SCHOOL LEVEL SCIENCE FAIR 2011

SCRAP BOOK

Bamboo

PLANTS

Name : S. SREE HARI Year : II Tirunavukarasar School : SJK (T) Tun Sambanthan Pajam Mantin, N. Sembilan

Take care of the trees, they will take care of you

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude and an appreciation to Mrs..Maheswari teacher, for the opportunity, supervision and guidance in assisting me to complete this scrap book in a successful way. It is my duty to extend my sincere thanks to Mr. Ravi Perumal, Head Master, Mrs Nalayani teacher and other class teachers for their continuous support and encouragement.

TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Title Introduction Plant Parts Basic Needs of Plants Plants Parts Types of Non-flowering Plants Images of Soft Stem Plants Images of Woody Stem plants Plants and life on earth Images of Biomas Conclusion References Page No. 4 5 6 7 11 12 14 14 17 18 18

Introduction Plants are critical to other life on this planet because they form the basis of all food webs. Most plants are autotrophic, creating their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and light through a process called photosynthesis. Some of the earliest fossils found have been aged at 3.8 billion years. These fossil deposits show evidence of photosynthesis, so plants, or the plant-like ancestors of plants, have lived on this 3

planet longer that most other groups of organisms. At one time, anything that was green and that wasnt an animal was considered to be a plant. Now, what were once considered plants are divided into several kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. Most aquatic plants occur in the kingdoms Plantae and Protista. Plants are alive, just like people and animals. How do we know this? Living things all do certain things:

They grow and die. They need energy, nutrients, air, and water. They produce young. They are made up of cells. They react to what's around them.

Plant Parts Plant parts do different Roots Roots act like straws minerals from the soil. out of the root, helping in Roots help to anchor the does not fall over. Roots for future use. absorbing water and Tiny root hairs stick the absorption. things for the plant.

plant in the soil so it also store extra food

Stems Stems do many things. They support the plant. They act like the plant's plumbing system, conducting water and nutrients from the roots and food in the form of glucose from the leaves to other plant parts. Stems can be herbaceous like the bendable stem of a daisy or woody like the trunk of an oak tree. Leaves Most plants' food is made in their leaves. Leaves are designed to capture sunlight which the plant uses to make food through a process called photosynthesis. Flowers Flowers are the reproductive part of most plants. Flowers contain pollen and tiny eggs called ovules. After pollination of the flower and fertilization of the ovule, the ovule develops into a fruit. Fruit Fruit provides a covering for seeds. Fruit can be fleshy like an apple or hard like a nut. Seeds Seeds contain new plants. Seeds form in fruit. Basic Needs of Plants Plants need several things to make their own food.

They need: Chlorophyll, a green pigment found in the leaves of plants 5

 Light (either natural sunlight or artificial light, like from a light bulb) Carbon dioxide (CO2) (a gas found in the air; one of the gases people and animals breathe out when they exhale) Water (which the plant collects through its roots) Nutrients and minerals (which the plant collects from the soil through its roots) Plants make food in their leaves. The leaves contain a pigment called chlorophyll, which colors the leaves green. Chlorophyll can make food the plant can use from carbon dioxide, water, nutrients, and energy from sunlight. This process is called photosynthesis. Plant Groups Scientists divide plants into about 35 groups called phyla (one is a phylum). These are some of the more important phyla: Seaweed Mosses Ferns Pine trees Flowering Plants Seaweed: For the first two billion years of life on Earth, there were only one-celled creatures. But after early eukaryote cells began to reproduce by meiosis in addition to mitosis, about 1.4 billion years ago. Beginning about 600 million years ago, seaweed was one of these early plants with more than one cell. Seaweed lived in the ocean.

Seaweed

evolved

to

live

in

shallow

ocean

water,

where

there

was

enough sunlight for photosynthesis, and rocks to attach themselves to.

Seaweed

Mosses:

By

about 540 million years ago,

some

early plants evolved

from

earlier algae that could live on land, outside of the water. These plants were like modern moss. All of the animals were still living in the water, so on land there was only moss and mushrooms. Like other plants, moss plants make their own food by photosynthesis. All of the cells in a moss plant can photosynthesize, thanks to their chloroplasts, so moss plants don't need a circulatory or vascular system. 7

Moss close up

Ferns: After flowering plants evolved, about 100 million years ago, they were more successful than ferns and most of the places where ferns had grown were taken over by the flowering plants. Perhaps in response, ferns evolved quickly into new forms, becoming more like modern ferns. Today ferns grow mainly in places where flowering plants can't grow because it is too wet or too shady or the dirt is too acidic, or there isn't enough dirt (like in cracks in rocks). Some ferns have evolved to live on the flowering plants themselves, growing right on the trunks of living trees.

Fern Pine trees: Near the end of the Carboniferous period, about 300 million years ago, the land on Earth got a lot drier than it had been before. This was because plate tectonics was bringing all of the land together into one big continent, Pangaea. Plants that needed a lot of water, like fernsa nd moss and mushrooms, began to die out, and plants that could live with much less water did better. That was a big advantage in the drier climate, and these dry land plants soon spread all over the new big continent of Pangaea. These plants were pine trees, or conifers.

Pine tree

Flowers: The earliest flowers developed about 360 million years ago, in the late Devonian period, as a way to attract insects and get them to help spread the plant's pollen far away from where the plant was growing. Flowers didn't become really common, though, until the Cretaceous period.

Flowers

Types of Non-Flowering Plants This article was created by a professional writer and edited by experienced copy editors, both qualified members of the Demand Media Studios community. All articles go through an editorial process that includes subject matter guidelines, plagiarism review, fact-checking, and other steps in effort to provide reliable information. By an eHow Contributor Plants can be divided into two broad categories based on their means of reproduction: flowering plants (spermatophytes) and non-flowering plants (crytogams). Nonflowering plants can, in turn, be sub-divided into five main types.

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Algae: These simple plants reproduce by means of spores, and can be found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. They range from single-celled bacteria to seaweeds. Mosses: Mosses, also called Bryophytes, do not have roots, but rather use tiny hairlike structures to penetrate the soil. They require a damp environment in order to survive, and reproduce by means of spores. Ferns: Ferns bear feather-like leaves, which grow above the ground while their stem and roots grow underground. They reproduce by means of spores that grow under their leaves. Conifers: These are evergreen trees that bear needle-like leaves and reproduce by means of seeds that form inside the conifer's cones. Fungi: Fungi lack the green pigment chlorophyll, which is used by green plants to convert sunlight into food. Images of Soft Stem Plants

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Soft Stem Rush (Scirpus validis) A vigorous plant growing to 6 tall with large diameter spikes, an excellent background plant for medium to large ponds Grows in full sun Plant up to 6" deep.

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Image of Woody Stem plants

Plants and Life on Earth Plants help the environment (and us!) in many different ways: Plants are very important to us. All food people eat comes directly or indirectly from plants.

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Directly from plants:

For

Indirectly from plants:

example, apples come from an apple tree. The flour used to make bread comes from a wheat plant.

Steak comes from a cow, and we all know that cows are animals, not plants, right? But what does the cow eat? It eats grass and grainsPLANTS!

So all the foods we eat come from plants. Plants make food Plants are the only organisms that can convert light energy from the sun into food. And plants produce ALL of the food that animals, including people, eat even meat. The animals that give us meat, such as chickens and cows, eat grass, oats, corn, or some other plants. Plants make oxygen One of the materials that plants produce as they make food is oxygen gas. This oxygen gas, which is an important part of the air, is the gas that plants and animals must have in order to stay alive. When people breathe, it is the oxygen that we take out of the air to keep our cells and bodies alive. All of the oxygen available for living organisms comes from plants.

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Plants provide habitats for animals Plants are the primary habitat for thousands of other organisms. Animals live in, on, or under plants. Plants provide shelter and safety for animals. Plants also provide a place for animals to find other food. As a habitat, plants alter the climate. On a small scale, plants provide shade, help moderate the temperature, and protect animals from the wind. On a larger scale, such as in tropical rainforests, plants actually change the rainfall patterns over large areas of the earth's surface. Plants help make and preserve soil In the forest and the prairie, the roots of plants help hold the soil together. This reduces erosion and helps conserve the soil. Plants also help make soil. Soil is made up of lots of particles of rocks which are broken down into very small pieces. When plants die, their decomposed remains are added to the soil. This helps to make the soil rich with nutrients. Plants provide useful products for people Many plants are important sources of products that people use, including food, fibers (for cloth), and medicines. Plants also help provide some of our energy needs. In some parts of the world, wood is the primary fuel used by people to cook their meals and heat their homes. Many of the other types of fuel we use today, such as coal, natural gas, and gasoline, were made from plants that lived millions of years ago.

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Plants beautify Plants, because of their beauty, are important elements of out human world. When we build houses and other buildings, we never think the job is done until we have planted trees, shrubs, and flowers to make what we have built much nicer. Images of Different Biomes Biomes are a region of the Earth's surface and the particular combination of climate, plants and animals that are found in it. Desert Grassland

Tropical Rain Forest

Temperate Rain Forest

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Temperate Deciduous Forest

Taiga

Tundra

In Water

Conclusion Plants directly and indirectly help a lot to the man kind in turn it is our duty to save the plants and environment. References i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) www.historyforkids.org www.theplantlist.org www.waynesword.palomar.edu www.ehow.com www.mbgnet.net/bioplants www.botanical-online.com www.ecofuture.net

Plant a tree and get air for free

If you cut a tree you cut your life

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