm b)VggzZ ~ ~y ;g
g  ]gzVx gzZ Z ~ ~ygzZzg Z V &~ N*

D7WzI~yZgzZg Zo} (,Z {z

~ tzz ~(,
)
Z yZ  g  c*
bg
{0
+ZpVz0
+Zp **
kZ6,
ZgzZz{ c*
i6,
kDz*
5_
 D ]**
~]
(~ V5xk!*
: 7G
Z
| (,
)
Z bg Yq
-~yZv7, c*
Vzx
yZybg QN WB; bz (,
)
ZZ
# gzZ $

._x Z{z ;g Z Z
ob {gt
7,{ c*
ih
+y

DIZgzZ @*
y MDIZV; ;g
DT e7
F,
{ c*
it q
- 4,
}{zzz yZh|@*
Z~ ]N
$E
Nt ~ Z e w!g Z Za t'
3 7 0pG
m{ bg
yZg0
+Z yZ1
3 skg Z bg V @*
Y {i ]
T Cq
-n: D7 ZZz )F,
kg Z
g7 !]Z|i
+Z { c*
ikZc*
\YkZ c*
y* g

159

~
C]gz yG $
+g gzZ Z
+ b &Z @*
~gz g t
{z D h ` WYY H7s
/
kZ ]gz
C
J wqZ b &ZBZ
+ b & Z V; V1 7Z
C7[xg}g7q
-Z
+b & Z%kZ ]gz
wqZ D I s Vzq m t wq kZ x Zm<!*
: W,
Zx gzZ C W,
M{ c*
ix 3gg ~C
kZ (Zn
~g Z z [AZ ];z(z ] gzZ 5Z Z ]Zz z Z
Z
#
Z Z g ~ kZ x Z wq g !*
%Z w Z
6,kZgzZ HkC ~ ]gz zsVz
 gz+
$Y kZ [Z ]Z|IZvv:Z ~z Zg f s
+
A.E
sZ Z {g Z Z }g v:Z Vg @*
vZ Y
KZ n  q**
~ 
xg [Z Wz t Z sZ ~zm{ s kZ gg I
> 2i Z +Zz t xg b &Z ~q Vg6,]Zg Z'
]
xsZ ~ Vxt Vz gzZ ] sZ zZ
M F,
gzZ xsZ
G
3!
z y[Z W]Z
Gz ]$
+ggzZ gZ x Z 0
+
i [Z WgzZ ~ 
~
D nZ
)
Z{)z

]g Z ZJ
-gg IBZ)x \WD : ]
$E
|@*
ZgzZ0pG
Dxk!*
bgI}g 4\WH~,Z
!*
]**
DggzZ b) ~)Iz <
 ? D {J
-u
\W D7w=~mZpzx Z{zzzZ
+
Ds
? Zg H
.
4E
5 Z*
~)V}g J
-]Nz bg nZ D : EG
*
V&~D {!*
yZy7(Zp x b)

162

pZyZ?

( 8-)xZ9g:g
$-Z 
g7ug INLgq
-Z8 -ZapZyZ?xZd

g Zg yZ s el Q gzZ ~ Y 1925~ |
/WZ I
m,
+Z **
Iq ~g7 ug IBZ G!Z 7Z +Zz
GE G
G
0$zG
0 xE[ Z \ WV c*
w Z e~
M F,
~ !*
W Z%

~Vzg Z Z ZF
) Z
Dq
) Z
~ Y 1947

}gt Iq ]|~ Y 1955 x Z Z

+g D
+
kZgzZ gH w{ Z'
,
uD 0<Eg~BZ G!Z
~ Y 1956H Z Z g Z ~
C~ {gZ Z ~
/
%
) )z <
L IZ

~g Z)fh
+'
6,yZ ? c*
W~ x Z~BZ Z
#
,6,
^
} kggL L ZwzIqZ
# QgzZ ~wZ e

)Y i" Y! %z f *Z LZ~ ]g ZLZgzZ

gzZ ZgH[ * eY ~ T H~ z
VrZ
@Vz^ZyZ KZ D Y HtV-
/e6,R

ggzZ F~:gzZ 3gg Z zb

9 t g zL L~46,
u~zs Zq **
f *Z LZ D

yZ D)**

g Z
\ Wd
$gzZK
M F,
+ zD
+Vz

u 0*
zy R'
,)gf Z z}\ W V;b {z

~ ] ,Vzg ZD
6,VzB6 D gg V
D ?zgkZ xZdzL
L } z\ W

161

$ELZk
(Z
/Zce 6,g}g7 \Y tzZigzZ0pG
,
Z
~ U*
mkZ e
$Y {g}p!g 7
DV5Zg\W~akZ
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
4E
5.Z*
gx Y)x ( 1 ) :B^ x  F}D : EG
*
-V { c*
J
iZ g c*
Zm ~g Zg Z)<
L I Z+
ZZ Kg
L}: Z}
.D <: $g eC
ap
pg !*
kZgzZg !*
H~]y
WkZVY aZ e Bgzc*
[ Vzg Zh+y

x
Z
g Zh+y

a bg 6 }uzp x~ {z } 7,W,Z
7 H : d6,V# v D CY 0^zg ~(,qt ~
) F,

) ) z<
L IZ ( 2) D{)z
HQ5{g zsV# c*
W
ih+]
.6,
C]g ' DKZ \ W D }p0
V**
g gzZ] <
L IZ',
Z ( 3) W,{ c*
ih+
, ) F,

D ~gz YZ V 
z}p0
( Y 2004'
,
Z{g )

164

, kZ H Z%\Wg g !gzZ F,
Q D { Z
DD 0*
~9h
+
[Z
kZ D @*
ZL 7~}gz f` W IV]
?H[Z
]Z|g7J
-Wt :
L kZD : pZ yZ?
wKZ f :

L tgzZ H{ "z6,4z]
.~g7 s f
D c*
gzCZ pz
wC
gzZsZkg Z~ ZVzg ZD
~y*zy IV]
@*
VgzZ zF,
xsZ {z]Z|P1Drg fVzg ZD

?H];zkZ~\W 73
$E
~!*
WD @*
Ws%Z 0pG
V =D : pZ yZ?
J7,{i(XD X 7Zz "7,gzZZz J
-gzgz ~
h ~6,
Ga#
gzZ{%7,
{i%xZyZz
%fgY6,
ixsZ~VD}|7,
{i6,
G }g
/Zz+Y
DD %fgYwZgzZn
pgZ5~qDX7Zz
D ~DDgzZ g sZ V V a\vZ ` WgzZ
 @*
xgzZ } 7,0
+
iZ
# ~gz y
g 0*
kZh Z ]Z|g7 DN Y }iukZZzh
e x **
vZ
D ;g\Z6,
nZgzZ ;gur#6,
ni
ZuzgzZ
* N*
Y  3Z
Zg }gJ zg! Z
7{ zy =
Zg }g Z L V

163

?g}x Z] }
.+gD
+
V \W IV]
wvF,
D :pZyZ?
kgZ` Wg Z
/; F~yZygD
+
zkg IV]
?DkCt
\W~T
gzZ D
HZ~C
gzZ \N*
_ ` WD : pZ yZ?
i Z kZ "7,$D
t Z e
$s
8
g
4) E
D @*
_p
$gzZSz LgzZ
8i$Zg7LLG
$yZgz~TDCYZa V Zz _X9
L oq
-Z
) ) ~g7 w

z"7,QgzZ D @*
Y[ZzwZ *Z
@*
{Z
+ ZZ kZ D Dg Zz c~ :W
Cq]~"7,ikZ D f
ezx ~Z " ~ :W{z
D @*
Y1b~g76,
$D
gzZDsz^VzgzZ
bgzZF,
{ 
kZ[ Y Z @*
Y ZZ i Z D
[ZgzZ
Vw6,gzZ i
# V Zz yJZgzZ ^{g~ zg Z yJZ D k7,
D @*
ci7 4- ~
) ) KZ VKF,
d)vgzZ
D
Hz r z=~Dw
kgZ}g 1 g W~p~qC
._g g: i IV]
?zV
x ~Vg qkg ZD 7(Z~w}D :pZyZ?
~ kg Z F,
{ ~ [D W~p~(, g
H bVjZZ ~ kg ZgzZ ]**

JZ  R,

fZz~
) ) g bV~ kg Z

166

 H ~t
z kZ 7 c*
t = ~ }g !*
1 C
gg I
G
*9ZmIq
6,C
D c*
x Z)**
g t ~ F,
zy9g ~
gzZ {gz6,yZ~ Df *Z}{gzZD
q
-Z yZ ~ Df
e x **

Zzzzg ~Z6,Dg gzZ { Zp}D VZz ! %}{z

zgwZ V J 7,
~g gkZ~c*

~#
}
.yZ=r
#
z^D7,
yZ~ZJ
-{gz YbDz4Z~g
{ og yZ Z kg ~BZ e
$7Z D ;gByZ9~|
D
Hh
+%~ 7Z ~ B(= a g D
+~BZ
# VrZ D c*
Z
J
-[W {g f gzZ c*
u 0*
u {= VrZ
O ~q] X c*
 Zqg" c*
Z
# gzZ
HZl
Va " 5V
? H ZDg Z 7Z
H{g~#
}
.yZByZ D c*

~F,
zyBZ G!ZgzZZ%}gkZIq IV]
% V;zQ C!*
. V;z\W G Z ZgZ Z Z
_
? HzzZz
9 \W~ }g !*
C!*
. xZg Z D : pZ yZ?
_
~wZt ;g D g {WvZY 
yZgzZ [Z D c*
{ i Z0
+Z
t
~ Z~c Z ZWwZt?Z ZVYxZgZ
D c*
| 7,

WZ

# }g ) CZ
D Z}
.**
g H Z}
.
D, rZ\W6,
Z
\WgzZI]z G
*9ZmIq~BZ G!Z IV]
?g6,
Vz

165

kgJ eV xgzZwNkg ZC L YL I
zkZ
SzVxsZtHDgS'gx"
$U*
6,
xsZgzZ Dg
{z H\Wf @gzZ D7)**
g Zz<c*

DDZa~V-
D ;g Y@*
yDg}` WzzHt IV]
F,
{ c*
i~)O VLZyx zz
?7u @*
wV}g ~kg Z7akZHD
S
/ZZ$gzZ D 9{ i Z0
+Z \WD : pZ yZ?
gzZ c*
2s ZZ sZ y*zy V VZp Z yZgzZ
kZV g!*
5 gzZ D @*
7#xsZ 0
+
iwp
V xC
t Zm ~]|1 g 7 6,cg
'cexg7

t 
yW w m
h
+ * 4 i Z 
gzZ D ;ggZ H \W~F,
zyg7ug IBZ G!Z IV]
?g*Zzg}BIq
~ p=gg IZmIq]|D : pZ y Z?
} k7,~ ] Yg ~Z6,xZ b I9g ^ wk J W
{ og r
# /Z **
g=ZggzZ D p=]|t
D~
g7 ug Ik
,
+ggZ,Z9g9~gzWp=\W
5
q]|6,r z w
yZ c*
J h1 gzZ^ ]g%x
Zz x B \WD Y xZ b IBZ9g gzZ G
*9ZmI

168

167

tg e **
+~w 0*
D :pZyZ?
Dgxz: V'
,
~)Z}w 0*
kZ
B y!*
i !~ V P 7S 7Q \W  M
h (Z %Z
~) ,Z \W kZ ,h
+ / 5]
C
sZ {z Le ]g '~xEgzZ 3 Zg ;gE- {z Yq
\W;gE- ~) Vt~ }q~;gE o

M F,
\W @*
g x OZk
,
i xsZ IZ )
( nz
~^<
Iq
-ZxsZ<
~*Z
# ` W IV]
DceHVc*
g Z)f f}g ~,Z D ;g YH7
gzZpZ'
,
gzZ **
6,
x ZsZBD :pZyZ?
6,[W g]!*
x **
+{gD **
$
X Vzuz
s ~I c V Zz b Z +Z * ~g7 ` W @*
W6, LZ
DgIcy ZpvgzZ g ` Z
( Y 2003y {g )

w !*
W[ZD%~ ] ]|D : pZ yZ?
{= ~g Z)f kZ Z Y Z~}g Z Z Z
# D ZgZ
g2h
+]
. VrZ {]|~g Z)f] {g Z Z x Z
# D
D HgHMVVzngzZ ~g>=~kZgzZw5Z
kZg Zh
+}g Z Z VZwZt{g Z Z { Z'
,
u]|
{ Z99ggzZ D c*
} Z gg\W Y7xi 5g Z { Z 9
gg mvZ G
*9g r
# +Z **
]| wD~ hg h
]|~wq
-Z c*
} ZVrZZ
# W ~}g Z Zg=Z
\W~ Hn~ ?f
e7wJggVVY ?
gzZ w]z\WD Y7(\W~ ~C
]
D c*
} ZV;z~wJW 1wJ{t~
} f` Wz!*
kZD @*
Yg c*
s sZ\W IV]
(Z DD W7}\W~ yZ  g Z Zg Z ~
/
%~ x Z x Z
q
-ZC
~ yZ\WZ
# gi Z0
+Zvt U0\W 7
45_~yZyC
2E
G
~
?vg )
,
gzZJ.G

KZ~1 D v 47(Z = D : pZ yZ?

D7{ Zz6,
kZ=V!(Zv
/ZgzZ @*
0*
7q
-zz
?ce**
J
-ug VZ~gzCc*
F,
kZ IV]
B~0*
C
e
$gkZ{g~qzuD :pZyZ?
D $
qD^
,Y
LZgzZYHwb0*
[! IV]
~)~] @*
Yc*
ZtZV-gE- ~)Vg
? Zg H\W~kZV3 Zg W

170

c z7
*
-ZZ SgzZ c*
z.
$6,
} :q
-Z\WVDqD : ]
\WQgzZ HzVf~zKTH (Z~} :kZy
W YZ[p
?,Cx
/
/
6,
yn,
z8
-Z V;z !zC
q
Z V q
-Z ~ !*
W Z% ID : @yZ ?
}zn v B90V;z {z ZwZ r
#
J 7,{ i i {z  r
# x Z V  vf ! ;zP
{z ] ~ - ~ 1g a
1i
H| (,
WaJ 7,
i e {zgzZ ~! ;z
V Zg7  v
H Z9)u q
-Z Zg_
OZ
'
,
i kZ
kZgzZ c*
W~ V~~-tQ Zz %
S7,7i ~! ;z kZ VP ?~ J 7,{ i i
gzZ,g Zr
# ?V: y.6,v\W VrZ
VyZ Y H6,kZ N 
g {z  <
Zx Z]|dZt }D c*
7[Z uIz ~gzZ HY KZ
$U*
"
t V1 - IZ~ T}7Zx [ ~w'
, g
~7Zx Z
/Z c*
[Zt7kZ ~~Z
+yZ
6,h
+~kZ VX : i J 7,kZ q Z
+
/ZgzZ 7,{g !*

z **
/7Z S7,i kZ D i
gzZ~
~dVXgzZ b h
+
Hb yZ
7!*
yZZ yZ | 7,i kZN sz ~C
~kZ
/gzZ,qgLZ {zD 7]gz b zyZZh
+7ZgzZ Z
V Zzg Z :t bY: D,yZ ] P'
,KZgzZ ,g lZz

169

@yZ?

y} f>gz !*
W Z%?
z z xZ x ZeY {g Z Z a !*
W Z% @yZ ?

:q
-Z yZ D + {uq
-Z <
L IZ
) ) gzZ g
$-Z

Vq :{g
H0 c q~ c*
z7
-eZ ~ Y 2006
# ?1 c*
r
zZz6,
kZ 5#;Zuz] P`
yZ
/Z
-ZX c*
q
g Z 5'
,6,R@ yZ VrZ t

i ~Z MZ Z
Z {o$
+ :t Dg Y

r
# ?y8=g &
+ ZjkZD 0"7,
{i
BZ G!Z { kg szc y*zy sD 1- zZ ~ !*
W Z%_m,
+Z **
Iq {z rg ~ Y 1975

Z **
~g7 /Z y;'
,? Z
# 
/
gzZh
+%

r
# ?D q]i YZz x Z**
gzZ ~C
iZ

~g Zg Z)~Z /Zp? V{ g **
y WZ ?

) Z
D 0*
<
L IZ'
,
ZvgzZZ:
tZ zD K x ~k
,
\ WD g} ~g g kg

sg Z >],
Z~{zkZ)**
g Z \ W+ zD
+
zK
M F,

\ W sg Z G
vEzg~ !*
WgzZtZ

xZ x ZeY [ Z !*
WzgeYgzZ xZ D

DhZzV
/
uBzgzZ ^
,6,
$-Z  !*
g
W Z%

172

:*t 7]!*
5t ~V/Zz ~ Hwg Z
~w'
,]|dZ t
Xt V B 100 7
s
# z gzZ )z Y # yZ { yZ Zm
c*
W7{ c*
i6,R ZJ
-[ZXtwqpD HyZ kZ ;g !*
B
)g fc*
zgzZ c*
gkZ c*
zakZ 7Zztc*
Wc*

V bkZgzZ c*
x Z9
s
# zh~ * g !*

D5Kh6,
g}g7g !*
~rch
+~w'
,
~-V~IkZ D : ]
\Ws sV q
-yZgZ zgzZ fz ~-
?g7cyi ZV Zzc*
z 47\WHkZ
= _ kZ 9]!*
\W ~Z ~ !*
D : @yZ?
LZgzZ C0*
KZ VyZZ
# pHg Z KZ ~Z
[Z wZC
gzZ
Ht~c*
C~}g !*
wZgzZg &
-Z W,
q
Z T \W :Va c*
CVyZ 1g pa
[Z  g ]2z u mkZ [Z Z~ * ~g7 b
eVq\WB\W
f
/Z D,[Z yZ\Wt
Vg { e **
7q ,^g7\W{zC

77t ,!Zi Z yZ \WgzZ N Wt ]2z ugzZ
yZgZgzZ f} (,} (,
- 0G7 7x ZsakZ D
Zz6,g9.LZ\W} [Z z'
,
zg ]ZX D
,
Ck^kZ 74- {z  CtgzZ
b [Z]ZZ
~gzZ Ht Z kZ ~ D
Zg = mkZa kZ 1 yEZ ~ p kZ=

171

:}~BgzZ 0*
YBquVc*
y
/Yi gzZ
HB;
c*
z7
-ZZ c*
z7
-ZZ H'D ~ 
8 I
dZ ]!*
KZ ~ H-zZ ZgzZ Wk0*
}v
m Zg kZ~ zg ]Z ZfLZgzZ}7Zx gzZ]|
M
VrZkZ 1-zZtt ieZZkZgzZ 7
s
# zp :LZ7ZY c*
%Yr
# ? H
[Z ]Z yZ V +**
 DZ z D}g gzZ
Y V;z D B LZ V;z= {z t V TDV

HH ]Z|F - 0G7~} Zx=
~ - D c*
[Z wZC
)gzZ ~g7 ~ Z qzI
g7 .LZt V Zz M
m c*
[Z ]ZZ 9
tb[Z jV ZyZi gzZs
# z~i Z0
+Z
t +hZ Zz g @*
t ;g J
-WB4 WB 12
KZ F
F6,+
M gzZ ;g N*
et 5#FJ
-]B4q
-ZahtZ
Hx 6,: eDZXkZ eVyZkZQ ;g @*
7]!*
~VB67 M
m DZ Zg  gzZ HZg VrZQO Y
* ~g7 ]!*
KZgzZ ,
z \Wa kZ T e @*
Y
gzZag Z
Za ht Z ~ D, ~
* ~g7 gzZ c*

zQJ
-z ~1gkZa! u!*
D ZzgZzkZ Ug"Zt c*
x hx ~
t 7]!*
5t  \WV&~D V]
?VY)ut~c*
zy
W6,
kZQ .**
Z6,

) ) z<
L IZ
~
'
,
i6,b kZgzZ  g 
9\WD : @yZ?

174

173

G
*9g ~w'
,
]|dZ Y7y]i **
~y 

-'
,
ZZ
# VrZ 7g CZ f -'
,
Z m\vZ
J 7,
]lyZB'g : { ~y
wggzZZ}
.~V1
VrZg y
W~ ]g:/z qggzZ Hc_ qg yZ
<}w{z<
L IZ} f'
,
Zy*zy6,
TD[yZ
{mvZ G
*9g]|dZ D c*
C+
$Oh :kZgzZK]f
6,Vc*
~ X<
L IZ} f WDg Z |Z Y #z
~'
,gzZ -
~g Zg Z)]| Z Z\W
kZ D mz yZZ s %Zt 7 c*
Z0
+{ s %Z
|kZx Z0
+
io KZ
ce **
^XVa
c*
z7
-ZZgzZ z  ~` W c*
Zkzg
akZ H7w{z}
.cz yZZ kZt * ~g7
{Z
+A e
$<
L IZ kZ ~gzgzZt6,gDV &~
D !Zi Z V;- 0G7gzZ
[Zm{)zk
,
zgzZyn,
z8.
) )KZ D : ]
g Y ~gz '
,` Wp Zg ~'
,} f ;g ZJ
Z~
z\W 7]gzVZP C Z T
kZ\W~,Z H 7et%kZ n x  CZ~ * ~g7
?ceW3,
[Z~.}g mkZD7kC]gz
;gkC VZ c*
z7
-ZZ~D :@yZ?
BZ G!Z V Z V ;gzVzuz skZgzZ V
mkZ~]g Z[LZ ~~kZ Zgc*
z ~g7ug I
VU~ ZgzZc*
zV;gkC~[ZgzZW

D 7e
$DV ZzM
m
Ch
+LZ]Z|~- HkC~ IV]
Dg{ Zex ZgzZgm,
/

~g7 {z V Zz M
m Zg ]!*
~D : @yZ ?

&,\WV\W~, Z
C
C
~ /GG
C.D.
m Hue{6,
M
V-g5#gzZ Wqb6,
U
} (,} (, - 0G7 VrZ mkZ c*
C t V Zz
V} (,} (,
!Z >z0
+
gzZ -xZgZ gzg xZC
b}}g Z Z
|t x Z~ yZ @*
H yZgzZgzZKZg
~ c*
zt
# IyZ t VrZ 7g a kZ {z1 YW
W~-e:Z VX g _
OZ kZ7]gz7
wggzZ Z}
.~ V1Vg )
,
yZg~(,{z
yZ bkZgzZ N W: t x Z{z  'g i **
 ~ y

gzZ c*
h Y d
$
gzZ li ~g yZ ~pg Z 7,{6,6,]Zm
" ]gyZ7]c*
zh
+ yZ ~
Z x Z
D c*
[
a
) )z<
L IZ
zkZ bkZHD : ]
?~gzz
&
gzZ yZZmyZ t
# IZt ! /GG
D : @yZ?
sZ6,x **
ygzZ Zu{ iC
~gyGZ
#  \W
gzZ `Z us kZ y * ~g7 c*
Zh Z tZ wZz ]Zm
7x3,
~ w LZa~g y * [Z H ` Zg7
9gzZ Z}
.VZu{ iC
s yW
 Y
akZ
rg

176

c J
*
-Vr
# C
Wz6,
~}ZkZq
-{)z:
~ gzZ
g b
@~w'
,gzZ ~-6,gDL
L
? H\W~ekZ

g b
~g iZ6,
g FvggzZ Hug Zg 9!*
\WD :@yZ?
0*
zu" '!*
+Z y{kZgzZ r
# C
G
 gt g !*
g !*
~ WKZ {z  W7,q
-Z r
# C

 ]=ce g2Z*zygzZce gt yg2

yg2
/Zg]!*
yg2 {zgzZ sZ< gW
y
KDZ6,b) H [X <~ zg
b {z @*
b 
Z6,gwVN YWck
,
i {zgzZ Y
# C
r
7wJ.
t :{z Ct:
Z7wJ.

p(KZ <
L IZ} fV&~
gz9
tq
- 4,

G
E

gzZ F
F6, Zz **
'!*
tD,7wJ]!*

t yZ -} f
< N ~~ Zi WgzZ ~zg Zi Wgz {
t ~ Zg ~
Dgyiz<6,
K=KZv.Zz**
g ZuZzgZ
@*
W~c*
zXgzZ bX: Z/~w
/Z D : ]
t V)gzZDx
/
/fA
$kZ~T
?ce*
* H~,Z @*
t Z<gzZxsZ6,
g
Vgt ]g @*
-Z~[Z kZ D :@yZ?
q
kZ kZ Z~ ^c^
,k
Hg Wq
-ZgzZ^q
-Zx !Z >z0
+
Z V;z g q
-m \vZ G
*9g ~w'
, ]|dZ **
~
\W vZg ~w'
,
]|dZ D VZX I ZgzZ#
Z
# z yZ xi6, q nZ X  x Z<LZ
s

175

Do Z{ c*
i~XkZ gd
$
kZf{z
?;gg H <
L IZ-zZkZ\WD : ]
vZ Y
z V C ,~
/ZD : @yZ?
y*zy gzZ kg ~ p{C
g 9lb p~'
,
 a
=
wyyZgZ z fLZ Vz} (,x
]|dZ\W
Hg Z p ~ !*
ug I
h Yd
$
]Z|~-gzZ c*
x ~V}g
Z
]|)**
g Z(,\Wtb7w{z}
.yZt x Z
Dg !*
ug I=J
-4k gzZHyI}Z
Z
+9<
L IZk
,
9xsZ 47\WHD : ]
?ce**
M
m gzZg ZxCZaib)V gzZ
)
Z
g kC]gzkZ !*
!r
# ZgpD : @yZ?
lg Z
/ ]Z|wz IZgzZ ]zW,
IZ gx Y \W~gzZ
 @*
,M
m CZgzZ,7~ekZ {z Vz
~ ekZgzZ7t Vx  CZ ~g Z %z sp
{6,6,]Zm LZ VrZ -} ft {z V]!*
Zq
-Z~
# Y
r
nZ e }Zzp
pgmgE- vp% Z e
] k0*
yZ HkC~myZ {)zr
# C

m{q
-Z m ~w'
, ]|dZgzZ
) ) z<
L IZ {z 7
]|dZJ
-yZ6,g9~i Z0
+Z HkC ~  n
pg.
LZgzZ
WD1yY{z etc*
D7'!*
Zj
Dg"
$U*
g Z+
$Y)
**
gzZC
Wz6,
 t~~I\WD : ]

178

6 T 7]!*
,
+Z t p Cgze
$D ~I|gzZ
6,lzg 9gzZ ;gx gx Y
z kZV }Y ~VY Y ~z
DV !
*
ug I\WakZ~ y'

( Y 2006'
,
Z{g )

177

JZ b)nZ` W Y p Z  Y Zc6,yZgzZ
s %Zq  g Y '!*
t Zz Z - f g
c*
X ZG YX z yZZt ce gt yZ ,
C
IZ LZ - } fgzZ N Wt t
# IZ
# D 7Xz

Z D Y t Z pQB qgz/ ]Zm<

L
-Z f& 
q
Vz @*
Y 7x t J
-Z
# gzZ D 7 Z
t Z
# b)bkZV; M
h7a6,
b)B6,
g96,
nZ
Zgq
-Z KZt c*
z}gtZgb!*
cefLZ N W
DN Y {gZ ~.LZt c*
z: (Z} @*
,7
D ]gzzJ6,
UkZfLZ
sg 9CZt x ZJ
-[Z HN Ct\W~y
WD : ]
?n7sg 9 ~w'
,
]|dZgzZ=z9<
L IZ

&
/G D : @yZ?
kZ  gz { 9t ! G
]|dZbTnZgz
c*
zgzZ[|Z 9i Z0
+Z 9g
77~i Z0
+ZkZ ce*
*7]c*
zg Z]vZg
7 Z
Zg~ f }uzgzZ ]Z|\W~ ekZp H
DhZz,yZhZkZgzZ i wzg
?e*
*g Z ]z]ZLZmgx YD :]
z 0 ,dgzZ N qzg q
-Z \WD : @yZ?
, ZZq
-ZZm~g Zg Z)]|Z]
.\Wr Zl

gx YakZg Zaz \Wgx YgzZ _gZzyZ\W

kZ bzg uyZgzZ]]c*
zg Z)]|~
)
Z
s \WV V; g6,kZ6,ggx Yce gp

180

}x Zx +
)
ZzV~C;\Wq
-Z IV]
?bx Zx ZHV;z)g f\WJ
-[Zg
t{zZqzV;z)g f}g x
IV ~g .
]Z Z?
~gK6,
ey)Zx~T(Kgq
-ZsZCg7
!
pg m ~'
p
, g Z h 6,gm{ f}g Dy
 Zt Zg x ~ ~gKc*
@*
~ ~tK c*
x yZ Zz
6,e } (,x
)
Zz V)g fkZgzZ ~ wK~gK
 ]Z|Vz~ w} Z qz~g Z z [
kZgzZ C; }g7
{zkZ 4Z~xsZ {zgg Z
/0
+
iQc*
g z
DY KZ v i Z0
+Z ZV;z H qz V;z x Y Z
kZgzZ)g fcc*
MZ c*
,
)g fk
,
L)g fy8L 
D ~x kZJ
- ` WgzZ ~g Z)f ~g b[Z
}g Z Z {~g Zg Z)]|Z KgmZg kZ
" eY
0G
m~g Zg Z)]|Y Z w?gxsZ GE
" eY ._h
Y Zg Z q
-Z~ xsZ G
E
0G
+$
+ZKZ yZZz G
*9Z
Z) ]|g * T HgH( ?g~ kZ gzZ H
}~+ Z
+qgzZY Z^ ZgzZr
# ~C
i ZV{g
;g} x Zx Y Zg kZ~ J
- ` W kZDS0
+!*
6,u
gzZ Y Zg Z f> V c*
W~ x f>~
@kZQ V
x
t'V;g}x Z kZ~J
- ` WgzZ HZj}Y ?ZgZ
D)g f}
? tzg #
C;BV mB11IV]

179

~g ]
.Z Z?

C;Cg7s Wc&
+ sZ}
'zg ?+
A & !*
-Z
q
z ~g ]
.Z Z?
Y 1935 ~gz
9 ] z \ WD D Y Y w
gzZ

>
Yz Z0
+{ \ W ~g IZ yz&x%q
-Zg

Z]
.ZzY !*
W\ WIy ~ Zi W Y Y c*
] !*
kZ { i Z0
+Z
6,y ZZ sD K gHx Z z @*
Z V1F

tgeY~ZgzZY 0<Eg kg ZZQgzZq

q
) Z
~ Y 1957 ag 0<Eg xsZ
y *zykZ kg \ W~eY
) Z
D
I
l. Z xZg Z ~Z x Z Z
+g D
+~ kg Z Z

e~g Z)f w{g Z Z?gzZkggT

$**
~gtq
?gg g Z Z\ W6,g ZZ~g Zg Z)ZKgQ
}g Z ZgzZ,x Z] }
.V c*
J
-Y 1980 Y 1975 w

L Lx **
Xb} zg ZD
V \ Wy xg kZ D g z

\ W6,}g 
Z~w',V {gy%g **
~Y 1985D
z
VPp e~g Z)f Y Zg ZxsZeY
ZgzZ b) U%~ C; \ W
z kZ D Z 7,**
Y C; \ W

] m<!*
~X_ W6,x Vg \ W6,b)zxE
:xE W
] x W
sM !*
z h0*k WZ
Dw=gzZ Z \g- zL gLzZx Zz: c*
i @*
wZ g+

182

Ot k\Zpg gzZg !6,kZvkZ

{g
Hg0
+Z * ~g7 ~ w}
z kZ
HZ { c*
igzZ#nt
j&z ~ kZgzZ *
@Y H~A whe
$zg Vh
(Observatory){ gt q
-ZZgg0
+ZC; s ,Z
Za 0
+e ` W c*
t { g
/Z @*
Y Hwh]o)gf
g Z
g @*
Zz Wy wh kZ  V;z ,Z v
v V;z [~:~ A kZ mX v {zt gzZ 
4E
&
4hIG
F,
gzZ  ]Z|EG
z&
+Z c*
! f {zgzZ  D6,kZ {z Tg
c*
fZ
/Zv,Z DD6,
kZ 
V;z ]Z|Zzh
e y kZ
H ` WgzZ g @*

6,ZkZe
$zg ]Z|,Z D 0*
F,
{ c*
itgzZ
0
+e g @*
B29} ;g W` s sZ}g  D
e y g @*
f
{z A
$] 9 }c*
H0

+e
/Z D
]Z| **
~gF,
{ c*
it gzZ  D qz * CZ Zg7 B30:gz 
D6,j s sZ LZ ]Z|7Z m V D
0
+e~ ]gs i VwkZO
7tfZ W&zakZ s iap~ Z
] VZc*
C]gzkW~kZ s iZ
#D
a ] +Zp Yq OZ6,T C ]gz
qzypg:gzZ
HH qzy@: wkZ Z~g
/7
kZ wqD
HH qz ~g7 g@*
B30B30 Z w Z Vz
HH
gzZ$hu f ]gz]!*
kZakZg _
OZA
kZ ,% kZgz $
a0#
Z { Zg W
/Z

181

V gzZ tzgx3,
gT 76IV ~g .
]Z Z?
] W~ kZ ~ { x Z] V Zz 8IgzZ Sh Zm{
bkZ V;z CW~ ]gJ
-u]pM
h7
gp Z 6,VzK Z7,b f>[Z XN'!*

gzZex ZV;zp ;gBV yzg zgkZ

p D] V   
#
Z
Z,Z ~ #

D 7s V J
-[Z
? oX
) ) z<
L IZ~C; IV]
@*
kC(ZYV;z
zkZ !v:Z IV ~g .
]Z Z?
G
Y~stgzZ E}3!{zgzZ ~ !*
W VsV
z !*
W Xy{zZz'g6,V;z 7 lz fZz
GG3E
4]KZgzZ v y*zy Z]
B LZ ]c*
ZzggzZ Z%
.Z
byZ f Z6,Gi *B ~}3g VyZyZ
V yZ {z  
~ Z% V,q ~g bkZgzZ
9VrZgzZ ~g Y7Z b) Zt Yf%ZV
}g V,z 1wJ e ~ xsZ\WLZ j
D!*
WyZZ%
@*
g (Z]gZ 4,
~* ~g7X whe
$zg] IV]
? CZ
+~g Z)f H6,
zZx
J&gzZx Zy~,Z ;g Y
gzZ  k} (,f C; ~ ekZ IV ~g .
]Z Z ?
VN Z f Hx OZ VB bkZ Iw 0*
g e ` W VrZ
3 yg Z ~ kZ,iZkZgzZ
f 0GE
-d
D Z7W'
,m{ kZpW6,ZkZgzZ H! n~k
,
V E

184

~X qg (Zeg1kZgzZ w)R,
g7 }
~g Zg Z)( 1)
~'
, M ~C
i ZV{g**
( 2)
gg I
M r
# Z**
( 3)
6g7
M
@zZp **
( 4)
g
M
~g ]
.Z Z( 5)
yZ
M
/Z?( 6)
`
M
Vxt ` Z( 7)
Zg
M
G( 8)
kg
M
i c*
Z ( 9)
>gzZ ]gzW6,kZ ]Z|yZD

 ^5a}g Z ZZ~:WVzt
/Z
X ,Z~ kZ Z
Z D YW6,5Zg 9Q {g Z Z yZ
{z
HHaT{g Z Z ;g7{zce **
{Z
+ }g Z Z
yZc*
Y b &ZyZ c*
]!*
kZ]gz ;gW@*
]
DYH ` Zy
Z
zg DkC\WHwz)]| IV]
-Zyxg LZaib)6,
q
R!*
yZgZgzZ fg
?gwbg z<
L IZ @*
ce
8[NZ
A & !*
[x >&z bkZ~g Z ZIV ~g .
]Z Z?
Z {z p`q
-B**
Z ~g7KZ~kZ f/gzZ
T 7 w(Z ~ yZYN7"
$U*
&a
,+Z wJ.
t fx TgzZ
A &

183


0
+
Kts sZ}g 7Za ]]
.~
0#
Z 3 Zg (Z n
pgt t
7Z
Dn]ga
g/{)zgzZcy~[!*
whe
$zg] IV]
yZ ] y xVzq yZ **
Z
/gZ .
**
<
L IZ } f
?
gJ
-V
r Z Zg f}uz c*
MZcg @*
,
y87IV ~g .
]Z Z?
] 6,
gzZ{z CW)g fyZ
/Z6,]Wh
+]
.
D s VZ*
*._kZ ZY7t:Z
?Y@*
,
'
u|HByZ} (ZgzZ IV]
DYH^!*
6,
gZ yZIV ~g .
]Z Z?
[ Z1g?gJ
-q
-Z\ Wg g Z Z IV]
awbg z ~gzZdkZ/& **
] qV ;z
?ce *
* H
~g ZgZ)]|gzZ gZ]D : ~g .
]Z Z?
H6, kZ
/Z  b K
M F,
 a `Z Zm
w}
zkZp YwbgzZzQ kZB Y
!
{g Z Z )]|VX
Hc*
i Z0
+ZVyZ~
 ` W @*
Y H
/Z6,g 96,z nZZyZY c*

k
,
a
gZ Z Y H` W6,kZ
/Z C7{z g Wt ~zg { Zg"
kZ gZ Z ]gz
z kZgzZ Ywbg z
s Weg1)T{zq
-Z CW6,
Vz ~g Z)f kZgzZ Y
s Weg1t ._g2 )]|gzZ H
~ R,

186

2Ys ZlZ e

!*
Wg;gE-zg ZD Zi W**
! :g Z
Y
z
/Z ] dVc*
6,Z I y*zy

W~gTZZx **
2YsZlZ e YYB
IG
C
y!*
i ! gzZ ~y zg Z
A & !*
sgzZ t Z l4]Z D
i Zz%1 ~ ag gzZ g Z
~ m,
Z
Creolw-y!*

~ygzZ yi Z mZg g
$uz}Wz .Zz
Za ~ c 
Y BZ Z {~ Y 1962sZlZ e

sZ Yzsu
awjZ ;
@zZp **
]
C V Z'
,wZ ;gzZx

} Z * ZgzZc)
/
;gE- Q H{ .ZJ
-E ~g

gzZ c)
/Q V r a dZ [ Zz y!*
i ! H

$ ZZ |
/Z;gE-|
/Z 0*
gZ
zgzZ H} Z * Z

yZ XXj] ne4] ^q m4] ] o ne] ]

zd{ c*
iB200J
-[ Z q ~
/e f
$Z e6,
KZ

 ` 
~Z
+Z`
z bg {u o yz z o }p
Z ~X izIXgz ZW Z F,
gzZ] c@*
z] >

Xg~y!*
iZ
Xn] ne] `^e m^j] o
G
5 Z L6,
uZ [ ~EP
E
] ,600~X

sgzZwD Zq ],B3006,Xm[] ^e ^ju]

D +F,
Z { ^
,YL[ ~W6,
q

185

q
-Z,Z wtZN7"
$U*
Wg{zakZ 7
fg gzZg i Z afx TgzZTY O
Dce**
(ZgzZ {Z
+G~(ZwJ.
a
bx aMg kZgzZgx Y)x \W~y
W IV]
?,I
G kZgzZ [Zpk
,
) t IV ~g .
]Z Z?
gx Y ` kZ ) g lp bzg )
}g wj kZ gx Y Z
# W,
x Y Y
z W,
x Y
HY Z`
Z kZ VrZgzZ Tg]|~ j t
}p6,
g~uuQ 7j9kZJ
-[Z wq
[ x q
-Z!gt vZ Y 
yZ t kZ W~ +zgzZ
Dg Zz kZ \vZ D y ) F
,
VgzZ!g
( Y 2004~g{g)

188

Vo) ~uz
) ) ~g 6,g~
C? YY H Ha
-ZWV ~ y*zyY ZZ
q
) ) ~g Z!*
Z,Zq
-Z ~h
) ) z<
L IZ~TH 0*
,
'
x (Z
s x **
kZ ( gZ ) FuelTZ {zgzZ { {x **
T
7]!*
'ZC
a kZ CWZ Z ~(,~h a
~h kZ { Ht #
ZO n ~h kZ
{yZ $
+ %sZtV{p1
gzZ Y ug Z %Z
# C
gzZ
H %{z k0*
V<Z
]gz]!*
kZ6,
g~
C` WDYug ~h ~g7gZZ
#
ukZgzZn u~h {z @*
, Z
%Z kZ 
` W Z% x {, 0*
,x {~} =gf
'
Zt Z!*
kZ x { Z  7xg V{
<xg ~ x { { e _ s
YY c*
7x **
:{Z p._ <ZgzZ V #
{L L: ]!*
hZ ~(,  M
hgz:g Z !V;
Z VyZgzZ
w ggzZ wkgZ  wq
akZ Z Z }VgzZ Z Z Zg fV Z
` WDY H 0*
,x {ZaY Z
'
) ) ]gz ` W
H,
H,k '
) {zX Z
t }g
V) Z
Z Z
Z{gzZ $
Y7yZ b &
%
~gzgZ2Z6,

C{T e\W ){
H,
kyZ ~gzaA Z
ZgzZV Z
Z
 ^e ^]
rg(ZgZKZy
KZ YH

187

kZN C\WH x 6,
gzZq
-Zx D : ]
?g akZ\WgzZH{ Wq\Wa6,
g {6,
{ Zg
6,g ~
Cq Zz { Ws D :2Y sZ lZ e
4 5 s sZ L Z Xgz d{zVg )
,}g
s sZ}g {z  CY J 7,'!*
 ~ ` W :%+F,
dZ
kZ ~ 7q5[f~i Z0
+Z Zze
$.V
}g & XZ~g t) XX ^n] l4 ^je F ZZ ,zwq
}u6 QgzZ \g- =g fZ q ~g t (
HH7t
DXgzs sZ}g t~|Hq\g-
gzZ{ C"~k
,
zk
,
Z
# ~gz c*
zgzZDkZ D : ]
?D 0*
twq]g \W Za ~i !*

HW,
OVx 0
+
ic*
z6,g~
CD :2YsZlZ e
pn {g7% W,
O kZ a^gzgzZ;@*
z"
c*
z @*
EZ x "z Z
# @*
~g gzZ g x c*
z
# @*
Z
#]!*
.z]Z}g c*
_
z Z!*

c*
z~ LZ ` W @*
gz = "z 
D ~gze
$./Zzc*
zakZM
hwEZ
6,
R,)N C\WHn
pgt **
@D :]
? i'i Z a^gz6,
]
i Z0
+Z DLZgx YgzZ ]!*
Z ~(,q
-ZtD :2YsZlZ e
;g VZ]yZgx Y gzZ ;gz'
,
Z'
,sb) ,) ~
F,

) )c*
aY g ZKZ~**
@{X Z Z(,
t

190

s [f,~ }Wz 8
-g 4Zt ]!*
m{gzZ ,l
G
I
g EZtZ l4]Z { ZgX{z6,
g~
Ca 7]gzCk
B
I
4G
&gzZ
.nE
a }g a kZ ;gh{zZ k
,
 xsZ G
* [ bzgzZ Zg f LZ LZk
,
9xsZ ~gz
D,7t
Z (,
-Z` WpDtwxsZbzgsD :]
q
? H
C.yZ~\W @*
gxsZ oZ (Z
tq
-Z,
CVyZ D :2YsZlZ e
gzZ] ~esyZzzT **
9z6,
U Z%zg r
VyZ6,

CgzZ,) {zkZK~
.Z }yZ
p
M F,
KZ {z #sg Z: KZ Hg (Ztzgt
ss ~ T^{s  {zgzZ  #s
$ y
e
KZ ` WD#sNyZ
'!*

yZ ~g7YH76,gw$
+kZs
/Z ~wT
DA !x
'
,
iZjsxsZ
t x gt }g Ug CW]!*
# sD : ]
Z
t 5#gzZ ? Hp9sN C \W H @*
YW
?,7~]gZ
E
$
EjWz6,=ZsD :2YsZlZ e
=kZB=Vzg ZD
kZ~[KZ
=g f vZ Z[ $
Y H,L Lps,z

vZgzZ @*
'
 N Zsg swZcegzZ
Dq ]ZxgzZZ
+Z ~ T @*
J
-\z ug n

189

kZ Z
# }g T\z ug nvZgzZ Zz Y s Z'
,
XX^# x] ZZD ZzCikZ z H
` W ~gzH,Z0*
b #6,gD{z HH,LZ T
wj wqV;z @*
]gzYbzgs~V{ ~g
LZgzZ Vwdz u{t Z
# Za wj H,
Za
Dy'
s F,

) )~g7V}W
Z6,
V{ap
pgVZzVZzg,)\WD : ]
y {z 6,R,)  t wZZ Z
# ]!*
g (Z lzg
? ]gzgzZ a^g
zkZ6,
X]
x 6,X ]q
-Z F ! V; D :2Y sZ lZ e
H,{z Zg  Hf ~ Z T sq
-Z ~ yZ ]gz

{z @*
~gz *
*H,sakZ [ '
)sp1}
s)6,
x **
s Wu 
{zl~sgzZnH,
Zg
t
) ) s f)z yZ W~ kZ
e
$ Zz Z kZc*
z]gzZ {zkZce *
*7
C o n s u m e r i s m s~ kZ ;g 7 c*
z T [f
$E
!*
[f c*
z 0pG
sZ1 ( sg )
E
$ sZ ]g : ht Z {z @*
0pG
 c*
z}g Z
x **
~ 7 xsZ D,LZgzZ ,wEZ c*
z
!fO  g 0*
77 ._ Vq)xsZ 
gzZ @*
x ZZ6,
LebT @*
7xsZ LebTc*
z
({z ~g Z)f f}g ` W @*
z~g LebT
G
IG
4&gzZ ( ~g !*
.nIE
{6,yZgzZ ( ~ ) G
W )g EZt Z l4]Zzi !*
&

192

?BZe zg
z ]
g d0 t [fIZ D :2Y sZ l Z e
E!
IG
IG
Zz p t W - t Z l4]ZgzZ tZ l4]Z ]
IG
76,Vz
C5Z'[fz tpt tZ l4]Z6,gdg
7Z ] ~}g !*
t|)[f|~ Vs9
IG
Zz~ [f{ c*
i~kzg GZ%zz  t Z l4]Z
p @*
Bt{z}]~}g !*
GZ% [ kzgp
G
I
t Z l4]Za kZ B7tz!*
~ [f[GZ%
D6,
Vz
C~zd{ c*
i5Z'm
IG
t :}g  FkZgzZ Wz ~(,* t Z l4]Z
giws ,Z #xsZe
$znyZ M
h7
D W~yZykZazDD F,
Z~yZykZa
t+
M xsZgzZ c*
W xsZtV#F
gty WakZ
1W~yZykZad{ t{ztC
1
j @*
&xsZ "al
VM { c*
i ZX{z
G
I
t Z l4]ZT Hg (Z3 Zg a^gzap~xsZgzZ
D{ZmkZD#
IG
:{ Hwq]g{tZ l4]Zq
-D : ]
?Hg & gzZs Z@Z
G
I
ZZ t Z l4]Z~Y 1978D :2YsZlZ e
IG

KZxE:[ZgzZ
H{ gzt Z l4]Z
HHyZt~kZ
` W~ | 6spk]t ~ | ,x 6,x **
gx ~zg { ]g Ziz M%Z} (, X uz :

191

}@Wt}t akZ
/Z {)zx AZ #
Z
6,x **
s{z kZgzZ O ^q
-Z J
-}@x
D7s1M
hs] i Z{z  k0*
}g
7B
z} (,
s5#~_vZ z{ 
D : ]
? H\W~}g !*
g Zr
# { 
, z  D
Za ~y q
-ZmvZ G
*9g { 
]|D :2YsZlZ e
M F,

gzZ z yZ~ X} Zwqr

# q
-Z
s VrZ6,g Cc*
-'
,s{z6,gizz T
r
# { 
Z Z(, g @*
y*zyKg " 0
!*
kZgzZ ZyvZ (,#
Z T
HH76,gs#
Vx yZw!*
zTgzsv6,

Cb
{z DK'!*

C" +Z m r
# {
VM Y6,Vzu
G
E
$

-;X [KZp{zO{
{zcey
KZ L
L D 
~] )G
(Z1ce **
y
KZgzZ g sIZT (Z1
&
/G
D 7yi ZXVrZ G
t
{ 6,
L z[T
<
1CZr
# { 
<
L IZ5# @*
Y ` WpD : ]
.6XCZ7ZgzZg a^gz6,yZ {z
kZg7 Z 3E
?}H\W~}g!*
p L LZ q
-Z ~ ]x~
CsD :2Y sZ lZ e
Bt O t H H t kZ ~
{

/Z Z Vzuz Zhgr
# {

? H H
D, hg}uz BQr
#
G
I
\W6,
:kZH ? H|t Z l4]Zq
-D : ]

194

IG
~et Z l4]Z Vv,Z~
) ) ~gztakZG
E
+
{
(Explosion of o ^r] t= Vn
pg B
z Z~ yZgzZ  | (,Z 
D` W : i knowledge)
0C
C
,z*f H{z{ Zpq
-Z  ;g7et[Z
G W
E
+
B
Z Z~y.zxEZt~gz` WakZ: i { [Zn
G
E
-!
{
` WN YK s Z@Z
) )}gtb!*
gzZN YKZa B
G
4G
&gzZg EZtZ I
.nIE
l4]Z{z]Z} (,
akZG
t }g
D ]gzJzsyZ
gVEZz6g: Y7t\WD : ]
? wHkZ~\W H xsZ} f~
7Z \vZ Hx ~ekZ VXD :2YsZlZ e
7x m{ J
-[Z ~ yZykZt |1 
Z b

s Z@ZyZggzZ{kg ~g t]!*
E e
G
G
I
I
4&gzZg EZtZ l4]Z 7
.nE
s X qG
t~
s Z@ZyZ} Za Z
Z,Z
) ) ~gzakZce **

D,7k
,
9xsZt *x **
s Z
/V { WwZzixsZV-z D : ]
yZgzZ  H[Z ~
C wZzi kZ N C \W H ;g
/ ~!
?H 5Zg]
wZzi~x| \Wx7=D :2Y sZlZ e
wZzi ]Z| @*
Y H~: ZwEZ kZ H wEZ
D h wZzi  D h gz
o d Zg ~B
CwZzixsZ Z;o dgzZ

193

z V0*
[f~ }g !*
sZ :` WgzZ 
IG
` W6,gip
H{ gz t Z l4]Z6,gg%Z  sz^~
IG
D ~g YtZ l4]Z
IG
g EZ&s@**
Z6,
t Z l4]Z6,
{zg c*
g~
C
6,
x **
sZxE ` W1( z#
Z e^Y) Devide and rule i
IG
gzZ VjZ * x kZ c*
Wt }g ~ k] 6 tZ l4]Z

zu~X XZV0*
gzZZ5hgV0*
uV  t '!*
]{Fabricate and rule i
Db#
gzZ
G
I
` W1@*
#xsZp
/Z @*
Zdz {e
$.t Z l4]Z
IG
6,xsZ6,gDp)gzZ R) ZzugzZ {)e
$.t Z l4]Z
Z  D5 )g f c*
z y W % T ;g
IG
V {z )g f T
)
Z yIg VDq:%q
-Z t Z l4]Z
IG
t Z l4]Z *
@Y Z',6,gC!*
.e
_
$.ygzZDu
D CYg Zc#xsZ7=g fc*
z
H xsZ} f~gVEZz6g:D : ]
\W } f6 mkZ H ? Z H kZ ~ \W
?,}gt
t a F,
) ) 6,g ~
CD :2Y sZ lZ e

) )x ZygzZ Y xiZ} (,

k0*
kZs 7~gz
V iZ Vg iZ k0*
kZ ~gzaF,
V+C
y.zxEZgzZ V>V]Zg ZgzZgiZ
C ~ V@Z C 7 F,

F,

) )a

196

yZ**
:
KVk
H"gzZ **
yp V9gIZ
vg ZD
P s~ * ~ { X {zI Zt 7m
GG
a x **
V  5 Z Z
# Zz
!*
 }WyZ  y
VyZ
) ) I]
) ) t 7Zz]!*
%
~uz
) )q
-Z kZ h ~I ] V B50
gzZ {Z :%~y
W kZ C I ] { c*
i kZ 

))
G
G

yZ 5 ZZ
# ZzgzZ
* ~g ~{ yZ r`] nj]
xsZ6,Vz
C4z]
.{z B7 V
/
u
Y as Zz wgzZ Y a**
x
D:a6,
*bm{LZ
4z]
.KZ{za}H~}g !*
+@WD : ]
? wZ]gzZ 0
+
i ~g tt~i Z
Z [f
g ]!*
yZ D :2Y sZ lZ e
V/J
-V 3g7
-~J
gxsZLZuZ 4'
,
iV
DByZyx *gzZ F
F6,
s Z {z4z]
.
wTn
pgg6,
[ Zzy!*
i! \WD : ]
sZ kg ZN C\W~kZ Zg Z
/
W~[ \Wa
? Xa{z gg D
+[ Zzy!*
i6,x **
[~
? ]gzF,
~kZ H
T b}7 ,Zq
-Z [D :2Y sZlZ e
T C ~gz5Z'mgzZ }i m Zz [Ww5a
c*
~ C
}7 C
gzZ YY 7c*
Z ~{C
}i}7 C
b
i}uz [ iq
-Z [,z YY 7

195

~(, kZ |t pY ZZ wZzi Z;

yZ6,}i yW
]!*
wZziJ
-VXqVx ~(,
yW{z @*

\vZ  C j  @*
qg Z`ZV
Zz gzZ @*
Y h Z0\( v ) {$
+i @*

wi **
0*

# D~^ 0*
Z
{c*
~^ C{ Zp Lg !*
~}i {z @*

*gzZg] *~xEgzZYbgjJ
* Z
# py'
s F,
akZ gq;
Qa* {zceV
HqzwZzi Zgg7ja
ga

xsZN CZ bzg kZ xsZgzZFj

Dax}g! xvZY 
yZ ja
hg *
* Z
##
ZW'!*
nkZ~V(uD : ]
z Z ~ ]q ` W~ zg kZ g Zpz ?f {z }
?Zg\W~}g!*
g & gzZ]gz
} q
-ZVt{@WgzZ Z D :2YsZlZ e
$u g7i *" VyZ LsZIV &~gzZ
g
6,#
Z % gzZ gaJ
-#
 c*
W~p
 Y t YY 7e~ }g !*
z }
yi ZgzZw% pBg (Z * uF,
gzZN Y| (,s+
M Gg
ayi Z zw M
h7~
CxsZ
D ]gzVyZ {@WaH,
gzZ ZQ
H\W~}g !*
kZ ;g6,
x **
` WpD : ]
? Zg
` W Zz!*
6,
zZ}t
~ YgzZ D :2YsZlZ e

198

197

Zpt g0
+Z}g bgiZVo) ~uz
OZzgi Z0
+Z X
3g,Z V}g lCZa
~ kZ H Zg7 ]gzkZ kZgzZ c*
W
z'
,gx Y @*
~)
z }g Z ZgzZ V6& dZ k
,
V kZ K wi o !x
g OZ g,Z
) ) CWt ]!*
tz @*
{ i Z0
+Z lz
t H6,Tgx Yp q Vpu"gx Y D
g,Zq
-Z ` W?
kZp ]gzkZ Rm{q
-Z
vZ V 
a^g s~ T g { ]gzJ
ax }uz kZ yZ ~ =x kZ\W \
V g Iox gx Y~ } =kZ\z
/c*

}uz
Dgw !g ~g gz Z Y]gzp Z {z
( Y 2006s6,
Z {g )

Y7ao}uz [oq
-ZY7Wg a
z]g @*
{zZgz ykzy i{z'gz~
C~gp
V7 ~ iC
gzZ(C
yZ  Zz %$
+7 ~p5Z'
bz<
L z[pD<
L z[ {zgzZ ]gz
LZ ~ iC
~x *a kZ g D sp {z 
LZ T [ LZg  Sg Cx ~g h
+[
oe
$.~gzm
Updatep kZgzZ
ZDg Z
ZbVz ~Ez)gf[kZVY
v=gf[ZgzZ Dq}~ #
v| 7,[
 }uz}g ~ i ` W
W _gzZ x Z ?
{ Zp{ ~ [ LZ Q C
 w$
+}g Z
#
y!*
i +Z q
-Z t ]!*
g Z
[}g ce ~p
*gzZ 7.Zz bhZ}g y!*
i T g J 7,~
7 bhZD
y!*
iTJ
-Z
#  t Z6,kZ +C

**
t
Z Y7qg{z 6,[=g f kZ }Y
Z Z @*
N (Arabic based)kZ ! [CZce
~&/CZf CZ~ey!*
i! Z Zg ZW,
{ c*
i~
ce HqyZgzg D
+
~gzZ~oyzzo
[y ZgzZ N 2y!*
iD
6,giwz c*
-Z 
q
D 7e
$s` WT, U
ab &ZkZn
pgt
)
Z{gx YD : ]
?x c*
{gt
V1ZpVgzZ}gx YD :2YsZlZ e

200

zg6,
:]g @*
Z{ {gzZZ ]|D : ]
?BZ e
g Zm~zg /ZZ Z ]|@g ZD :Vx.
%zcgzZZ Z
/Z \WD @*
~x Z1zZwzZbR'
,
VhD Z x **
Z ZgzZZm/x **
ZzD /Z{
y*zy~ V Z]
.\W:
L ]g zOV{
D #
gzI+ZY y: itDp=
\WVTZz!*
D ~|729] X!*
] zZ ]|
D MWZtzg >ZZ]|
p=y*zy Z
Z i gzZ yZ0
+{g**
 sZ ~kZ
DCY 2
+, Y svsal=g fyZ
,
k
+x D\W B Y zgZm Z ]|Z]
5
.\WO
x Vc*
q
-Z~ ~g 6,z gzZwzfgZm Z ]|D
LZ \WD / Z
/Z **
x **
X} Zq
-Z\WD q
z \WD vg )
, r
# gzZ wr
# } (,bg Zz v)
,Zz
D Z x **
} Z}uzgzZ+Z ix **
q
-Z D} Z
}@xhw) \W Dg x **
Z ^WZ 
x { t e
$"gzZt ZZ D Lg ~g tZZ6,\WDTg~
D sW\W Y}A
$Di ZzWhhh%&
( Zi Z1139g ZuZ> P%)
]B\zZr: E
@i \W~kZe
$"gzZt ZZ
kZ li ZgZ}
.e:^gD c*

\WD 7

199

Vx.s~ZZg q{ 

( 8 -){g !*
I zgZ{ {:d{ =
7sg ` Z Z
/]Z f ~zgxz$/ZZ {
]| Z 
\ WzzkZ Zrz
 t'
,
!
B; \ W

` WgzZ U%{{ \ W *
@Y t'
,
M

* wb h kZ D ~g Y ; qzg gzZ d V;z

Vx. s~Z Zg q{ 
]|{ =r
# {
/
% qzg

g Z Z h$ Z VTZgz qzg s sZ ;
MZxLZ r
#

r
# zg Z Z { 
]| **
**
x H \ W \W

\ W ;gE- !*
WZ ~ !*
[Z w**
LZ ~ #
}
.
Z]
.LZq ~
/e c)
/
7 zQgzZ c)
/

6,
6,h
Zm~'
,
Z t W{ 
]|

wz x H]
.~ Y 1981D } i Z z ]i YZgzZ

6,

Cp CZ fgzZ4z]
.V6&KZ\ Wzg =
 V1,
Z gzZ k& Z ~y(~ Z { {

{ {gzZ x 4z]
. ~ x Z ] }
.x~

\ WD:%aY x}uz] Z f \ W~eh

+z Z

Za Z
Z Ygz <gzZ h + D{ {

t'
,
9gkZgzZ )Z~Y 2000a

Z gzZ
H3geY x **
kZ Y 2001 D Z e r Z yWZ ;

D ~g Y^T ~}^xZg Z {!*

202

201

D 1 {^
,Y ]qgzZ V{ e yZgz s
#(
v y*zy gzZ 0
/
% Z Z(, e
$Z@ z g { { yZ ~ zg
~ * ~g7 ( 271 m Y xg @*
) q ]
\WD vp+
M qzgz ;y

\W
90t'
,

1zZCc*
; { g !*
\WgzZ+h
+%zY #\WgzZ]'
,
!*
]Z f
\Wzz D c*
0*
rz
~ * ~g7 t'
,
=g f
DBt'
,

7ZC
q: Zqi *~Z{ {zf 0E
Z {D : ]
?BZe zg6,
*ZzgyZDZ
]|D ;g { {kZmqzg a fC
D :Vx.
_vZB{ 
gzZ fCtg Zm~!*
t ZiZ
t'
,
M v+Zg ]|~'
,
L ~ !*
W!Z
m qzg f C
kZ f C
z ] i Y Z
{
} Z y Z Z ] Z Z { 
]|D
H@*
~ Z  Z {
~ C
~g7 y ZZz G
*9ZmZ t W{ 
d
Wy ZgzZZ ]
~0*
~ Z kz f C
}g t**
wC
gzZ
~ ~g Zgm qzgt D ~g YJ
-[ ZtgzZg Dq
**
]| b ~ Z r
# Z ] { 
]|Z
# D Z sp
&
6 Z ZB V xw) **
]|} Z C C
~g ]Z
~ ^ ~g Zgo gzZ m qzg *t V [ 6,zZ ~
D c*
Wt
]ZZ{
]|d{ =
zkZ~ i{z0
+
-D : ]
q
myZ~ x Z] }
.BV-Z$
+} fZmr
# Z

i Z 12mg Z g Z ) f
e 7g e gzZ D Y 8 g  v,Z
z
W 0G
]
y
Y 1zZL%zc\W ( ~_/Z]|
g Z Z) D 8 7Z]}g v~]z] /Z!*
!*
 c*


z
(Zm{
qkz;Z]|i Z 172my G3Z
 i Z g6,1139g ZuZ > P%Z ]|
G
GE
/Z GG
Z g zZpgzZ 1ZzZp~
G38]Z f 0p$gzZ z ],
x z { c*
i kZ q/Zxz$zt ZZ Zz {@x
~ J
-Yz[u 0*
,
'
yt xq D Z:
Z
Zg " z\WgzZ qqzZZmZ]|
` WgzZ Z[c*
;]zg ZkZgzZt'
,
M
D g} rz
ekZBx Z}g7{ {\W
KZ \WD Z wz \W~/wJ Wq
-Z|838 {Z ~ )B15
D x j;[Zu 0*
g Z'
\WDy{ {
Zm~zgE
]|Z 3D : ]
L 8/ZZ{ 
?zzHkZ @*
Yt'
,
M
Zm /ZZ xz$Z ]|~ p zg D :Vx.
g y*zy D B
bg w ~
/
%gzZ ~t'
,
M { { {
,
k
~ wzZ Y xg@*
L[gKZ ZWz6,cg
hN~ zg g @*
M
T
/
%
t'
,
 H
V;z~ i LZ/ZZ ( {g !*
{) !*
W;I zg
vg )
,
eD [x ~
/
%MZ
# { {KZ
g ZkZgzZ Dg{ KZ~ {)zwX { ]Z|
/ZZ D [ { Vg )
, ex
/

204

vZY
KZ gJ
-Zg
) ) VwZ D k
,
iwgy**

]|{ { {!*
~Z kY 2009DYJ
-g
$ugz
Hg ?+ Rq
-Z~ T c*
W~ x Y Zg Z~ Z 
D qg s { {a i b)LZ v @*

H
x **
Y Zg Z kZ D ;g^~Zg Z ~k
,
$eYY Zg Zt wZ
Z }g Z ZkZ
zx eYD
H3gY Zg Z ~'
,

6,x ? Y xzf'
,
Zt'
,
{zrz

6,Z ]gzZ Hi W ^ALZ ~ 2003 }g Z Z kZ DN Y
H 
hyLx V gVZ
/
Y xgzZ fg**
u0*
zy
{ 
**
]|%kZkZ D Zk
,
+~ VdT
5
XX] nf ZZ~Y 2004D qz**

? zg @

.
4h Z G7g L Le^ **
]|Q D H 
EG
]|kZ
)
Z
] bkZ DX 
Bq
-Zg wZY MgzZ
ZB" **

D Hqs 6,
x ]kZ~]w
&
yW
F,
z CC
~g]Z**
]|~/{W
)
Zz
Hx 
.
$6,s W^ W
z kZgzZ 6,Vz *
0
D u~ yZy ~){z ZzgeY D
{g !*
~ T @*
` {g Z Z q
-Z {z x **
wjZ ~g],
];
~ kZ t { wjZ ~g]],
; kZ D k
,
i ]] zZ
+Zi
D *
@Y H3 Zg W VgzZVyB~)
D ;gYwjZ ;kZV &
Cc*
~ {  7{7 g~ f ]!*
t
];z7Z DCZ Zg ZW,
V(Cc*
{ c*
i}V

203

?}H\W
kZp uf Z ~ qz~ {z0
+q
-D :Vx.
Z fx q
-Z q
-Z,z,z f(,
V$
+~ q
-
VE!*
{z0
+
Zm zg @{ 
**
]| **
**
}p D
a D Z {z0
+q
-:
L ] ; z
7Z  g ~

/
zg @{ 
**
]|~C
r
# Z]ZZ { 
]|
zyZ~e{z0
+
-ZgByZ~Vrx gzZ
q

E
f }uz ~ ] -Z$
+g Z **
w B Z ` @*
]| .
<
L IZ } f>g Z i;X\/Z{ 
**
~g g q m<!*
Z ]ZZ { 
]| Z ;g ma { { kZa V-Z$
+} f
D Hyzg7.fV-Z$
+~e{z0
+
-r
q
#
gzZ
)
Zz 
gZzb & Z Vz]Z{ {` WD : ]
?g Y~x Z] }
.H~V Zy(
gzZ
)
Z z { b & Z Vz ] Z ]|{ {D :Vx.
i{ {pi Z{zZpD x
/
u b~g7~yZy(
kZ~qzD c*
W~x )Z~Y 2000V6,
9g Lgq
-ZgzZ Hi W^AgzZ (LZ6,eLg
Z k Y 2001 wq
-Z D Z e r Z yWZ ;t'
,

t
z kZ D~ ^xZg Z {!*
ZgzZ
H3geY x **
kZ~
D sf
D ,TD 6,
]Y%Z{g Z Z
Dk
,
iZ
+ZiB80~T 6,
Vogg e:
&{gH)g f Y Z
Zm5x Z e
$Zz'
,~ kZ :]P

{ c*
i 50~ kg {z kZ D CY Z[!

206

Vg)
,}g gzZ Y HuQV{ yZ ]!*
kZ ]gz
~i Z0
+Z6 {g !*
z +
$YkZ HaxTx V{yZ
Iz<
& x Z}g 7 ~ kZ Y Hi W^
t U : ` WgzZ n
pgmC!*
.gzZz ]o V{
_
,g yZ D VZ {Z
+ z C!*
.kZx Z g Z
_
'
,m
)g f #
}
.gzZ , b & Z qzggzZ yZR!*
gyZ
D,x xsZJ
-V)
? ]gzXsgzZV{` WD :]
Z
+
Z ]gzs ` W Vt ~D :Vx.
xgzZ ]x <
L z [
C T s{z 1 7~ V-
gzZ 
g Zze
$Z@wZjZ b & Z6,VZ } 1zZzG
7J
-[ZiW,
gzZ4 sIZgzZ saVz ] xsZ
yZg D]2zu~]5+ ` WyZ }g eYH7
~uz q
-Z V{gzZ s YY c*
J
-9 + )g f Z
c~ *xsZ ` W C
~]q $
+` WZ
t sV~Bp ;g Y H76,g<

/
y Zz Z * ` W{z sIZ =z{z xsZ ;g Y
@oV{gzZsgzZce **
VZ {Z
+ $
}
G
"
5
Z}
.tB'
,
Z }g ce **
=g f xsZ G3 EyZ 6,e
B V q y.6,
u|V7
[ gzZ LZ#
}
.
xsZ6,VZ sZ7 ]
~qggzZ ~g^
xsZ ]gzsg ,ZxsZQ * ` W H7sg i
Dn
gzZ h Y xgzZB}g **
Zzsg it

205

Z
/
a3 Zg W xE~)B]
CV
Y "
5E
h
+y

} i G
b akZgzZ HeYWZg Z { Zg Z x
/ Y J
- ~
/e}g Z Z kZ D [Y 3g
C T
 @*
Y H ZZ ~'
,
g Zz ~ { { {zV
/
u(yZ D
gzZ [k& Z yZp f 0G7~ kZ D CY ( @*
[fi
ZZ HR,e { izg &a
M F,
x Z ` s{ {wC
D C
D @*
YH zx Z x Z
/
z6,
k&ZgzZZ{zkZ C
xsZ~u0*
zyR'
,
Bm<!*
gzZV{D : ]
@*
xzng ZtV{` W1~x Z] }
.Vc*
~eVz]
?H[ZkZ ;g Y
)**
g  0 + ] ~R'
,
7 ~ kZD :Vx.
g #Zx LZ LZ lZ
.
**
{z c*
x Z Vg )
,
M
YHg x Z1zZ'
,
Z
/Z~R'
,D Ds Z Z |kZ
sC
c M Y Ht V**
g Cz yZ gzZ
~ TY #g**
yZ gzZ +Z zZp ]| DN WVc*

]&+Zh
+
!*
!*
]| g +ZzZp]|BS
r Zl
+Z]|u0*
,
'
]|Y 1zZ+Zx Z[8]|gzZ m
sZxz$]| ~zg /ZZxz$]|i Z{ i Zgu]| ~
]q ` W1 Yg Zy] }
.]+F,
Z@$
Z ` W 7@*
Zg f~s Z Z |kZ=}uz
~k]{ izgg X { izgz{ izg9s^ qzggzZ CdV{
DSg~ 7,
l{{twD
H{g
s yZ {zwq [Zo zZz wZzikZ

208

BkZ 
+4q
-Z\WZ}
.Dgx"
$U*
~
nkZ:gzZBwp:#{Z({ZpgVZ
/
u~ltW6
D! xgzZ { ZgsBF cZ
( Y 2010m{g )

207

Vz Z {qzgzdZ6,
~k
,
zk
,
KZq
-Z ` WD : ]
?}H\W6,
kZ ;gi Z0
+Z6,
gZ)c*
Z] }
.
$D{Vzuz6,kZ1Z Z(,q
e
-Z
) ) ~g tD :Vx.
~ yZy$g Zz { Vz Z { qzggzZ dZ6,O
p)g f
)
ZzgzZk
,
zk
,
] }
.y)Zx'
,
Z LZ W
:**
6,
x
4}

D Y D { LZ
\WwZjZ kZVx7~kZ Z { {
gzZ i Z0
+Z] }
.dV z Z { Z6, gz Z V; `
gzZ Vz Z { Z6, "0
+!*
u yZ0
+{ q
-Z
Z ] }
.~g
q
-ZgzZ ggVyZp~$g Zz{V{
$  gg Zc.#gzZ ~g Z" D"
4GG
-Za Z ,) SE
q
5G
Dce$
+lzggzZikZ {
kZ~\W t Z Zzg _
OZ~<
L IZ
) )` WD : ]
? qH~{ ZgZz ZgzZ?H[Z
+'
h
[Z : ZI | T wZ (Z q
-Z tD :Vx.
<X60
+ZZatZZzg_
OZ
D Vz F,
g(Z{~6,
kZZ E
?ebx\W]gZZ>kZgzZMggxYD:]
gxYV @*

IgzZV k7, p~gxYD :Vx.

L LX }h "
$L L,Z]c*
z gZ \Wt !p~(,

"
$L LMdgzZ gY V-; F -6,
V ZHz!gzZ ",jh
+'
\W\vZ D HN g

210

i ZZ~ e Z8 6,
g]!*
Ct
D : ]
?DkC\Wq eg Z-ZgZx Z]{g Z Z~
=6,kZgzZ i ZZt g Z !vZ:ZD :kI,
'YxZ e
m{ ~ w}i Zt g Z qzgpD pgzZ ]{ C "
yIZ egZ-Z gzZ i ZZ ,Z v}uza kZ 7q Z
c ZDZ gZx Zt UB=g f ]:Z {zgzZ
c*
i Z Zt=+idgzZgzZDIZV;zgzZ 5eg Z-Z=
D 4gzZ YZ=]g
H
u 0*
zyZjg6,
3Zzy 0*
gz D : ]
?BZ ezg6,
V
/
u
z V
$
/
uZjgD :k I,
'YxZe
gzZ dZj
) SgzZ F,
~uzgzZ6,RgzZdq
-Z 
kZWlp{z]**
kZc*
;gc*
Zx ~u 0*
zy6,
R
 y*zy p W~ y 0*

/
u{ c*
i y*zy Zj
x 9 ~ yZ  g x 6,g Z x Z > }V y 0*
kCm~ VyZz!*
qqg Z C
t ,k
,
Zj g Z x Zt }D C
v W~p~ kZ }g [Z D ;g yDg V skZ N W
;ggzZ Zx 6,]}uz FgzZ  g}z6,VU }uz
kZZp
/Z Z{0gzZ YZx q
-Z)g fr
# gZZ e }D
gzZ ,W gZx Z L LyZyZ ]gz kZgzZ Z~
~,W( ,W~,Wd V- [Z1Z w }

209

k I,
'YxZ e

~
R,
~ohZ)Z g]'
,
/

%:~w
gzZlpp(q
-Z<
L I Z
) ) kI,
'YxZ e

x { c*
i/KZ L Lc ZZ &Wz6,w gzZ  + yZ

gzZ] Yg ~Z6, Za ~g 6g7 2!*

~Y 1970D `
BZ G!ZgzZ Wg7 ug Ia wjZ ; Q
x : i~BZ G!Z Dq Z @*
ZZg7 ug I
} Z * Z `
) Z
gzZ 1 c)
/
gzZ f
$zZ yZgz

D ~ e Z 8 6,~g [ gZx Zg7 ;gE- g QgzZ

I
4hZ GEG3Z G!Y
x Z ] }
.+g D
+J
-V F~ZP
G
0E
pzhZm)Z e 5D}J
-[ ZV W~VZi Zg

D g ]
C~ wjZ q
-Z x Zk
,
i c&
+

L L\W~ s Z Z ] }
.+g D
++4\ W c&
+

gZx ZxsZ] zZ !*
g D
+
Hi Z
u eg Z-Z

 Ds~ )z ] }
.zg Z #
Z v Zv gzZ

~z ncXg z 6,] Z u\ W

D yT yZ ZgzZ qm{ yZ ] c*
g L L _ W

{g Z Z L L~ s Z Z] }
.\ W ZjqZ~ Y 2007

~D Hi Z
u w\ W y 0*
c Z gZx Z]
gzZ] }
.~w'
,
V{ gZ **
V,Z Y 20096,
}iu
D Hi Wg y: a
)
Zg Z

212

 c Z gZx Z]g Z Z~
@kZg.
Vx
/
u ,S
g ,Z D q Z7 ]qh
+]
.gzZ Z e
$.{z Hx
H 
z d
$zK
M F,
+]
h
.tg z Tgc&
+
] kZ q Z ~ m,
z* q
-Zt Y Y H7lZ
Z
~yZ { ^
,YV
/
uZz'F,
x yZ c*
yW{ .Zg
{g Z Zg ZkZ {zD .
p
pg
zux gZx Z]g Z Z
ekZ DY Hd
$
gzZs fh
+]
.tgZx Z]
VrZ mkZ gzZ 1 Zg ~ m,
Z gzZ ~y ! zg Z VrZ ~
]g Z Z D c*
;J
-VzuzgzZX 
g "gzZK ~g Ybg
* ~g7ugz,
M kZpgz~cZt tSq
-Z
yg ZkZ c*
W.
C
 c*

g .
VD eZ ~g
x Z {zgzZ N {Z
+Izx kZ C
x Z]{g Z Z Zj~ e Z8 ~D CZjgZ
~y 0*
zy*zyV&~ ;gwzgVc*
q
-Z gZ
gZx Z]g Z Z D 
g: ]g Z Z~ kZ Z
~g wg >
YzHi W x 6,g~ c Z
8 z V;z w}gzZ HzskZieZ FV;z r
#
{C
C
iZ G!Yt Uq
-Z VrZ bZ D [cZg ~ e Z
mgZx ZgzZdV;zgzZ H^ V;zH Za cgd~
gZx Z ieZu 0*
zy zskZeZ F Zsg
]{g Z Z **
z >~)gzZ ! gm{p sg
DV@ Cg \ gZx Z
x 6,RzdgzZF,
z
) S~y 0*
zy*zyt]

211

w}Zp eg Z-Z ~
/eyZ g7hZq
-Zt ,W
Z y 0*
x Zuz q
-Z !*
R Zh
+'
~ kZ ~
szcgzZ yZZ+ L L Zj yZZ + r
# ~g vZ Z e
hZq
-Z {zgzZ _yZ D H yZ yW
W ZF,
dx t6,
o] ]L
L Hx eZq
-Zyy 0*

eg Z-Z ~
/e ~ e Z 8 yZ6,kZ q ZgzZ 7 zgg Z
ZzggzZ Vx yZ D
)
Z.
gzZ !gzZ
~g [ gZx Z {z H[NZMyZq
-Z?
]
6,RgzZdgNh
+]
.qv~y 0*
zy*zyx kZgzZ
Zg f }h
+]
.gzZ ~4h
+'
~ kZ ;ggzZ Zx  6,R: ZgZ
~ yZ  gzZ U Z ggzZ ]gz wEZ
z F,
g ~uz {g DZ Y Hx 6,V,Z
~w'
,p *u Z(,
kZ Zj
) S
)S
`j Z 7,LgzZoq
-Z g~ g}iu~'
,~0
+
i
h7lZ
M
g7 ugI
)
Zg Z kZQ YY c*
g Z

Nt
) S izZ ,Ftg z~
. ~
C g kZ
~
/
%
/
% Z(,Z gD yZ Z(, q
-Z6,
) ) gzZx ~gt gzZ
~ u 0*
zy Hx 6,oh
+]
. kZ  M
h } g Z
g g >
Hgg !V Zzu YgzZ c*
V Hi W gz 6 q
-ZgzZ f 6 q
-Z
EE3E
!
kZVyZ X'
,c*
v g Hd
$
V Zz6,ih
+]
.
g ~
/
% ZjkZ H s f VgzZ d
$

+
A.E
Z(,g7 ug IsZ Z V}g ~qgz D wzg Z g
~O Z g D Hx YZ g7 ug IBZeYgzZ Hx YZ

214

~ e Z8 D Ve Z e zg ~h6,x|9~ e Z8 VizZ~akZ
[NZ qQ { ^
,Y qZ KZ
eZt x|9
h qkZ~{ ^
,YkZ6,
VUx qQ}
- {zQ g0
q
+ZeZqZz
A &S
/Z D V 0*
Z ZJ
-V
^

G3B ` Wx| ~ e Z8  *
G
@Yt p} qz **
x
D 0*
7Sq yZe
$Z~eZ}g gzZ a
D Dg
/ D 0*
{z Z @*
w ~
/et yZ
FF D YCw!*
yZ ~ [z lgzZ v hz {z >
D CYegZ-Z~
/e %[ZpCYgzZ D
Zx Z~_Za zig Wtg0
+Z}yZgz~BZ G!Z
~wZ
) Z
~Z
# gzZ Vz~ e Z8 6,
Ux**
g
ci7 ~ } Z *Z= \vZ !vZ:ZgzZ 1Z ~ } Z * Z
~! nZ ;e **
i W x QgzZ 
%=q
]|Z D ;g ~ ZpZ x t J
-wg e &V
H ZP

Wz6,Vx}Z Ze ]|~C
i Z g Z)]| ~g Zg Z)
}gz
]Z|t r
# Z .?]|jZ tzg Z e
zzXN C]5z^KZ~gzZa}gt~VyZ 6,
qzx gzZ Z
Z ~ Vg)
,yZ D
Hug x Z
x g7 ;gE- g \W c*

r
# Z .?]| c*
,j
\WjZtzg ZegzZ N Y Z
a\WM
h
~ e Z8 6,]!*
gZx ZV;z ~nZ DN 0*
gg7
y*zy ~
z kZ D c*
i W x Out Door gzZ c*
Z ` Zg0
+Z
I
4hZ GEG3Z
0E
G
/
%g ~g Y[zl~J
- Z
Z Zy 0*
G

213

Vp ~kZ ZpgzWlpgzZ Z
ZyZyEZ.
;g
zg h
+]
.gzZ+zD
+
ih
+]
.fh
+]
.SgzZui Z6,V gzZ
D ]gzx gt
{ c*
i6,
g~y 0*
W!*
.
y*zy c*

\WD : ]
x Z {zgzZ o *q
-Zy 0*
Y bq
-ZVq ;gx
Wce **
y
~ y*zy x { c*
ig Z kZ 7z gZ
?ZVY@'
,
kZ
tq
-Z Ve I'!*
z~[ZkZD :kI,
'YxZe
u] }
.kZgzZ U ZjkZ y 0*
7
/
(Z
C
y*zyx ZZ m]|dZ 6,g~
Ct g
z
kZ  J (,WZgzZD Z~
C Z
y 0*
VX
t]!*
~uz DhZzy*zy,a

!gzZ~ kZ 3g ~g YV@Zjg VrZ ]

6,RC
jZ C{ ~ ~g u zgZy!*
iV;zVagzZ Za ~g g
yZ ~ zg Z a kZ W zg Z tZ gzZ ` Z'
V g zg Z zg Z
ZjgZx Z [ : yC
zz kZgzZ g { c*
iVc*
gZ
/
g
-V~V
J
/
udu 0*
zyZj]c*
g Dg CWt
p gzW ~ kZy 0*
p S ]!*
.

Z { c*
ix *zyV&~p 7zgp
Dq
J
-kZq
-~ e Z8 6,
g]!*
D : ]
?,y Zzg
D Z9ZkZ~V (Zq
-ZtD :kI,
'YxZe

216

g c Zr
# Z&Wz6,]|~ ekZ D Hg^
g7 ~ yg Z c Z gZ x Z ]gZ ZgzZ ~
~
gm{g D~'
,
Z'
,~g wg >
YzD Z
Z,j
Z {z&~r
# jZtzg Ze]|VZ}
{gt Z c*{gt F, gzZ T Zu
{ c*
igzZwB2i Z DurationD Ok Z99% 95%
/Z  W 7 wq ]gt ~ Y 2 0 0 2 gzZ w & { c*

i
Ph.d holder J
- Y 2002a kZ
Vacancy
ZVaD, KZ\W
HakZ M
h Apply
{zmgZx Z tZ 7**
~ e Z8
 Z{z gzZ ~ 7,7 J
-[Z 6,XgzZ ~ 6,J
-[Z
HtyZ ~Z
# gzZ Wt }Unseen & Unprinted
D B]c*
g + C
]Z| gzZ yZgz Z z fIZ y 0*
z y*zy
t {zt } Z Zx= B ,k
,
yZ 
: ~ e Z 8 ~g Dce @],
{f yZ (Z6,g zg0
+Z= 7
WD{ @*
{ @*
~Va D c*
q zx 6,]}uzgzZ 7,1
Real Sources Z $
A
$%]Z W,
Z H c*
,
k
~V
} sz^~ +zD
+z yZ~a kZ Dce **
Wt yZ
\WY , ! CZ \WJ
- g @*
kZ 5=
B28 c*
yB25= DB Zg7 7Z!*
gzZ` Y [Z1Z9
gzZH Zg7Zhgx }uz ~~ D
Hc*

zy
= ~
/egzZViva 6,
z LZgzZ c*
~ ;gE- Z
z'
,!vZ:Z
D~!

215

ZgzZ h
+y

V1gzZ^sg r~Z Q{ Z 9= 

V Zz y wqlp !vZ:Z y ZVa D ay

6, Z
#  t gzZ Hg Z p6,x } VrZ zb Z e 71 6,
Z
Dg Ds6,
Z{ Z 9KZ\W@*
YV7J
-0*
^dt\WJ
qz~i Z0
+Z q
-Z [zl Z~gzZ Zi Wx ! wq
jZ}
.p~'
,g7 x Zg ~k
,
$g **
Wg7 x Zg^
~
gzZ ~k
,
$eY ~k
,
$ |
/Z~k
,
$ Zi W` ~k
,
$
gt ~V yZ D Zg Z
/VV ~ ~ ~k
,
$g^eY
c*
Real Source c*
{z A = Z Zj g ]!*

D ;g @*
Vzq yZ ~~
. ~ U*
gzZ AzZ Secondry Sources
V gzZ Z8 I V;z Rare BooksV Bh
+y
 V
m<
L IZ ,q x  pD 1^ ~ 5^
:gzZ ~f q
-Z~ Vzq yZ N W m ~,a ,
HZg VoZ~ y 0*
D ;g @*
^6,gbg
Z
y*zy DB,q ~ V~ Vzg Z Z CgzZ V-k
,
$gzZ
]"~ VzyXW7]uZz,Z yZgz^y 0*
D ~ yyZ"{z 7 V Zzyp} 7,
g0
+Z }!vZ:Z ) c*
| 7,gzZ 3gt yZ yY ~ Z
#
yZ ur{zg: Z ]yZ ( $
+"7,g]"
D 77Zpp~y
q Zg ~ Z
# h
e^wg e &a[z l Z
H qz **
tg 
Zg Z CQ H qz 7,gzZ Z{
ZZj]vgzZ @*
^ ZzZ7 ZjKZ

218

Zx Z ] 5 g ] c*
Wt t ZjkZx q
-Z
c*
g z KZ 7Z 7
~ {)z ]|dZ Z c*
g
q 5!*
t a DIZ D Hg x **
5 g ] L L6,
C
I4E
"
5F
D gglG
d[tD*ZvZY 
yZ"
$U*
(Dq
-Z D A
$%yZ ]g @*
&L L~[q
-Z
gzZm!Z >z0
+
-ZgzZ 0U*
q
yZ f ZXq
-Z 0
~D
H{zyZ= DzZ VzDIZ  +ZVt
)ltZD c*
7:VyZ~T )lq
-Z6,VV
L L e7~ '!*
 g0
+ZlpD
rg w~
. q
-Z !v:Z
[t D c*

7Z ~y
W [ yZ uZg+Z
D 6,
],B300
!Z >z0
+ g
_ Cc*
q
-Z D !Z >z0
+L L[ q
-Z ~
@*
Y **
Z
/gzZ !Z >z+
0# gZx Z  Zg Vx m
gzZ Z 70
+gzZ #!Z >z0
+gZx Z tZ
#
D
H6,RJZgzgzZ ~ s %Zg & yZpDh+
sZ {

/Z%I: i kZ
6,f kZ gZ x Z DB gZ x Z e
$
yZ  +id
1Z { 
]|DCWByZ
gzW yZ7
E

g Z)w B Z ` @*
{
]|dZ ikZgzZmvZ G
*9g ~gZ Z
Dm\vZ G
*9g ~z0
+
/Z~g gq{
gzZZm- Z$
+
kZgzZ 1 { ^
,Y ~W | q
-g !*
gZ x Z ~ A kZ
!Z >z0
+
HB yZR'
,Zg7 T Hs %Zgi
~T 1g (Z3 Zg +
M ^bq
-Zhg3 Zg mZ

217

Zx ZZ Z: q
-Z ~ e Z8  Hn ~ 6p
B! x { c*
i = ~ kZ !vZ:Z D **
t Vx**
g
V;z wq
yz [xZ}g gzZ yZgz Z fV ~ ! x kZ
Y7lZ
VE!*
V LZgzZ x HZz )HZz KZ ~

D H Z
g7aJ
-0*
x xkZVM
c*
i !*
]5 gy{z~ e Z86,
g]!*
D : ]
?H HgzZ\W~
~
/e f
$Z e= 6,T! ~ e Z 8D :kI,
'Y xZe
~kZ Hx ~?
kZ6,],B500{z !
]|dZ D HyzgzZ A
$%ui Z ~ gZx Z ot
?% gZx Z]!*
L
L {zgf[q
-Z6,
o
a x } Zt B 91 Zo~ kZ ~g7 ~g Z
~g a kZ sh
+'
gh
+'
[~Va p
gzZ Hyz ~ 7Z c*
g ]sZ%z o gZ x Z yZgz
gK
M k] L L,z D 6,
VzB 3t ~K
M F,
goQ
~ t VzVgzZ  _ 
u0*
zy x **

 Ht xz avZx Z(,q
-Z ~ {zkZ ,)
Hyz Z7Z ~ W sVzuz k0*
]|dZo
gz'
gzZy q
-Z~ kZ D 3g gZx Zx xo L Lx **
kZgzZ
Z
Z { Y x fyZ
(yZy gzZ
zyZx
{ .Z qzg d g Z x Z  Z
Z 0 0
+
i!
%C
}
B11"
$gzZK
M F,
z +zD
+D
~kZo
yZD
Dk0*
}{z6,
],

220

Q D Z) D W6,hui **
tD :kI,
'YxZe
t } ~^ w {g!*
k }g7 kZ yZgz (
I
g!
x Ajg7 ~z!*
] ) x yZ N Wc*
W%
C " }}gzZ 5g \ 5 yz5,j +
$Y fgzZ [xZ H
$ ~XZ o VHgzZ VG
pD H
Z'
,{ EG3E
$}zgzZbg ~bZ
e
ZHyzV
Z cg Zuz k
,
pDVg Z
/] w ]Z|x ~ D 

D Hx gzZ 1yk } Z Z Z
Z
# ~t {z D u
&7
o~ **
f ]uZzg Zlp **
x Zz W7yZgz kZ
D @*
x
o g Z z **
{g 
Z sq
-ZP %Z

p 5 g \ gzZ( 7g
? zg \
(C
Va
gzZ q
- x Zg Z  gzZ ;gt a }X { 1 { c*
i
~x Zg t7V TH~ ,
8  r
# ~g wg>
YzgzZ \Zr
# &Wz6,

T Z~} # x t `x }g tB~ e Z

sg6,h
+[ZKZ VrZpD ~ 7J
-[Z q :Z
,
'Yx ZxVTc*

~}g cc Z g
V1KZ~ T c*
W7(Zt }yZgz kZ D Hx Z
aVgz CZ f D Y kZ~ sg r CZ f c*
ay
~ h
+y

i Zg
\vZ D {g Z;}]!*
t : gzZ 7 =
77 }ayz}6,RdpDgpz y
s\vZZ~s~uz U{ 1Vsq
-ZtD
x HBgzZ 4 H~kZ g ZzmZV&gz i W

219

W ~6,Vx yZg0
+Z[kZ Wr
# ~$Z
D{7VzV K7,ZgzZ
$ L L[q
]|dZ~kZ Dx **
gZx Z] E
-Z ~
G
$ t  \W6,bggzZ V1Z  ] E
$ B28
] E
G
G
kZ~ c*

~~^"gzZ,
Q sg [r
# ~
 3gt K
M F,
~
D 3 SgzZ Z o gZ x ZQ sg [
zg6,g Zz i WkZgzZ e
$Zzg ~g og0
+Z)l ~ qz
D Z e
Zx Z~kZ D g x **
gZx Zg \Z L L~[q
-Z
E
G
4

45Gz^Az NgzZ x ]g\Z {E

G
+g \Zz g
*
c : NZ ) c*
gzZ i Z0
+Z W Y [xZ x Z i `z
y Z ~}g

/yZgzg \Z]uZzg Zlp **

zg Zlp: #
D qZ
t [ 6,qkZ Z
+ZiB325 ZY # ]|dZ
]|dZ #L L[q
-Z uZ Z~g vZZegzZ ~g
gZ x Z #L Lr
# Z&Wz6,q
-Z t }g x **
Y #{zpD ]|dZ Y # L L ~g sZ)]|q
-Z D
szc)PgZx Z L LyZ e7~V1yZf X
X ,Z q
-Z F~ yZ D H
~ [ KZ x **
#
Df Y #szc)B14~[kZD ~c*
g
t\Wgx }q
-Z\W6,
g L LD : ]
?5H6,
gCZ f\W~i Z Zc*
nkZN C

222

x gzZdz!*
~&gi F,
x KZ}iu~D : ]
}iuZax LZ \WQpD Zz;"Zj
? ;g^bV;zx zd\WtgzZHVY[NZ
!*
t  }nF  8
-g F~D :kI,
'YxZe
zDIZ {zc*
gpDgpx%!*
t YY7(Z \ z
~ gzZ Cg q
-Z {za D gz6,D{z @*
"
$U*
ga
z Qy*zy sg {z ZjkZ D ]g gzZ e
$
gzZVg T{z pD qsZ q J]
.Zg
c*
x Z)**
g
'
,
i eZ) ~g7 ug I Z ~zg
z] Vzg gzZgzZ ZzZ

zzgV;z#gV;zgzZ
7(Z Dm7uzgVN~zC ~g7ug IZM
D{g **
!*
ax zdz!*
~&gi F,
x {z
ZP
~ H7[NZ ~) ~
D J
-0*
x ~ t D c*
W6,gaB6
Wi
WVggzZVzKk0*
}c*
WV~Z
# !v:Zp
LZ~ D Y7#
i 5J
-V z~ c*
g Zt ~p
pzhZm)Z e 5~
@kZ D **
x d=Vx OZ 0*
7skZ .gzZwjZ ;V
$**
 x Zk
,
ic&
+
a kZ h
zx 
gzZ d
$
;g ~{z
$ ~
!*
gzZ g (Z #
i 5t a] HwJ{ EG3E
D c*
.zax zdLZ]zZ
j
+ Zpy W
} W Zg f ~ ~Vz Ct ] !*
-Z
q
~ VgzZ V5 **

Y ~ V m]Z| **
J 7,k

221

DV;g 0*
Zx 6,
g)c*
V}g ~
/D : ]
HD ;g ~w'
,gZx Z]|dZZz c*
Z !*
m

~}6,
s s Z z'
,
Z }g kZ 47(Z\W
?
H^ I{zg C!*
. Zg yZc*
_
I
IZ WZ Z f}g y D :k I,
'Y xZ e
 mvZg]|dZgzZgsz^g~D<
L
C F,
z
) S yZ Wt 7]qgzZ
z bgz
bq
-Z V }g J
-q
-Z kZgzZ yZgzy g
Zz {z Z qzx  V;P~D ;g {gzgz VgzZ
yDg ~qgz D 0 gZ x Z ]|dZ :
x ZjgZx Z {z Z Vzg gzZeZ}g
u
) ) , gZ x Z c*
Wt t U q
-Z kZ D
 zZp 6 Wt w Zz x ZgzZ {gzW'
,
{z c*
x Z)**
g ~R'
,
}g7gZx ZsB
) )L L
~kZ
~ !*
ug IgzZ xl sBx
gZ x Zt cg Zuz kZpD ce **
x t Y
& |q
-Zt DI ~:
I c*

{zzkZ ZtW,

Ztq
-Z kZ D M
h7lZ

E
$ Z mkZ DI{ {gzZ
` Z'
ieZ Vt 0pG
6,
]~uzz
Cx 6,
V**
g gzZ, gZx Z
Z sg VogzZVzgZ ZV{x yZ Dce **
x g7 gzZ
D gzZLWZ ZkZDce**
6,
f;gE-R: Zgz

224

zd~{/ !v:ZD :kI,

'YxZ e
` WgzZ Z YZ {z Z WlpgzZ yEZ.
{zg g
]**
kZx ZzWh
+'
gzZ W~4: .
W!*

}g  Vz ]!*
tJ
-5gzZ [xZ LZ ~ ekZ
-!
:E
XE
 One sided discuss : Zo ~ kZgzZ ` Z'
 V
i Z0
+Zt ~ * CY Z]!*
KZ s~ Ti
~]!*
KZ {zce*
*Za yDgtg0
+ZieZ5 7
c*
a^g c*
y*LZgzZ , qc*
zc
zg b\W{z @*
Z Q |g ~g ,7],Z~
bq
-Z]!*
~g L]!*
KZ6,~g
/Z Dn 9~
3xp}}gZzDYVDZg
7Z2 h
+]
.+zD
+
ieZh
+]
.}g {zkZ Dce
~ i Z0
+kZ qLZ gzZ Dce Zg7
{zn:g]!*
\W7]b **
Z(,} (,
ce
Z ]!*
t gzZn hZ f ~g  Awaking Applicantq
DZzZ
bLBzczq~k
,
Z
# Za
z
?,Ibx \Wagx YD :]
.Zz 7 q
-Zwgx Y)x D :kI,
'YxZ e
[Z Za KZ gx Y)x D q
-q
-Z^gzZwkZ
gx YaZ D .
gzZg.
{z Hx  J
DgwADIZu 0*
zys Z Z
^)xt @*
]gzx ~VEZgx Y%Z
D { izg {gG c*
{ izg 8q
-Z kZ )x g: ~

223

$E
0pG
kZ DbzD6,
zZ LZ d" Zg fx yZ *
*
~ D~ ~~akZ uix d}g y Z
DVgz
iZzWa#
Z ZZ(,
zDIZ6,
R ZZ`WD : ]
V ~g Z ,) V}gp V
akZgzZ ;g
?k0*
\W ]gH Z}H\WmkZLg~i
{ c*
 ]%Z !  V}g D :k I,
'YxZ e
V {gG~ Ve **
Ct6,g~
C mkZ]Z`
x
x yZ V 6, kZ 6,g LZ ~ V ;gN ]Z4,
z ]%Z
~}V z D M z }: }Zu ]%Z
wV yZhmZzz ~
CkZ D
_Us %Z z @*
7,
E

w B Z ` @*
{
]|~g gZx Z}g Ve**
CtV6,g
 t yDg Zg qzg6f \WD {~ y
-Z$
+g Z
E
B
gzZ p=a gzZ V w Z ` @*
]|
\W mZt mvZ G
*9g -Z$
+g Z{ 
]|pD Hg ZZ
**
V;z\W c*

gzZ H7} (,

z
R} fgzZ Y x}g wVmZ wtD V
~yWyWs %ZtYZa Y =ZgzZmZ bkZ
/Z ` Wg0
+Z
gzZ g 0*
7sV.Yg {z~g zz ]%Z DY
 ;gt yv Z(,gzZ q
-Z kZD D Y {g Z ~ :W
D7t VzuzV{KZF,
Z6,
]Z f
zd~5gzZ H ` Z'
zg zDV}g D : ]
?ce*
* HaZa]**
Dg

226

~g gixZ e

M%ZVM%Zs Wc&
+ i s:{ Z'
,
u
D~ f q
-Z<
L I Z
) )( Y 1966:\ ) ~g gixZ e

gzZz !*
Vzg Z ZZgzZ
zd
$ ZzZgZwzg

f
$zZ wjZ D qxE~)z \ WD =

wZ ;xZgZgzZg7 xZ ;eY Hi W
0pV Z'
Q ] xsZ ( r)sZ >Z G
G
,
8 gzZ} Z D * Z ! sZeY {Z ~)szc
]$] o o],f] 4]V o a^\W ~ e Z

\ W~~ m,ZgzZzg Z {zkZ D _ 

ne] ]
)Z Kg [ 2Zg Z {g Z Z ,
Z LZ D  W
] Z@x v g ] ]og Z } Z ~g Z g Z

k \ WD ` 
{)z ] DL Z ] h { W

IV P  g} x Z ] }
.z C ~M%Z V
T H{g Z Z z Cq
-Z x **
M
%Z s Wc&
+ i sL L

x Z9
Vz ] sZ6,e } (,~ 5M%Z 
zZy Z] zmvZ G
*9g ~g Zg Z)Dn
pg/

kZ 4y ZY)]|6,

Ct ZgzZ/~

eY gzZ` g Z Z g7 xZ ;Vzg Z Z { )
D W6,
V+\ W]g Zz]g Z Z5Y 1zZ+Zx ]|

225

i Zac*
z]gz
D 7ZgzZce zskZ f}g
k\Z} (,q
-Z DJ
-C
* i ZzWKZ @*
ce u
x {zyZp gzhZz x ZgzZ Vzgz'
t ]!*

yZgzZ 7oZzyZ Vzg gzZVz`

@*
Z(,
-Z
q
8Zg ~ m,

Zai ZzWKZJ
-yZ D C0*
V7i ZzW~g J
Dce 7gx YskZ ~gz
( Y 2007y {g )

228

yZy}uz D 4u 0*
zyt:gz @*
kCZ$
+
BZ'
C x 
- gzZ ~g Zz ~
/Z% J
-u gZ
{g Z Z PZ D: q
-k0*
}g ZjyZy}1Sg
@: +
$Y kZzyZZ
# pgx Z
/
z6,Ft OZ
}i
Z ] xz avZ D Z e
C M
%Z s Wc&
+ i s L L
az)YiVz] ._"~ygzZ q
[ZvZY 
yZ D
HH b Z kZ I&D g ]g q
{D Yi W{!*
q
-Cx **
usZi sL
L
V !*
i yZV)VV+C
V !*
iZx Z
/
z6,
t ~g V yLZB Z D, ~ xsZ ~
kZ ;g p~xsZ),kCtZ
# {z
Zpg
)ByZ , Z
Z7ZeZ}g D , ZZg Zg
VVD,~g7 ~J
-w27ZgzZ,
a] kJ W{g Z Zt ~ qzD %q
-Z a
M F,ZZ
~g bkZ D Y c*
] a J(,Z}}pA
Zg {z ga ]Z +Zz LZ ^"  5
KZ v V ~k
,
$ %q
-Z ~ kZ D n { .Z
V)~w; {g Z Z {zkZDZ~]
DnVx xsZJ
-yZkZ @*
,Z]Z
D Y V ; zZ
# f:V6&z 
H D : ]
ezJ
f
-z\WLZ {zgzZCYV**
ZNz~yZ 
?VY (Z
 f{zt hD @*
7t Z ]!*
kZ~D :gixZ e

227

kZ}+~M%Z\W
HZ
+Zi;q
-Z D : ]
?;g/ZjVz]V;z~s
DIwk 7~ kZ D :gixZe
D[ ]Z ~ VzZD
HM%Z ~6,]
~ Zi W bC
~ } O%Z ! DV DJ
-[Z gzZ V
E
G
t { 0p$ C p @*
7
- Z(,g ~ Zi Wx " ,z D
e p ~ xsZ <
h
Z
#  V- {z D ~(,a }g
{ z Z { : gzZ  D IZ \!*
V : 4
nCZ f kZtD W t +Zz6,,Z 8
,
k
i <
T{z bZ Zi W~ ]5v LZ bT{z
~ s xsZzz D Yg (ZZ {z e **
gZ
/0
+
it
yCZ**
DgwJxsZvy Wz!*
VE]ZC
ig ZD
c*
z
q yW
a KxsZ Vz) ~ Z ~(,Z P q
DVyW
~g Zi !*

KZVx
/
uzC u 0*
zy}g D : ]
a x C ~ V) V;z?VY (Z C zJ
? 7VYxgPLk0*
}g
~M%Z ~ D HwZ Z$ Z(, \WtD :gi x Z e
q
-ZD H~ V Zy&ZgzZ 1{ ^
,Yq
-Z V
/
u CW
Zuz DM%ZvzLZx PZkZ v
)O%ZVyZy ZgzZB@WDVMayZyZy
'D ;gx [pVg Z kZ myZyJ
-VD

230

} 9k
,
{ c*
ik0*
} i Zzg7] OZ Z
# k| 7,
D C7]i YZ 'g
vM%Zy ~w4 |tBZ
gzZ g wZ e 1 :VzgsZgzZ d
$KZ e
$Z yZ  g
Z
HzJ
-VEmyZgzZ al
s+ VbT
{ ~ 
Q c*
 D Wy  D cg VzKZ
# v,Z b
q
-Z ~W,
M wq]gkZ D~VZ
/
z6,CZ fgzZ
! BtT
Ze sp g kZ CZ { ]
~ V8 VZ VJZ ~ ) k]
od
$ 5 V T c*
2
~ V8 V Z 7Z~ 9J (,
'g gz z LZ zig W
~ V8 Vc*
/0VZZz + t

g| (,
q=uigzZ ~
s~M%Z D : ]
GE
4$yDgkZ
3I
?HUtgzZ
]!*
5D { Z(,{ V Zg D :gi xZ e
zz D rc g~vgvg+ YgzZKG
gB
yzd
$ bbDn
pgZp+ Y<
C
vV
gzZW~W
n}O%Z Zt Zg !*
FDTg f
ep~K
*
*7~ kZ D Hg Z ZpK,(Martial Art) wq
V%Z ss '
, xsZ i! ;z6, P q yCZ
4z+
M
KZgzZzZ ~g Z Zzg7Z~[D | (,{p

229

hz~V
e
/
uOgzZd ~{zx Z K-e Ss
\g- bT Tg Z bZ ~ u 0*
zy {z n
pg7/_
.
Cg
/
gzZqdzq
-0 Z~PX{zV;D~M%Zz
f
ezkC.
~V
/
u ZVbu0*
zy{z
DM
hYA
\WLZ~0
+
i CV;za
E6IgzZ fD : ]

.)GV;zgzZ? H *
*i
+Z
g]c*
Zzg gzZ I KZ E
G
?C0*

yZzp
pgf Zbu0*
zyVD :gixZ e
@*
Y*
*tD Y~{O%Z bkZ D
f I  v {z s~uz Dv LZ c*
 {!*
Dt
]D Dg Z
/0
+
i ._ ]c*
Zzg KZ V {z 
W,G
& t D D =Sh Z6,}n %gzZ  CWl7 [&Zp
~D xg {0
+
iBDg ZZILZ~M%Z
gzZ^
,6,Vz} (,} (,=Sh Z6,}n V}YVq
-Z F
]!*
LZ= [xZ FDg B2 F,
^zg %
VrZ W iWWO%Z LZVrZZ
# ai C
g f1Z r
# q
-Z ~ V2z }D~ } ]i YZB lp
]zZi -g} e
$Z@S k!*
yZzzX
Zzg LZ=t/ CZ f ZpDY g: ) ByZ~
~^kZ D ;g Y Hu|Zzg **
B} Z7kZtL~k]
s 6Z *Z ~ '
,p ;g Yy dZz~ m,
zk
,
Z'
,
=g &
+Z
#
i k0*
} i ZzgkZ ,h
e rg 3 N { ] Z

232

Z
H Za g Zm Z
/
Zz ]!*
gzZtD
A-4X6
G
L{g Z Z [Z \vZY 
yZ D Y7Zg7 g VZ )F
Iy.[T x **
q
-+Zq
-ZZg{g Z ZD { Zg Z
vJ
-VY Zz WC6,xsZ DDg ZZ sZ
gzZ YH q Z -zi[!*
g ZZjkZ;e vZD
MZ
,
/
%C
Q D Y c*
~x
/
%{~ IC
y
s ZZi ZzW Zz
3 xg P{g Z Z @*
Yc*
o1%=g f
Zg s{g Z ZV Z B B Dn VJ
-+
$Zz
DY
\Wa
)
Z] }
.Nz~Zm)]|D : ]
? mkZJ
-V ! V;
/Z ? c*
/
7]gzZ ] Zm Z
/
ZzD :gixZ e
%K [ q
-Z ]zZ  zz D D c*
VZ
-^\W~Z
,
# wz\WbkZ D 1VZ6,
}uz
1**
}}D {g **
F {- Z
/tgz g mZ
V zx ]Zz\W
uDA ]} (,
L
L x\WD W6,x FgzZ 3g qz
gZi! g ] L
L ] 6,~w'
, ]og Z
v L
L V**
^ \W e
$ y!*
,L
)
L VEv 6,i
V ]g @*
gzZ ] L
L VzE
+
sZ Is sZ ]Z@x
& [W6,x DLZ ]h L
L DLZ ]h 7,~
x]\Wd
$kD [i ZZ sx qJ
**
 [Z [ {ZegzZB{go

231

} ZP6'
,
~wqZ DD W7gzZ}{zXC
b
# z~ ]Z W,G
s
& L Z ZjZmzg **
gzZ H{gz F,
Dce*
*{ .Zzg]x\g-IZ B
Vzk
,
x ZBRgz LZ_ sM%Zz \g- IZa
,7,]ZW,
ZtkZ &7~akZggz
+ 7Z p yZ si]zZ [|It
D J
-} i ZzgxsZ
dYZm~g Zg Z)]|ZKg D : ]
~ Zz 46,
u Vzg Z Z { yZ {g V;z \W w
?'W77Vc*
g Z
/_
.Zm<
L IZZ
+v ~0
+
zZ}
.yZ D :gixZe
q 46,
uOZ 4Vzg Z Z {yZzz z mZ
g 7,7^zg ~ F,
Vzg Z ZyZ )~zz D
-6,
7
Z Z gzZVLg~Zg=g fy~D
)KZZz= LLVryZwZ ;g DV
8
~)
~ y*zy
z { c*
i CZ ~ [Z zz D @*
kZ 
D 1{ Zg Zfg Z
/
}gZ ZgzZ {Zm)]|D :]
?g\WawdyZ7u
VD
/wZJ
-u m wZkZ D :gi xZ e
Y 1zZ +Z x ]|eYgzZg7 xZ ;eY Vzg Z Z} (,z J
g Z ~yDgB2 `zg Z ( {z m
_ 'g q5&~ xZ ; yz g #

234

?tq6,
g Zd
${ 0*
KZy
W @*
kC7g
kC6,
x \Ww~zd` W<
L IZ
) )D : ]
k0*
\Wa F,Wz} ],
Z <
L IZgzZ? D
?og
TwZt \WD N Z (,qt D :gixZ e
w}D }7t \W
zsq
-Z b){z <
e~uzgzZ qq
h
-ZM
h~b ~
Czb)}g ~
bgm~p!zZ~T <
B
L IZkgZ{z q AD
[~ { ~1 D]!*
~p~ [kg v D
}g D ~p~
M F,
z T {z ~gzq  { c*
i ~p~
kZ~D 6,
,jOZ
(
Z,j{z ZgT  V
D [~ bgzg Zq
-Z F y*gzZs Z(,Zj
~ VjZM%ZzzHy
W Ve b wVq
-Z~Bg "Z
a2
s~kg Z}g Z
# Dx **
a2
s
# a [x **
Z
z t ]!*
}'
gzZ  D Y[xgzZiZ
D Dg h Vx0Z]  D4Z~ VjZM%Z
T st
~
C"Z B{ ^
,YZ
# F,
Z~Z\W
~ KZ yZ  D {
p ZgzZ }g e a V D
ce**
Z
"(,
WB~ OZpD h x&&
~uz Dg sZIB~z Vrg Z
# {z @*
'tgzZce b rz
~gZ Zzg 3WD ~{z u,
F q
bZn"
$U*
~ F,
,KZ6,f C
'
 {zo[xq
-Z bTce
,YC
^
*BB !x ~ ]y
WV {z x [x q
-Z

233

D { Zg ZZj6,
x|.
J
-uZ
x **
wC L LVzk
,
bC
,)`!*
\W~Z
PU*
Z N\WD{gp {z @*
{ Zg Z 

\vZ, D x Z
/
z6, ] Zoq
-ZD
D 

z! gzZ q~)BI\WD : ]
aVz ]N C wkZ ug\W~ y!*
i ~ m,
Z
? ~gzgw~)gzZy!*
i`W
vZ D
rgm \WzwZkZ D :gixZe
Y i Z
u qJs| hzZ { ] \W~ h}t }
u0*
zy[ZgzZ y!*
i@gz {y!*
i ~ m,
Z7Zgz~kZD
s
/Z V&~D g Y C ~ m,
Z y!*
i } (,q
-Z ~
`w~I y!*
i Y gLKZ d
$gzZ Y -y!*
i
a w dZ LZ ._ ]qxsZ Z q
-ZD 7
Y 1zZ +Zx ]|eYZjkZD ~gzui Z *y!*
i @
IZ~s` W Y~Vw,giZ c*
VZx! zZq
-Z
w~ ]Y ~) Z ~(,q
-Z .g yZ
) )z <
L
eY wq
Z 3 cg V-gE- kg .g D ~
~ ;gE- {z V fyZ LZB ]gmpD g q
D6,d
$KZ V: [% { ]~C
}uzZz"7,
D Wy*zyZ
# M%Zz\g-IZ <gDFaVzuz
D Zh Zt ZyZ6,Vvv ?uF,
$Vc*
d
KZ {zH 
~d
$e" KZ 7Z Z
# <gD @*
7W,
Z 6,yZp a

236

~gsZ**

( 8-)e ZIpx BZ U*W

yqzggzZ dx]Z gzZ @VsZxz$

;g *'
,blg!*
gJ s6,* C
!*
kZgzZy*zy V-
{Z'
,
uzZyZyZ]Z
+ZiXg {{kZ` WD
~igzZ Vx **
xsZ  SD B
bg w

D D Y Y6,g}g7Z"
$Vx; **
I

D n
pg m wz a Z{ Z ~g sZ **

D Z6, Zuk ~g **
y WZ_s

{
yZ-xZgZ D ~9lxY 1966BJ] z \W

x?~{E
+Z\WDD^ !*
WgeYgzZ ~&
+

]| \Ww D 
x **
Z XZ?gzZ Z W

]o \WD 3g
( IZ ~ { \W sZ xz$
4
iG
# ~gz,Z D
Z
]gZizz
([!*
gZ} (,} (,~V I
\W g(Z^e
$Zzg ~q f~ {g!*

(IZ

WZ_\WD C]gZlpN]5gzZ ~i*"

Zsg6,e @gZ z ]}
. ~g **
y

* T c*
/K
M F,
z^ uWZ_L L{gZ Za

}gZ ZggzZ(~Vzy*zygzZVZ
Dn
pg{ ZgZ
)
ZzV12

235

Dn
A &Z_6,
! x6,
Vzf
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
kZMg LZ g x Y V J W]
/D : gixZ e
V &~ D @*
7kC]gzx h
+'
~ c*
'g
Vzy IZ Z s: v ! x ~(,t q
-N
y !*
i kZgz ZKZkZ 'Ki ZzWKZi Zz WkZ B
E
4}C&2z k
y Ww2{ z ug IV Zpgz Z EG
,
g Z Z D y !*
i KZ
 D ~ 7
,
( Y 2009~Z {g)

238

CZBxZgzZ ~g ~ c*
{ ztZ V *zy
~ ]gD D sW CZ{Zg ZgzZ ZQ c*
 D hg 6f
= *gzZ Z ~ ]g ~uz @*
Ya
k
B gzZ xs Z
#$
Z
7g )! xJ
-
zkZ6,}iukZ Vz] sZ D
]|D D YW7C
!*
: ; Zp]gmgzZ ` Z'
: y J
**
sWy Z Dce 6,xh'
,
B}uzgzZi Zd
$zZp
E
$ ] sZ Z g
gzZ C ` W ~zc 4Z gzZ i W 0pG
D Y[ x
p=y*zy i Zd
$zZp]|
z Tg pNt V
z!*
kZp <
bZ q
-ZxsZ 7gz 4 !*
xsZ {z
~uz1 HwJxsZ6,] [Z yZgzZ yZ V ]
>Z'
,
jxsZ:gzZ7#]kZyZ+
$Y
zzkZy
WD o ]zZz]xsZgzZ#V ` W A
H
: BZ}
.y gzZxsZ zZp]| x g? H
s yW:gzZ }6,x **
xsZ: D Hg (Ztzg: ZgzZ
z ~g Zp g Z m ~q Z e
$. X,k
,

yZ Zt kZ D 1
A VB gzZ #
}
.~g }
7{ Zp$
+gzZ xsZ {z Zgzt i Z e7wJxsZ
/Z#
7 VxsZt  ` > jkZ r
# zZp ` WD
Dggz xsZVg Zzg %LZ! V; g
gzZ jyEZJ
-Vg & {gY xD : ]
?ce~p b~g & LZ7Z7]q
jyEZ6,gg & {gY xD :sZ*
*

237

g~gzh
+]
.]x @VsZxz$]|D : ]
?p!*
m vZ G
*9g @ V sZ xz$]|D : sZ *
*
Qg !*
-ZgztD c*
q
#
}
.gzZ +
M qzghgg ZMZ z #

Z dgzZ V/
(z #
;g ZC
\WLZ
H ~gz~,ZD YY HkC! l[ZCZ qzg(C

J
-Vz
qzg~ wj y.6,kZ Wt (Z {z
/q
-Z BgzZ f
Z u V@xz$]|t @*
Y (Z
/Z n y
sz^~ 0
+
g gzZ +
M Z k
B gzZ #
}
.~(, xsZ
D` gzZ qzg V
KZ
c*
W,
zC~} ~sy*zyD : ]
? YY
Zmi Zd
$zZp:Zy]|y*zyD :sZ *
*
i W Vz ] sZ6,j/!*
6,}iukZ }iu
{ ~s
z kZ b ` W{ y*zyD Z V@4Z
]gz j6 aVz]~} ~s{akZ
6,oQzZp]|u Vz]6,V` WD 7!*
+]
h
. VY  g7]!*
Zg f D Yg ) ! x
t qZ V 7s ZZ uzZp]|wEZ Zg fz bz
**
}W gZz ai Zd
$zZp]|g Z kZgzZ aZ
LZB#
/Z 6,xsZ +t~ V/g Z{zgzZce
DY53,
gzZe
$.#

240

D
b &Z
z'
, kZ
C^zg  a kZ gzZ
gzZ ~'
,
Df
e F V!*
Vz(,y Z LZ Z
Z}uz
) ) D
ZgzZV ; zyWZ_]| @*
WX Z
# ~g7 ug I
~] i ,)ZgyWZ ?]|bZD 
Y
!Z 6, 
w Z y WZ _]| zz D qzg
-Zy xg}g L L: c*
q

Zm~zC
g w W{ 
]|
: z: ZZ
+ bZ]~(,
) ) ` WD
H`gzZ
U*
D ]gz Z Zwzg
? ;g Y@*
VYi Zg bV**
YiX ugAL LD :]
,
'
ZB 15 xZ y tg/g .D : sZ *
*
>q
-Zwj : ZgZz
ogzZ Y]Z|~ ]Z|]gY 2003
xO|$
+xO zy xsZ <
Z Z o ~ kZ SkZ
~ kZ kZ ~ ]
V gxO xOxO |
Surat Spritual Declaration
Z qzg ]g L L xZ Z e
L Lx **
T c*
W~x ^~ 5Y 2004y ~TH~g Y
(Furec)uAUg "Z& e
$wzggzZ yc*
Z ]uz Z'
,c&
+
( 2) yc*
Z ]uz ( 1) : ~
Csf `g TD @*
Y
gzZuZ Z ZZ Vzg ZqsZ)( 4)!*
yc*
Zt( 3 )!*
yc*
Zx Z .Z
Z6,I  ( 7)5( 6) ZZ  Vzg ZqI( 5)yz
&
V .gBE k
,
z ( 9) gzZ b rz
Vzg W <
Z x ( 8)
D{)z **
*i{)zVZg
HHGZ Z

# 
~ Z Y v ~ ^+Z
 cet **
Hc_ ez/ x Zy z f ^+ZgzZ

239

7~p~g & LZ ._]q {z 7tzzkZgzZ 7

lzg s sZ LZ~zg ]q {ztzzkZ g
BlzgyZB' CZ {zcex Z Y xD ?

D Lg7 *kZ Lg~* kZ D }WXg Z

t sq
- 4,
} wZ ~p~g & Y xJ
-V
x {DVzsY Zzx x {Qg!*
-Z Y x
q
D x 9yZ Y x~} Y Z
yv
) )VwVg Z)f)
) )D : ]
?H'gZi ZkZgzZ ;gg
"
$U*
{yvQwVg Z)f)D :sZ*
*
g Zi Wa Iz gzZ y xsZ QwV,Z ` WD
x **
]gzZ{zg Z)f
) ) vtzzkZgzZ
gZ
Z,jyZUV-g Z)f KZ6,
g~g)c*
~g6,
yZyD 0*
7t{z @*
k\Z 6,
Vz(,
LZD
D b & ZzygzZ x Z
z BgzZ ,) Z
Z g Z)f
) ) ] !*
kZ ]gz ` W
Za ,j y !*
**

Z 6, BgzZ ,) D g 9y v
y Z
/Z Dgx
) )6,ggzZ}g Z Z Z
Z ,
Og6,y ZgzZ , b & Z: Zg^ z: y Z C
Kc*
t
Zg Wf s VgzZ V o KZa% kZw LZ
) )

y WZ ?gzZy WZ _J
-Z
# D qz
{ ztDm7! x~ LZI bkZ g~
!
Dx a h sJZ6,
zZ gzZ [  v

242

o T{z Dce /Zz ~ 7ZB

( { ce '
C kZ ;g| (,
WBV0*
o {zg {g~
Vz ] ~ y*zy :% /Zz yZ  HV
H gzZ
:gzZ M
hYKib)~
CV : YY c*
x Z9

DgzZbT]!*
t D YY HDxsZzyZZgzZ<z +
kZ Dz ]!*
t bZ 7#
sZ #
*zy
V;D 7i Z0
+ZqxgT wzgV ~#

7bzkgzZg zCZ L~6
(f Vgz~]!*
t
Dce**

gzZI<
` W~9lx BZDU*WD : ]
? ;g Hmzb #+
M
KZ
* y*zy9lx BZD U *WD : sZ *
*
~gz6,*
! ~i Z f V-D q
-Z ~
/Z%(gzZ qzg +F,
x ZV Y xVD gyT{ {kZ
)
Z <
L z +gzZ
g Z yZ az Dz Hy qzggzZ ~

kZD w bz ~z*z qzg ~d: *Wt ` WD ;g

1z
A & KZ C
~X Z~(,q
-Z Y xz y ZP
*W
z kZD sz^~ x +
M
KZ b #gzZ + #
}
. p
gzZ 46,
uk
,
i r
# Vx xsZ ]|,d~(,
y TD ;gx 6,e } (,e
$. uWZ_L L6,R Z Z
],
; gzZ. a]]z~ VzZ vgzZ y*z
,
Z gzZ O kg Z }g Z Z ,
Z I.T4 wjZ ~g
pax zdV FxsZ ]|Dg^}g Z Z

241

V1 DC
]Y Z'
,KZ kZgzZ Ds Z Z tKZ Z
Z
ZkZ ~,Z D ~ [ Z g [ Z gzZ sz@*
{ z6, Z
wq b & Z {WC
gzZ Z z **
i Zg b V **
Y i
D CW7]g
[!*
gZgzZ ? Hgb!*

(gzZ<
~\WD : ]
?
gJ
-u"
$
<
IZB
(
g\gzZgsZ m
(z <
D : sZ *
*
{
!*
gzZZ}
.h Z}
.{zD C~#
gzZGmD t

C~
]x q
-Z xsZ Zn xsZD b { 
!*
h
D7 Z <

(~ xsZ Dzq
-Z T
(
gzZ e
$ ZZ~xsZ D g Z'
,D b #z b & Z ` gzZ

z xsZ
z<
~wqgzZ LakZ D ZzwKZ Vz Z
D YYH7 Z}uzq
-Z
(
kZ Dce **
m
([!*
g Z <
IZwZt;g
]q {zt ! pxsZ D Y Z~ ]qZi
%$
+]q c*
wZt!*
xsZ &D7b70
D Yw$
+<
mz *gB #
gzZ ~g/ y*zy ~ ]q {
6,kZp '!*
6,qkZ 4D {e
$.n
[Z V *zy k\Z D c*
0*
7zg{J
-[Z
-Z ~ #
q
kZ D H7 . CZ ~
c*
g ~g/ kZ J
D
z fXtce**
Hwzg y
7No
(~ wq f Ve It V~
u

244

L<
L IZ ZkZ N YBq
-Zazg6,
q
D7@*
~y]g q6,
Vz
CyZQ Y7,

C
?
g]!*
twD Z HD :]
g c*
{ggzW~ V{
Z V,Z #
#
Z G wD Z )D : sZ *
*
g{6,
yZ.
kZZz'!*
yZ D Hzg6,
b))j%
{z qgZg0
+ZwD Z) s tBkZp Y Hnpz
ZjV{DD Y]!*
KZgzZD YW,
Oq
LZyZV{{z ~^{gLZV,Z]*
!
**
Y Ht Z kZ6,gp $

g G ~ zg }@x
X
:
~ Zus
# Y 1zZ +Z x zZp Z [8]|  wD Z ztD
' c*
J
-V~]ol W
Z x zZ z [

Z YY H7t Z ]okZa :XZ [8]| bT

t CD YY H7t Z6,gWkZ wD Z6,V{ b
 m,
rVz` WD g 7 { L hIZ *t
D,Za gzZi Zzi6xzg**
g0
+ZLZ ]!*
kZ]gz
E
4g w [!*
5G
{ Gz E
gZ L
**
Va }%
~ m,
r6,V
WZ_L 6,
L R ZZ]Z|\W D : ]
?g Y ZZ y
,
k
i uWZ_L LD 9\W ! YD :sZ *
*
]Z|~Y 2011~gz
~]g ZVx)xsZ ]|x Z

243

*yW
{z?dyZ~T 3g.z
gzZ _ W6,x ~ Vz?z x **

Z Z L
L Y q
-Z
46,
uk
,
i r
# sZg Z **
WZ D Zz W~
H4]
5F
; gzZ4z wjZ kg Z F{z sZ YL L{g Z Z y)Z xq
-Z
g Z bz LZ LZ Y xz fvBZ { { bZ D g ^
D *
*q Zx yZ~-zZkZ Dg}x Zx
hH 5ZgZa t Zz Z~<
M
L IZ
) )D : ]
?
{ }Zm~g Zg Z)D : sZ *
*
~ Vzhz~ * ~g7  
) )z <
L IZ {z s~ A
$k z )
!{a 7~gz c*
s %Z ~ yZg Z Cc*
D
$
+p 3g h}uzq
-Z6,g6f 7Z ]zZ
+ Ozg
7gZz Z z uZ Z ~ X {z
) )z <
L IZ s
!
u h gzZ ~ NZ6,gDD s !*
]!*
t ) ]|D
" gzZ $
+g _
OZ
) )z <
L IZ zz : f z!*
: ] npzg~ b)gzZ B ,) ~ V}g DD Wg D
S W~p~(,skZ ~ V &z
/D CY 0*
,
'
Z'
,
gg 7 W lp ~(,
~ ] I }Z ]| {C
g y ZP
kl k Z(Z g !*
J
-u ] ~ ~ Zi WD
q ZIyZgZgzZ<
L IZ} fab)Bz,)~]
H7ib)BPs D
+
z L LD qze
$Zzg
Z q <
L IZ Z ~ w}D c*
gZz q
-Z Z
kZ Vi'
,
Z x gzZ V-Z$
+ ~'
,
{C
g Z
# ce **
Y c*
V Z ~ q Z

246

ZZ**

!*
Wg{g7h:],
Z ez!*
y Z"
$ Z L Lq
-Z6,g~
Ck I ZZ**

xkZ Dg" "

$ yZ ] gzZ *z ]

] ~)xE D q y Z **
 M
h s zZ xi

~P y Zg z: gzZ/_
.C g Z azZ m Z

**
{ z HW,O{ c*
i= bz T yZ6,g CZ f D

**
D gzg **
7[ c*
**
~f{i Z  ~i *"gzZ =Z
 Z rg g7 ug IBZ G!Z g g7 z

!*
Wg ;ggE - 6gzZ z !*
WgeY

x Z z { og q
-Z J
-V k ~ !*
Wg D f
$)
/

z 6,{ b #z b & Z xg P s Z ] B

kZ  g 0Z W,
Z X, k
,
yZ D g D, k
,

u z ~Y 2002**
D M
h } !*
WgI Z ` W]
}~ Z y'
, w q
-Z ~ Y 2007gzZ Z | { b 6,
t i- z Z[ Z D
H1 - z Zt **
6,3Zz V; z Dg

V x **
~Y 2010w Z **
K
M F,
,
k
i
!
L Lx {g Z Zq
-Z~ !*
Wgag h z I
D n
pgx Vz
)
Z + 6,e dZ { z T H

` t xZg Z L Lx {g Z Z q
-Z ~ !*
Wg I kZ
D y'
s ,
F 

245

qzVc*
g T  g Y ZZ Z Z q
-Z g0
+Z
gzZ ^{z yZgZgzZ Y xfR'
,~ kZ D _
DWx ZZ
+Zi0*
~kZ Dg 

Y xzft Z
] }
.(gzZ ,) B yWZ_]|kZD
xtt~

) )z <
L IZ3Y v @*
**
Zsg zPE
+
D ]
) )z <
L IZ WZ Z~ u 0*
z y R'
, V2
lZ
Z v Y H: {E
+ s sZ LZ
/Z V }g
V @*
yZ D7
oa
)
Z kZgzZD
) )  D Y
gx Y6,] }
.z]y WZ_]| +
$Y \W6,kZ
D 
dgzZ zq
-Z
?x \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x ~ZD :]
3! wJWgx YD : sZ *
~
) )gzZ c*
W6,0~E
*
g6,
b)z]qAgzf D H 0*
,
'
[zZ DgzZ ~d
7Zgz ~kZD Za ]P`
G
gsgzZ%1s Zqzz
D 1 Za \z
/Z(,q
-Z VjZgzZ Mg LZ VCgx Y
-VDBkZ]Zp( ~ce g ~g YutCZgx Y
J
]q[Z VeI Zs~~ekZ mx Mg
i s$
+{z t : o
Z
a kZ  ` sp8
g CZ z b,7ChZ KZgzZ xsZ zg Z LZ ._
Z%z ! x ~g ~)z YN uCZgzZ ,o
D $J
( Y 2010#{g )

248

R'
,f ( V;z t ]!*
~uz D zJ
-
W
agzZ
ZV;z x CZ~ kZ c*
W~
(6,V;zD Z
Zz} (,
Z
zt #
gzZx Z6,
V;zVY@*
7,
7t
6,
b)
6,wZ LZo~g u V;zgzZ wdzox gzZ~i Z0
+Z
wx c*
w](a kZ D u 0*
B bC
gzZ
 M
h wt a kZ D @*
7,7t
m{ V x V;z
Vzg7(x ZgzZ Z~
/~i !*
( i"gzZ Z$
+B
7@*
~x VVgzZ 7B6,V;zVa gzZ C ` Z
D C7kC]gzVzg7x Z~ '
,
akZ
x bZ~6'
,
aVz] D : ]
? ]gz
6,
Zg { Zg5V ~6'
,
zkZD :ZZ*
*
~xE~EBBxE ]gz,Zap
pg
Vn
pg]g '6,
y!*
i ~ m,
Zm<!*
V !*
i ZZgzZVn
pg]
O [ Wz F,
! fc*
6'
,
B B
+!
wqlp yZ bx ZDVg
u"_
.sZBwqg
+!
+
i
yZ} kZt x ZiyZ: w0
x ZVx
/
uz C yZD Z yZZ 7
zt Z
7a]gzKZ ~g x Zg ~6'
,
}"
$U*
tt
}VagzZ >~g vsDkZ 6,
V
D c*
g66,
'gV b & ZzyZZ}g v
gzZ ZzZ
~ 7Z D ~gza
W Z ~ Vs 9
0
+
i g Z ]q V;z **
m,
/ :

KW

247

? twq]g(gzZYV ~6'
,
D :]
m{*g c*
m fZzYR'
,
izZD :ZZ*
*
gx @*
V Zzp
pgmR'
,
{ c*
i{ c*
i c*
@*

V4Z {zakZDz~ZDhZzT f6,

6,V;z  M
h7{ ^
,Y ]q4ZgzZ D.Zz ]q
+!*
h
+
h
X y j
Zz [vgzZ kz&
+Z F,
Z ~6'
#
, z uF, V X R'
,
DZg
LZ v{z ;g 6,Vzgz'
gzZVzgzz+F,
yZ g (Z

p} a
` WgzZg} a
J
-upzd
$o
Ic*
Zwq]gkZ {gz6,
wjZgzZ}V;z 5
Vzg Z sZ sq
-Z V } Zi W Zig D u **

g !*
zg kZgzZwEZ]s~uz c*
Zi W85
V Z V;zD c*
Z96,;nV Z
,yEZ ~ gzZ qlpVZ'
,~g tZg CZf ~
ZzZ
tuz
z~ V Z yX~ u 0*
zyzz D g
t]!*
^6,VD 7Z V Z V;zwq yZ
$z nZ }~6'
e
,
z uF,
V R'
,

V;zx Zx ZD7 ZF,
~ gzZwyEZzx PZ :
KgzZ
Z LZ {z ZD7Z kZ e
$z n Z
Z IZz Y
Dg66,
@*
wZzi qzgzZbC
a0*
s@
KZ ~
~ ekZ wq ]g( V g
W,
Z
( V V }YJ
-V ~ V @*
s Z Z ]

250

tgzZ D CZf 6'

,IZp]!*
.yZN ^i
_
+ CZ
w {gG k ` WD Za wq]g{xsZZg
~i *"8 xsZgzZ + Z!*
wq V Z
twCZf CZ ZgzZ ~ Za
/
~VyZ]q{p
yZ ~ V/}uz c*
:
M F,9
z'
,V Z yZ
/Z
VznV $
CgCg]g ZwtQ :
KZ Q q]gz{ c*
i +z Z ~ '
,{
-Z
J
# p C 1 ]c*
Z@ Wk0*
yZaqzg
W 7Z~ Vs9O q]gz{zgzZ 7$

+
n
6'
,
t xWD7W,
O r zf~ '
,{z
Z6, kaF,
gZkZ {z ~g ZI ~ 5
-u ~(,DkZgzZ C!*
J
.ZjpKZgzZ <
_
LZ
HkZ {z6,
zZyZtgzZ ~aVZtDg Z
DD VZ {Z
+
\W3Zz[ZgzZZ\Wt Z ^6'
,
D : ]
?tH\WDDkC
-Z  uWZ _~ ( Z ) y'
q
,D :Z Z *
*
z VB- i gzZi : E
@V )Z
r
# Vx ]|xsZ  kC]gzq
-Z6,V;z
~ { Z Z}
.D 5YV;z=gzZH[NZx **
}akZ
VF]|74z]
.c*
akZ s
D Z7,**
YQgzZ ,7,VZzg CZ~ zy
s !*
;g mN*
J
~D ZgzkZ ]gzp YZ= Y7t~ YV;z

249

& nz F,
JZ6,
zZ kZp *
*g (Z T 7Z ] i Z
]Tn "
$U*
Z\WLZ Y *
*"
$U*
DD Wt }gzZ @*
qz
K6,V; z ]!*
ugz C6,}iukZJ
-V [Z
-VgzZ Y0*
J
x Zx t )g f*i3g Z ]!*

C] DW,
{ c*
i
Zg CZ fakZV&~
pDhZzf r Z Zg fx VYD` W GgzZg
hwJZgzZ  Ds w  DW,
Ow
Zg { Z'
,Zg CZ f
gzZs zZ CZfgzZg ZZ~jkZ] D{ Wa
Dn
pgw bzg W,
@*
ZV;zc*
#
K}gzJ
-[Z faVz] D : ]
?c*
0*
x ZJ
-ux {zkZ ,
/
(KZ {z Z7V Y~~ekZD :ZZ*
*
ogzZ{ Zp{kZg[Z D + 4Z {z ;ggzZ Z
*
*7{ ^
,Y Z kZ gVyZZjkZgzZg &
**
 c*
{z ~ a kZD W~ }%iW6, Z
Z yZ 9
{ c*
i ~ekZ= ;g 7VYgzZ ;g7H[Zce
DV
rgkZ ~g Z)f sKZ~ 7h
@*
Yc*
0*
-uyDgI~5R'
J
,
}~6'
,
D : ]
? kXaDzkZ{zgzZ
VZ'
,CgzZ Z F,
x ~ 5~ '
,D :ZZ*
*
nt ]!*
m{q
-ZZjkZ D  qzggzZ yDg Iz!*
7Z {z7V@{]!*
.I~ yZ Vz
_

252

~zh zZ Zg
**

y 0*
cZO Z~zh zZ**
:{ Z'
,
u
r zg?{
VZ y$
+~g ,z ]g
)g !*

Zg
**
t ] gzZ + f
zC
gzZ D
Zz Wz
Za ~ y 0*
c ZY 1957 ~ZB17 sD] ~zh zZ

" gzZ + g**

y 0*
~zh zZ **
Zz\ WD

~ Z ydz q
-Z lgz6, **
bkZ D w$
+

Z \ WV O D q { xE ~)z B q
-Z

( kg z H ~ e Z 8 gzZ } Z * Z x ! } Z ! f
$z
~zh zZ **
]
. Zz~
z{ E
+ Z\WD7,

~(,zg dZ1Zh
+i **
gzZ ~EGZ **

sx x Z Y xB16Yz [\ WD 
x **
V

\ W~ VZ * D q ]i YZ z ~ g

V; \ W VyZ ZZ
+Zi 300~ +h
+%Vzg ZD

Y 1969gzZ
e Z'
, y 0*
-i
+g Y 1967 \ WD xsZ

K Y 1984D g YK
8 QTVQgzZ PTV wq @*
$u\ W~g Z)f "
"
$z #
Z c ZgZ1

y~8 \ Wp `^ :eJ

-[Za
-[ Z {z] >dz Z
J
+Zi Xg z D sz b
~ 8
-g L L~ X `nmZpz x Z }pVg

DqZ}~WgzZod\ W Zz 

251

kCgz Z ! V; c*
V;z ~ Y7t ~}g !*
LZ
=K0Zgz]!*
.~V Z kV@*
_

q
zkZ~p kZ UzC
WV
~
C = a {WD
rg 7 0*
c*
Y
ZgzZt pD **
T
Y V;z :ZzgzZ *
* % V-g
DM
hZ]qgzZx D 7
6,
RzC n
pg7]q ZZgzZD : ]
?B~gz\W4z]
. b
6,
RC
$
+gzZ Zg f]zVD :ZZ*
*
4z]
.~ kZ p ;g : 6,RC
gzZ ]gz x
**
3 Zg W tZ sZ > z B O" gzZ mZ
CZ f=g f +F,W,
Vz ] V [ ~ 6 ~gz
D g Zzt ZgzZmZw +Z~Zg CZfgzZZg
c*
] !*
.bmgx Y)x ~6'
_
,D : ]
?]
zg Z x *zy }V;z m<!*
~6'
,
D :Z Z *
*
Yzg ZvgzZ ?| 7,Hgx Y \W{zQ n
pg7qZ "7,
~g {zC
Z
Z,ZgzZ n
pg
A &N
h| 7,zg Zs{z
~ u 0*
zy } f}V %Z D N 0*
7_ g IgzZ ! Z
~ V;zD @*
Y J 7, tz tzf gzZ w=!g \W
&D ]gzgI~ y!*
i ~ m,
Zx gzZyWabg
D Y fzW
,
Zg0
+ZV;zD Y\W
/Z
( Y 2008~gz
{g)

254

D`
r 6,
ARYx Z
/
z6,
x tI
4$
M 7~ D \ M h
;g Y H
86,yn,
z 8 Y 1969 G
+

-e}ggzkZD Z 4NXqzt( yn,

z8y 0*
) ~zK8 L LV
E
4F
7~zKf
}
/]cE5G
$zZ6,DV;g @*

e Z'
, y 0*
E
4
7J M ] V J
gTgzZ V
HH
86,E5GF
-[Z ~
D
HHI7Z hK7x Z
/
z6,
^
]t L L x Z
/
z6,M yZ x( "
#)g u}L L
E
Zz L Lx Z
/
z6,19 yZ ` ZcL^L Lx Z
/
z6,M yZ
Z pzg L LD K g !*
FJ
-[Zx Z
/
z6,{g
H yZ
~z KY D
8%F6,g ZZ+**
Wq
-Z yZ
E
/# Zgz] 9
g c*
~ * uZR,
G
x- L L~| 1424
~zK8 DKIx Z
/
z6,
{g!*
yZ y M ZL LDg
[Zx Z
/
z6,
g ZD
z
zq
-Z'
Z
/
z6,
ZZz
8
E
4F
7~z KJ
Zm Z
/
Zz} Y \ M DV [7 E5G
4$MD Vc*
q
-Z L Ls G
"
$i Z0
+Z VgzZyZ~]zz
]N
/4E
a gzZ J
-[Z {z ~ V5 "
$ yZ xW a E
W
D q Z} (,~ kZZ OZ Y 1zZgzZ V D c*
M 7~ }
E
/4]Nq
HZm Z
/
ZzLZ q Z Va E
-Zsp
xW1C7n~]Zg ZaHC
yZ~gzkZ D ~
&
X: Zizg {z  D C   ~ Z{ v {z Z D @*
h
+ LE
Y (~ qzD D
~ V5yZ { \ 0*
)
4D CY 8
4hG
HG
-eg kg k
,
g x yZ 7Z Zig ZgzZ ZzZ

+ZiZ t 8
Z
-eg kg k
,
g yZY ZZ g eg kg

253

QTV( 1) IV]
~* ~g7)g f!ZZgzZzg ZKZ\ M6,
!gzZh
+]
.kZ]N Ct
\ M Dgx h
?Hb q\Ws j
yYZ Z\ M D p6,
M y 0*
\ M D :~zh Z Zg
*
*
N
&- VrZ~ Zi KkZ D ;g ]5 sgaz xj%
7ZVY {z k
,
zKkZ c*

[ ]Z
k
,
Z Kg L L7ZZjk
,
D MI MH,
gzZyiKkZ
gzZ !*
usZ gzL L._ ] ~
HH c*

sZ] L LDyY Z\ M Zq ZkZ~*'
,
Zz}6,kZgzZ c*

k
,
yY Z Z\ M gzg2
# 6,}gz j
Z
Z~ V yZ D c*

\ Zm Z
/
yZ ~ k
,
Zy\ M )g f gY L LD Z 4NXwz yY Z Z \ M
EdN
Z KZ~Z
+Z`
z bg -O \ M ~ Dg"
$U*
dY
W
, h Zz M LB
L mZzt\ M}OZ D Vc*
yT
DN 0*
: q i p
g MgzZ
g Y L LgzZ 3gZg]5%J
-[Z \ Mt]
ph
+'
6,]5 \ M ` M H 
z **
^q
-Z}~
D7wWg ZakZ yid\ M V -zZ L L \ M D
:V@*
n
T
Y ~ e ARY kZy kZgzZ *Z QTV
5x Z
/
z6,: Zizg}6,
QTV \ M ` Zsg M
m CZyZ
kZ D gY 7{g!*
z6,M
m kZ8
-eg kgt g(t g 

256
G
E

sc*
Zz**
{z F
g 7ZgzZ B: J
-
]!*
t d
kZ akZ DD Y { ZegzZ f
eyY9]!*
yZzzG
g 7Z
DY H!*
w8ZgzZ Y ]!*
9gzZ h)g f kZ @*
c*
CZ=gf
4$
M Z 4NXZzt%~g @*
5# G
!:e yn,
z8pVO
y zF,9 M
c*
M yZ%gzZ H7[Z 3
e'Yh
+
\ M D ;g@*
YH7zF,
5=
?Z 4NXHZz]g @*
35#
yZg{ ~ /Zx Z[~-~c Z
]gq
-Z { Z'
,
uThZz Kg 0*
( kZ ~ /Zx Z .Z d
W
yZ b)IL LD
L L~#
!*
|({zVyZ D
x Z 1zZ 
x Zg M ~ ]Zg Z'
gzZ ]Zg Z'
yZ ~ x Z
/
z6,q
-Z
G
: ZgZ)f)s: r
# ~
HHwZ~}g!*
{)z Z )-dZ
GE
4O] L X3Z D Z 4NXw9Z TW: {
x Z
/
z6,Z6,_
~ ~ LZ [ Z 4NX[NZ Za[Z ~ ~uz
x Zz
/
6,kZ DX7]Zg ~G@*
.LZ V1yZgzZ
HB
ZjkZ D A
$% }z ]ZW,
ZgzZ
HE
5_N x Z} (,
h5\ M ,~ ]AyZgzZ]rz ]Zg Z'
M
L L[ ~
D p8
-eg kgx Z
/
z6,
kZD
9 % [e ^] ^]gzZ # ] n e ] ^ M
]
c*
M bZ
" L LD Z 4NXqs yZz%ZjzF,
D p8
-eg kgx Z
/
z6,
yZ

*zZ
/Z[Z r
# ~ M
h{ i Z0
+Z\ MWkZ
D` E_N]!*
r
# ~  J
-Vx yZ@*
:6,

255

4
4hG
wz~ Zh 0*
v~xgzZ D Mt nZig eg kg HG
8QD @*
7,
*
*x ZmaV Zz M8
-eg kg} #} (,
&
E
/4]N[ y
0V ;g CakZ
t D x Z E
]N]!*
/4E
'!*
) r Z Zg f L LgzZ @*
7L~ Vt E
hZ
gzZ
z D ]gz Z q
-Z r Z L
L  g| (,a Zh
+
( )g f
%Mp c*
F
y
KZ D g 7 b ~ kg
6,V+
(.D
8 V~[f: Z @*
~ t**
{z,a
Vq D ` %yb!*
[ZgzZ y8(x Z
/8 c*
Mc
E
d
N
aN pox y[Z CY { e '!*
V ;z
~ X~V
$d
$zq
-Z D wZjZR,
gzZ[DD Y

&
4w7Z DCY
/G g g^J
4hG
}" D G
-~ e ~z~ egzZ ~ e Q HG
x **
Z Vc*
x **
DL X3Z ~ g @*
D7!^ J
-[Z
V { c*
i~gzC
@*
**
[ D .Zz x 1 J
-{ c*
i
Q D B7J
-C
k
,
C
z!*

0
+ZpgzZ ;g7
-
q
C
y~ V5 ?Y c*
Zgz!*
7Z D 0*
7| 7,vt
yjz8D @*
C7h
+ KZ Z
ZyLZC
Zz
gzZ @*
7
kZ D
rg g E
&J
- Z
Zx y=g f (Zq
-Z p kZ
)g fgzZ wZ  CY V]!*
{z
z Z
Zx y)g f
Zzz~uzgzZ Z 4NXb s)g f kZtzzq
-Z D$
V7h
+

gJ
-Vzk
,
gzZ Vzk
,
s} :LZ 5#}g tzz ZgzZ
F,
SLZ {z D @*M { Vz:LZ yZpCZ yZ 
D CZ lL=
L g fC
gzZ D7{ Zz6,
^
,Y**
zx Zw~]Z
4]N: 7ZTg
/Z D a 7 ]!*
KZgzZ 
: E

258

V y~
[Z yb!*
~B; C
[Z **
uq
-Z **

g [7
- 8~o}uz oq
-Z Dg MJZ~
Zg f
ZzgzZy M h
+]
.yZa ] L L~,Z D s
ztD
z +Vznt V D 0*
gZ
**
z ] L L *
*: wEZ
<
z + ~^ 0
+
i ;gt W,
@* V ~ }g !*
<

V Zz + V/ ~I g L Lv {z D 7B Vh
+]
.
g ~
. yZ .d yZ~}g !*
kZ Dg D s@
M } yZgzZ 'Vh
+]
.gzZ ]]
.x7t h
+
7ZD
D $
Yi Zgy!*
i6,
V26,{ yZV/
S0
+Z L :L gz ~gz
g~9^0

+
igzZ ad
$ ~0*
<
z +
p Z ^ f] ^$]L Ly M
Dap
pgy MgzZ
Zz g Z
g L L XZC
D Y z6,kZ ]*
! y
C

D,]!*
Zj
zC
gzZOg6,
i L LkZ
z _ Z *
@Y 7c*
Z
C
a ]gzgzZ YY c*
7]gz
c*
a T9
{z ] L LD @*
Y H g7
]t~ *'
,
Vznt gzZ D g~}%ix`
@*

6,x **
xsZ L LM
m yn,
z8e
$g f c*
Zi%gZ } L
D g7Zzgg ! Z M
m ~z K.
kZg qz
GE
4O]L X3Z~]
"c*
.)%Z
kZh
+
,C[pc: E
0E
gzZ
Zz k
,
!*
L LVyZ D *
@Y s L L ZF,
c*
L L *'
,V
FV;zM
m c*
Z
# C~ ]Zg Zzg Q C 
V;zg
! Zk'
,0*

/D V
J
-yC
azF,
zVKZ~V !*
i
4$MyZgzZ}z qzM
/dN G
m
7 x ,Z@*
p E

257

gzZ?DkCJ
-u]Z W,
Z]!*
LZ\ M IV]
?Bk
,
/**

H\ M wEZ Zgf '

,
a]~gz '
,
kZt
hV @*
n6,g Mg
$GD : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
/dN A ]ZW,
wqZzZ
+b & ZgzZ E
Z[C
LZJ
-[Z
D v V4a[D ! c*
x Zj
g ZgzZ Z 4NXg !*
g !*
V;zQ V
H%q
-Z(TgzZ 
E
/# D Q7= Sg
=[D @*
0*
7~g7  G
D ~g YgzZ Z 4NXg 2
+Z
z{ c*
ip7tZ
~ ] xgzZg \Za kZ [ZgzZ k
,
z_y~{ c*
i
Z kZ {z Vz]gma[ VDV@*
0*
w
zo
gzZoy8DV@*
Y{g
7D =pb,Z]gzgzZ
Dy ]ZW,G
& gzZ}6,]!*
}Z
# v~ V5
WO
t} Z D ;gx )g f}y h C p 
DVy ~
V[nwZ[Z {}uzwZ\ M
~g gz~!~kZgzZ ;g Y sz.
L L[R * Vth
+'

D ;gg p{z ;g 7
~ kZ hz +ZgzZ
*DwEZ{VayZVy[Z awjZ
1Z CZ6{ c*
z7
-ZR,
=ZgzZ ;g Y c*
]gz XZC

Y (DCg{
{z[Z1 Z~
z LZ,qXY
O "
$[Z D ZIx {zVzq  e
$Zzg h
+

6,Zz R,
[Z O 6,u gzZOD C 8
-i
q kZ
z y8 D g 76,sgzZ g

260

259

]
C~VVQTVD7kC\ M HD : ]
} (,
T ;grz
)yn,
z8z ;gZa lzy
^
? g
)
Z J6,
e
a kZh
+
Hf QTV s \ M D : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
/
z6,I sM
mq
-Z J
- Z
sw Q L LgzZ a VZ
M
m ~]g  $
zzt D {g 
Zs y M
LL
D ;g Y
$ 6,M
4GG
,Zx Z
/
z6, SE
5G
m kZ V ~ [Z wZ\ M
Vz
t^kZgzZ/Zz]
C)g fyZgYK7
4$1
M Z 4NX
ZpD Zzg **
'!*
 Vt n
pg]G
WZzg **
Z
Z q i p
e
$.gzZx
g **
gzZi Z0
+Z
o**
Zj
~g r
# k**
]|m<!*
p gY 76,M
m kZ
GE
4O] L X3Z} fvgzZ
H a !*
7 gzZ c*
h
%~ V Y QTV Z D x { kZ D
zz} "z6,
 VyZgzZx Z
/
z6,
Zj]
C
7 ]Z zZ
+s+ xt g$
+gzZ { Ze
~=zz 9+gzZ @*
2Dzi '
,* + @*
2
D7y Ma!*
L X3Z[Z **
hVY M7Zt

} ~ qzD _g
/V ; 0*
g e sg ~z K
[Z17a C
gzZ 7VZzZ
z VZig Za kZ
E
4F
70*
(q
-ZE5G
gzZx
L ~zKb!*
^
,gzZ~Vzg R,

E
4F
7f
Z
aE5G
$z Z6, r z
kZ~z KDx
E
4F
7m Vg Zz t D H
gzZ
L ~z Ka E5G

?Yc*
x **
H c*
YZD 7g
wEZ Zg f '
,
**
;gzZ **
J (,
x ]~{
VD
8x ]yZ wEZ 9 Zg fyZ YYH7[AZ
gzZ} "z6,IyZ]Z XZ F,
S~g zVznt
~g Z)f ]Vz)gzZ {gz M V ~,Za
H: x twEZ Zg f '
,gzZ
HH: kZ kZ
/Z { c*
i
D Yw!*
z@*
kZ
H
x ZgzZyZgzZ f6,
[6,
yn,
z8Bk
,
IV]
? Mt gbs
 Zs[Z 9Z Z gzZkZD :~zh ZZg
*
*
]!*
}6,yn,
z 8 Xx ZgzZ Vzgz Z x
JY x x Z} f
N
yZ ]!*
C
]gz ZZgzZ ;Zu{ c*
i
4$
M zzth
G
+
E
5_N7J
-[Z W,
@*
tsq
-Z D ;Zu
yn,
z8aJ
-V]!*
h 7a M6,
yn,
z8p
Vj: )F,
h~ T H7wJx Z
/
z6,(Z J
-[ZgzZ c*
=g f
DV[y, ~}g !*
yZKx Z
/
z6,
gTgzZ
~x Z
/
z6,q
-Z~z K 8 V Le *
*ntB[Z kZ
4$M]xZzZj#
G
"gzZXy G

LG3E
:Nk
,
g Z yY
vZ6,kZ LZ Ds ZZ @*
KZz!*

,Y!*
^
Z ,~uz
~x Z
/
z6,ZVqVLg Le
D c*
g Z
~gz
fgzZ Hg Z x Z~ V5gzZj-ezg Zz
Dp[pX[6,
~zKpHnZZ

262

261

izg CZ xCgzZ ,$
+zuthL X3ZgzZT e
CZ 0*
3zgzZqgz~q
-ZC
* + V>yZ 7 D
D 3gi e "6,
RC
gzZ g z{
yZ V ;g C a kZ '!*
t ~ y W6,ZpgzZ
Z7,pD w[p 0z ~ [!*
kZ V|#
9gzZ [% 7Z %1 s yZpQgzZ LY
yZ bZ ,k
,
~jXY Dg izg yZ IwqZ 9gzZZ
+
4 lzg kZ KZ~%gzZ V>yZ D V: 

~ C
p ~ 5#t o"
##Z ~ ! 3g 7
V } :yZs gzZxa[ZNZ DD
p ~c*
ZpDDVc*
pt6,ZyZgzZV
~i Z0
+Z4gzZ
KZ VrZ~ VE~g $
7V; yZ
[NZ gzZ ~ Vzk
,
Zz Y 6,q gzZ ~gz
V' Z L X3Z yZ ,i Z {zD ~ qz Zz6g KZ VrZ ~ V
!*
vt ( 7{ M ]%Z I )Vz

: ] ~g7gzZ 9]Z|
zd
$ Z }g pgzZ T e b 7
G
G
E
E

Zzc*
Zz**
{z tgzZD Yl~yzg Zzz
nZ Z sV|#DD Yl{t n2LZzz
{z Dg [Z ~ Vzk
,
gzZ Vzk
,
KZDL X3Z}g D g Cg
yZ N 
,k
,
2V V: 
~Z
+Z`
z bg 4Z ,k
,
! Z
gz nZZgzZ ? 3Y Mg Z
+Z`
z bg yZgzZ 2
]%Z  ,Z L X3Z }g gzZ n2 ? V
LZ z **
Z% ;g tZ q
-Z D 7 M |gzZ

 Y wEZ 9gzZ4 ~z KD c*
ZV; LZ {)z Z le c*
v
kZ] gzZx 9~Zc{0gzZ Yc*
=g f MZ
DN Y;=g f
b5 W\W6,
], 8
-gL
L ! IV]
kZN C\ M H1 Y +
M zd\ M6,kZ Z e
?qyu6,
{ Zg5
@*
Zz ]!*
Vzy ,~g7
/Z D : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
DYZz~g"ZV@*

M ~ cZjZpgzZ ~ V;z
/
Dg g Z **
$.'!*
e
zN'!*
g ZlpgzZ M lpV~kZ
GE
4O] L 3XZ h
yZ **
L LLZ yZp{z V|#DL 3XZ
) )z
GE
4O] L 3XZ h} fD H7y.6,VEZ **
c*
J
-wqkZ
V2z
E
d
N
O
pV|#}g DI{gafZ V**
C
Z yZ
H
gzZ '!*
+Z s }g VF LZgzZ Z
Z b { }g
]NyZ {z 2x
/4E
V|#sq
-Z D M~ E
gzZZ } :6,V!*
4Z 2 KZs~uzgzZN ZzVp
` MgzZ 3g zD DL X3Z}g V- D J e#H H
Dg c*
s sZ}g {zX U*
Z qzggzZtudf .
gTJ
6,li gzZ we kZ V|#D T e )zg4z]
.izd~g #}g
yZgzZ [ Z Vz:Z yZ {z 7z DL X3Z}g
a kZ wet V|#Dw'~ q VK J e
Dg: c*
Vx`
yZgzZg:zV6,wHzLZyZ
*
*C
gZfgzZg Z
z Iz + ` Mpxt0
+
igzZ Zz

264

W **
C
Vx{gzZ Vpy c*
x L
L Vzngz._
Zg: ZgZ +
$Y)DM
h
L Lc*

6,
L
L Z~q
-Z D @*
B
z[ ZIgzZ ~wZ z[ Z\ M DW
[Z ]!*
h7s@*
7W6,kZ
zkZ D Hy Z
DV@*
7
W

_ ZV; }g azF,
kZ D OZx * M
gzZ  zD{z wYZY  ZV; }g Zjg
$ q Z DZ z
\ M&DY, Vz]!*
Zj L LD7V;
%W{z bZ~}g !*
kZ z[ ZI
:W~ [!*
kZgzZ D Z
+ Z7X ]*ZZ,
C~ kZVY 7
*Zz wZaTx c*
]!*
{zC
VV- D YY H7g
z wZ yZ Zz ? $
{ W{z  Zz _ ZgzZ
D Y WyZ 3g bgzZ 3gw H Zz _ ZgzZ*Z
Zz <
 kbZ ~gza 0
+
i bT
[Zz[Z ND iZ
+gzZyZZa"
$U*
? CVYxfzbtYc*
C=gzZ D<

XgzZ6, Fz  C Zz  ]c*
M X * M

z [ Z {ztWDV Y, Z U ~ D Z
W~kZ
Hk
,
/**

ba0
+
iWaT
z! pW~z[ ZIzp:X ]y
MgzZ+
D YXa]zyZZ :z9gzZ {
vt {zV Le]i YZG
h
+'
]!*
-ZV[Z kZ
q
I
!
E
k
4
y
KZByY{zB- 5 WVzk
,
6,
]Ic*
p

263

D c*
wj $z#V Zz[Z6,
g M
p _Z
+Z`
z bg  ,Z F,
{ c*
i DL X3Z}g
~gz) r~Z
+Z`
z bg {z  C ]F,
KZ yZgzZ n
pg 7
@*
Y0*
{ Zg~ V nZZ kZ Y c*
3:s Mn2D Z
/
$
sg ]gzZ Lg {6,L FhQ @*
0*
7YZ ggzZ
4$M{g 8
G
-gL
L ! Dz hL 3XZ ~gZ)f {z **

Vzg &kZ D c*
0*
Z bgzZ
+Z`
v6,qLZZ
]x}D ;g
8{ ^
,Y Q
~ kZgzZ kZ~ J
4$
M 7]i YZ=
zk
,
8
-g pVzZ x a LZ G
kZ6,Zz KZ pgzZ mZ z t g %x HA
$%
WO
# u 0*
"
gzZxza* ZgzZ = 8a#
}
.
4$M e
]xz ]}vD 0*
! c*
x G
$z g
E
/# D D]6,
Zo~WyZ}~
z *}t G
C ;g M c*
q^p y "
# u0*
g
7]!*
+Z ~ :gz yZ x t
ba0
+
iWaz[ ZDL X3Z IV]
JI
B-d~gz ZW\ M az [ Z I H c*
g Z
k
,
/**


? I OL 7kZ[ ZIc*
&C

V-  L p Z OL 7 L L~ wZD : ~Gzh Z Zg
*
*
I
E
45k! O
txk!*
F
g W
L
L t]!*
? kZ H L
L k
x|z p9 W L L c*
vD Zg t L
L @*
Y Hy
E
/4]N"7,
{z6,
x **
W7Z c*
7{ M
DI**
W{z 5E
Z KZ p W
L%
L Z @*
7V]!*
p L gLzZ [ Z L LD

266

LZ ?H c*

s[Z LZg Z CZ"
# *g ]!*
) Zzt ? DwZ~ i Z0
+Z4 ]gkZ 0+
D ~[KZ[_Z0Z
f b & Z g ZZjWD ]uZzbZ
D *Xe
$Zzg W Zz ]!*
t UV- D c*

4
D 
c*
g wq]gWI{\ M
@*
Y IL Lv{z~gz {! VznH ! r
# p
4$
M g ZzDD MB<
G
= q # ] ^^ ]
;g7 HVVYY xzfD 7a
]!*
t
Z
Z6 IL LVR. *gzZ)
,
Vzg
(D
I kZ **
gz }V7 M X c*
_C~ V7 M yZ
V;gZjA
$kgzZ )x ]!*
tD~g Z)f >6
[Z~gZ k0*
~ zDt]!*
E( @*
Zz
/s ) v]D
I
E-G
d
L L L\ M D ]!*
xx4Z  iZgzZ F  gzZ C M
gzZ <WZg f6,{)zk

,
zk
,
, <g L Lc*
g
&
/G
N= D G

Y D Y c*
ZI u|
o**
gzZ J\ M E
0_I
WI {D CY ~ Z,{ c*
i < (Z VY
b D
o**
V; V @*
,p ZgzZi Z0
'
+ZzL ;gt~
]c*
gzZ]Z f ]Z` O gzZ i Z0
+Z
o~ y!*
i *Z'
,z
y b ! |Z lp.
}uz q
-ZY z ~ ^gD { c*
i
TD 7,7Z!*
bkZ {z1 @*
Y Dg }uzq
-ZgzZ D
8
x E
L j L L~ { kg z { { Z
Z I c*
~ g 0*
yg ZZ b
E
'
H
.
}uz q
-Z i77 gzZ 4 F  @Y ~ VR  D YA D

265

E
 @*
(Z L( ;g7]!*
V1) D7i Z { BZ
%
V/tc*

HVzi**
ytZc @*
tD C7zz!*
D
:WD CY'gF+Z D
Hw$
+x|~p
pg: 9IF,
z
? { c*
!p
N CtBgzZ ? *Xe
$ZzgW~[ ZI IV]
? wq]gHWI{
& \ MVg7 \ M Let Y D : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
: n @*
? *Hp{zg 
[ ZI
* M
,]!*

/Z wz4,
y M
vZx
D{g ~g "
# *wg]Z 
g ZQ Q~
C~}g !*
kZ
WO
gzZ *
*Wg"
# u 0*
}Z: Z yZg ~t[Z D
yZ6,V!*
{0[Z bZ **

i Z0
+Z z p Z47Z "
# u 0*
D M~]gzZg
$ q Z **

d
vZ g 5
Mi ]|gzZi {]| Vzy BV
u0*
gzZ aZ~ yZgzZ wg Zzi R vZ g/]|
[p H/]|"
# u0*
Dt?pg Z "
$Z
"
#
D YY H5 {z ~0Z ]4gzZ/Z [KZ D c*

[Z
: c*

7Z ~
V * DV@*
na] Mg \ M
}gzZ ]| R}yzg; ]|\!*
} c*
: VYt?
FTBZ0kZz/]| D x?Zz > }Z:]|C

D ~ zZx?Zmyzg ;]|{zg Zu
W
&Zpy OZgh
+i
M Y Z]| bkZZzq
-Z
KZ Z
# y{ x HkZ D 5~ "
# [ $
g g !*
y)F,CZ

268

V4ZgzZD~ e Z8 gzZ bZ Ze Dg z

gF
F
ggzZ @ D I ggzZ egz Zz + D Cz
c*
w$
+wj ~pT gzZ DL LD%1 1 Y
[q
-Z V kg KZ x Z} f D DwJ
gzZ
M ;gz- VLZ Z ~yZgzZ 1zJ
-Zzg
KZkggzZ{XYV- gzZ H7vw 7ZXgzCZpc*

BDpce**
7g M Dg:g Z
'
,[@*
z[ M
:
M F,
1ggDgxzFzxiVz **
ZgzZ M D f
1 W,
O wj vD CgJ
g ZzB**
DD
LZ V{" ]
C~ D Zz W,
Owj
Lvt C:
~}D li ` Zzg]x
]ZW,
Zh
+kZ ` M c*
VZ {Z
+wq]gkZ Vz)L LDD 0*
:1
M
g ZZgzZ h Z i$
+ ~zg { Zg" ~gz$ ZZ]Z W,
ZtDt }g
xn%D
H kZ ]!*
kZ pD C
~ ]g 0*
 ]gzaZi Z]Z W,
Z@yZ D @*
Yy M ` Y
~gzgzZ 9t ~gz{ c*
i
gzZ}kC~g Z)f KZ yC

{!*
yZ V Cc*
+gHz gzZ Y hz[Z]
.) Dx
gzZ {g 9gzZ V- V-i {z @*
Y
M F,
GE
4O]L X3Z
) ) ~y 0*
DA
$%]ZW,
Z
\ M ^{~
/
%

D
+C: L LD $
6,gx kZ {z ^~
/
% V;
Z"z6,
zTgzZ Zg fX 6,
g~g~Z ~
K7~Zc{0e
$. Zg f 4ZgzZx ZZ ;g
D SgZp|gzZ YY 7zg YZ N Y VZ}6,DN Y

267

CY w 0*
-z'
J
,M @*
Y7b!*
D 
s
^i]D @*
7g ]Zf KZ1 @*
zg **
zgtaVzuz C
b~D
DSg7 c*
7Ze
$M M
] ] i f^e ^]
7
/
(Z D ;g7g Z Zz WY 1: t Z kZ ~
C
KZ]Z f KZ7ZgzZ x
/
u mZz t [Zv,Z D
GE
4O]z<gzZ
{z Lgk0*

Zz h{ c*
i ]KZgzZ LZ **
Z
gzZ  g sz^z w'pa !*
8Z gzZ hZ
W
mZ z tgzZ e
$Z@
* OZ D D 7~{ #
5
:} M } i Z
[!*
< Z
Z{"xE~~,z IV]
~ ~,z RZ
z kZ e
$Zzgt K qz *
*7]xLZ ~
G!OZbzg: ZgZ)f)gzZ: hY kZ6,x **
H6,
WD 6,[ LZ
? HD
+C Zi Z]ZW,
ZyZgzZggzZA
$%]Z W,
Z
7~ ~,z ]!*
t ! x H}D : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
VY} Z}
.z!gzZy
D g C MkZ
]
C~}}g D { ZgVzg Z} ,Z
V ?
Zm d
$i 8
-gzZ ]|gzZ/_
. M
x'
,D Z 4NX7kZ Vi yZVN bkZ /i
g ZZgzZ ]c*
r
LZ D Je
$m,
Z -7 ~ m,
Z V
b7Z VZ h Zz M Vzg Z + D 7 Z'
,ypN
~(,

` M~{ Zg~ Zi Mg3+g gzZ

M fDx ZZb
W,
Ogzv Z o9z6, D @*
Y Vzg Z + ^zg
gzZ7,
.
 Zgz!*
t 6,gi V D D Y

270

269

ce*gzZy!*
i ~ m,
ZgzZ!{zy!*
i ~g KZ5

DnWz_
] Vc*
;g d ieZ sZf .
s sZ LZ

De
ZaqZBb []xsZgzZ

Dce
De] ~gzZjyc*
Z.


yZ1Dce D

bg M ]Z XZgzZ ]uZzZz zg ~ *

+6,yZgzZ M DJ
h
-g bxsZ+
M gzZ]Z NZ sZ
W
Zz OZ +z Z ~gzt q
- 4,
}gzZ D ~gz
D C7~k
,
+W,
5
Z%kZqzqzggzZ
M F,
y
i ZmZztgzZVznZjzagzZzg Z
x ZB E
&Og} f}g Dg z_gzZ  i'
GE
4O]z<gzZ ~ zyZZ {z:%+4dz~a}g
/Z6,
#
;g !zZ VrZ gzZi Zw Ki Zw D (
g c*
D @*
W,
Z _ p Zz]yZ Dx ZVc*

zs
# Zg {zy
KZ ]cY (~* kZ ZzBsz.
[Z
+
M qzg z yZZ +
M 8gzZ Mt D VZ
/
u { z a T 7
t 7x **
xg c*
u
7*t +
M qzgzyZZgzZ ~Z
,Z {hgzZ x **
Y0( gzZszd
$fz
D7 {*V
m11S? {H[f]sZ ` M IV]
?Z 4NXA
$%W,
Z H6,
kZ P q

7 I:gz {zVc*
gz$Zjg ZgzZD
D$
Y
 g7Z Z Z { z y ZZz +~} ` M ! r
# p
Zz ~g7 y Z v **
(zQkg Z z]
.)KZ Dce
/Z%
$zgzZ {g Z d } kg Z z]
.) D, I
GE
4O]z <~ 0
+
i q
-ZC
vZ Y 
y Z N Y
Q ~g Z
}]g 7 gzZ ] P`
7 ] x gzZ x
D n 71
M
V Lgq
-Z
z$
+Y (h
+]
. *!zWzt` M IV]
kZN C~ zg ]!*
C ZZ KZ\ M D g (Z^
zaKZ7ZgzZe Vc*
g ~naVz]5~wj
?ce% J e~zg ZgzZ
Vt ~[ ZwZkZ\ M D : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
7a
y Z { z akZ] ~g tYc*
Zgz!*
y
KZ
y
KZ Zz Z kZgzZ W,O Y (VY Z ] !*
t
D ~g =
KZ Y (tA { z D
rg 7y T KZp ` M
gzZ] Z XZ aZgsc [g={Z
|Zg Z k%Z DN Y Zzgz!*
#
)g f Y ( C
% Z L L~ ~ e dZz
;gz- `g YV ; zN *iZ hZMG
5Z' D M ~ = t { E
+ Z z
GLG
GL.\zz ] gzl
" zggzZ _s %ZgzZ
e] !*
6,wh
~ zg ] !*
y Z D Y s] !*
Vz y ] !*
x LZ
DV@*
]!*
aV- g

272

p ~]kZ}}D
Hp)Ju{V;z
_x u
E
* A+ kZgzZ @*
Y Z e~] )p b ] sZV;z[ Z
w'~ZzsF,
SzZ DVc*
g ZVgzZVZ~
gzZ sg CZ 7Z L7m Zg ~
/cgzZ  I Z 
]g ZgzZ sygzZxsZ D 7,]gzZp

LZV gzZce **
M ) + yZ xsZ L L~V Zz By1
75~ ] !*
Dce *
*{C
bibC
y
Dce *
*[ "} "z6,s ce
+E
9gzZ  Cgz gzZg Z" '{Zp  D zg A
fgzZ7xh
+
] 4gzZ EsZIpD C!]~
+E
gzZ { c*
i x ] sZ A kZ D g 7V Zz ~i
$ zz%D ce **
gz T
$z x bZ Zz Y 0*
~ ] LG
g7
E
+
7~g Z " A kZ 41 ce CZ i Z0
+Z W,!gzZ 9
D *
@Y $
k(,u @*
Y  {z D M ~g Zi" ~ V
W
gzZ xsZ OZ Y 
yZ gzZ "
$U*
7 n yZ pgzZ Vz)
Dx **
gzZ["li C
s V
?x \Wagx YIV]
C3 ZgzgD s M yZgzZx **
LZ g x YL LD : h]q
zg D Lg
ggzZ y M^ zg D CC 3 ZggzZ
WO
Z D} h x O g @*
 ; zg ZD CgzVg @*
C
gzZ V
GO$Ct \ M}
IZzg zZ } Z Z g ZVc*
~ ~g Z "
D"
$U*
y)F,
( Y 2005y {g )

271

sZ w Z! r
# Zgpx HD : ~zh Z Zg
*
*
VU MVY {gz}%Z7{ [f]
}]q
-ZZj[fD T7C
y~
x t[z~[f: Zizg `gL L:VHQaMg \ M
g M c*
pg
$u{z= D Y[ze ZzYs [fL
L
G!OZ KZ=c*


"
# *g ~~i E.Z[ p~g g
G!OZ ~}
* D I *
.kZ17sp u
1 C 7**
q LC
D t }g wZjZ D Y { c*
i g

&
/G uzg q * \ M
D  X [Z %
g QgzZ G
~ gzZ +VNYZz Byp ~C
[f
} "z6,kZP qm{g
H{z )
L Lg D Hgz
o mu ^]L 1
L g'YZ%li  W,
Zk
,
i
i tVz)D ( YHIkZT @*
mwkZy
KZ ) ^
D ;g(ZgzZ }b s+ Y|VJZyZZ"z6,

wake up call ( w \ Z q
-z ) a xsZ yCZ **
{C
b ),
gzZ-"7{g e Zw 5g Z=p~g Z" Z
E
a **
O /6,A+ **
L
L \ M D Z 4NX
VJZ O ^] o ]ZgzZ ne ^uy` M DI=
T@*
7w qtXPC
D @*MCZtzg: *zV7gzZ: Z0
+
{z yvt 6,g~g P qm{g
HD k\Z .
g
Z Z ] Z KZgzZ Lg @*
Q O ~ Zi M gzZ M 
)z}yV [f
{ yC
Dg7~ Zi MgzZ M {zakZ[ Z @*

&Zpz ] Z|~ i Z0
+Z z k] q!*
D tZg ~}g !*
kZgzZ
H

274

~}g !*
V
/
uzdDqBZ G!Z : ]
?BZe zg
gzZ dLZg7 ug IBZ G!Z VkI@ugI *
*
Z z + {],
Z kZ ]x gzZ tWzz V**
g
6,VZx (eY D k
,
+F,
5
gzZ Vz
Z izg~ VZ
M F,

GEZ H yc*
Z .
kg D
} Z
Z,jX wdz ux gzZ Z
M F,
g D
+
*
@Y **
T V]LZ |
# g Cq
-Zt D gWt y$
+y
g Z ZgzZ ~d.g DqgzZ *ZeYM
hNp\W
E
GG34O]D YVgzZn
hg
A IgzZ
pg|
# q
-Z KZ
@*
g : T >~eY {z x (D D Y
x
/
/D7]Y ZIZgzZDIZ6,b)h
+]
.~g D
![xJ
-[Z D @*
YH7ib) Zg ZgzZC
@~ Vzg SBZ)x ,b){iD`g
x ?{h
+]
.b)[x
)
ZzL
M F,
VhgzZ]D$
Y
D ;gB~!~(,
~ZBZeYY Zg~g+Z
<
L IZ)~ Vkg <
L IZ J
-[Z .Zz ! l\W
~g7  D Y J 7,Zj 7ZgzZkg 4Z ,Vh
eY ~kZ bgZdv \8 ]!*
xa
))
{ { d{ = C'
,Vx}Z Wz6,I}Z Dg 7 BZ
k IZ)D c*
W~x ]'
,
>L L~46,
u{0{C
g <'
,
Zj<
L IZgzZ U*
6,V1g~ZBZeYg=Zg

273

k I@ug I**

( 8-)|
/WZg7ugIBZ)x :dZk
,

V1Xg dZk
,
BZ)x f *Zg7 ug IBZ G!Z
] o ( 1967'
,
Z :\ )k I@ug I **
'

H YZ { c*
i~k
,
zk
,
\ WD ]gV76,z y!*
i D q
z ~[|Z-
~y!*
i D *
@YLL*
*t

[Z Z t Z Z L[ \WD ~ gzZ Zzg

!
d{6,]th gzZ VKI Zz Za ~R'
,( 2002)

kZ D _ 
Z F kZ u 0*
zy J
-[Z D

gzZ xsZZ Kg yr Zl
V
L ~uz \ W{z

yZd UgzZsZ kg ZVc*

i Z
u g G<
Z *zy
gg IBZ G!Z ~ Y 1989D g w=~ Vdz I

-ZQgzZ H} Z D * Z
q
H;gE- |SVZi Z D
) Z
\ W

ThZz ] }
.Bz)
,
gzZg D
+
k
,
B
g fk
+
A
{g Z Z ,
Zq
-Zx **
k E
5{.Z .EZ~g7ugID ~g Yi~

g ` {g Z Z (z q
-Z x **
eY~g7 x Zg !*
W{ 
gzZ
\ W c*
W~x BZ Z^~BZ G!ZIV PD

o KZ~] s^tD
Hc*
~hw

{ib)Bz ~Y 2009\ W{zkZ D gx

D
Hc*
. wV~ eg W9gc*
+ZwW L^
&

276

eY yZ D ~
)
ZzK
M F,tg ~zBZeY
` WD c*
J
-0*
x ZkZr
# pZyZ?xZdg
$-Z
gzZ zK
M F,
VzZ ~ yZ6,x , 12 tg z
7 {z kZ D @*
M F,gZ E
K
Y BZeY ^i
+
)
Z AzZ
D c*
x ZBZZ0
+
i
x U*
6,
ZugzZyZZ +
)
Zz
~sg { akgZx Z~y*zyt]!*
E
g$
+) D )**
g ~z NBZ yZ0
+
i
z Z(,q
-Z ~ yZ N W6,x
$R)kIZ)kI~ L**
gzZkI Z G
kI+Z
4E
5.Z)
Z Zg Z~~ q
- g BZ yZ0
+
i
{)z EG
.-Z D H
6 ` WgzZ)**
g 0
+
i
kIq
-Z gZx Z ~yZ E
G
[!*
g ZkIe
$Z~ yZ ;gx Zj]c*
g ~ .g
D
!
h gzZ] }
.] dBZ G!Z : ]
?M
hH Z
Z,ZgZ9y
K
DZ6,
gzZ #
}
. ] dBZ G!Z VkI @ug I *
*
!
@*
7 `g Zh Z
/
6,`gD |ge
$ h
E
E
37D D Y W
)]|=Zg 0G
/
p}nV Zz Zh Z
/
?f ?f }#BZ L LD c*

ZmpZZZ { 

d: X Z
Z wz" Zz } 9y
KDZ D ?f
Vzg KZ} 9b)6,R,)yZ D]Y: w
DT e**
g 7]6,
Kzg ~izgyZf yZVD
\W Zzh
+BZZ^Iwz ` W : ]
t b)} (,} (, 6,RBgzZ
@kZ W~ ~ ]

275

d
$
B Zj*zh
+]
. <
L IZ} fgzZ qz ,
ZB
57V~)D [W6,x [{d
$

-Z BZeY x kg Z=Z^Dgg
q
/
gz
)
Zz "
` Zzg[zx V7 ~ kg Zo~
C kZ D x ZZ Z

HHA
$%[q
-Z7 ]q s$
+ Z D b
yZyD
H~g Y~Vkgv ogzZBZeYw)Z
BZeYDVZ
Z,jgzZ Z ~(,
]}
.Vz0
+
i
kZgzZeY~
D7V,h
+'
D s 2q
-Z ] }
.gzZd
gZx Z {z ]gzCt` WBZ G!ZH :]
? y)F,
yzG<
L IZ} fWZ ZgzZ ~w'
,

H (Z wZt \W VkI@ug I *
*
gzZ {uk gZx Z D zg kZ ]gzCt `g
~q
-Z D ~
CBZeY )F,
yz G s sZ
~w'
,_gZx Z kZ { Z] }
.kZ #6,Z
]|dZ kZ: gzZ 7}sa yz Go
eYZj]c*
g D HaD]Z LZ wEZ
x Ztg zD~x Z] }
.dk^: BZyZ0
+
i
gzZBZ

)
Z AzZgzZ zK
M F,
kZ g { 
NgzZdZ
gZ
G!Z { %vZgyWZ ?gg !*
-Z D c*
q
x Z BZeY)**
g
)

ZzK
M F,
tg z!gHnBZ E
+Z p=BZ
4]Z|\Wax ZkZ c*


g ZyWZ ?gDce **

{yZgzZIqg 
g ZkZyWZ ?gD y
$-Z T
g
$**
# s Zq)]|gzZ D H
r
)
ZgZ

278

uZ Zeg16,
aD6,
: ]
?ce7g7g.
BZZ^H6,
g~ ZZc*
B
6,aD6,^ VkI@ug I*
*
LZ {z Z Zg gzZ xg P Z yZ D7]gzuZ Z eg1
Dg4z]
."(,
W6,
gLZgzZgx 6,
g
BZ)x y)F,
dBZ G!Z]g Z Zk
,
i\W :( 7) ]
[xq
-ZN C~zg]!*
LZ\WD ;gB! x ~(,
X~ { Zg kZ gzZ gg gzZ
A & ba % !g
?C7gVc*
gZ
)x y)F,
dBZeY \8 VkI @ug I *
*
q=kZ y$
+ygzZ ~g YB ~0*
~g7 k'
,32
/
BZ
~ ~
A & Na % !g [x q
-Z D ;gZ ~
iZ q
-Za% !g dgzZ D ]gz ~Z Wz ~gg Z
D ~ 6,b)BgzZ
( kZ ~gzB
D @*
7,b yp { i @* r z w Mg{ C
Dg
/{gg Z Z
kZTgVZm,
/

p{z ]Zg 3Z)D X7g 3ZbgI

Z
+Z`
z bg Z zz Z D @*
tuX Z
a
DD76,
/ekZvx gzZD Y

g D
+
kZk
,
x yW
L LDD 
Iq]|
]g zk
,
c*
z.
$6, ]!*
C
gzZ
k
,

gzZ
WB!x~{ ZgkZv D yZyZakZ D
&{zg| (,
D !*
ug ILE
m,
+Z**
Iq !*
BZ G!ZBZZ : ]

277

?VYy
W W7}BZZ^~yZ1W
*
{
**
]|I m,
7Z zh
+ VkI@ug I *
D c*
W~ x ~ ] g7 ug IBZ G!Z dZ { Z'
,
ur
# Z
o KZ^ wZg J
-VD x { q
-Zw~
7DkZ\WD g Ci ZzW6,
Z ZC
{zD x
/
u._
{ c*
i ~g J
-Z D V
a6,V
K{ LZ^D ]
~6,
F,
Z}g7~gzZ D gi%6,
x Vp 
Vz
7+
$YV1vo[Z D`x Vp 

z~ekZg]!*
W i Z0
+ZT\Wh
+
Dgg
bzaib)gzZyZh ` Z'
~ Z
Z ,) Dbq,q
H ] wza Z9J e  7k- 1DyZh
DVg gV'
,
ZakZD
{ Zg Zx b\W[BZ Z^: ]
?7gzg b~wd^kZgzZn
pg
{z nZZBZ Z^ VkI@ug I *
*
s Iz+gzZ Vz]~
C^D7t,XD
b)V }g Hn  6D gz #
}
.s z
~ekZ D7` Z'
"(,
W5J0
+0
+gzZ i
DyZ6,
-u~(,
J
VY5gzZg~i f
Vg gzZ VViVzc V }g t ]!*
Z ~uz
g*
* ay

ab)BgzZ gzZB[Z N *
* ay

a
D ` Z'
ay

tuM6, kZ~ <

L IZ)Z
# D D
D yZhtuMt }gX Z

280

? HiyZ~\WgzZ
~g J
- V Zj ] B VkI @ug I *
*
6,gm{g7<
L IZ} f ~ Zi W wZ
Z ~ Zi W1g 776,f C
<
L IZ} f~ Y 1857 [zZ
LZgzZ V{ KZ kg Z LZ {z a  D vy 0*
Z
Z
A & !*
{g )<
L IZ} f V Zy(gzZ B6,gx D ~D<

gzZ
) ) VrZ W~
( B 6,g~ ZZ g
D7Z E
O.(f( <
L IZ)~ ekZgzZ { c*
i ~g Z z Vkg0*
-Z
J
# ~gzJ e a ] B~ gz ~g/ kZ
D gyZhg7~g 6,
R] B7xg Po
?x aMg kZgzZgx Y)x :]
mZ t x  Za gx Y VkI@ug I *
*
46,
u<
L IZ Y xgx Y lg Z
/
Mg gzZOg ~g Y^CZB
Zj}gzZ yW
zg
$u~ kZ D y)F,
u!*
" ItD q
gzZ 7,h
+y

kZ D @*
y #
Z b & Z  D}p Z
D [ Z Nz`
Z
) !*
**
J
-Vzuz
( Y 2009#{g)

279

VzyZ r
# Z**
dZ { Z'
,
ugzZm\vZ G
*9g ~ !*
W Z%_
?,yZ6,
gzZtZLZ\WDg F,
Z6,
p= *~kZIqg Vk I@ug I*
*
BZ Z6,VzyZ I m,
]|D lp {LZ {z
LZBZeYg Z,z,yZ\WwZtg F,
Z}g7
eY e
$Z BZ Z0
+
i
a kZ D yZ 6,gzZ t Vz0
+
i

Dg}x Z] }
.Z Zz +~oyzzo {zgzZg Z z
]!*
Vzg ZJ
-V D izgz
Im,
]|gzZ
DD~
) )C
Sz{z
\WD ]gz
zt Zz Z~<
L IZ
) ) :]
?YHxg kZN 

gzZ 0
+
i t ZL L : D 
Iq VkI @ug I *
*
mZ
Cg _
OZ kZ1 g _
OZ~
) ) ` W s t ]s %Z
/Z D Le xg~ wzZbC

D D]Z LZ LZgzZyZh
~(,
g_
OZtYg a} 9~b~uz C
gzZmZ
` We
$Z Dv_C~g _
OZ kZg Zz1 YJ
-u
Zg sz^~ V LZ LZgzZ g Z igzZ ~
Dp:azb #,)gzZD]kZv
LZ~vg )
,
-Zmg _
q
OZDqD Vzuz:gzZ
pg f i nkZ c*
p
[Z VrZ ~(, Hf g
c*
 ]gq
-Z Z'7yZ t Z=g fW V Zz
DVZ}i7Zc*
} 
e
$Z@zmZ7Z\vZ
{ ZgkZVc*
gZ H ?~g 6,
R] B: ]

282

~g](@*
A**

281

~g y{?

y 0*
geY:f *Z

y 0*
gsZeY:{ Z'
,
u

VoxX u 0*
zy Vg q i p
'
,
Z
) ) ~-

7BVh
+]
.kZe
$Zzg *<
~6

-Z ,~g](@*
q
A**
~yZ H7~
Zx Z

T!gw=z szc{z \ W
] L LD B
bgx Vc*

x **
~g V{?~ yZ *
c J (,x Vx VZ Xa

(z ?gzZ +
A & !*
-Z V \ WD *
q
@Y 1B x Z .Z

mZpzx ZBq
-Z@Vg q i p
XV1-'
,
Z
'gzZ c*
~YZy m17^LsW L Lt Z }.E
7t

q~ wjZ J
-w Za ~ ( y 0*
)

\ WD @*
Yu\ W
Z
)
Z AzZ~ y 0*
! i L L

KZ ~ Y 1967tk
,
i ~ ( sZZ **
gzZ ~g sZ

[ q ]@ ekZ D [s" |VgyZ

Za ~ ( y 0*
Dq )g]IC
~C
~Y 1944IwB3 z

wZzg **
I~ Y 1949 D [gzZ gZ w zg q
-Z z 

**
D Hi WkgyW
sz^~^D

2 h
+]
.gzk
,
zg D
+ZzgJ
-w A

) Z

( Y 1963 b su
aD

~g ZC
Z eWz6,a
)
Z xEh
+]
.z *gzZ

\ WD yzd{ \ W~ V
/
u ,
Z gO Z g

gsZeY V@ CZ f KZQ Z kZ~Y 1991

gzZgg >~
/
%D hZz + #
}
.~ i Z0
+Z Z

N @*
x **
u~Z KZ1 HyWZ ` u9gB

**

)
Zz gzZ *Z g ~gtgeY

kZ D ~g Y6,e dZ x
M F,
z 45V g
C

\ WZj;@*
z "gzZ +zD
+
zK
M F,
3 F,
D

~h
+]
.z*b &Z }WgzZ'V1 z

Vzg Z ZgzZ VrVk& ZgzZ ,

Zd F{z kZ D
[ zZ #Z ~F,
zg Z x Z ~ X x

D /z N Z \WyWZ
_gzZ & Z >E
+x  ,
W

1-zZfVz {g ZjVh
+]
.Vz]
D
H
Fi8FwgzZ ~wKZ

dVg\ WD @*
~f{ugzZxPy 0*
g \ W
z

\ WgzZ u 0
+
i \ W
)
Z iZ~ygzZ wZZgzZ W

0*
M F,

NgzZ ~ d Zk
,
i \WD V
akZ

/z Nz dX gx 6,uZ\ W{ Zz
Dg W6,
x ~VZ

284

k
,
6
) Z
D D Wx **
{z ~ ] z b & ZgzZ Sg
Lg
Hc*
J 7,7Z A 7Z  D W~ yZyk
,
c*
g D
+
JgzZ e
$C
z ZD7~ci7 kZ {zgzZ _(,7W kZ
x { c*
i+Z ` WDw1 c*
s [c{
b & ZgzZ #
}
.Izx Bb & Z KZ~T ]gz
6,ugzZ ]Z ] ` W,Z DY c*
r z
"_
.
D ]gzJ~(,

{ c*
i\ W[|Znab & Zz ] ` WD : ]
? B
H<
L zyW
[|Z b & Zz] D :~g y{?
W
]  ]gza kZ D Y 7[|Z 4 kZ
Gzszc7Zp @*

(Z
W +v ~[|Z
 XXn] o] m ] j ZZ ~g!*

g ZD C7~
yxg}g ce **
_ kZD W%~(, ~i Zgx Z
]~ yZ  +gzZ  7+9 ~ yZ  vZz BZz
D CY0*
7V_ Z c*
V
6,
gm{~R'
,
~V k&7]!*
5tD : ]
WD~ ] gzZ ~ g ] { C " ~ kZ
y
H~ zg Z
?VY m,
/

gkZVV}g
g ~XXof oju kfZZ g
$uD :~g y{?
f zgzZ [ZV ~ yW
bkZ D
6,}
oju ^] e gn] oe] ZZ Df V8g{ C" Z}
.V;z
I
0\C
g ~gzZVe~T (kZ[ZZ XXo k

283

` WN C\W ;gmZ Z(,

\W;@*
z"D : ]
? ]gz{ c*
iV1 b~wj
p ` W g~gzC
C
]gzZD :~g y{?
ce 9 ` WD C 'gzZ D2 : Z]
.gz
}g D _7,gzZ s1 { c*
i v Zg { c*
i 3!*
i y
{ c*
i { c*
i~ yZ ~y _zg Z } CY 13!*
i V
Hi3ZgzZ]Zce 9 tQ ]gzZ
` W}ce r7aSg sce **
VZ 6, ] Z
w#
Z bZ DY?kZ ~
/cgzZ qjq
-Z
Dce**
zO ZIZ}g ?Vc*
g Z)f H~gZj
!r
# Zgp { Zi r
# ]| !vZ Y 
D :~g](*
@A*
*
\vZ D HwZ0 ;@*
z"._2 gzh
+]
. \W
~gzC
tkZ XX^] ne ^] ^m] iZZ y 

` W Dce **
W[zZ ~
)
Z gzZ ;@*
z " V1 [zZ
gzZVb sxsZ {z, Z(Z6h
+]
.gm{ ]gz
DgxsZ7Z
E
E
!
{
43 }g
EG
zkZ6,
]b ZD : ]
?ceb H}` W? ]gz[
z{ c*
i+
$Y {b & Z
z kZD :~g](*
@A*
*
Z g Y f(,e
$C
z Z ;g Y @*
y$
+y { ]gz
~ b &Z }ce **
wEZ { c*
i { c*
i zy!*
ia1zg
7
M F,
C yZg Wrg f6 ` Wce
M F,
f

286

!
D 7Zj h 
7gz Wzh
+ F,
[Z CYVZi ZzWt` WVD : ]
Z x gce
)
Z]c*
zgZ LZ~i Z0
+Z} s ;g
?}H~ekZ\WD Y
` W~WakZ yW
p WD :~g y{?
kZ @*
W6,q WakZ: Z'
,Wp7`w
d } D 7x Ws} w  kZ n
/E

CZpB W6,}uz Wa kZ 7 W  s$
+
Nz J}uz W Y 1t s
/Z pWce **
'
| 7,Z #ce **
gkZ U d~ kZ 7]!*
t
7WsW+Z t6,g~c*
dZz}kC
D C bq
-Z {zC
tZuzgzZ *
@YHg Vzuz @*
tiq
-Z~k
,
D : ]
~ Vz yZ\WD @*
Y H7g CY ~7]!*
KZs @*

? B4gzZLzo{ c*
i
]!*
Z t p H]gzce 9 ~Z D :~g y{?
T
A kZ~i Z0
+Zn
pg s %Z~A
/Z\W
? Hn{zp\W @*
t ~gzakZ ,7
?H s %Zy
W B7tp{zDW%Zv
vZ Dce **
Y zg 9!*
t ! V;D :~g](*
@A*
*
] v^e e nf oF] 4] ZZ y 
]+Z[g
` WgzZ g]gzkZ CZia] XXv]
eZ Z
# 6, W M$CZ tx
gzZiu *D

285

akZg ~]zmvZ -gzuD | (,

Dce U*
6,
bzgLZkZ 76,
5 ZgkZ
?7!*
b[|ZkZ\WD :]
?VVY[|ZZ~7[|ZtD :~g y{?
8{ ^

,Y wj LZ
a kZ D :~g](*
@A*
*
*
*g (ZLz
x3,Z a kZ [ zg Z wj
/Z ce
ce g y V 
#V ;z  
A V gzZce
T
$@*
<
LZ |c*
~)
/ZM
hsp7Z
 D W[p[p DwL Z kZ @*
wJxsZ
7] kZg9 @*
T
$@*
o$
+KZ {o$
+
/Zp
]| D 7g a (
oyxg LZZ D
&
Hu|B CC
~g ]Z+ Z x **
mvZ G
*9g ~w'
,
Dce **
CZiz

/
{C"~Vzk
,
<
L IZ} f D : ]
~TW[+Z!is~gg0
+ZzgZ{^
,YV'
,
k&
Zzz T Hg(Z[|Z wgzZ {Zm~g ZgZ)
?0|
# ~g4 (Z:gzBq=6,
R@
[|Zq
-ZZm~g ZgZ)ZzD :~g](*
@A*
*
~g! i L
L c*
Wt Z kZ H m,
/gzZ c*


g (Z
C+Zt gzZ e07[Z 9 kZ 1N Wt Vp
bq
-Z )VD
) ) #~g ps Z Z T
1ce *
*x KZ~ i Z0
+Z ` W ~ tgzZ c*
$t
Zzg xk!*
~ yZ  gW ~ y 0*
 ` W k\Z

288

B4Z
H1
V1Xg !*
-Z~[[Z DCyz
q
wZgzZg
$u}YW[ Z! YWszD !*
xg

/Og {Z~ ]ZgyZ7t D t N Y { W

t XX&mv] x_ nni Z
L W[hZ ~(,
-Z6,
q
$uwZV
g
: V}g [Zh
+
(Z9gDw  ~z CZZ e
~~[kg Z=Z^V :
[t~T
CYJ 7,XX ] f |ZZ ~g
$uwZkZD c*
Z
Z
CY J 7, )Z wZ L L~}wZ bZ D F,
!*

Y J 7,[ : ~zg Z kZ [+F,
q
-Z
CY J 7,V }g Vzn~ yxg ~ [Z Dce
g e ~
yZ z ]bZ g ZZg )Z wZ }
J
-vZ[Z
# ~ yZ DkgzZ q )Z<
L vZ[ t
#I
D 0*
7atHx lZ @*
Yw
}ug4g ez {z e? yqY1b7
/Z V
[+F,
q
-Z .
Zi|Z L L +Z D ,q ZZ tqvZ
{
kZ | 7,V1 ~uz !*
W "7,kZq
[ ZZ ~ wZ a kZ CW~]!*
r
#
Dce
! b~p~zb
\WtD :]
V H ~VV;Zp ~p ~7~zb
D :~g y{?
+]
h
.+46,qC
? D J 7,VY \W Z6,k k
? s
# D y a }g ~ J 7,7Z D W
DcefA} (,
Zj[! **

287

[W
zt6,
` WgzZce*
*g (Z cgkZZ Wgz i WgzZ
DYH7~i Z0
+Z]!*
KZOg
kCt
H\ W~V
/
uAgzZ Ndu 0*
zyD : ]
?D
~ @*
H7gL{ c*
i ~ ZjkZ D :~g y{?

gzZ { c*
i~ y 0*
~y*zyV @*
kC
DCY

& D :~g](*
V;z1 ;g YZ x ~ y*zy ! /GG
@A*
*
YZ .g BZ G!Z D ;g76,gZ ;g6,g~ ZZ
Dx ~k
,
~i Z0
+Z{z
~yZggzZ Hx
z' 7q Cg0
+Zy*zyD M
h YZ g
]{zt ]mZ,g !*
gzZ ,g
H}oVg )
,bg Z6,
g Zv LZZ ~ yZ gzZ c*
{Z 5#}g ~ X
N W6,
s %Z~y 0*
Dg0*
77~i Z0
+Z
g cg ~!IZ 0*
}g s]6 v p
~]q {gzt @*
;gx gZVD
D ;g7~y 0*
Z(zce**
6
` WN C~zgkZn
pg/+g D
+
sq
-Z\WD : ]
?ce~pn~[gzZg D
+T
ce **
Zz e
$.f m [ ! V; D :~g y{?
3g[x **
V1 t  D wZ kZ
'Y J 7,7~ V}uz {zI~ y*zy}q
a kZ @*
Y HA
$%gt m{ Zg [

290

 Za Z zz kZ s %Z (~ VVz
)g f ]ZZ ]Z|(  g 0*
7zz kZ v I
fgm{gzZce **
VZxbZg J(,*Zzg3W
Dce*
*{ c*
i{ c*
ix t
] fve ]j] ZZy 
vZakZ D :~g](*
@A *
*
~g Ze:~:WgzZx g Z}
.XX]i ^nq
Zz'g o T{z a yZZ IZt @*
g +4
ZZ 
g Z zmvZ-u 0*
wg Dce**
6,
kZ7ZV
Dce**
7}g ( yYq
-ZyC
) XXu]
kCV7gy}uzZ y{z }yt

!*
o}g ,uuce xg q
-~ pz gzZce **

D7g qzg}g {zp

cqZq
-Z gz {
f~
(L LD :]
$E
? H0pG
CZ \W~}g !*
kZ
x D #
}
.q
-Z
(V &~J
-VD :~g y{?
} (,
2 kZ
({tp +gzZ
x {z ` W~ kZ ce *ZzgiZgzZce
z a kZ
bgt gz]!*
D
t f @*
 D Hl$
+gzZ}  @*
7,**

Z
Z~yZ2 kZp **
V(6,g ZMZce
Zg9 ~B; gze v!*
o V Z
Z,Z D **
~g
4 T e \W
/Z e7 J
- ` Wag yZ `
Z
ZiZ k0*
\W
/Z V g Z
ZiZa kZ x
VZxviZ BZe\W6,xsZ}g7 VY Ngz\W V

289

Vzg Z)f}g sV1h

+]
. ]!*
Hy
W D :]
?g 7VYa~p~kg J
-[Zy
W C7
D~y*zygzZ6,
V
b Zq
-Z t
H7,x **
-Z kg D :~g y{?
q
]c*
gzgz LZ +Z x 5 [Z D M
h w$
+x **
kZ e
7]c*
gzgz LZce HA
$%[q
-Zgt
~ht ]!*
~pJ
-VgzZ ,A
$%[44
g~g)
t p`{z #!*
~p _
Dce*
*g6,
[g{D ~x gz=` W Z6,
ekZ~ y 0*
]gzwq ~pD :~g](*
@A*
*
~ 7zm{ skZ ~ y*zy 1 g 7~
z fgzZZm~g Zg Z)]|V;z ._] ~
m,
kZ1 ~ K
M F,
kzZ y L a
L ]Yg ZZgzZ 

kZ ` WD7Z
Z,jyZkgZ[!*
g Z nJ (,
:W{z
kgZBK
M F,
56,
y.Z gYkC]gzJ]!*
DnZg7V~) YHg [
\WD CY0*
UWzq
-Z ` Wfu0*
zyD : ]
? YHiU0*
kZ~
{zgqzg xsZ @*
Wt~f}D :~g y{?
p~ y 0*
c*
g ~ y*zy { Zpy 70*
z zu
@*
g Z2Z 6,
C <
 g qzg oq
-Z ~ :Wyxg }g
Vb Z}
.t~:gz} a
~:W wkZ
zz X~Z D 'uzgzZ g}g g Zt

292

x ZCZ~yZ6,
]~)Z<
L IZV[n
| 7,!C
{z @*
Y Cc*
&V }g VYce **

g7 Z T Hx [p~ Vz yZ sZ
) ) a kZ Y7
x ~yZy~k
,
gt ` Z'
zCc*
D 5{Z
+
6,gLZgzZ  z v LZ skZgzZ ]gz
D ;gx 4vZY 
/Dg
$Z ~ * ~g7 V- t Zg ]!*
e
D :~g](*
@A*
*
-ZQ c*
q
V6&~g gzZg_
OZ3W}g p~
76,V+Z {z *
@Y c*
}V}g CW~ t q
,z ._ V
~)D } 7,**
o ] ) V  D Y
vZ Y 

A & ~ p V6&V }g
**
gzZ ZgZ { 
**
~y 0*
bx Zx ]g@*
} (,} (, VrZ
bkZ ~ y*zy D BV{0
+
i kZ~qgz ~i *y{g yZ
V6& KZ gzZ ce (,W7Z  ` WgzZ

Dce**
wEZ
?x aMg kZgzZgx Y)x D :]
6,gm{ D 7, ~} g gx Y D : ~g y {?
~g e
$. 74g gx Y D c*
WI=
L L\ W
6,V ZgdB{ z slg Z
/~ Mg D
x +
M
KZ  @*
3 Zg 9 xs Z D, g (Z Zg dgzZ
^ ZZ y xs ZVY **
 zZg gzZN Wx I N W
Z @*
**
a+
M
KZ XX] o &n ^] m ^
G
'
)

E
0
+
i K Z n
pg t wZ Z D M 6,}i

291

qg ZMZ
/Z 7~qZ b hg {3 Zgt a kZ  7
gzZ wZ
KZce **
gz W,
Z Z Zg 6,
( i Z *
*
Dn: k0*
y s yZg ZZ
Z]|ce **

f~
( D :~g](*
@A*
*
~gzaD <z <
 c*
$ kZ Zm U*
\W~ g 0*
y*zy6,gwVD g ~g J
-g ZMZ
/
%
x {z{gC
!*
\W J
-V;z]!*
\W V7}
(a]Z CZ f ,

(a<

/Z fakZ M
h7
'wD Zw:gz{Z
+Z(,
kZ ,:
~5
CY {g
( , Z]
.
 z!*
kZp oZq
-Zy 0*
D : ]
sZ
) ) ~ b)(gzZ B]Z|Vby*zy
?zzHkZD W.
W!*
g ez Z
ZsZ
) ) } 7t ~ 7D :~g y{?
M
h7t \W[Z  VzhzV gzZ g{z 
~>{zN W{z~Kg 0*
DN W6,
xg Pq
-Z

/Z p q yZ ~ VrgzZ Vv gzZ N W
sZ
) )wq @*
yW xgyZ ~ Z Z
Z

D B
zzkZgzZ Hx VrZ ZjZD : ]
? 3 ]Z W,
ZyZ~67,
Hx ~V !*
i ~ m,
ZgzZzg ZZg VrZ D :~g y{?
]!*
t ~akZCY gzZ 16,e} (,~R'
,3!*
i

294

~&Zx(?

~g7K
:x Z 

D!*
g Z,q~Zx(?~vZ1?

xE~)z
z sY g Vc*
yxg
**
y WZ ?} Y xz f'
,
Z
z LZ\ WD Cc*
;
**
ZggzZ ~g **
y WZ _V{g

Vg )
,{gD gqZ:~ !*
W Z%+Zh

kg H *yW
\ W W,
ZV gzZVg

gZ
#
Zz "
$~K
gzZ Hqug~Zz}

\ WO z s Vog ~)\WD 0*

iz! ;gEsZeYQgzZ H M.AgzZ B.A.~[ Zzy!*

?q
-Z6,XX4^f m m[] nu]ZZa~ eZ8~

!~
/e f
$Z e 7Z6,T 6,] ,F !

gzZI\ WDgHf *Z~ ;gE- {gVZi ZD

tg zL L~XKk
,
] gzZ 6,b)B

d} Z {\ WD qq=
_ tg zgzZ

~g7K
#
mzzqi q
Z qzgz

V; F V \Wx Z 
{ T {#
Z

~(,F R \ W{zkZ Dgg Izx \W

DhZzVrgzZV

293

Z}
.tv gz Z a #
Zgz Z W
ig 4 a } g  @*
ce
Da
-rt@~@)\ Wa g x YL LD :~g](*
q
@A *
*
q
-kZ 6,gLZ LZ { z V @*
lg Z
/t Mg gzZV @*
7
g W,) kZ Zz Z ~!~ u 0*
zy}g  @*
N o
kZ
/Z zz V- gz$ bg 9 }g DA ~g ZZ
+0*
+'
h

Z (,
) )t D h xzz V- gz$ bg {0
+
ib
D y v
( Y 2005 {g)

296

+ yZgzZVzq]oyZ ;g YHi Z0
+Z~
( Z
/Z
~Vzk
,
: D c*
>yZ pVrZc*
7y skZ V Zz
D ;gwzg H yZ~ ~ Zi Wq
- c*
C~ V1 :gzZ~ Vzk
,
:
L IZ } f F,{ c*
<
i {z
HH i Z0
+Z x Z} fXt ]!*
~uz
{ c*
i
gzZ Leb 7g<
L IZ} f (Z q
-ZD
x **
yZ  T e 7{z yZZz G
*9Zm ~w'
, ]|dZt
 VyZ gzZ p~g ~ kZ D]yZ c*

(ZgzZB ( Credit)^i
+ Zg T eti Z0
+Z
{zc*
gZ!*
c*
v}uzgzZg ZZg ~Z Zi Wy*zy
VrZ ] ZZ ZbkZ D i Zy 0*
{z c*
T e 7~ Zi W
-VCwqp % Z e~ ,<
J
L IZ} f
kZ Vzg Z Z<
L IZgzZ fg }g
/Z yZ=D$
{g7
hZq
-Zbx ZZ%ce **
DY~g7tzs
t Zz wzg <
L IZ} f~y ~ Zi Wzz T,]z
nZ c*
gwZ
+Z`
zbggzZhZzI v{zgzZ W
D,zskZ}:x ZZVzuzg,k
,
6,
DzIz<
LZ~gz zykZ` WZzHD : ]
? ]gzW~
(yZyfa
~
( yZyx Z} f ]gz!*
V; D :Z x(?
t
( 7
( Zz d
$
z(gzZ^1 ]gzW
c*
}gZ Z (z Ix
J} fVx Z[Z {z { Zp[Z Za g(
W~g
(yZyDce zskZq
-ZC
sZ kg Z
 t v}g D g Y _(,W v}uzzz

295

q
gzZgV~g7KY
-Z\WD : ]
F,
}\WD g} x Z] }
.ab #z b & Z yZ
? W,
{ c*
i
q~zb #gzZ
vgzZ"
$#
Z KkZ~w 32 31D :Zx(?
izg/izgV ;gNt ~V ;g}x Z xz avZV-gZ)f
c*
I {z { Zp 0
+
ig  V gzZ g W ~}sZ
[{z zmvZ -gVz W6,kZ=D ;gY @*
/

,
'
Z'
,Y
t?=!d L
L c*

D hfV \W~T ;g W c*
Vc*
g F {z g et = Y 0 uz 
} ? 7g e
vZ-Vz WD Iuh~XzzXN YW:g0
+Z}g v
 ` W * c*
b q
-ZgzZ q
-Z L
L c*

zm
V!*
KZ si t {z W{ c*
i g0
+Z}}g q
b c*
~g Z *y
KZq
-ZC
gzZ
H{g ystZzgzZs
zzT
HWgzZgzq
-Zg0
+ZkZgzZ ;g hzs
gzZ Y Wx Vzuz {z:
H{g0Mg Zq
-Z!*
~{{z
z b #gzZ F,
}V &~ ZD Y Wx kZ :
L z [gzZ 6,5ZgzmvZ -g ~gza
<
DN YgVz]y
WgzZ* ~g  @*
BJ e 0
+
iKZ._
"Y xzfg "~q
-~ Zi Wk
B ~yg @*
D : ]
i Z0
+ZU0~
({ Z
/ ZyZz!*
kZX**
g
?H[ZkZD ;gYH
Xt [Z [Z kZ D :Z x(?

298

pg1
p
',
iVzIyZgZgzZ f~kZ D :Zx(?
wc*
) ) +Z~V V}g J

-Ztq
-Z ]gz
;g W[ 0 V cet**
qn| 7,[  7
skZ { ~ kZ
/ZgzZ| 7,wc*
) ) kZ

sZ ~ B.A,II yearg0
+Z ;gE- {
/W \ WDzg7
{z 7 c*
!Zj
z',= wZq
-Z Islamic Studiesm,S Z
gzZ
Hc*
{)zx&
+
gWZk,
iz sxsZq
-6,kZ1 ~[
[ Z ? yy9gvZ t wZD Z ` Z
',i6,kZ
gzZ c*
J (, aL L~[Z D zmvZ -gzZZ',Z a } L L
x W a aV- =kZ~ (KZJ (,
HgzZv!*
f lgzZ "Zg]gzp {zgzZ5a{)z
**
Y
~ [ ;gE- gzZ 7gz {
/WD Z H
c*
s]!*
-Z
q
/Zg Y 0*
V {z Z1 7]!*
y W
[
/Zcet **
p D)u z zs {
H~ kZY { i Z0
+Z @*
7,kZ w~g Wt
1 (Z
/Zn~ kZgzZn F
z',6,V{gzZ
 Z
Z {zbkZ DM
h{ W#
gzZM
hgV
gi !*
{z  D ` Zzg)g f[ ]c*
sZ
vt @*
]gz'g E
5Oa { c*
iV gzZx Z} f}g '
 4 (Z1: g ZV gzZ : *#
|xsZ<

D7]zx Z~y*zy Zi W
(~g :1 ~ !*
W hzB20~y*zyD : ]
? HzzkZg + Z
+CZ: Zgt !*
gzZ
))

297

;g W~x ;gE- |
/ZZ
# D w y
~ m,
Z V H qz9g N*
gq
-Z V{ZugzZ
;g}z{ c*
is~ m,
Zyzk'
,[Z#
'
,
i
`| (,W~ yZykZ v}uz Z
# gz bgzZR,
` WD
}g ` WD ,zsbgzZ R,
k'
,A
$ V
[Zp-" ~g 1W {z  gzZ Z
Z
ZD {g~qC
y g} 7g Z
yZy( y{zce xg7gz
(x Z} ft '
**
gq
-ZB yZ g I~ w X n
pg/~
kZvv
bg g7~gztce
"
DYc*
g 0*
G
5OE

) )(\WaDt I}g D : ]
?DkC]gz
y*zy gzZ @*
YZ C
) ) (
/Z D :Z x(?
] !*
e**
-ZtV&t~1 ]gz
q
) )(~
z
) ) (J
-[ Z
z kZ ZwZzi Z
#
Z~yZgzZ$7+', ZgzZ fJ
-Z
# Y 4[ Z
pg _
OZ3WgzZ Yt Zz Z~yZ
/Z e**
**
(Z 7
D#
}
.~(, 'h
e.~qC
F,
!*
46, gzZ
D ]gz ZgzZg Zt Z { c*
i
) )(wZ

ug@*
:p~{)z[~){Z
# ` WD :]
xsZ ~ T g Y ~pz F,
~ kZ J
-u gzZ  g Y
?ce**
Hg Z f~,ZD *C

300

|$
+ hg<
CZ W ( T
$ZR,wzo c*
wzo) SC,ST

/Z
yZ~Q g Q(Facilities) ]Z%x kZ @*
Y `~ <

hg<
<
CZ
/Z c*
J(,
t ( Amendment) V
 Zt6,zp g Q]Z%x kZ Y` ~
Nx kZ CZ|c*
xsZ <
hg<
CZ
/Z
~uzgzZ  D]!*
~ Zi WIgzZ]Zz)\W sq
-ZDN Y

Cy W ]Z f
/Z [Z D n
pg bkZ s
ZxkZ lq
-Zs#
6,
V;zYY07 e
y} ;g Y@*
,
'
u|~i q
Z (ZBV ~y*zy Zi W
V e
$Z V  ~ $Z DN Y | (,: W
D Y b ]V 6,V yZ s { c*
i ^zz V
~ !*
WV ] 25% ~ 100 b
/Z?]!*
Ht
\Ws6,V;z e
$ZV Zt kZ [
zz~ ]}bkZD,:VygzZ, ]V
s #
~ Vx 0
+
i ~ VC}uz }g0
+Z
VyZ ,0
+
K yZ
z'
,
/Z D ;g Y Hi Z0
+Z V
**
gzZ Wgz])yZyZ=, ` Z6,kZNzs
DW~kZ g50%Z
Z
# 1Dx Z ZVzC

(gzZ<
D : ]
}x **
Z]
.Z]
.7Z ` Wh
+
 @*
{ i Z0
+ZtD_
g
?n
pgt ZkZJ
-u\W
Hc*

gg0
+Z<
7 Z Z
(gzZ<
D :Zx(?
4X3gzZ]]]~<

]G
5E
CYW,qx 6,

299

g Ig
$ q ZgzZ *yW
t ]!*
~(,
D :Zx(?
y Zg skZt] !*
u **
k\ZgzZ**
-[Z
J
vZ -gD Y7ig Z
KZV&~:tJ
-Z
# D 7
T) ^ n n]^e $ jm xf]  c*

zm
` W1( D 7~{z :b)V Z~wqkZ
C
g 
gZ
# Sg Kzg ~izg SgKZV
KZ
Za yDg bkZ J
-Z
# Dce D
ZgzZ V x q
-Z
bg#
~:WZ
# =tgzZ D gyZh] gzZ Z^~#
Z 7
(` WD/_
.W
ne ^u ^] o ] gzZt Z
p: v zz T YN 7z7,z7, ko #(
' +
Z CZ  [ xVzuz:gzZ  [ x
y ! 3 7~y ! Z v B ~y \W
/Z D
t p *
*t+
Z 3 7ZgzZ } B ~
mvZ-~t]gzZ Y**
+
ZzmvZ-Vz W
/ZBuzb!*

gzZ mZ ._zmvZ -~t<

L gzZz
DAgz! x 4=,x
{{~ Zi Wk
B \WD : ]
7hZg  ;g Zg J
-[Z~ Zi Wk
B H5i Z
z
?^
,YVc*
q~g H5
c*
yg2 \W
/ZY ^
,YgzZ
g O !*
t D :Zx(?
 Q]!*
b kZ ~ kZ 7,
( Constitution) M W
'
,
Z'
,~ {)zzuOg 7& 6,
C<
Og ]Zz)
 tiq
-Z~y kZp, ~ Zi WI, h

302

D ]gz(Z D
Vz)xklvZgzZxsZ<
~gz {D : ]
yW
gzZ xsZ <
~ ]q yZD g Y D: qg Y e
$.gZ
?ce**
x bw{z}
.9]xkl
kZgzZ]xklyW
t ]!*

D :Zx(?
7.ZzpJ
-Z
# gzZN Y.Zzpw{z}
.9
bq
-Z tD }q kZgzZZ.ZzbkZVzuz {z
1 g} x Z }}kZ6,e Lg v ugz
Z
Z,Zc*
k D]!*
V hzB 20V
z+
G w{z}
.9kZgzZ q yW
@ce
V gZ VX @*
kC(Z=Dg ~ Z W
gzZ ;g7[Z 9yZgzzZ {zg: qg Y
;g7 e ]c*
W W

/Z ` WD g g 9:
Dce**
{ W)gfoc*
)g fg Zc*
m c*
M
kZ

~uzgzZ A ! x~ kZ 4= ,x )
/Z
CW"
$tDZcb~g76,<
LZ ` W
/Zt]!*
~(,
gzZD W~VzKv~pypg {,K~g ` WD7
H yDg I ~ V ` W CY yZk

,
z ,K Q
 1 VyZ1]!*
<
~ V <
Z }uz D
kZgzZ ~g Zg0
+Z LZ VyZa kZ !x ~g ~ Zz
xsZ <
gzZ N ~g Z g0
+Z LZ  ]gzD 1 Zg7
g Y D: qg YgZVXgzZ N YhZz b~g7 Z
D,[ZiyZ

301

t 7mxsZ
( Zzd
$
z(V; 
n}:Vzuzy
KZ @*
cegzl<
6,
(

gzZ <
 7t a kZ ~gztDg @*
ge vZgzZ
D,qz Z Z
(
gzZ;gY
CIyDg~gz~kZ`WD: ]
?H[ZkZy
WDgg" Z%z!xKZ~){z
Kzg ~izg kg Zt:
L Z(,
kZ D :Zx(?
g **
~ yZyC
0
+
i g ] : gzZ g 7
@*
gZ
/
z A~9g^ q
-Z ;g| (, ~!yDgt ~ Vx D
uZuw~gakZ
8 M.Ac*
B.A^ Zuz~ Z
, Za yDgt ~ V ] !*
kZ ]gzD q M /
]gz]!*
kZBkZ ~z*BBkZgzZI
xEh+]
.pg zJ e ~
CkZ ~p~[kg Z
~)kg Z @*
Y H
{)z ZgzZ ~y[b
}g  @*
Y ~zs Z y!*
i bZ Y$
+xE
(Z
/Z Dn Za
A & %1 gzZ "7, ~ ~ m,ZgzZ g ! ~
~ kg Z }g DN Y y WgzZ Zg uayZ Y
{zgzZ gZa?
Zq
-Zakg Z~VakZ ;g7(Z
kg Z a kZ  g ,/ V}g ~ kg Z Bt
s ( Direct Method)gzZ Zy!*
iBqxEh+]
.~[
kg y! Dn yDgt kg Z ~ Vx  @*
~gzz
z6,xE~)BxE V;z H{@xp~~V
kC7g ~ 4Z V LZ g0
+Z kg Z V;z v a kZ

304

303

D[x~kZ {z` W Z e
CVrZ Iwk&
kZ ` WD ;gE- |
/ZwV+4a}g ce **
x bZ

Hc*
}7 TIwY Z H zZ x **
V x
,x "
$U*
gzZAj
/Z ` WD
H0|
# ggzq
-Z {z` W
~ V LZ]B 12 ~V[
RB24
/ZDgz! x
**
sgz]g e c*
& ~ V gzZ I  D
gzZ Z
+Z`
Vzk
,
Vzk
,
~ V !*
i gv gzZ !~ m,
Z ~y Dce
**
jiZsZ Dce *
* J (,WuLZ )g f ]N
x yZB m
/Z Dce *
*x Z y yZ gzZ ce
DAgz! xyZ=Bz)Yi] ZZ
?,Ibx H\Wx **
x ~ZD :]
**
]q ` W Ve I '~y
WD:Zx(?
T~ y*zyD ]gzW~ w9Z : 7]gz ~yZ
Z
ZgzZgyZ **
v}g kZgZa] qb
]x Z1zZ`g
$ qZklyW
gue
$.
a kZ <
~gzZK q
-Z xsZ D M
~ V1 yZgzZ
**
x Bw4Zzg~ypgzZ g @*
d
$KZ
x avZ G*Zs~uzOgyZ gvZsq
-Z Dce
Ve~BkZ D: CZ fgzZ: z%CZ f~T,
sVz ~)c*
I{z{ Zp,y { c*
isy
GO$B t Zz Z ~ :WgzZ ~gzz
V q y.6,gzZ V
D,x Z#
}
.{ c*
i{ c*
ia
( Y 2002c&{g )

cgzW,
Z~Vz]yZyx Z} f~gz { IV]
Y E
5 D
?[Z HG
/
}gzZ f}g ` Wt ]!*
~(,
D :Zx(?
x Zzz T gzZ CZ yZgzZ  ggzZ ,k
,
c*
 g
yZ ~ V gkZf}gnD ;g Za 7W,
Z yZ ~
: ~zw+
M 7~zD
/Z D 7{zce ]oa
g ZW,
gz~yZyVz] /_
.gZzmZa+gzZ
V B'
,
+
D
gzZe
$.ce tDM
h Z Z
Z\WgzZ: Sh Z r
#
/ZDN ._` Z'
y Z
r
# Z&Z eWz6,
D Y Za ]g0
+ZkZ 'c
WZ e
VrZ 6, Sh Z
KL L 
k
,
[q
-Z
t c*
gzi6,]!*
kZgzZ c*
K
M F,
~ Zc]gzpe
$.[kZ
gXgzZ #
zZvZ-2gzug( Sh Z )
] bkZ DOg Sh ZgzZN CZwg<
L gz{z
gN t ` WD @*
kZgzZ @*
W,
Z YZq
-Z6,wV
{yve
$. W~IZgzZY"~f}g
x  + **
Zz e
$.gzZ ]gz 6, Vzq yZ
DnZa|@*
hZ @*
]gzJ
-V
gZ
'
,
i @*
bzgZkZgzZ]xsZ~V D : ]
? ]gzz)Yi] ZZap
pg
C
0
+
iaYbzgsZ~ VD :Zx(?
]gzx "
$U*
zw4ZgzZ ]gz~g Z~
7u ` W yZ {z  g W[x
6,
 ` WD

306

x Z
) )z<
L IZ2yZpK!*
}iu IV]
L IZzzHz!*
<
kZ g#x Z1zZgzZ+yg )
,Y 1 f
?ze
$.~ Z
) )z
<
L IZ~  V . kZ~ IV~xVx?
<
L IZ [Z e
$Z ~ yZ  x Z ~ D Z
kZD 0*
{g: ~g Y {zgzZ m 76,gg yZ Z t
pD
KZgzZ DhZz yZ v 
}uzgzZ {)z
) ) a
$i yZi Z0
+Zq q
-Zq
-Z VyZzz V-g$
yxg!*
zhzz D H[Zy

nZg $ikZgzZ 3g
!*
t p }o[Zt|:gzD 0*
i q
Zv
T Za -"
HW~yZbq
-Z 7
{z,g
/Z\W 7 (ZpDkCA ~yZt
g[x\WLZ J
-Zz!*
VgzZ V@Z Z v
6,gwV @*
7,**
g6 D 7,% Z eg 7Z(g7
<
L I ZJ
-Z~yZ [ZNwZC]]z
bT c*
i Z0
+ZZ
+LZg6VyZ ~g Y
~ y ZJ
-ZgzZ D @*
7,**
q
-~kZ~fyZ
qkZ 5'
,{z ]P`
6,g~ ZZ:gzZ6,R,) :
vZ
HwZ ' 3g Ht?}tgzZ,
?H q Zt6,g~ ZZg DZ **
]ZgzZg D gzZ
 Y{zgzZ Y[p\WtD
)$
+
? V ?
!
*
@Y HkCt
yxgV
Vz X ,q{ztg Z h

305

~xVx?

~g7K
t1t&{ :d{ =
}iu{z Y gz Zq
-Z y g @*
}iu

~uz Ha VZ
+zg Z LZ6,R Y xz f&
4G
4hE
tD c*
{ WKZZa G
z& ^V
( IZ s

]1 IgzZ B~dgzZ J]
.Zg ( y*zy

# Y xz fx ZgzZr yZpK!*
 ] !*

tzz kZ D: tZggzZo,a
<
L IZZ
+Vz!*

**
kZ<
L IZ f+Z
+Y 1857 [zZ

,Z11hkZ[ NZ~g~g)c*
~gf

~yZ Hsyp CZ~zF,

h Z
ZX~wj

0
+
i s sZX qx ~i q
Zt1t& Z {

6,g}g7 gzZ c*
7 r Zl
~] xJ
-]~y
W
~V Zz r Zl
r Zl
Z Dg 6,<
L IZ]zZ
+

~xVx?D7~vZ1?WZ ?x **
-Z
q
G
d+Z E}$ X t1t&{ d{ =~

{o$
+  szcV7 ~ fgzZ x Z z @igzZ >
N

b) U%gzZ 6,] zZ
+
) ) z<
L IZ~wj

V qy.6,
 zq
-Z r
# ?{zkZ D

~ yZZ + L L)x ZjkZ D gzZg b &

I
D w= ] i.ZiL Lx\ W

308

307

r
# gzZazDr
# ,Z,ZgzZfDt D7 
i
kZgzZDkCV6,
}g7]ZW,
ZX+
M qzgr
# gzZ
 \W~ TK]g @*
KY D YY H7Lg Z
~g g vZ gzZ r
# ~g gZ  t \W z  g W
Z Z yZp 7t<
L IZ~}g !*
Z
+ Vz yZ r
#
4$M0r
# ~g gq
{
Y -Zx Z)]|Z]
.LZp G
gZ{o yZgzZ{Z 9{z mvZ G
*9gr
# vZ1
{zZ
# gz Z%Z7D6,
gCZf=~}g !*
yZ9y
Z z!*
Wh zz DVgG Z]
.ZzY !*
W
@*
W\W ~ gm{ gZ
'
,<
L IZ ]Z W,
Z~ x ZJ
~ h YZ kZt:gz {xV7ZgzZ Q'
,]Z|7Z
t
]ZW,
Zf z 9t  M
hI7ay q
-Z V \W
!
{z 3 el
]c*
h }g  ` W g 7Z V
D + } f
zxg{LZ\W~wj {o$
+gzZgp<
D : ]
?;g W,
Z H6,
x ZyZJ
-[ZgzZ ?DZ Zb]c*
Zzg
g D m: { KZ t Z t ]!*
IV~xVx?
7[x Z ce **
[x bT {gZ~ Z
{
) O]|Z]
.]| xz agzZyZ Z(,vZ Qn
zz Tg x Z ] }
.'
,
Z'
,]
. Zz ]|mvZ G
*9gvZ1
}g ~ ZV Vzg ZD
~ s ZZ kZgzZ
DZc6,
kZ{zJ
-[ZgzZ kzg
Z (,
-ZVzq]ogzZVzq] Zg Z\W]Z 0G
q
D :]

kZ 
~
)$
+,q
t ~yZtgzZ
6,
zZkZgzZ **

yZ z!*
kZJ
-[ZpD H7qg
p
/]g q ]o ]!*
kZ Z
ig: i !*
Zx Z Z
i0*
:1
` W {o \WTq {z ! < s gzZ D !*
gzZ g U*
W
\W
/
g Z}g  hg 7g0
+Z <
L IZ kgZ .g
V;z ?c*
Wyy gzZ <} zuV;z  Y6,V *Wm{m{}g
g\W~ yZ : : ;  { izg8  
ByZ Xa \WNXv,ZgzZ\WV;z vZ
c*
~w'
,
6,gx V#z!*
+ YtgzZVt {o$
+
t
7~-p ;g7~w'
,\WLZ {zp kZ ~-
D6,
kZg W jVg )
,
}g &t{zD ;g
V;
MZx
) ) z<
L IZ]pzs ZZ D : ]
s sZ}gV !*
W Z%Qc*
V-Z$
+c*
~'
,
{z{ Zpg
/Z%
6, ]Z W,
ZyZ1c*
l{7Z} x ~wg {x
?DkCH\Wn: A
$%

x ~ xth
+
\WIV~xVx?
mvZ G
*9g ]|dZQ V Zz pV-Z$
+Q ~ f
# ~ Z ]Z{a  {z |t 6,g0 g @*
r
\W
 gzZK} Z=
f~{g0
+ZKY
D{z?y{z} 7,
7Z]!*
ZyZgzZD]!*
ZyZ
a~ Z D Y7g Z kZ<
L IZ f
zg h
+idZ1Z) O]|T} 7, ]!*
Zg6yQ D :HG
x V fC
!*
 t \WD 1 
p~ [ KZ r
#

310

wwh e
$zg \W~,Z  Dg Z6,yZKY mZp
E!
?
rg W - H b
\WJ
-Z|X+Z '!*
IV~xVx?
kZwwhe
$g\WZ ;g Cp W7t
G
*9gZ]
.]|V; F~ekZ 7/Zz &
+ Z
/
qw~
/
%mvZ G
*9gr
# &E{ 
)]| Z
/
.mvZ
]
G-
3B K Y 
kZ wwh e
$g ~g F
s
z kZgzZ
6,s]|vakZ 7wwhe
$g ~uz c*
^! ;z{z
.kZ D @*
]
ZyZ ]i YZ yZgzZ D OZ b~g7
[Z1 @*
Z yZ)gf { %vZgvZ1{ 
)]|Z
+e6,j)  W~zgzZVwhe
0
$g bb
yZ6,gm{gzZ x **
zggzZC6,kZgzZCVZX e
$g
VrZ ~ Z
Z<
L IZq
- 4,
}g Z Z  Z
Zg Z)f
T |+Zq
-ZtgzZ 1{ myZc*
Ug6c*

u **
,Z Y7g Z kZ gzZ Y **
q~(,
E&
4}C
gzZ Zgx ZgzZ HkZ {!*
Zg EG
~wj
wwh e
$g q
-Z
) )z <
L IZ
56,]!*
kZ XZ
#
G-E
3B K Z6,Z ]gz
ZY Z wwh e
$g ~g F
D Y Z 7tc*
xx **
whe
$g Z'
,w~
/
%
{z @*
akZ}: c*
}B Zg 7{ Zz6,
kZ[Z
) )q

-Z {z W
/Z (Zn +gzZ @*
[g
c*
lZ
]c*
ZzgKZ k\Z Z(,
=Dg : {z
x Zx ZgzZ W~gz$J
-u ~(,~ kZ Xgz <
L IZ gzZ

309

V;z Z~g q
-Z
) ) s~uz z @*
Y
/
%
X~ ZkzgV {o$
+\W~,Z k
,
+5
$j
?q! x
;g
/
%
) ) iq
-Z]Z 0G
IV~xVx?
Vg )
,gzZ s sZ} Z {}g 1~ * ~g7 Za zt gzZ
Z
Z V
gzZ y .
**
~ kZ
yZ { 
vZ1WZ ?) O]|Y -Z x ZZ]
.}g c*
Zzsg
g) O]|yZgzZjg&zZp]|czDZ]
.
kZm<!*
Z:\vZg]
. Zz}gzZr
# { 
+ Z
KZ Z]
.]|XyZZz G
*9Zm]
. Zz}g DzzK
- ~


0 )gzZ@ 0 )
zkZ yZ 5s]Zi Z
F D 
^wa ]Z{z b gC
Q'
,KZ ` W
7e
$yZD Yy ZiD{gz VyZJ
-V
. Zz]|]zZ]
]
.]| D Yy.6,Z]
.]| Q
G-E
3B KY 
akZM
hY7{z~VyZakZx Z~g F

t Zi Z gzZ x=Zz}z!*
~/~ ]Z
}]+Z[gvZ#
}
.V;z ~/kZ yZza Z}
.
V;z Z~g [ZgzZ ;g^t'
,
Z'
, Y 1967gzZ g6,V+

) ) gzZ 7z V;z Zg ~ V 7~ Vzg ZD

{
+Zg) O]|g Z yZ Vc*
0*
" vZ t De
$Z
D c*
W~zMQgzZ ;gzZ ZqzZg mvZ G
*9gr
#
} (,
g0
+Z]pkZgzZ~ewhe
$zg D : ]
zx Z
) )z<
L IZJ
-V 73 cgzW,
Z \W6,e

312

?x \Wagx Y)x Mg D :]

Vzx LQ agx Y Mg IV~xVx?

wkZ 7 w x q
-Z n~ #
}
.\W
mq
-Z)gzZ D7 r
# ~g ZgZ)\W
~#
}
.\W7kZ Y k(,{z[Z ;g {z
VY J m
yZz6,
}7kZo Z ~(,
\Wtlg Z
/
g z%Va wzZ
D
g Z- zg c*
W,@*
{^
,Ywj }g7gzZ,g Z, ukZ\Wgz ZZ kZt
Dgl\ W! x
Bx o Z
( Y 2003ag {g )

311

Xwh e
$ggzZ ZMZyZg (Z { mZp
i yZ }u~ y!*
i }o {g ,@*
yZ~
E
!

` W ? B
bg W H~gZ
) Z yZ !*
7 C
~ Zgzy{ h !*
y8KswZgzZ Hi WkZ Iw&
a}g t3g { izgVx ~}g7 Z Zi V
%K{ Zz6,kZ &5tq 6,vZ1% i WZ(,
L IZYg6,kZX wh e
<
$ggzZg
D ,@*
yZe
$Z
\Wz!*
YB<
L IZgzZWZ?D : ]
yZ \W:gzZ 7Zg m{ x ZygzZ f)
))
\WH ?zzHkZD W}~V5gzZVzgV<
? @*
YHi Z0
+ZU0
Z kZgzZ Le g 7x ZZ6, kZ ~IV~xVx?
m kZgzZ zzkZ Sg[Zy

~q
-Z D];z
}V ~ kZ m ] J
-V pVW~
 x )t  D7 ) \W[Z Zq~ kC]gz
g ZZ yZ c*

g ZZak
,
= VrZ ~ Y 1995
p

/Z ng Z T7q+Z t Z q~gzZ Z7,**

g6=
wZZ
# gzZ YYH7g Z kZakZ |p76,
{z 
q fgzZ gz ~y
W7
o m,
/ [ZQ Y

y
f q
- 4,
} 6,
CZ  ~WtD t \W
swgzvZce*
*g(ZV-0*
XakZgzZce
D J
-u~(,
~kZ

314

Vt ~ !*
cgzW,
ZY Zg Z ` W @*
Y IV]
?
gJ
m{ ._y L L Y ZIVsZ .?
c*

k
,
gZx Z 6D **
C0
q m{
Wax Z9
kZ YY pkZ Y Z D
D g g ]g 'gzZ 2Z 7 **
Cc*

E
qZ t E
5$ Zy kZ 0
qm{ kZ m{ kZ7
,
'
i Z V1 x zz} L
L c*

x
J&D i

M F,
-Z
J
# Y 7IZ :J
-
z kZ h
e
ZZ: 
g Z u 0*
$u DY:
g
A & Z:q
-Z~kZ
}g L LwZmgZx ZZ
# XXm] o `m ]n e ] 4m
ZZ kZ 'D *
@YW7D kZt wq ! kg Z {
~}g !*
V Zz kg D Y ]!*
.g Q D C Za
4Z~} i Zzg} W J 7,"7,g ` W L L D 

Y Zg Z~KC
C
9gC
xZgZC
` Wk\Z1 D @*
7
c*
6,Y Z~{ rgC
kg Z h
HwyZDg } z s]Z|yZ~,Z[Z D
Kz~ !*
cg z W,
Z v,ZgzZ D7]gz ? $

? @*
Za HwZ !*
cgzW,
ZgzZY Zg Z:gz7]!*

]!*
Zx Zy}g  @*
Wt~ 6,
gx IV]
g Z]q *gzZ n
pg7w igzZ]qx s~
zg zyZyCc*
` Wzz T D#
wz

313

sZ .?

( g )`{gZ Z :?g.
g ~gsZ .? Zj }oI gzZ Y Zz}

dyZgzZg c*
s sZ @*
~ VodPyZ u 0*
zy
szc)q
-Zg m I~ Y 1951 ] z \WD dY

DQgzZ q 6,
y ]
. Zz LZ ZZ ~ V

w q
-Z VrZ V W xsZ1eY ~'
,

eYa w y.z xEv {z kgQgzZ}g Z

/

?yxg Z D H[ Z ~g @zZp **
~gz

W,
O ,qzggzZdZmV{ g **
y WZ

yZgzZ}gZ
/
~yZV'
,
4Z~] Zg ZIyZ

s\ W V & J
-VH { .Z ~ Z z}

~ kgZ F \ W
) Z
D 
(N Z

~X,x Z] }
. wkgggzZ > ?Z?g

Z Q g ? J
-Y79 1978 ~` g Z Z m<!*

gzZ ?g~Y 1996{g !*

z6,g ZZ~g Zg Z)~}g Z Z

\ WD g IJ
-V'
,0*
gzZ 6,} > ?Z

 , K
M F,
gzZKZ F6,]ZgzZ g

[IZw~VzB3 ]|dZ] L L~X

kZ~ Z'
,
u\ W{zyZ D f .
{ ^
,Y ~W}o
DggV gzZ}gZ ZIF
z

316

y {~ kg ~ Zi WoIVsZ .?
 O Z bkZ Zz 7,\W Zzg,
4h!zoIzx ] }
2G
.E
qz bT1g CG
.KZJ
-i Zgd
yY" @;g !*
c*
;g7!*
-z Zwq V~uz ~g x c*
J
Z
l ui ZQ [Z D ~ x 6,O Z}t bZ D b
DVgzWg !*
}Z}
.qz
7hZz{g Z Zq
-Z J
-V\WtZgx IV]
? HzzkZy
W M
h{g
kZ=D6,
W{gzZ {wZt\WIVsZ .?
' ;g W c*
^ ~i Zq6,
<X7yZg % wq#Z
{g g  Z
Z {z 9 Zz w bkZ
: VY]gz tgzZ }I D 0*
{ Z 9 #
gzZ  ~ kg Z
:gz M
h7qV;z 7ZZ
+ZVY M
hY 7V;z {z7g
 V
H0
+
i'
,
Zt }g
"Z  G,? }

~ }g g V }g
{)z!Zo]|=Zg]|Cg_]|DtZ]
+gzZv(~uz(q
-Z]Z|XVx**
Vg)
,

g{gZZDspF~DgD
~g7'gz
' b{E
+[ZYWz
uDV
Hc*
Wg!*
z
Z%g yIik
EE
x Z] }
.+g D
+
~ga g77ZG
0{G39g~ ]!*
Y78t

315

~p~ yZ
/ZgzZ ? 9t H g Z
/0
+
i KZ ~
?7c*
ce
7 ]qz sx Z z
IVsZ .?
gzZ ]gz Z:q
-Za?aZ D Dspzp.

p v D n
pg p kZB_ Z{z  ^
,6,kZ]Z|
Zz~ sX ]Z|,Z {z D7~0*
_ Z c*
pg 7
n
DV[{g
Z
7{ i Zzg ]b)tt zcIV]
Y  DZ}uz q
-Z
/Z }]d4- gzZ @*

$ECgzZ
x Z[Z zg 7}gO CY 7$;Z 0pG
1Hs %Z }uz q
-Z ~ b)g " x Z} fgzZ x
J&
]xsZyq)y
WQ
H7*z?E
+Z
? 1VY6,
zZLZ{ i Zzg
+
M m{g~} ],
Z s %Zz IVsZ .?
z bkZ 7zz K*z ?E
+Z ~ Zc [v
s %Zz  V; [Z :gzZ ;g ~ L{ i Zzg s %Z
xg{ i Zzg kZ~tZc[v)~g m?
} ],
Z
Dce
x <
L IZTO Z}yq
-Z<
L IZIV]
gzZ YHkC6,
ecgzW,
Z TVhZzx Zy} (,
Lg
?DkC~gzH\Wx O Z +Z Y Hg~y
W T
skZx ZyJ
-[ZDkC]gzx kZ
/ZgzZ
?Zz7VY

318

Za { T
H*6,{ {z9g
0*
*gzZ ~g KZ
E
G
!
4E
5k45z V;z
}g7 kZa kZ N Y :Z
+ EG
H
D Hg6=aZg Z
/Zz9g z{ {kZ <
L IZ +Z
+qgzZ f
igzZ d w FgzZ
H` V;z hg {g Z Z ~ bkZ
Z
Z {Z yZ0
+{ZZ gZ
/Zz { {z9gv:Z4z]
.
D
H Z,
$V;
tk
,
i Z r
# @zZp]| Z
/f *Z~g !*
~uz
g Z) ]| ;g } x Z #
}
.+g D
+~ !*
W;/ZgxZgZ
f ~g { o a 6U*>
K {gZ Z r
# ~g Z
DzZp]| !*
W;D )w<
L IZ +Z
+qgzZ yZgZ
5 npzggzZ *z c izg: z D Zq ~ ~
z pZ V{vZD **
g 0*
Mgn > V
D H SVc*
g Z)f KZ KZ VrZgzZ 1[-Z **

H **
Y H ZZ V { b & Za ~g Z ~/}g7
Z 6 a
M F,
Y ,zY Z D Zx Vp 
VD
H
6,
x **
}y!*
i
6,
-)]|akZgzZ m,
q
?
)]| Hg Z 6, ];z ~uz gzZ dKZ ~ D
{g Z Z ! r
# ?L Lc*

~L}
g e
$.gzZ7q
-Z ~

z kZ7g ~ kZ1Vgz~ !*
gzZ wzZ u x
?g%zc \WgzZg Z]
.@*
<
L IZ m<!*
Dz '
,
Z }g
Zx kZ~te
$ yZ ._ %mvZ G
*9g WZ
{g Z Z
/
C: q 46,u ~z dgzZ m{z]|
C
/Z D
axX ~ Z%**
z z~g Zz1 M
h7g

317

h r
+
# *a**
z ?uZz g g Z Z D ;g }
0yZk
,
+x ~ S&
5
!IyLZ { z zz

]n%%Z ] !*
{z q 
wz t
!*
kZ M
h 7a\WDCY ~g
q hLL
!VZ&z VZ kZjz l {z ?H ~g Zg Z)]|{g Z Z
{g Z Z V\W C!*
+egzZ w}g D Vga g7 7Z OS&
%

& [ dZ **
g gzZ c*
kZ = ]gz ~~
kZ
z'
,gzZ sg Zz g Z
{g Z Z ) D ]!*
r
#
<
L IZg }g7{g Z Z L Lc*

r
# & y]gz
EE
D}g Z Z ~fkZkg Z}g "G
0{G3gzZ {g Z Z ~
/
%
E
E
 ]q uD gY 76,gx G
0{G3r
# ?
E
E
E
E
G
0{G3{ Z96,wZ7egzZ kgG
0{G37Z D6,g7e
N YW:Zz {z Yx OZ W}uz V ~}g Z Z D} Z Z
DM
h} H}ge" r
# & [Z V!*
yZ )]| D
E
E
lz % #
}
.G
0{G3=av { Z95Z Z jgzZg6
# *a VQ g Z Zg !*
r
~ bkZ D c*

D W[c*

Z5q
-Z Zwq
-ZsD#
}
.{g Z Z=Z
4ID~ 7,
-H
W
9g z { {g{mvZ G
*9g +Z **
~g <XG
{z0
+L Lg0
+Z`| 1318 vg )
,{zg s**

gZx ZgzZgq
-~x{ izg8 <
L IZ {s

q
-Z \W x c*
Z qzD 
G @*
Yb [
{z q Y~9gV$
+gzZ
Hg Z
y~ 

320

y;Z'
,
u~ T 73 [t gzZ c*
~ VF
HGrgzZ (,
WyaGr3Wy
WD_Cf{ugzZ
? $
]g
pgg +} Z}
p
.gzZ N 
y;Z'
,
uIVsZ .?
sZz.VIgVz(,
D(,
WyZgZgzZ f!*
Zz
] oF] ]^i ZZOgwx Z.Zz[ Z Vz(,
Lggp
D(Z! l} Z $
]gGr7XXne ^ne
M F,
K
ui Z \ WVV ]|dZ] L L IV]
kZ wkZ c*
x Z)**
g Z (,q
-Z 
kZgz Z}
kZ \ WN CBg "Z 7 
J
-[ Z{ z
V- g Z \ W~ K
M F,
kZgz Z z sz K
M F,
? Z 7,**
o
7]Z!*
]|dZ ] L L~IVsZ .?
d{Za [%Z D kZ lp~K
M F,

~ ]!*
zskZ g D gzykZ oV!/z
kZ V [y yZ L L~ qzwzZ]|dZ ]
D
H{E
+ )Z V-g Z {W7~kZ b
bx \WaMg kZgzZgx Y)x ~ZIV]
?N 
I
 Vt '?Hx ZgzZy~ ! r
# pIVsZ .?
~g J
-[ZgZx Zli /V!#
Zi%z wzK6,Vzuum{ zZ
+sgzZ s]~g
B V3  ~sz V**
Z ~g D g

319

7skZ~Vs9, 'CH yZ ZzkZ

~y
W8/ [Z17yZ
z kZp
/Z ~Dm 7
kZ}~V; V Z\Wgzev!*
kZakZ DV~V2
7 g b  \W1V Le 9 y h
e0*
s Z@Z LZ
**
?g Z%(6,
c*
) WyWakZ H DD
Z Z a x C
\vZ ! r
# ? L L:c*

pZ V{vZ D
gzZ 7
/
\W{z M
C
h D 
Za Z
ZV6&
N Y\WgzZp7b{zM

h \W
-yp CZa6U*
J
>
K g Z Z Ng}g gzZ ` WD nY H
g Z Z {: Z}
.[Z! kD s\Wq
-Zs Dg
DV { [Z \WsV; Z}
.;gx **
~ 0*
LZ
~Lr
# **

6,u !*
W;/ZgxZg Z ~6,kZ
yZpZV{vZD**
gzZ)]| ]!*
{@LZxj%
-gzi6,)]|VPgzZ1uLZ)f Z ]i YZ
 H HyZY:gzZA r
# **
pZvZD**

D~} ]i YZ=B]!*
. A k\ZgzZ p xj% **
_

P ZVzn H1
HW g Z ZQg !*
-Z ~ bkZ
q
**
6,x w D p ]g ZpZvZD **

{g Z Z J
-wB5 Q ~gzZ {e x Z r
# [-Z
ZbkZ
/ZD3*Z vV;z V~tD ;g @*
#
}
.
D HZgzZ Hx`
~G x`
**
v
x}g p0
+
ii Zx 

T x
/
g Zi !*
q Z4,
3Wyxg<
L IZq
-Z IV]

322

~C
i ZxsZ**

M%Z
8zPBg **
cZZsZI],
Ze
 Y 7 Z kZ x|sZ
V XZ ]gzL L


Za [ Z
oa kZ z ng Z { C ]gz

,
'
Z KZB {@x ] q Z **
Zj + Z
#D

}g -  Dg*v P V

JZ Z
Z~._]q6Nt 1 g[ Z

~i *" QgzZ @*
Yyj[ ZCZ}g g

yZ q
-Z ~C
i Z xs Z **
D p + LZ Z}
.L
L 

V
/
udyZgzZz/_
.!zzlyZgzZ
yZ Z}
.h
+
 Yyt yZt }g gzZ Cp

x Z ] }
. ._ V ]q + LZV Z
Za ~g c*
ggZ I mg Z ~ Y 1978 s **
D"=

q ( g )` t qxZgZ J
- ] P
z ZZ

kg~ kg xZY M9g J

-Y 1997 Y 1992D

eY Y 1999DY 1998 ~ g * ~'

,xsZ ~ Y 1997

i ZeY J
C
-Y 2003DY 1999gzZg k
,
i Y 1zZ +Z x ]|
E
+G
B
{
~C
i Z w Z~g Z <
ZgzZ g
$-Z t U*
{g~
x CgzZ d
$V g F ~w'
,gZx Zx yZgz

ZZ
#  Tg
~ bg Z}pd sD H
D_ W6,
x 
?{k
,
yZgzZW Z F,
V1

321

zk~} ]L V Z
Z}g VV}uz
N uuyzg0
+Z c*
,uu{zyZn 7aLD c*
g @*
Z
kZmvZ G
*9g ~g Zg Z)]|g !*
D ]gz{ ~
/
gzZNg
\W} Z}
.D i ZzW)g f g x Y L L
z kZ gzZ H kZ
i ZzWkZ )]|gzZV"
$U*
_g Zz9)g ZC
igzZd ~
KZ \W)g fg x Y L
L ` W 6N Y D
:QgzZ ~qz
1 w2 +
$Y ` Z ~
H

CVZzg gzZ D WB v
D,Zg U
*
W !v:Z( }W )tZ]
( Y 2004~gz
{g )

324

y*zy
) Z
C
iZ G!Y s~uz D
HVM%Z ~ Y 2004
Lg @*
%
zC
/_
. rz
V
/
u Cg Z Z gzZ d~
}g Z Z CZVz 7Vg V ~ o y*zy
=C
**
z)Y iKZ6,}i kZ5y%]V
M%Z= gzZ 
~ g ;g 7yW
kZaV Zzp
pg VVp
/ c*


M%Z [Z ~
Cz] ]Z f vZ @*

D
) !*
W
~ y!*
i ! Vzq XgzZ y!*
i {E
+Z LZ ~
*gO~Y ZZ 5KgzZ"7, d
$
V
yZ J 7,
E
$
4hZg
gm{gzZ~ * ~g7 kZg Z 5Z' ;g~ hG
sq
-ZV`s h N!g qZ )~M%Z6,
t~~ ZgzZ l!*
zZ $
+z{g]aIZ
yZ HZg ~ VsZ Z \WnKZ
5gzZo6 Hi W~6,
gLZQ Kg i
Vz]7x yW **
YtZg i LZ Vyxgx
Zg <
, WC
!*
Xg0
+Z D h 7Majic stickyZy
~C
i Z a kZ Y t V@KZ y
KZgzZ }h
+ x Z x
V 7tb~g7 V
/
udgzZ KZ~ w

~ m,
Z=V;gg } z'
,
~C
i Z KZ~6,
T%Z
Dn0
) !*
yjxsZyZVgGg
]DIZZZz cg M%Zz\g-
H D : ]
\WzJ
-#
ZV
/
uKZV;z^6,x **
Vz

323

H
) !*
cg M%Z
) Z
C
iZ G!YD : ]
\W w ~C
i Zq
-Z'gM%Z V'
,&gzZ?Z
?tHV
/
udz KZ
zz[Z ~
Cz cgM%Z D :~Ci ZxsZ*
*
yZgz~C
iZ G!Y gzZ Cg Z Zzz ~uz CgzZ ~d
sZ e zg ! |Z lp ~(,6,VU Z xsZ { E
+Z
Hp m{ ]!*
-Z~ ]x J
q
-, {o}g
$u
O Zh
+ F,
]c*
yZ?H]c*
q)0 q @*
Y
iz'
,izgs xsZ~M%ZgzZ\g-? $
Y b~ [|Z
yZ { E
+ Z yZgz @*
Y 3g t 6,gm{ g Z ~ Z 6 Zz h
e
~ ZkZgzA  t~DIlzc6,
]
;g| 7,~V1~VzqX t {Z
+Z(,q
-Z kZce 9 {
KgzZ
Zg { Z'
,
yZgf { E
+ Z}]zg ZXgzZV
V} ,Zt _o KZgzZ n
6,[Z ~C
LZ Z
# h x
z kZ ]}gt 15Y
T7],Z} +Zz'g~M%ZY C7,
1 Nw wwkZa kZ CWyyZ=6,
C
j] ^ ^i ^ r 4q |]] Vg
$up~g g
]5~g  [~wi Z Z
#  Ij] ^ ^i^
-ZgzZ H Za :
q
L akZ g gz6,
}GVzJ,Z
7= c*
W)**
] M%Z Z xt = Z
# bZ
,
'
Z ~gzZ
HZ m,
z W~(,= v:Z Zzgg ~gz;g W

326

Tg D{za w kZ [p LZ 7Z
{g Z ZgUpi 7~ i Z0
+Z W,
V
/
uq
- 4,
yZ
)f x Cg Z Z VrZakZ(
gJ
-u ) 
d{z z!*
w
z d zz T we~gZ
D
V
/
u
gzZ w kg6,
g~=X ZJ
-V
{E
+Z LZZ
# yZgz~kg pJ
-uy _
yZ ~ w } 8 @*
qg sV1 ~(,~(,6,X Z
Z a?f *Z}%q
-Z @*
Za/_
.Ki ZV1
!Zj Z qz{o~k
,
0 { i i )q
-Z kI
[Z kZgt V1~(,
~(,
wYgg
$u~lg rgzZ
D
zg ZZ~ @*
VZV1yZ t~
VrZ%q
-Z Yx gzZ V1szz
wg !*
-Z D [ ~ L ~i Zg +Zx Z
q
 U k cC
 !~XkZ c*
W~Z s
-k
J
,
~ ` l!Zjr
# ?]|Z
# WI ]!*
t=
K[t= ;g @*
Y vZ ;g Za~B;[
) Z

Z~p
pgO Z VZO Z V1wYgw 

( Zz N q
-Z {z )
HZ ~ Y 1zZ +Z x ]|eY
b yZ H{ .Zb Sz Z r
# w=**
)d
$ Z V;z
= vZQ 5 [p Ie ~g ! yZ ~ V
Hs6,gzZ"7,x CZ ~ ] XY pC
iZ
LZ ~a C tZgk
,
gzZ_~w} kZ

325

?n
pg Hp\Wa{WgzZgZyZ
V Zzp
pgg I}g \WgzZ\WD :~Ci ZxsZ*
*
6,gx Zzx Zx C~M%ZgzZ\g-
g G{@x
Z g ! <
)  {@x Z[Z zJ
-#
Z V
/
u KZ
gzZ CZj
+ ~i * ~ ~nbz fZz^ M%Zz\g{z  f n x Z fg z!*
~ n~uz f?
6W
4;6'
5G
zz~g Zg 4zmm{{)zM%Zi
ZB E
,
c*
M%Z b ~g {z6,}iy*zyM
ht\W W
k m,
Y 7
-Y h wEZ ]zZ LZ F,{ c*
i t V\g bkZgzZ Zp ~ Y ~ Vzy V Zz%1 zgZJ 7,
9akZW**
Dvt ~ZD~x}uz
6,0
+e HM%Z {z n V7J
-DZ
# gzZ m7g yZJ
-D
c*
K ' VyZg~ l {i
L W N Y V
i
z 0*
x Z g z B ~gZ )f  s
]zZ {zkZ ~g Z)fZ b J 7,
q
-ZVb J 7,
\WLZ VrZakZB7Z0
+
i KZ *
*j
+Y ~ yZ
~kz7,
yZ7D7Z kZ WVYM%Z3gzJ
-#
Z
zu{z kZ
rg p~KxsZ (Z c*
Lg J
H]c*
yZ y ieZZ m,
Z} (,} (,
T e g7g
L
/Z 7z VrZ L+
$Y kZ ? bxsZ {z ?
~q
-Z c*
Cf eZ6 ~( >?
6W )D>yZ
D {o$
+{z{ i Zzg c
 ~ ~gzZg z: g Z: H  fn~uz

328

C kZ J 7,~ yZgz^x { Zga}g

@*
g z'
,~ i Z0
+Z CgzZ dkZ @*
{@xV
z
b Y ~ al
= e7t L~ ^ ~V Lg
~;gE- M%Z V6,
kl]Z f xsZ9Z
# c*
u7,
{h WB; 7: Zt Z"
# *wg~g
9gzZxsZ xz a: 
VvZ  X[p ZbkZV
DVLg @*

/YZ~p ZuIzxsZ
qx
/
-Zq)r z
q
xsZ~M%Z9B11D : ]
?H]\WZjkZ c

kZ Vzg yCZ **
 stD :~Ci Z xsZ *
*
tI{ c*
i}
Z1 g qzc x
/
/
6,q
J (, ~!gzg x J e 1 `(~ V 
yO%Z | l,
e yZgz Y 2002gzZ Y 2001 7 (Z1
V%Z gZD
k& : yCZ **
._ { i Z0
+Z q
-Z
K1 Z GZ~ ZkZyCZ**
@*
Y c*
C**
wJxsZ
(ZV D Y wJxsZ O%Zx Zz cg sZgzZ
_]"
# xZ yDg "7,yW
gKxsZV;7
~ VyZ ~ J (,gz( 3Z yIg m<!*
)zs
w .lpx gzZ  D7 0 y6,e
$g 7
Ds Ze"m
yZz6,
g~g~Vp
} zuq
-ZY 2007B26
)
Zc*
+Zs WZN*
&
)**
izgD : ]
ZzWKZ O%Z60%
Hc*
C~kZt }g ^g7g
pgyZ0
+
i4yZ30%s2~
,Z4%gzZn

327

~ogpDM%ZakZ ~: i"7,
qzp
/ %
z k
,
gzZ_{z~g Z)f ~
;g @*
#
5g!*
g !*
=;ZyZgz kZ1;g D~J
-V ~
[ x ~ ~k
,
{_qgzZ _ ~ a kZ
:e i Z : Zizgz!*
]5z^F,
x KZ~
zkZ {h
H
~g7 Bq
-Z Lg N { c*
i qLV @*
_ ],k&
Vg )
,
ag gz6,}
t @*
Y s h
e | 7,[
g gz6,LZ {WV{ E
+ZgzZN +Zzt
[p #
}
.xsZ=gzZgg Z
'
,p kZ ~V @*

D 
[p
C KZ\WYM%ZQV;zgzZ^y*zyD : ]
?DkC~p b~asZz
x ~~ y*zy~Z
# D :~Ci ZxsZ*
*
**
Y0o @*
Za wL
C?YZq
-Z t L b
q(PB7! x~yZyCZptg!*
F YZ { c*
i
x HZz}Z
# t h x
zkZ,x t~1V Y0c
**
YC
iZ G!Y\Wt W~9g{ &zC
*
c ( {/vZwZ )
t r
# Zz
zkZ 3gx~ w2g ~ Z
#
/_
.Wg0
+Z}zz T Sg CZ
zC
V }]!*
6,R@ [ h x w
Wc pC
iZ Z
# Q Zg Z
~or
# Zz V;z h
e VZZ/_
.x C
gzZ Y x f} (,} (,{z L gKC SyZ g
yZ V [ VM%Z ~ ` W D7 BV yZgZ

330

329

51
Hc*
Z~Y 2007 ._{ ^
,Y} ZYourk Times
ZgV61~Y 2007#gzZD W#k
B tZv
Y 2007 y ._} zu g Z {gDce **
YWC
!*
t ZM%Z
zzk
B O%Z~t Z
HY7t~T
HH~Y 2007gzZ
 51 ~ y ? g W ~ kZ c*
g| (,~
/c
g W~ ~
/c I 17 ;gZgzZ ~ ~
/c
 8Z 7,7t
kZ6,~
/c I 24
D7D kZ
g| (,~
/c ' V 44._ } zu 
kZ ' 27 ;g{ ~
/c IV{g VZ
Dx7 I11 ;g 7,
7t

36 ~ [Z ?7c*
{Z
+ k
B kZ wZgzZ q
-Z
-Z7{Z
q
+kZ I V63k
B t I V
Dx7= I
**
k
B I V70~[ZwZZ~Y 2003s6,
Z
Dx7= I27{Z
+kZ w27
g Z {g{ i Z0
+Z kZ W,
Ob~'
,w(g kZ
._kZ Hg ZkZ~Y 2007 YYc*
} zukZ
t I 64 9{z  g  (g ' 29
Dx7= I7
xtyZ ' 53g{z I 40~Y 2005c
g~Y 1974 IVzgZ D7x= I 7
/G]Z s VrZ Zn Water gate Scandal Z
# B

\WZjkZg6,]q {yZz W I X
? ;g Y6,
cg6,
gC;{ O%Z ? Zg H
g( KZ } zu c*

+Z s WZN*
&
)**
izg D :~Ci Z xsZ *
*
[Z kZ ;g| (,so zZ ~! { O%Z
YH| (,
kZ 
**
+Zzb!*
yZhg,
6,
kZ+Zz @*
Y Zi W^w{g VZ ._y O%Z
"t +Zz a ;g 7,t6,{ W,
Z u**
TM
h7
DM
h7 {zZ+ZzTgsz^~
*
*Zz F,
m)%z]g ;g Y@*
g ~ 

` W1 ` Zzg Zht:gzZ ~ 
~ ; , ]
M%Z ;g| (, !*
C;6,{ kZ _ Zz ~ kZJ
-u
Abolotion of [ KZ Maggie Gallagher rg
D Hg Z }
.kZ~Y 1996#,marriage
~
/cM%ZV ]J
-[Z9B 11D : ]
 t wZ \# bC
t s kZ Z ~ #
kZgzZ gN[ZkZx ZgzZg7d
$ Z O%Z
? Z7,
W,
Z H6,
Z(g
0*
{(gx ZO%Zt|D :~Ci ZxsZ*
*
7t 0*
yZgzZ(g Cg 6,gm{ V**
J
g Zp J
-x Z yZg7 ( yZg @*
W
gzgzi ~(,~ W 790*
war and terror (
g Y1:Zzt Zn `  ~g Yc6,
]!*
kZ
New  Wz Zg Z
gzZ  BX **
Z KZ Z (

332

YY H W,
O~ 7ZgZgzZ tZ  D b { O%Z
E
]gzJx Z0G
0~wj ,Z D7xO?
6,
gx {z
DBwJxsZvN^X
s~M%Z~: i{ Zxr Z Zg f IV]
? |H]!*
kZq
- 4,
\W ;grz
{ c*
i+
M qzggzZ
{gyZt\W ]!*
-VsD :~Ci ZxsZ*
J
*
M%ZV ;g| (,yDg Vs+
M qzg~ * ~g7N Y
g| (,
~!skZ O%ZEgzZ Y xuF,
Y x[~
[ 
~ gx Y y*q
-Z Z0 q=~M%Z zg 
yYtDd
$
{ c*
ixsZ O%Z| 7,[zg]|
{ q
-Z KZ i Zd
$zZp]|Vy*zy]\W
$ Z%x ~i
4E
) ) EG

ZY
Z gzZ ~
z yZZVV
Z!*
!*
zgOq
-Z]
d~u~ d
$
x ZH
w{z}
.~C
vg )
,
Zzp
pgmtg Z!*
!*
c*
x Z
]
d~u 6) 8
-g C
Y 7zg ]gz ^gzZ
7Z Z~zyZ W,Zw 1( D6,gx }!*
y!*
iwyZ1 CW7y!*
i ~uz {z@*
y!*
i KZ
q=f(,yZCYF,
Z~wm,
ZZzG
g
]*
!
^'
,
zg ~hwkZM%Zzz ]!*
Zzh
e {wgzZ
x y ZzZgzZ ] WxsZgzZ c*
}] S7Z
Z!*
!*
Q y~VV%Z ]
gZ
/
0
7Xgzq
-Zn {g:%hZz xsZ Z {h
+z
/
,Z
I] :Zz ]
d~u HwJxsZ 6,B; yZ V- Vz

331

E
4]
G
kZs Z
/(g`$
+{ c*
iyZv c*
} Z
( ABC NEWS January 2007) D
H{ c*
i}
6,
V;zH ? wq]gH~ Zi WIg0
+ZM%Z D : ]
?g6,
<
C
V o ~g/ q
-ZM%Z D :~Ci Z xsZ *
*
vgzZ +- ]i YZ ~g7 O ] 6,iLZV Zz +
x V Zzx ~VD oB~ Zi Wyx Z
/z6,I
D7gVY 6,%Z CYai -6,g
Vx
/
u+Z
+zfgzZz> ~M%Z D : ]
?, 4z]
. byZ\ WD6,Z
ziz%ZgzZ
xg P ge x C ~ M%Z D :~Ci Z xsZ *
*

Z ^ ^gzZi sZwjZ sZ]
.)
gzZ  z J
- Vx
/
u 6,R!*
 6,R
Vz
x t ]  Cx ~ V-gE-   e:Z
7Z )7y)gzZ}!*
O%ZXv{zq
-Z~
> nkZvwy!*
ioLZ ( 7kZ kZ
W**
gzZy!*
iyZzzZ kZ u 0*
zyF,
{ c*
im
BB <
 VyZ Zuz ( U Z ] )
V) > [6,gx t @*
i%z{ c*
i6,V%Z
*
* =xsZ Y~ VZ
/
z6,yZ **
~ VZ
/
z6,LZ 7Zw
g ix yZ *
* 6,
] *
**yW
**
Y~Val

D W,
J
-u
{h
+I { c*
ii Zuz ~ w }7 ]q {

334

gzZf
etZ7
-Vvg Zzg Z Zg7kZ 6,e
$gz
yZ 0
+ey ~.Zy~ ]gs i
ti yZ 
) ) r
# ~ LdZ**
*
@Y c*

y=g &+Y ,KZ kZ *

@YW0
+e }V @*

D yZZVV;z{z!
M%Zt q
-Z ~ yZ  ];z F OZ6,y
D Y V[
R i Z~ Y( ~uz(q
-Z o Z (,
v bkZgzZt t
V[
R&& V1Z
D
H1y xy7];z
wazbvt VzZegzZ +C
{g Z Z a
:e
$g yZ e
$g ykZ ~ zg DLZ
Vz gzZ ~- ~^KZ VrZ DkZ ft 6,
p
/
t D {gt VzgzZ 3g
f
yZ ~ Y 2007 # ~% ZZ Z ^yZ1
T Z t Z q
-~g Dq
-Z~ *gOBV
5 g i yZ ~ 6,g CZ f q
-r
# gi **
~
D=g fyWtis %Zq
- 4,
}gzZV
?H]!*
.\WZjgx YD :]
_
+F,
w=gzZ ~g
) )z <
L IZgx YD :~Ci ZxsZ *
*
! x~ ]g Z Z \W V F
/ g!*
Mg kZ !g
Z ~ ;gq d` Zy

VZ ;g B
D 
i Zg/kZ vZVLe9 6,
`zx !*
F,
( Y 2007m{g )

333

Z 7,**
!*
W WV Q ^Z 7s
# Zg V$
y 6ygZ'
bZ Vzg VVYZwz \W~Y 1986
M%Z gzZ D Y K y B ]Zg'
~ u 0*
z
CZ f= x z m{ { ]g c*
ig Z'
\WJ
- ` W~Philadelphia/
]!*
V yZ ~ 5 s ]g c*
i ~ Y 2006  6,g
VrZ x **

jZ!*
!*
5s
~VyZ
:
)
ZzzF,
xsZx  rz
sx T ^q
-Z
Z]Z\W ~k
,
$
) S ZgzZ k
E
0G
0x 9 VxsZ ` W7~kZ D`qd
Dg}x Z x Z
fO%ZZjb)}uzbkZgzZwhe
$g D : ]
kZ
/Z? tzg <
L IZ} fS? ztV gzZ
?,s
# zyZBg m{L
L aV O%ZZj
 }g Z Zg e ~M%Z 0 wh e
$g D :~Ci Z xsZ *
*
VrZ y)F, [~: Z ^~(,
V q
-Z
4G
5q
4G
5~:
5G
~gz 9 0
+e 3g} K
M F,
g HE
-Z CZ~ zg g H5E
G
4G
5 yZ Dg Z ] kZ B7
pg H5E
G
D 3g +C
~:
t ~ V1} (,} (,
M%Z V-- {g Z Z Zuz
yZ ~:LL1 Dgt wZ 4v
Under the Table } (
,} (,
) ) kZ CYW} h W
D Z~* 6 D W7i !*
gzZf
eM
] gzZ
rgtzgo ZZ(,~n0
+e <
L IZ f{g Z Z Z

336

Y Zz}gZab)6 $C
Z
# ~q)D : ]
? | (,
g]gzzZ
` WgzZ ~gzC
]gzY Z z} D :~g +Z x ?
kZzz kZ q
-Z _| (,{ c*
i ]gzkZ ~gz ` Wp
I b b zz kZ }uz Z Z 7,wYZ ~%
}=
LZ
byZz: b)~)gzZ ZCY
g Zic*
b)yZ ]XD g Y f
e~
]1}uz  ~ y~xW]5z^VV**
q
-Z {z $

Za x
) !*
X [Z gzZ J
-u ~(,bzgzZ
L z[Q_Wzg pzogzZ]Z/yZ~6,
<
b)
x yZ g W7~g Z~{)z zx ZyZ~zg
>L L~gg IBZeY w {g
Hh
e {^
,Y ])
D YKg 6,
ey)Zxx OZk
,
iT c*
W~x
 @*
CYg &BBib)Za gzZ
D ggzWg!*
t!v:Zn]gzJ
-ue

E
5.Z4zszH!*
%Zt
HakZi Z Z #
ZL L#
Z kZ
i ^ kq] ] n jZZ ~g !*

g Z x Z9

?~yZNC

~VZ XX] i ^e
3:yZ/wW{g) D DI Z'
,gzZ >#
Z4
z]gzkZ akZ @*
0*
x Z=g fY Zz}F,
{ c*
i9
t ( 11 :e
$W
D { c*
iZ
V{z~\W g}~kgZ` WD :]

335

~g+Zx ?

|
/WZg7ug IBZ G!Z Z:g
CZ f KZ1D YTv
zzwgzZz
D
CW~{V q=z ]:
L V!1dgzZ Vp

~ V ,Z g ~g +Z x ?{h
+]
.b) [D

( 8- )I\ WD D Y T :
L z DLZ @*

w ZZ Za ~ szc)z {0
+? q
-Z
zgzZ qg7ugIBZ G!Z {kgi **
y*zy

-V z kZ q
J
) Z
] z ] ~ Y80
D{ .Z S~ Z z} ~Z /Z p?~g g bg 

,
k
x @*
gzZ ^
,6,Zzg D
+BZ G!Z~Y82Dg

Dsz^~g D
+V1(kggzZ +: Z
M F,
ZBZ G!ZgzZ**
g7ugI >L L\ W

Y gzZ d V|
/ZgzZ !*
Wg ~ \ WDg

Vc*
z
t
# IdgVZ
/KZ gzZ 

~ Vzg

 _ W~z nc z dVg u\ WDg

gzZ ~g J h
+]
.~ zg g Z <
Z"f zm
CZ ~ X
.J2_IxsZ
zD[!*
g Z m{g $Z e gzZ b)g Zi !*
G
# ?~ w CZ f D q dz ZgzZ wJ( Z
r

,gzZ Z yZ D g !*
'
,z 3gzZ Z g Dz
D gZ CZ~C
~g %

338

BZeY ~ ~ \Wc*

[NZ }a m"Z
 ~hk0*
kZ ` WgzZ 1Z~ GEZ m"Z 0<Eggg I
D
'
,
Zg Z{z 7}x **
Z'
,

g.
Z (,~Z rg ! st s
: i }x B gzZ [kZ Y} x Z 7)**
g
 ]gzp M
h7wVkZ~ Vz) Y{i]
DN Yg Z%6,
Z0wVkZpgzZ(,
W Z
Z~
kZ
8z~V]ZZ=g f Zuz Za ]g '
i7ZgzZKb)h
+]
.BgzZ CYR,
hZq
-Z=g f
D CY]g
zyW
}
L
L
) )+Zq
-ZxsZyVD : ]
g J

-VnZZt D g Z
~gz)kZgzZZ
+Zi g
$u
? H[Z 9kZgzZ
C ;g W c*
q
-Z=6,
]!*
]Z|yZD :~g+Zx ?
 B: e ]
 B: YZ |vt
]n ] ^^: ~yW

n] ]q ]] ` ]n m] o ]jn
: VY

 Y7tV gzZ ovm
W:ZzgzZ,q +}L
L @*

) )q
-Z~{z
/
yZ
C
( q nZ +x ZZ[Z) D{z6,
yZkZN g ex KZ
( 122:e
$W 9:/g)
m\vZ -vZwg e
$Zzg\vZgtzZ]|

337

?cet}~Zg\WgzZ ? jyEZJ
]|dZwNZN(0b
wZD :~g+Zx ?
J 7,"7, g ` W L L:D 
yZZz G
*9ZmV{ gZx Z
( 4:` 565:mtg z) D @*
74Z ~} i Zzg} W
\vZ G
*9g pZ ZZ **
=Zg]| mb
}uzgzZ
:D 
m
 kg wzZ C
{z ~ kg Z ~ i kZ  L L
Z
Z Zz kZ ~gY ~ kg Z y*zy
kZ J 7,
kg Zg7
/ZgzZf
eq(| 7,
6,
g D
DN  ZZ Z [Z Z s "7,
=g fkZC
]
C ~ kg:gz Yq
D: ;ZpV-iWyZ D Yg6,b)
+gzZ ,_]{ z g
$uzxz wZz} kg
y yZ N Y6,yZ '!*
+ ,: ]g 7 ~ b)
:g L~{7]!*
D,zg~kZZa wDZVgzZ,
( y e 15z 14:m<g ) c
e*
*
+]
h
.gzZtzf )g0
+ZT}QD : ]
?G ]gHZa
A &ib)
E
+
L kZ D :~g +Z x ?
*
*kg GEZ {B L a
gr zw CYg Z
&{Zpzz HD ~gz
~YZ zg }0
+Z {z @*
kCt [gzZ  D Y
)Z ` Zu YYc*
kZ { i Z0
+Z ]gzzZze
$ Z kZ
HW
E
y.z xE Zg \vZ g1Z WZ x Z *Z

340

gzZ f6,kZ 
x **
$Z e L L~ ^!  

?A
$%]Z W,
Z H+
$Yx Z
} (,
kZ~M%Zz\g- gzZR'
,!v:Z D :~g +Zx ?
f Zk
,
+gzZ *kZ g X C
5
A
$%]Z W,
Zg Zp
D HZgs %Zx Z} fgzZ q.Z
~i Zx 6,
\WbT~i Z0
+Zd)VrZ D : ]
}g 6,gZ { i Zzg gzZ Z 47\W kZ H Z9ygzZ
? ;g YHV
Z7 { i Zzg Z ~D :~g+Zx ?
IZ } & qz~ZkZ tZz DW7]gz
]|xsZ +~ 9 i Z ;g s %Z6, b yxg <
L
u fZ F}uzgzZ]|dZ ~mvZ G
*9g _jZ)
%Z Za z
,ZgzZ 1x Z 4Z~[!*
kZ 
z
kZ Y Hg (Z.Y fq
-Z  ]i YZ kZ~Z
,Zt Zg CZ f KZ ~t:gzZ Hs %Z:  V
Hs %Z {yZ\vZ g1Z WZx Z~ b)M
x ZsyZgzZ :z fg "6,wZZ {4Z ` WgzZ
ds %ZWZ
-I
D @*
7J
-zgzZ>XE
WgzZ C',3,
~g Dq LZ L L~',D : ]
.$~ ]gk
~ekZ c*
g Z
^,Yi 6,$Z e B E
.$c*
?BE
bi 6,$Z e \ W[ Z H ?Zg H\ W
S7,7Y 1989[ ~ \Wh
+
D :~g+Zx ?
.$gzZ 3,
$Z@p
pgE
t~kZ
( Y 2005~g{g ) De

339

T\vZ XX m] o m ]n e # ] 4m ZZc*


g Zz
( z~g g) D @*
(+Z @*

{ Zg Z >B
m\vZ -vZwg e
$Zzg \vZg k0Z]|
(q
-Z XXe^ ] ^_n[] o ] u] n ZZc*


g Zz
( ~F,
Y) J{ c*
i$
+g ZD
6,
yy-g ZD
p Y * Vz$
+g ZD
y-q
-ZC
zz
DM
h*7(q
-Z
!W
Zz]gz +}L Lbzgizgttg
$ qZgzZ`G
G
gzZ HwnZZkZ YgzZ YyIs ZC
{ i Z0
+Z
$ q ZgzZ ]c*
g
W] yW
w y H:
L kZ
D n
gyZZ6,
tt
q )Z DkgzZ #
Z q )ZvZ wg<
L vZ[ :g e b}
V bzgizgfT <
L z[]oukgzZ
D c*

ZV}g 1D
HgZgs %Z~g
$uD : ]
? eb~p~gkZy
W?VYy
W *
@YHgigzZ
(gzZbYc*
{
B3,
7ZD :~g+Zx ?
a#
ZZ~ u 0*
$u ^
g
,Y s %Z~ b)z
6,
C
~<
L z [ c*
)Z c*
+ ]c*
gzX ! V;
Hc*
C g
7^
,Y s %Z~ kZm5q
- 4,
g Z[Z i Z c*
s
# ZkZ
kZ x s %ZC
 Bt x Z i s %Z Zg
D ~gzyZa
7KZ6,
^
,Yi 6,
$Z e \WIW D : ]

342

kZ bgzZ hZz
\W]Vc*
+ZwWD : ]
&
?J
-]g Z
D ~ 1978 ~ ~] Vc*
+Z wWD :~g w) _g Zz *
&
*
kZ D7~ ~1~ V}uzo^t kZ
t wz ~zC
g @wW !Zg1!Z V
kZ {gt @*
VV~uz bTgzZ k
,
+wZzi
5
6,Zm ~h Z Z )I@W]|Vzg Z) fgzZ fzz
DYc*
~ x ] Vc*
+Z wWg0
&
+Z ~ Hg ZZgzZ Z e !*

Y 1978gzZ g a kZ n
pg]gzI@W]|O
- Zt )t~T Z~ ~kZ kZ~
q
~ kZ kZ ~ D c*

[ Zj e
$z n kZ gzZ
u~kZ ;ghZzs: ] Vc*
+ZwW~
&
zZgzZ q
-
x Yz I [] Vc*
+Z wW
&
z kZ D ;g x
/
-ZgzZ g D ~$u^t
q
H wz I@W]|Z
# Q
!*
!*
] VD
HH Z kZ6,q
- !*
!*
QD ;g c*
YN*
J
-W
a
kZ vC
gzZ hZz v} (,} (, kZ D D
**
gzZ ~hwVx; **
]| Z D x
kZ
Hc*
{ ~hzZ c*
gT
$**
=D
Hc*
g !*
W!ZZ
ogzZ S&
!: PJ~: i Z D7,yY 5~ ] V
x g ] V~ ]Z YyZ 0*
,]Z Y~ V}uz
'
gzZ y 9zgB 9 ~ i kZ ~ Yg7 D H6,e } (,
g7 mvZ G
*9g ~g Zg Z)]|
z kZ D
Hc*
J
- Z
Z { W,
O

341

~g w)_g Zz**

~]Vc*
+ZwW:g
&

zz ] :SZKZ~ * ~g7 ~ , Z kz J]
.Zg Qo
]c*
Zzg qzggzZ ` Z'
I S~(,q
-Z kZ D *
@Y **
Y

o}g7 ~g Z s sZ Z
# D Zz ~Bg ZZz

~ }iuZ *
) )z <
L IZ g 3 b

}iukZ f'
,
ZX~y
W~,
D Z
**
Z
yZ ~g WVZk
,
zz<
V-&gikZgzZ H cg

D Vc*
x **
( Y 1950Za ) ~g w) _g Zz**
~
~
) Z
] z] g7 ug IBZ G!Z

Dg x
/
ue
$.gzZ hZz ] Vc*
+Z wW Y 1978
&

V~yZh
+
g^v6,
}iu~` W

L ~zC
g @wW **
!Z]|~ ZyZ x
] Vc*
+Z wW L ~h Z Z **
&
I@WgzZ !Z

[] Vc*
+Z wW~g w) _g Zz **
&
D ;gg ZVc*

KZ {z 'g 7 7 ~ V BgzZ I Y  ( Z
x Z L? 
~w'
,~ xsZ H L 1 V L]>

Y {)zyZZ +gZ Z L] yL~ 

gzZ xsZ L[ Zz
g| m
yZz6,{g ( V
/
uI ~ ~` WD D Y

pDg7gzZ z4'
,
+
D
z ]gz ` W~,Z 

D 
C
V

344

343

D Sg CW
/z ~u~ z4 Tg 7V7Va ]q
q kZ D
HW~ V
/
u] Vc*
+Z wWZ
&
# c*
W
zq
-ZQO
~~ =VrZgzZ HkCmvZ G
*9g ~g Zg Z)]|
w~= ? VzI~]Zg q
-Z V ;g Y ZP 5Zg
7=]|t Z D WB}g v]P~=
**
VrZ W~]|Z
# D eY7h
e]|~gzZ ew
-
~Dg c*
\W)]| c*
BgzZ c*
Zy= +G/Z
c*
CgzZ]gm~D Hg Z WZg **
]| ]!*
6,
y]|
= Wk0*
}Ug ? ]|D e7w=]|
 ~D : i ]Z Y~Y 1993tD ]!*
~gz
~]|D74]qD 7YZa}**
W~]ZgZ
Vg^g7 *Z B\WgzZ V YWq~ #
}
.\WW ]
D Y
z]i0*
bkZ
KZd c*

]|D Zq~ #
}
.]| ~ nZ
0
+
i  6,v%_ (
gg Z ~ yZ
z kZ D ~ 7,u ] Vc*

+Z wWD g c ~y
&
W
k0*
Vz)D 6,RYgzZ ( g0
+Z
))
u ,)VLe~D 7 k0*

) ) KZ1DW,
Z !*
gzZ
a
) ) gzZ VzghvV**
Z x KZg !*
-Za ~
q
6U*
>
K] Vc*
+Z wW ?D bB Za kZ V Z e
&
]gzkZgzZg ]!*
~t V ?gzZ ) u q
-Za
DnYH"
$U*z
) )6,
R( @*
kZ7Z
u ( F,
x V }g  Ve **
C t 6,g2] V

{k0*
H7Z Vc*
h ~g ] VD H~
~]Z Y: PgzZJD ZV x V; 4ZgzZI
ByZUvZyZgzZr
# Z ` Zu **
s] V
} (,x ggzZ Y V ~ i kZtW D
Hp~
ogzZ: P J kZQ D Z)g f ] Vc*
+Z wW6,e
&
Vc*
+Z wWa [Z ( x O V ~ V}uz
&
G
*9g Z sZq)]|D c*
[Z h - ]
 Zt W,
Z kZ D `
'
,
i s ~ ] mvZ
w da D W~gZMZ w dgzZ 4" ~Y 1979
} f~
zkZ ZtW,
Z kZakZ znZg ~e
$
gzZ kI Z[ **
{ Z kZ D
H| (,4 gzZ cgz W,
Z <
L IZ
D~
zkZ v}uz
"
5G
3GE
c*
+Z w W
&
z kZ s t Z * ~g7 Z
# ~ Y 1 990
kZ D c*
zZz ]Zg Z 6,kZ e
$t Z6Z ]
: D s ZzgkZ H ] Vc*
+ZwW~e
&
$t Z
z
gzZ
z kZ D } ZZ R:gzZ
zakZ
~g !*
z Z{gz t ZZg g !*
F Ztx Z (,q
-Z~yZ x
gZ x Z sg
) ) z<
L IZ6,R@g !*
6,V;zgzZ ;gq
-p
B70~ Z Z V;z D
Hc*
Z !Zj ~w',~g
gzZ
HJ 7,!t Z^s zZ} Zgiz+C
fDq
-}
g Z0
+
~xsZgzZ[sg g ZyZgzZ]|dZg !*
bkZ
gzZ 6,]! F,{ c*
i wzZ tg z D
Hc*
Z6,j
D H7Z~zqBv! G
0)Z GzZ

346

kZpBZh+'
`g e k s~~ yZ  `g e
] }
.@ }kZ Zj
) ) z<
L IZN C\ WB

) ) z<
L IZ WZ Z6,R@ ` Wt DM
hlZ
yZ\ W H
gzZ ?,g ZkZ\ WHD Z6,] }
.KZsgzZ Z|
#
? ,g Z \W ]gz kZ ;g{ W{z a x T H
`7 ]g gzZ s) Dg]!*
]g gzZ \ W
= gzigzigzZx
/6,kZ **
Dcg Z \ WD'
bkZ\ W7
/
c*
+
h%\W~! **
~D c
WZ e
\ WDV ~hwkZ~g
) ) T\ WDg'!*
kZ= \WVYQ DV ~
/
yZ 
/
_x)
DV7
/
c*
+
h%\ W~Ogw\W?g#i Z0
+Z
<Q **
D y ` WgzZ y {z[Z D c*
gy **
6,kZ
N p=~\W 5tZ7Z r
# Z ` Zu **
D 7
V D W7gzZgzZ c*
:ZztZ **
DY 1YA
yZg Z)f W&zgzZ W~6,] ]zW,
#
rq
-Z V

) ) p%b q :Z {)z r
# Vx F

))
,) c*
4
) ), Zq
-ZsKZgzZ c*
} g Z
c
~(,zz kZ D :ZzZV~ ]Zg Z sgzZ s J
[NZ sKZ**
 Z 7,bytg ZQ=DIZa ])
{z:gzZ ~ q :ZyZg Z) f: VrZ Dg2 s gzZ ~g/)t H
cZg
) ) ~ { ~(,Q D @*
[NZ c*
CZg T
Z; Dg zZ e D J (,Wx ^QgzZ Zg~ c*
Z
CtBkZ w qpZ[] Vc*
+Z wWZ ZZg Z0
&
+

345

xs]ZmI@W]|~,Z D @*
Y NoV
/
t q
-Z ~g2 ] Vc*
+Z wWVrZ Le Y
&
p: z~
(itD gm{q
(^kZ 3g
 6,R( ~ <
$
L IZ
) ) gzZ V x C
!*
D}
k Z)gzZ ) u ~(, ~ 6,}gt) !
]|6,g7 Z Zt W,Z kZ D g @*
Z ~ V
G
*9g ~g **
pV Z',~)kZ DG @*
V!*
)
Tz]~g Zg Z)]| VrZ D q
-mvZ
D m Z 0*
Zu )tD 7]gz]h+'
[Z 7Z  6,~
]gz^\W7Za]D) Fp ~zyZ
akZ D g Y7@
) )6,RYgzZ (7Z D 7
Dce**
5i ZzW~i ZzWyZgzZce*
*yzyZu" {z
Vx  c*
CgzZ H i V!*
x )]| ~)
)6,kZ D J (,
Wx gzZ  p=\WDkZ\ W6,g
9
i7Z a kZ  E.W Z **
g ] Vc*
+Z wW
&
9
E.W Z **
~ D C = q G @*
yZ gzZ
)zz @*
O Z D c*
W7[Z syZp ~Zgr
#
i kZ ~ [Z D ~ 7= \ W
HW {g !*
z r
#
~gzZ Hyr
# ~ !*
W!Z Z **
yZ
#~
BgzZ
H \W{z ! V; VrZ D Y7 ~}g !*
LZ
V} V {z ;gx (Z D} 7,k',6,#
r)
s )]| \W ~ D} 7,O!*
{z X

348

DB\W {z
~ ZZBi4\Wax ,)
zkZD : ]
?4z]
.c*

x Qcg DgOZ Z\W

/Z D :~g w)_g Zz*
*
Zg ~akZD 7gZV}g VY 7
gz]!*
tBkZ !V; DYH{ze6,R~ ZZt
C
` WtXp Y Z A Z
# Z
Z D ~w~ ZZgzZ|
# ~ ZZ~ ZZ LZ
]!*
Z Z
# D V
a K
M Z| l,
e C
~
6,g~ ZZa kZ DY : CZf kZ } @*
g e {z CW
Z LC'
,Vx}Z]|I}Z D,M
h \W
x {zw~ ZZ V J (,xN YWv
 H7g OZ
~g ZDgzZ ~zd~
) )gx YpD[x{zgzZg
^gzZ
) ) {z
/Z D~ ZZ Zgp **
tHZj
**
D pV-Z$
+wq DD 0*
7x Z(, Z {z Dg OZ
gx dZV;zW:ZzC
i ZeYr
# ~g /ZZ
&
~O Z gpD hZz ,yZ ~(, yZ ~ wD
D /GG
,
Z ` WD Zx Z(,gzZ Zx ~ ZZ  kZgzZ a~ ZZ q
-Z
D {g7~yZy
o ] m c*
W~u0*
$uD YYH7g Z ]'
g
,
,),z
7~q=**
gOZ Z7yZ]q ` WpD ^r]
E
!

W t x ~ ZZ pD ._ ]q **
x ~ ZZ D
Vzi !*
z
x\W Z% x ~ ZZ ,x \W7

347

WQgzZg 7 Z
Z 4{z kZ [Z Dk,
5+wZzi
) )
D Z7x ~V &zO Zgm{DCgz$ W
Q x )g fkZW~]g Z\WD : ]
? WVY ~$uZg0
+ZkZ~V P
/
W,
Z !*
~ ~[Z t zz ~
C kZ D :~g w) _g Zz *
*
v [Z Dn Z Zg Z gzZn
]%Z g7+Z ,
: **
YJZ
@}g Z
Z W,
Z!*
D & 
~ZC
 ,Z

L ~
:
C
g_
OZgzZ
) ) ~g7 ] Vc*
+Z wWs
&
kZv }[Z}uzgzZ~]Vc*
+ZwWD
&
]F,
# qg Yq
r
H wZ ~ yZ 2zm{
[Z 7,uV- v D }hg~vgzZ D
D D Zgfz
~,Z D` W Z~(,
]zW,
IZ ~~D : ]
? ]!*
*
*e
$DyZh Zg fz[Z
]!*
wq]g{ ~J
-VD :~g w) _g Zz *
*

D W,
Z {],
ZgzZI Z Z CZ V !*
!*
gzZ Vzc Z~ ~` W
c*
t+h
+%LZ
D c*
wJ e~m{q
-Zf +h
+%
x Zg f
/Z Y ~
A =g ~} ],
Z }
Vzg 
ZVzc LZs]zW,
[!*
g Zx [Z D~ 3 c*
J (,
O ZO Z
VZgzZD `LZ : iq
-Z ( vZY 
Z) D6,

Ht wq[Z DD YZ
z kZ D D 6,
zZ
[ZakZ D @*
0*
7
t[ZD **
ZzgzZ_

b) {zkZ ?}yzy[Z~,Z 7Z a

350

G3E
4XZgzZ ko E}G
$gzZ
**
Zz n
pgpt

D g ~g Yx CZB
Z{ c*
iyDg ;@*
z"~
) )` W/ D : ]
x IZ}g6,X ] y{z~\Wz!*
kZp
?g}7z6,
g
yDg ;@*
z "~
) ) ` W6,gDD :~g w) _g Zz *
*
D ggzZz D  Wt IZ yZ D J (,
] s t z!*
kZ1D g W6,]Z
66,{)z sgzZ ] SD 7{zce **
q A ~ [NZ
Y M ~C
iZ {
xc) ]|D ;g 7V }g ce **
x
q
-Z1tn
s
) ) Hgzx
'
,
i6,
]#Z
Z ZyC
)#~g D @*
Y7x 6,
][
;g Yc*
0*
7V}g yDg (ZZ
# g6,
]
Dcez+
$YkZIZ}g akZD
? H{\W6,
wqzID :]
I V }g ~ t s D :~g w) _g Zz *
*
]oKZ LatLZL7qx **
I C Z'
,c*
}YZ= v D 1| 7,pgzZ 1wp6,a
p **
gzZ H7wgx YZm~g Zg Z)
]!*
kZ D c*
6,~I Zzh
+gx Y Z Zg
g T c*
8
-ggx Y s Z Z 5'
,
]ZW,
Zgx Y 2D b & Zg0
+Z LZ gp V g
X ]Z W,
Z gx Y
t D
3 g 6 }uz

349

DN Y Dx B
gzZyZgzZOgByZ
? H~\W Zzt Z~<
L IZ
) )D :]
kZ ] !*
g _
OZz s %ZJ
-V D :~g w) _g Zz *
*
] %Z D Z] ;z g _
OZz s %Z, z DC
d
] Z W,Z
mZ] %Z D#
.
6,gD aeLZs
&
+
e c*
x **
m
mZ~ ] q` Wt s p D6,
C
D M7 mZ V }g [ Z D cg Z%**
6,gD\ W  Y
~, Z Va e LZ V: ) ] %Z}g Z
#
CW
/g D
+q
-Z '~, Z D Zz l Z z t Z
, Z  Z| 7,v!*
Z > z wji C

) ) vt {z D
\ WDb7,#
yZ\ WD 7]gz{ c*
iV
cg DB { *
*  Zj ,) gzZ
D Y Dx CZjgzZap[ Z
/
] %Z
D ]gzWWV Z [Z Vzt]!*
-ZV
q
]!*
{z [Z~ D ~ }g gzZ  `h1 v
kZ DZgzZ
A &/_
.zl~V Z@'
,
kZ D 7
Z Dce *
*~ i Z0
+Z: i ,) gzZce (,W7Z pa
G
-Z
J
# D **
]g| m
yZz6,6,x **
E}$
) )B
G
D Y7q[Zp t Zz Z~
) ) @*
7{ E}$ .x **
D,x C
D
+
z t=g f W,
q
-Z t Zz Z
zD 7(a!*
V}g k\Z
t6,kZgzZ D 1cn Z 5 vZ Z]B
GE
zC
*
* yDgkZ D
Hc*
g= *gzZkox **

352

~ YIZ D wZ ZZztD :~g w) _g Zz*

*
s$
+yZ  g w$
+ ~! ]q Dg 7 [Z ]q
;g7 (Zp Dzg{6,b)v tx Z (,
-Z~]q
q
gzZ a
-**
ZfO Z D V
/z
~ :W f~ ~
z kZ D

z k0*
}g 1g| (,iz'
,izg]Z W,
ZVo)gzZ Z
Z}uz
T Z(,
a
) ) z<
L IZtD,g6,
]qyZ 7
D ]gz
z*
*g7dgzZ**
gBgzZ { 6,
VtZ { ~p Vzg Ztu<
L IZ G ~
Kg 0*
kZ t wq6,RYgzZ ( D 7,W,
Z !*

} ],
ZvZNZv D ;g hzKg 0*
kZ ;gv
,ZDxsZVzuPt LZ{zDT e7
_C
!*

Y c*
7 gzZ Y H7zg~@ J
-Z
# 6,b)
PD Z gzZ Z@D Y W7t i9J
-Z
#
**
Z \W kZ , Z/\WVPgzZ , {6,V!*
\Wx Z
~V-g Z- gX xsZ D 7x xsZ p Y
xsZBz Z
rg z g0
+Z LZ xsZ D #
\
A+
& /E
gzZ G
D /GG
w=VEqVzg \W
1VL LD : ]
t ~\WgzZ Hzz g (Z[|Z kZ~ [ Z I %
?g[xX
"7,YZgzZ wz**
V Z }g Zg D :~g w) _g Zz *
*
~g Zg Z)DT e']!*
~y!*
i {zD p { c*
i~
yZ e
$ y!*
,L L~!g LZ n
)
pg w ` Z'
Z V Z

351

t]!*
p.
gzZVc*

gx YDce**
YHs s ZZ
G
gzZ E}$}g7t wgzZ H{C
bg7 ~zgzZ ' kZ
D HB~
c*
z7
-Z9Za
)
ZzV~]q{HD : ]
?]\W~ekZHgzZB~gz\WwEZ
~]tgzZB~gz!*
D :~g w) _g Zz *
*
*
*g (Z \Wg i Z0
+Z Z ;gwEZg g T \W

"7, D c*
hg 7,wz**
gzZy*Z sV[Z D } 7,
Zg f 7
-ZZO Z  _7,x o+
GgzZ ]Zg Z v [Z D7
D 4Z~} #C
C
yy{zt ]ZW,
Z _(,
r Z
 gs V gzZxsZ6,e } (,wEZ kZxsZ 5#
tc*
F,C
i~,Z D e**
t |**
X5 hZ`
x$kZ
-J
q
-V gzZ $
^ kZ J
-u ~(,Y c*
~ xg Z
/Z
Wt tz ,Zt ]!*
g ZZ6,
kZgzZ#
r Z Zg f '
,D} {gtVZakZgzZ
'
,k0*
yZce *
*g6,]!*
kZ ZV Zz#{ Z
? Hgwa[ZVE]ZC
i r Z Zg f
]| 6 ]!*
]}~ r Z Zg f '
,J
-VgzZ
!*
C
yn,
z 8 q  r
# Z Vx xsZ 
VzqyZ
zD x Z
/
z6,sZakZ D 9 g0
+Z {z 9
D ]gzp
pgw
ZzWkZVzg ~ , ZkzD : ]
?Vl b+} fakZgy

354

4ZgzZ ~ !*
ug I= xj% ~ L Z **
6,T ~ #
/Z
YZ~ yZyZ
# ~Q D~ ^! Z ~Q6,q
-
szk,
gzZ kZ yg0
+Z LZ Wr
# q
-Z F Zz
 kZ
H w k,
yZy[ Z g ptVa D z
g tzzq
-ZQ D
HWkZ +
M 8:q
-gzZ
H {z zkZ
D ;g7
zk0*
}IWVc*
g Z)f Z6,zZ}g [Z Zi W~
sg~w'
,
L<
L IZ5#V D :]
b+
M c*

) ) z<
L IZ  ;e b W,
@*
t ~ [Z

C" kZ ? 
~w'
,
~xsZH L L\W6,
kZ
h
+]
.
?7hZ]!*
tVLZVYy
Wp c*
[Z x ZZ
Le
_p:kZkZ \z
/
q
- D :~g w)_g Zz*
*
Kzg ~izg KZ,]|dZ kZ Le b
3Vzuz:gzZ
g ~w'
,
LpJ
-Z
# 
H kZt yZ 1=g f
KZ ~ D ]; yZt Vq D } Zg J
-=
}D H
/YZyvB~w'
,gzZ  b b~ [
\W p Z
/ 
g Z ~g g )]|y WZ ?k0*
!;z ~w'
,L
L c*

~[ZwZq
-Z~}gy0*
Y 1960
!Zjt k0*
}Dce **
Y H T Z c*
5
~ ekZ D Vz
kZ ~
)
Z Z [ KZvZ Y 
yZgzZ
6,R@ O z~ \WLZ  ]!*
-Z ~g
q
Dce V
( Y 2009m{g )

353

L LgzZ g Zi! L L~ T Z w= {zgzZ H qz rx

g (Z[|Z kZ~ ~zc) ~ D Z 
x **

iz i
Zt Zk
,
+kZ D H qz r~ #
5
/ZxgzZ H
I
)
Z kZ xj% +Z I**
#
/Z k
,
w 
/Z~B6B5 ZqztZ
#
# J~ ZgZD
B5#
/Z
kZ D ;g W kZ ci
+Z &&z z wC
` WD
Hg ZD
B15 u
Vz**
"
z CZ a  s g (Z [|Z
gzZ,s~"7,
V*sZ
zkZ {zDs~_
D,q NZBey!*
i
@*
WwZt~fyZ S7,
[{z\WVXD : ]
bkZ ` W
/ZZ
# ? c*
VY~ ekZ \Wy
W
D,Iv N W,k
,

~ ]zZ ZZg D
Hug{z !V;D :~g w) _gZz *
*

KZ D Sg Cb sVgzZ ]Zy
KZ
O Z h W[ Zzx Z DN W ~uz ~~ y~
ZtW,Z kZ DcZD gy[ ~g[Z H 

zg Z%g;gE- D
HH[ 
Zu~ ;gE- c Z
w=~~ 
gzZxsZ D Z 
~ggy ZjkZ
**
Z
# ~Y 1970D ] gzZ F~gzZ [
z kZ k,

i~BZ kIZ xZ e **
gzZ k I Z [
]yD ;g~* ~k,
ZjgZx Z ~
6,] ,B 160 yZZ +g Z Z D Z {! q
-Z Z x **
!q
-Z Z6,yZZ +gzZ]|dZ D a**
QgzZ~ iq
-Z D

356

? 7VY c*
p I}IV]
Mg }g s<
tzz~(,
-Z IVk IZ[*
q
*

z kZ
(D +
$Y (z 7zZ
z{ c*
i skZa kZ q p C
gzZx
/ N { c*
i
C (F,
ZgzZ p Vc*
0*
Va~ <
gzZ C
D Z7,6,W,
Z T @*
Y Hx ZoZ kZ ~ {a kZ
gzZV1p { c*
ikZ @*
_V1I{zV
bgz]Zg ZIID @*
Zg7 tzf CZ {z=g fV1
7!*
ZgkZtzz ~(,kZ 7z{ c*
is_
I 7zs kZ Vzg Z)f }g gzZ
y!*
izg Z~V !*
i ~uz D q ZgzZ ~gze
$.
CggzZ ~ OZ (YI Y 46,
ukZ
/Z D gz$~
x OZq
-Z gzZDy!*
izgZ KZBBgzZ V] bC

ce ~ ^q
-q
-Z6,
gLZV~ekZ D

z gzZ V Zg { c*
i { c*
i sI gzZ zg Z x Z @*
- Vzuz ]!*
J
KZ ~ i kZ c*
zY , kZ ]gz
V m V x V}uz W,
M7Z
] KZ J
-VzuzgzZ q ] Vv Zi Z
gz$ y!*
izgZ6,
g $
+~g tD=g f W,
gzZ Ze
$.
{z g Z Zg VY gz${ c*
igzZI kZgzZ
Ix Z ~gz$
gi
+ggzZ6,(Reader ship)
gi
+g
$E
gzZV c*
0*
~g 0pG
~IVaD ;g 7,

355

k I Z[**

Zg Z :zz!*

i *" A z Z  ~ f4P yZ kI Z [ **

V B30sDTgsz^~V
/
u~zd
x Z9
g I)g fzLZB~i *" e
$.
g7 ugIBZ G!Z
) Z
\W~Y 1970D g}
!Z [ Z m"ZL Lkg!z !Z >z0
+
Q
+g D
+J
-Y 1982 Y 1974 ~ g7 ug IBZ G!Z kZ

eJ
-Y 1984 Y 1982V [~:Q,x Z] }
.
gzZ:Zzy*zyZ7yEZwZ
# 1#
i5~~
z"x **
ZgZ~Tc*

/
%V
/
udKZ

+]
h
.isL)x ~ ]gZ Z KZ J
-Y 1992 Y 1988H{gZ Z ;@*

yZZ + L)x J
-V B7 g {g

Z
+Zi Xg z gzZ ] z }pg " 
]g Z Z

z ]$
+ggzZ gZx ZgLzZ <
L IZ sg L~XX;@*
z"

6,b) q i p
0 Y 1857 SD qZ m{ ]Z
G
<
L IZ
) ) { z  + z D
+zk
,
~ i Z0
+Z: H T

yVZ ~zdsD
rgzg 5Z Z tn
s
~k
,
g
$u(7Z )Z G$ ~E0) W,
O

6'
,
gzZi
ZB ry 0*
m<!*
yzgzZ 
]iYZ

DK~VzggzZV@Z

358

axsZ {z { Zp g,q ^

,Y gz kZ~gzC
D c*
W
yZ gzZ c*
CZ s sZ }g yZ a V c*
a +
M
KZ
s sZ LZ~g (ZgzZ [NZz wEZ D HwEZ
Dce**
CZx
? ZXx Z} f~~i Z0
+ZW,
ZIIV]
6,gI )g f x Z} fIVkI Z [ *
*
 nVc*
Y 3gt g @*
I D !*
gzZ ~g Y
gzZ @*
YZ _I yZY ]I F,
{ c*
i {z  Zz
} f !*
q$
+gzZ .6,
bTD @*
W,
ZyZ6,
x ZgzZMg
kZ D 3g !*
I bZ 3g !*
kgZx Z
x {z  ]zW,
[Z: gzZ q 46,
u #
: Z ~
^~h takZ D yz~^~g Zh
+y

gzZ
gMg
gzZ g^~h twqpg `kZ x Z} f9gzZ g
Dg vZY 
yZ
Z
# yZh!*

A &ztzf ~k
,
~f}g IV]
kZg i WKZ~"
$yZyf9Zzrg kg Z
? \WgZ)f
~g Y qz ] }
.NgzZ ~k
,
IVkI Z [ *
*
:z+
$Y] }
.NgzZ"zk
,
f Z7(Z~gz D
~g Y qzt p $
gzZ YSgzZ D ~
j4)g fwVq
-Z~kZ yg Z)f kZwZ ;g[Z D
{ c*
iw {z C8
- gzZ a{ c*
i w T~ Lg : V 0*
6,
tn"gzZk
,
D Le **
{ c*
ikZ ~1gzZ @*
g

357

gzZ Sggz$
C~g zz yZ]}g g0
+Z{)z]Zg3Z
D CgzZm
)
Z yZD V<
 {z6,g
,z+Z
+gzZ ,z}zx sV!*
yZ

D $
0]!*
A
$
]gzz6,
gZaqgzZ[x IV]
?gzZQc*

y\WZ Y~z6,
Vzq{g7ZH ?
6,
gI6,
gkZ[NZ }pIVkI Z[*
*
C
 @*
~g e bVz }pgzZ W,
OgzZt
W,
O| 7, p <
Xv 6 }uzgzZn W,
M
kZ Y H Za t_g0
+ZV x  ~gztD
#naI : { ]Zg 3Z D I {Z
+
gzZ |'
,qg" ~ ]Zg 3Zbg I {z% #

~C
z!*
]qQp'
,
qg" {zV|
Y
/Z bkZ @*
Y q: @*
y
KZ
z[Za kZ  M
h ]Zg 3Z o nf
$Z6,
]Zg 3ZgzZYHo
gi
+g DM
hyz~kZ{zY
D $
"
$U*
/

g gzZ'!*
t Y Ho

gzZZg Vg )
, Y H7ib){~ zg g
$ugzZ yW

] yZ ~e]Z XZ ~)gzZg @*
Y HzyZsm
~)DY H7syZ 7Z ,q ^
,Y bkZg CY ~
Va#
}
.+
M
KZgzZxsZ y.~)c*
xE~)c*
]Z XZ
xsZ tDY H7{z]gz7gzZ CXgzZ
@*
(Z 7q5t ;g W`kZgzZ ` Z'

360

C
zzZ!g c*
~P qcB6Z D 7
kZQ{gzB6gzZ m~B6 } Lg {z
/Z -
Dn]1 zQxkZ @*
~g7
Dg}vP s sZgzZ+Z
+}g IV]
I Z
) ) \W~,ZgZa f
A & !*
BgzZg Y
?D 0*
6,
x <
L
D{z Xs sZgzZ'
,
Z}g IVkI Z[ *
*
VYJ
-uKZ~i Z ~yZ D^
,6,x g Zaz

/Z[yZ D`Y* kZn {zs sZ}

@*
xt
 **
V Zz [LZgzZ **
\WLZ
p~yZ f
eNVz(,Z
#  @*
(Zp
 @*
(Zp V ZzgzZ CW7~ wKZ
kZVs sZa ~V Zz {z  + }g c*
Zz
,Z~7ZgzZVg.
{zN W,ZyZs sZa
;g W` p ~)wZzigzZo zZ D,x +F,
Vc*
 VZa Z
Z
,) [Z D~ V~z*gzZ V @*
~ q
-z^C
6
=Zg #yZ qz ]|dZ \W}Y gZ
Qp zZ x {)zy WZ ?]|gzZxsZ Zg
WZ ?gzZI@WIqy 0*
WZ_} {gzZ #yZ

/
 ]Z|yZQ ~ {)z Zg{zgz
s Z**
c*
# ~g ZgZ) Or
r
# vZ ?]|}
Ta [Z D ~ LZ {z {)zZ:~z
~)o zZt D ~ LZt V @*
g \WLZ ~ ~

359

yZX Z (,
pK fJ
-wk [Z
\81? kZ [gzZ| @*
tt
yZ gzZ  g Y ~ Z [Z  sp]q [Z
WZ qq
-Z ,:i ZZ
# k
,
gzZ"
$D g
)
Z
Q7q~ ^2 zc*
Zg 2
+
Zzt Z{z
D @*
C
Y z{ Zp{Z Ug @*
k
,
] z q
-ZgHZ
#
]gz x PZ]KZ
g Z * c*
y
KZ I
\W bkZ D @*
g6a zs kZ {z SgJ
-u
8
- k
,
{zkZ D M
h } g Z
g Z)f ]6,g~
C
kZ k
,
gzZ { c*
i k
,
aD gzZ { c*
i~ Lg
k
,
Z
# 7{Z
+ ~ ~ kZ ~
,
k
.g zz V!*
Vz yZ D {Z
+~ kZgzZ
D Cz{ c*
is
T; g
_~]g Z Z\WJ
- iq
-Z h
+
]
.i sL)
L x IV]
zz X [Z y{zy
WQ
/hZq
-Z6,R,)
?Z7,
*
*Z
h
+]
.i s ]1 zz ~
C kZ IVkI Z [ *
*
~i MkZQ @*
~i M~kZ @*
}gz~yZgz
)
Z
~ ekZ= DC {)z
)
ZgzZ
) S !g CW g )g f
tq
-Z~yZ Z W,
Z VzqX6,g~g pC7,gzZV*.6,
]q yZ ]q V;z1 @*
Y!g { YZ ~
cB6gzZ !g J
-Y 1992DX q cB6QgzZ Z7,W,
Z6,g
o **

M=g f {gzgzZ *
*{gz },Z ]q o}g7

362

@tztzf yZ ~VgzZvB7[ZNg { c*

*
i
ZgzZ]gz~^yz D @*
W7~VbkZ{z
^7%]1LZq
-gzZ^p p
gzZ) ~i M~ q HZgzZ V1B]1vgzZ~W}$

z]Zg ZgzZ ]**

~g Z V -a{)zH
yz x ZgzZ Yx YHwEZyZj` Wa
VrZgx  ~ Vo)v {z}g D Y7x t%
-ZgzZ ;gq {Z
q
+7Z T c*
` Z'
bkZ x ZLZ
7 *
@Y- Zg f,ZPyZtq~
C~(,

tD7x CYq!x{ c*
igzZyZzzkZ D Y
]Z|Zzp
pg ` Z'
OgzZ P+
$Y kZgzZce **
!Zi Z kZ
D m7! x{ Zp{p Zz
g Zx
/
%xq
-Z;@*
z"V;z \W IV]
7zkZ` W6,
gizzH1g4z]
.aZ
? @*
W
bkZZg Z .Zz ._"! V; IVkI Z[ *
*
cgq
-Z ~kZce**
bT e7qzZx CZ
p yz W 6,x **
ggzZKx Z}g t
 zz x **
q yz yZa x ~k
,
gzZ N
A+
.
E
x THVP}gzZ~T sZ Z L L
gzZ ce **
6e: x bkZ {z1wB26
Zg ZgzZBZgZx ZD ^~uz kZ~ Zg Zwq
gzZ @*
7yz yZQ 7gZ
# D C7g {)z

361

CZ^c*
- ]ggzZ ;g W` [
q
~ y!*
i ( \Wq Z D @*
Wo zZ ~ kZ p gz
~g yZ p gz { ^
,Y Vzg7J
-[Z Y 1947
*
*~ 7Z 6gzZ  [Z D t
i Z0
+Z ZgzZ[Z
Z
Z,jkZYc*
= YZg ZkZ ;g{z YYHgzZ
p gz LZvZ Y 
yZ N YK Za bza kZgzZ Y
DV"
$U*
gzZ
/
g [gz LZgzZVs sZ
gzZ~k
,
X {gzgz Vr #xsZ6,
R@` W IV]
s<
L I Z
) )1g A
$kx [Z ~k
,

,Z D Z z kZ6,R( :gzZ Y {!*

}g TgkC]gzX\W^YgzZ(~
?,x Z} f
g Z gzZ (6,gV }g IVkI Z [ *
*
` Z'
,) Zg Hx 6,gLZ LZ
/Z ]Z|PD ~gz$
WZ_xsZ Y1x **
/Z~gzZ(D e0: yzyZ

VM x **
Vc*
{zt ~g Zg Z) ]|gzZ !ZI@Wy
v gzZ x gzZ Hx i Z0
+Z LZ LZ ~gz LZ LZ
x Z9
] KZ KZ ~
(BgzZ ;gZg VyZ V
bkZ6,R fmZp c*
 Cx 6,R Z{ c*
i vp c*

-V kZ]gz^Dce m: Zk
J
,
+yZ
5
**
x tD g Y kC` WgzZ kC]gzkZ wZ
}g DC ~kZ ]!*
-VgzZ x ZZpce
J
^gzZ
( B{z
Hc*
c*

H0 bkZ ` Z'
x Z

364

DN e
$kZ0g Zh
+y
( *gzZ **
Z6, gx Y) {z
LZ {z ~g Z)f [Z V e
$kZ ]!*
C

} kZ z N e
$kZ)g f Vzk
,
gzZ ]z }p
yZ=DN g Zh
+y
VzuzgzZFg Zh
+y

p x Z~g Z)f ~(,

2 h
+]
.gz D "
$U*
!g W,
gzZ YZq
-Zt~wvZY 
yZ
VwEZ bzgzZ Zg f ^
,YgzZce D
bg
6,yZ
KZVzuz ce **
x <
L gzZxsZV[Z gzZV g
BaOgwgz]!*
kZ~ekZ Dce **
zs
]gzi Z0
+Z: Zo]gz
1 gzZce **
: Z i Z0
+Z gB
DV c*
U]p p
( Y 2003s6,
Z {g )

363

~gz$~mzz ~uz D YY H7yz x Z%x

gzZ  f
e{P v }uz bTt {z D
= ~ V/}uz V @*
0*
7~ bkZ  f
e8
- ~ i Z0
+Z
D @*
W7{P
tgZ Z\Wz yZZ+ L)
L x
gJ
-Vt IV]
?@*
gZ6,
'!*
bkZ~fVZ! V;IVkIZ[*
*
 9t J
-uq
-Z D W,G
& t6,g !*
igzZ  {z
@*
cg gZ @*
tg Z ZqZ~ggzZ+
G
~g yZZ+ L
L xt G\Wp CC
Z ggzZ
dZk
,
skZ~ mkZ y[ ~ggzZ!g y[
{g Z Z Cg q
-Z y[ ~g Dce 7*
* %KZ= x C
V
=akZ H qzx DgzZ q
-Z kZBB
]!*
Y5VzgzZ ~gz9 y[ ~gBB
gzZ amZpt M
hV- \Wtg Z Z D W ~K
D $
Y`~h 5x ZzmZpgzZax Z}p!*
?x s\Wagx Y)x Mg IV]
-[Z}g gx Y)x vZY 
J
IVkI Z[ *
*
yVZ j,j 7 jyEZgzZ }g
/
~g {z
LZ \WD g ` e p g D\Wgx Y
\WVaI~
CDkZgzZ B g x B g
H\WgzZOgt kZT e Hx ZakZ
) ) z<
L IZ
tn
Mg DceW~VzOgt kZT e

365