CURVILINEAR MOTION 1. Draw the curve y(t) = cos t, x(t) = sin t for t = 0 to 2 in 0.5 intervals.

First, we need to set up a table of values which we obtain by substituting various values of t: t x(t) y(t) 0 0 1 0.5 .48 .88 1.0 .84 .54 1.5 1.0 .07 2.0 .91 -.42 2.5 .60 -.80 3.0 .14 -.99 3.5 -.35 -.94 4.0 -.76 -.65 4.5 -.98 -.21 5.0 -.96 .28 5.5 -.71 .71 6.0 -.28 .96

Answer: We plot our 13 points, starting at (1, 0) as follows:

We see that we have formed a circle, centre (0,0), radius 1 unit. Notice that the variable t does not appear in this graph, just the variables x and y. 2. If x = 5t3 and y = 4t2 at time t, find the magnitude and direction of the velocity when t = 10. Answer: When t = 10, the particle is at (5000, 400).

Here is the graph of the motion. Note:

The axes are x and y (and do not involve t). The particle is accelerating as time goes on (the red dots are at one second intervals)

We are told that x = 5t3 So

At t = 10, the velocity in the x-direction is given by:

Also, y = 4t2

so the velocity in the y-direction is:

When t = 10, the velocity in the y-direction is:

So the magnitude of the velocity will be:

Now for the direction of the velocity (it is an angle, relative to the positive xaxis):

So v = 0.053 radians = 3.05. 3. If

and

at time t, find the magnitude and direction of the velocity when t =2. Plot the curve. Answer: When t = 2, the particle is at (8, 0.6).

so

At t = 2, dx/dt = vx = 20/25 = 0.8 ms-1. Also, so

When t = 2, dy/dt = vy = 0.5 ms-1. So

Now for the direction:

So v = 0.558 radians 4. A car on a test track goes into a turn described by x = 0.2t3, y = 20t 2t2, where x andy are measured in metres and t in seconds. (i) Sketch the curve for 0 t 60. (ii) Find the acceleration of the car at t = 3.0 seconds. Answer: (i) Sketch:

(ii) Acceleration: Horizontal acceleration: x = 0.2t3

At t = 3.0, ax = 3.6 Vertical acceleration: y = 20t 2t2

At t = 3.0, ay = -4 Now

and

So the car's acceleration has magnitude 5.38 ms-2, and direction 312 from the positive x-axis. 5. A particle moves along the path y = x2 + 4x + 2 where units are in centimetres. If the horizontal velocity vx is constant at 3 cm s-1, find the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the particle at the point (-1, -1). Answer: This is a different situation to the other examples. This time we have y in terms ofx, and there are no expressions given in terms of "t" at all. To be able to find magnitude and direction of velocity, we will need to know

and

But the question already gives us

so all we need to find is

To find this, we differentiate the given function with respect to t throughout using the techniques we learned back in implicit differentiation: y = x2 + 4x + 2

Since

and we want to know the velocity at x = -1, we substitute these two values and get:

So now we have vy = 6 cm s-1. So the magnitude of the velocity is given by:

The direction of the velocity is given by:

So the velocity is 6.7 cm s-1, in the direction 63.4. 6. A rocket follows a path given by (distances in km):

If the horizontal velocity is given by V(x) = x, find the magnitude and direction of the velocity when the rocket hits the ground (assume level terrain) if time is in minutes. Answer: Let's first see a graph of the motion, to better understand what is going on.

We can see that the rocket hits the ground again somewhere around x = 9.5 km. At this point, the horizontal velocity is positive (the rocket is going left to right) and the vertical velocity is negative (the rocket is going down). "V(x) = x" means that as x increases, the horizontal velocity also increases with the same number (different units, of course). So for example, at x = 2 km, the horizontal speed is 2 km/min, and at x = 7 km, the horizontal speed is 7 km/min, and so on.

To calculate the magnitude of the velocity when the rocket hits the ground, we need to know the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity at that point. (1) Horizontal velocity. We just need to solve the following equation to find the exact point the rocket hits the ground:

Factorising gives:

And solving for 0 gives us x = 0, x = -310, x = 310 We only need the last value, x = 310 9.4868 km (This value is consistent with the graph above). So the horizontal speed when the rocket hits the ground is 9.4868 km/min (sinceV(x) = x). (2) Vertical velocity. We now need to use implicit differentiation with respect tot (not x!) to find the vertical velocity.

But we already know dx/dt and x at impact, so we simply substitute:

This gives us a negative velocity, as we expected before:

So now we need to find the magnitude of the velocity. This takes into account both the horizontal and vertical components.

Magnitude = Substituting, we have:

Velocity has magnitude and direction. Now for the direction part.

Angle of motion: Substituting our vertical and horizontal components, we have:

In degrees, this is equivalent to -1.107148718 57.25578 = -63.3907 We can see that this answer is reasonable by zooming in on the portion of the graph where the rocket hits the ground (with equal-axis scaling):

So in summary, the velocity of the rocket when it hits the ground is 21.2 km/min in the direction 63.4 below the horizontal.

7. The bob of a 2 m pendulum describes an arc of circle in a vertical plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob for the position show, find the velocity and acceleration of the bob at the position. .

Answer: Draw the free body diagram of the mass .

F = ma
t

2mg mg cos ( 30o ) = man Solve for the acceleration . mg sin ( 30o ) = mat at = ( 9.81 m/s2 ) sin ( 30o ) at = 4.90 m/s 2 Compute the tangential velocity . 2mg mg cos2( 30o ) = man an = ( 9.81 m/s2 ) 2 cos ( 30o ) v an = t vt = an at = 16.30 m/s 2

mg sin ( 30o ) = mat = man

vt =

( 16.30 m/s ) ( 2 m )
2

= 5.71 m/s 8. Determine the rated speed of a highway curve of radius r = 400 ft. banked through an angle, q = 18o. The rated speed of the banked curve road is the speed at which a car should travel if no lateral friction force is to be exerted on its wheel. Determine the equation of motion for the car with a radius r = 400 ft. banked through an angle, q = 18o.

F F

=0 R cos ( 18o ) W = 0 R sin ( 18o ) = man = man

Solve for R and find an. tangential velocity . mg R= cos ( 18o ) man = R sin ( 18o ) mg sin ( 18o ) = cos ( 18o ) an = vt = vt2 vt = an

Compute the

( 10.46 ft/s ) ( 400 ft )

2

= 64.7 ft/s 60 mph = 64.7 ft/s = 44.1 mph 88 ft/s

an = g tan ( 18o ) = ( 32.2 ft/s2 ) tan ( 18o ) = 10.46 ft/s 2

9. A block B of mass m may slide freely on a frictionless arm OA, which rotates in a horizontal plane at a constant rate ,Knowing that B is released at a distance r0 from O and express as a function of r (a) the components vr of the velocity of B along AO, (b) the magnitude of the horizontal force F exerted on B by the arm OA.

Draw the free body diagram of the block B. Answer:

F F

= mar = ma

0 = m & r& r& 2

) )

&+ & & r& & vr = r &= vr F = m r& 2r& dv Determine the velocity of the r component dvr dr &= & r& vr = = vr r dr dt dr

 dv 2 & 0 = mv r Substitute into the equation for r double dot r dr r & Insert ther and = & & 0 &=
0.5 F = m r ( 0 ) + 2 & r 2 r02 ) & ( to find the force. 0.5 2 = m 2& ( r 2 r 2 )

))

10. A skateboarder has dropped into a 3 meter (radius) quarter pipe. When shes dropped a distance of 1 meter her speed is 3.2 m/s and is increasing by 7.8 m/s. Determine the normal and tangential components of the skateboarders acceleration. Solution The equation of the skateboarders path is that of a quarter circle:

where R is the radius, 3 m. First, we need to determine the actual location of the skateboarder when she has dropped 1 m.

ans = 2.8282 The angle in degrees at point A can then be determined as: >> atan(2.8282) * 180/pi ans = 70.5273

While the angle (in degrees), , is found using the atan() function and multiplying by the conversion factor 180o/. >> PHI = atan(v_dot / ( v^2/rho )) *180/pi PHI = 66.3655 The angle of the acceleration in degrees from the positive x axis is: >> ANGLE = THETA + 90 + PHI ANGLE = 226.8941 11. Determine the drag force on a ping pong ball (immediately after launch; assuming a launch velocity of 9.5 m/s): Fd = ( _ )(1.21 kg/m3)[(.038/2)2](9.5 m/s)2 = 0.062 kgm/s2 = 0.062 Newton This may not seem like a large force, but consider it in the light of the mass (0.0025 kg = 2.5 gm) of aping pong ball. Using F = ma: 0.062 N = 0.0025a , a = 24.8 m/s2 !! Thus, this seemingly small drag force, when applied to a very light ball, produces an acceleration that is over twice the acceleration due to gravity!! (24.8 m/s2> 9.81 m/s2.( Conclusion: A ping pong ball is an unsatisfactory projectile because of its low mass and high crosssectional area. The optimal projectile will have a higher mass and a fairly small cross-sectional area. A Figure 1: Some forces (wind excluded)that may act on a projectile Figure 2: For an idealized projectile, weignore wind, lift, and drag and only consider weight03/09/04, Page 2 more massive projectile, due to greater momentum (mass times velocity), will be less sensitive to smalldrag and other forces that may tend to alter its trajectory.

12. A player shoots a free throw to a basket 15 feet away and 10 feet off the floor. If the ball is released from a point 7 feet above the floor and at an angle of 50, determine: (1) The required initial velocity, v0; (2) The time the ball passes through the rim; (3) The maximum height of the trajectory; and (4) The speed of the ball and the angle of its trajectory as it passes through the rim.

13. An iron worker, on the ground, wishes to toss a rivet so that it lands in a bucket of rivets on a scaffold. If the iron worker tosses the rivet at 10 m/s, determine the two launch angles at which the rivet could be thrown to strike the rim of the bucket. Specifywhich of the two trajectories will enable the rivet to land in the bucket.

14. In the previous problem an iron worker tosses a rivet at 10 m/s and we saw that two trajectories are possible for the rivet to strike the leading edge of the bucket on the scaffold. What if he tosses therivet at some lower velocity? Is there a single minimum velocity and associated angle that will allow the rivet to justreach the rim of the bucket?

15. A heuristic is a rule-of-thumb.The objective of this example is to use some simple numbers is to help the learner to more easily estimate approximately what speeds might be necessary for a launched projectile. Determine, for level ground, (1) The launch angle that gives the maximum distance; (2) The corresponding launch velocity; (3) The maximum height of the trajectory.

16. The complex path of a particle for times between 0 and 10 seconds has been fit using multivariable regression to the following functions:

17. On turning a corner, a motorist rushing at 20 m/s, finds a child on the road 50 m ahead. He instantly stops the engine and applies brake, so as to stop the car within 10 m from the child. Calculate retardation and time required to stop the car. Solution: =0 Let 'a' be the acceleration. v2 = u2 + 2as, Here u = 20 m/s and v 0 = (20)2 + 2.a.(50 - 10)

a = - 5 m/s2 ( Retardation of the car ) We also know that v = u + at. Hence the time required to stop the car is 0 = 20 + (-5) t, t = 4 seconds. 18. A stone is dropped from the top of a tower, 50 m high. At the same time another stone is thrown upwards from the foot of the tower with a velocity of 25 m/s. When and where the two stones cross each other?

Solution: Height of the tower is 50 m. First the stone that was dropped from the top is considered. For this u = 0 and a = g. Hence the distance traversed by the stone in time 't' is s = ut + at2 = 0 + 0.5gt2 Now consider the stone that was thrown from the bottom. u = 25 m/s and a = -g. Distance traversed by the stone in time 't' is 50 - s = 25t - 0.5gt2 Adding both the equations we get the value of t = 2 seconds. The distance at which both stones cross each other is s = 0.5gt2 = 0.5 x 9.8 x (2)2 = 19.6 m. 19. A fly wheel runs at a constant 100 rad/s. When the drive motor is switched off the wheel takes 5 minutes to come to rest. What is the angular deceleration? Solution: Time t = 300 seconds. Initial angular velocity wo = 100 rad / sec and w = 0. w = wo + at, Hence retardation a = ( 0 - 100 ) / 300 = -0.33 rad / sec2 20. A racing car takes a bend. Given that vA = 40 m/s , vB = 48 m/s Constant tangential acceleration and R = 300m. What is the total acceleration at B?

Tangential angular acceleration at = ra, and angle qA - B = p / 2 wa = 40 / 300 = 0.133 rad / sec, wb = 48 / 300 = 0.16 rad / sec Angular acceleration a = ( wb2 - wa2 ) / 2qA - B = 0.00252 rad / sec2 Hence Tangential acceleration = ra = 300 x 0.00252 = 0.76 m / s2 Normal acceleration an = vb2 / R = 7.68 m / s2 Total acceleration = 0.762 + 7.682 = 7.72 m / s2