Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien

[Telecommunications Research Center Vienna]

MIMO Communications (389.094)
Lecture 1
Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler
October 9, 2008
MIMO Communications
Lecturers
Maxime Guillaud {guillaud@ftw.at}
Erwin Riegler {riegler@ftw.at}
from FTW (Telecommunications Research Center Vienna)
http://www.ftw.at/
Webpage
http://userver.ftw.at/guillaud/MIMO_course/mimo_course.html
Grading - Written exam at the end of the winter term
Lecture notes: Hardcopy of the slides handed out at the
beginning of each lecture
Time: Thursdays 17:00h-18:30h, Room CG 0118..
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 2
Reference Books
Fundamentals of Wireless Communications, D. Tse and P.
Visvanath, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Available online
at http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/dtse/book.html
MIMO Wireless Communications, E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A.
Constantinides, A. Goldsmith, A. Paulraj, H.V. Poor, Cambridge
University Press, 2007.
MIMO Wireless Communications, C. Oestges, B. Clerckx,
Academic Press, 2007.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 3
Outline (1)
Fundamentals
Electromagnetic wave propagation and channel models
MIMO channel and signal models
Tools from information theory
Coding theory, capacity
Importance of channel knowledge
Channel fading
Frequency-selective channels, time-variant channels
Space-time coding
Diversity and multiplexing
Receiver architecture and algorithms
Multi-user systems
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 4
Outline (2)
Applications
UMTS with MIMO enhancements in Release 7 and
Long-Term Evolution
Wireless LAN according to IEEE 802.11n
WiMAX 802.16
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 5
A General Point-to-Point
Communication System
Transmitter Receiver
Channel
(Tx)
(Rx)
- - -
Message

Message
?
The engineer seek to design the Tx and Rx so that the
message is transmitted with a prescribed reliability
We have no control over the behaviour of the channel but
it is a good idea to know it well and to adapt Tx and Rx to it
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 6
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
Communications
Rx
Tx
H
.
.
.
.
.
.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 7
Benets of Multiple Antennas
Energy efciency (array gain): Signal to thermal noise ratio is
improved. Increased coverage.
Error rate reduction (diversity gain): Mitigates fading through
spatial diversity.
Spectral efciency (multiplexing gain): Increased bits/channel
access (bpca) rate.
6

-
Spectral
Error rate
Energy
reduction
efciency
efciency
Interference reduction: Improve the reuse factor in multi-user
scenarios.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 8
Obstacles to MIMO Implementations
Hardware costs: Multiple antennas mean multiple RF chains.
Hardware costs: More involved signal processing requires
more computing power (and energy).
Portable consumer devices are especially sensitive to cost
arguments.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 9
General Model of the Wireless
Propagation Channel
Tx
Rx
-
3
z
-
k
path 1 (LOS)
path 2
path 3
scatterers
U

Received signal contains multiple copies of the transmitted

signals, at different delays (
l
) and attenuations (
l
),
correponding to different paths of the electromagnetic waves.
The straightest path (when it is not obstructed) is called
Line-of-Sight (LOS)
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 10
Some gures...
Absolute delay due to the propagation between Tx and Rx is
related to the speed of light c = 2.9979 10
8
m.s
1
(in the
air:2.9970 10
8
m.s
1
)
Current-generation telephone systems (UMTS) transmit
3.84 10
6
symbols per second
The symbol duration T
s
=
1
3.8410
6
is equivalent to the time that
the electromagnetic waves propagates for T
s
c 78m
In general, this means that the various copies of the transmitted
signal will overlap with the next symbols
Classically modeled by a tapped delay line
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 11
SISO Channel Representation
Transmitted signal: baseband complex signal s
b
(t ) is modulating
a carrier of frequency f
c
s(t ) = Re[s
b
(t )e
j2f
c
t
] .
Example for UMTS: s
b
has 5 MHz bandwidth,
f
c
= 1.8GHz, 1.9GHz, 2.1GHz
Received signal is the superposition of L paths and noise
(thermal noise and interference from other transmitters)
x(t ) = Re[

L1

=0

s
b
(t

. .. .
r
b
(t )
e
j2f
c
t
] + n(t )
r
b
(t ): baseband complex received signal
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 12
SISO Tapped Delay Line Model
The previous expressions can be simplied by using an
equivalent baseband model
Introduce the impulse response function
h() =
L1

=0

)
At the baseband level, the effect of the channel is a convolution
of s
b
(t ) with a time-variant lter h():
r
b
(t ) =

+
=
s
b
(t )h()d + n
b
(t ) =
L1

=0

s
b
(t

) + n
b
(t )
n
b
(t ) is the bandlimited version of the noise term n(t )
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 13
Some remarks
The previous model is missing the following features
Time dependency: h(t , ) instead of h() (

and

change
when the relative position of Tx, scatterer , and Rx changes)
r
b
(t ) =

+
=
s
b
(t )h(t , )d + n
b
(t )
Multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or receiver !
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 14
Convolution with Time-Variant Channel
6
-

h(t , )
6
-

h(t + T
s
, )
6
-

h(t + 2T
s
, )
s(t )
+s(t + T
s
)
+s(t + 2T
s
)
-
6
t
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 15
Several effects at work (I)
Frequency Selectivity
h(t , ) is an impulse response in the lag domain () (there are

1
,
2
. . . for which h(t ,
1
) = 0 and h(t ,
2
) = 0. . .)
The maximum delay between paths (
max

min
) is the delay
spread.
Equivalently, the representation of h(t , ) in the frequency
domain

h(t , f ) is not constant for all f .
The width (in f ) over which it can be assumed constant is the
coherence bandwidth.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 16
Several effects at work (II)
Temporal Variation
h(t , ) depends on t
The maximum time t over which the channel can be assumed
constant (h(t , ) h(t + t , )) is the coherence time.
Equivalently, the representation of h(, ) in the (Doppler)
frequency domain

h

(f
d
, ) has energy in non-zero frequencies
(

(f
1
, ) = 0 for f
1
= 0).
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 17
Time-Selective Fading - Doppler Effect
A stationary EM eld of frequency f
c
is periodic in space (in the
direction of propagation), of period
c
=
c
f
c
.
Sampling it at a different point in space introduces a phase
rotation (1
c
in space = 2 phase rotation).
t
t + t
~

-
d
-
d
d = vt cos
Phase rotation over time t : e
j 2
d

c
= e
j 2
vcos

c
t
Doppler shift caused by a rectilinear uniform movement of
speed v of the Tx or Rx: =
v

c
cos() [Hz]
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 18
Time-Selective Fading - Doppler Effect
(II)
Movement of a scatterer can create a Doppler frequency
multiple of
Non rectilinear uniform movement, or superposition of many
paths leads to Doppler spread.
For UMTS with carrier frequency 2GHz and users moving with
v = 100km/h, Doppler is = 185Hz.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 19
Multiple Antennas System
MIMO systems are useful when the various Tx-Rx antenna pairs
experience different channels
This can be achieved through
Spatial separation
Polarization separation
Direction separation (directive antennas)
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 20
MIMO Channel
scattering
environment
y
1
x
1
x
M
T y
M
R
U

R
1
Tx Rx
M
T
Number of
transmit antennas
M
R
Number of
receive antennas
Tx antenna n and Rx antenna m are linked by the linear
time-varying lter h
m,n
(t , ).
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 21
Time-Variant MIMO Channel: Tx-Rx
relationship
Channel matrix: H(t , ) =

h
1,1
(t , ) . . . h
1,M
T
(t , )
.
.
.
.
.
.
h
M
R
,1
(t , ) . . . h
M
R
,M
T
(t , )

Tx-Rx relationship
y(t ) =

H(t , )s(t )d +n(t )

between the M
T
-dimensional transmitted signal s(t ) and
M
R
-dimensional transmitted signal y(t )
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 22
Directional Discrimination Capability of
Antenna Arrays (I)
d
q
T
z
z(t)
y (t)
1
y (t)
2
Single Planar Wavefront modulated by has bandwidth B
Wavefront z(t ) = (t )e
j2f
c
t
Two antenna array with inter-element spacing d, angle w.r.t.
wavefront
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 23
Directional Discrimination Capability of
Antenna Arrays (II)
d
q
T
z
z(t)
y (t)
1
y (t)
2
Narrowband assumption: B 1/T
z
(t T
z
) (t )
y
1
(t ) = z(t ) y
2
(t ) = z(t )e
j2 sin()
d

Dene the array response vector a() = [1, e

j2 sin()
d

]
T
. Then
y(t ) =

y
1
(t )
y
2
(t )

= a()z(t )
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 24
Directional Discrimination Capability of
Antenna Arrays: Beamforming
This effect has been exploited for a long time in radar
applications
The effect is reversible: one can transmit using the conjugate
response vector as a precoder
x(t ) =

x
1
(t )
x
2
(t )

= a

()s(t )
This technique favours one transmission direction given by :
beamforming
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 25
Scattering Function
Scattering functions represent the channel gains between two
antenna arrays as a function of directions
Example using only one angle parameter at each side:
S(
i
,
i
,
i
) is the scattering amplitude of scatterer i located at
angles
i
and
i
. The propagation delay for this path is
i
.
Tx
Rx
~^
U

1
-
+
-

2
S(
2
,
2
,
2
) = g
2
S(
1
,
1
,
1
) = g
1
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 26
Scattering Function (II)
If the transmitter is sending x(t ) = a()s
b
(t ) and the receiver is
applying the Rx beamformer r
b
(t ) = a
H
()
T
y(t ) we have the
equivalent channel
r
b
(t ) =

a
H
()H(t , )a()s
b
(t ) +n(t )
Scattering function: S(, , ) = a
H
()H(t , )a().
In the previous example, the scattering function has only two
discrete scatterers:
S(, , ) = g
1
(
1
)(
1
)(
1
)+g
2
(
2
)(
2
)(
2
)
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 27
Scattering Function (III)
Channel experienced by the communications system is a
combination of the characteristics of the electromagnetic
channel (S(, , )) and the antenna patterns (P
T
() at the
transmitter and P
R
() at the receiver.
h(t , ) =

P
R
()S(, , )P
T
()
In our example, with isotropic antennas
(P
T
() = 1, P
R
() = 1, ) the equivalent channel is
h(t , ) = g
1
(
1
) + g
2
(
2
)
With a directional Rx antenna (e.g. P
T
() = 1, P
R
(
1
) = and
P
R
(
2
) = 0), it becomes
h(t , ) = g
1
(
1
)
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 28
On The Importance of Channel
Statistics
So far, we assumed that we know perfectly the parameters of the
channel (

, for each path and for each Tx-Rx antenna pair

(n, m))
It is possible to realistically evaluate those parameters through
ray-tracing or other methods however this is very complex and
a very good knowledge of the antennas design and the
scatterers (position, refractive index...) is required
In practical design and evaluation of communication systems,
channels are stochastic, and some distribution must be
assumed.
October 9, 2008 Maxime Guillaud, Erwin Riegler 29