UNIT1 2marks:

1. What is a graph of network? When all elements in a network are replaced by lines with circles of dos at both ends. 2. What is tree of a network? It is an interconnected open set of branches which include all the nodes of the given graph. 3. Give the properties of tree in a graph. It consists of all the nodes of the graph If the graph has N no of nodes the tree will have N-I branches There will be no closed path in the tree There can be many possible different trees for a given graph depending on the no of nodes and branches. 4. Define Ohms Law. The potential difference across any two ends of a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing between the two ends provided the temperature of the conductor remains constant. 5. Define Quality factor. The quality factor is defined as the ratio of maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated in one period. 6. Define selectivity. It is defined as the ratio of bandwidth and resonant frequency. 7. Define KCL KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents in node is zero. 8. Define KVL KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path is zero. 9. What is meant by linear and nonlinear elements? Linear element shows the linear characteristics of voltage Vs current. Nonlinear element the current passing through it does not change linearity with the linear change in applied voltage at a particular frequency. 10. What is meant by active and passive elements? If a circuit element has the capability of enhancing the energy level of a signal passing through it is called an active elemPassive elements do not have any intrinsic means of signal boosting.

11. What is meant by unilateral and bilateral elements? If the magnitude of the current passing through an element is affected due to change in the polarity of the applied voltage is called unilateral elements. If the current magnitude remains the same even if the applied EMFs polarity is changed is called bilateral elements. 12. What is a dual network? In an electrical circuit itself there are pairs of terms, which can be interchanged to get new circuits. Such pair of dual terms is given belowent. Current- Voltage Open- Short L-C R-G Series Parallel Voltage source- Current source KCL-KVL 13. Give the steps to draw a Dual Network In each loop of a network place a node Draw the lines connecting adjacent nodes passing through each element and also to the reference node. 14. Mention the disadvantages of Ohms Law. It does not apply to all non metallic conductors It also does not apply to non linear devices such as zener diode, vacuum tubes etc. It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature. If the temperature changes the law is not applicable. 15. Sate superposition theorem. It states that the response of a linear circuit with multiple sources is given by algebraic sum of response due to individual sources acting alone 16. State Thevenins theorem It states that any linear bilateral network can be replaced by a single current source VTH, in series with single impedance Zth 17. State maximum power transfer theorem. Max power is transferred to load impedance if the load impedance is the complex conjugate of the source impedance. 18. State the steps to solve the super position theorem. Take only one independent voltage or current source the branch currents Repeat the above for other sources

To determine the net branch current just adds the currents obtained above.

19. State the steps to solve the Thevenins theorem.

Remove the load resistance and find the open circuit voltage VOC Deactivate the constant sources (fro voltage source remove it by internal resistance & for current source delete the source by OC) and find the internal resistance (RTH) of the source side looking through the open circuited load terminals Obtain the Thevenins equivalent circuit by connecting VOC in series with RTH Reconnect the load resistance across the load terminals

20. What is meant by node? Node - a node is a junction, connection or terminal within a circuit were two or more circuit elements are connected or joined together giving a connection point between two or more branches. A node is indicated by a dot.
21. State the steps to solve the Nortons theorem. Remove the load resistor and find the internal resistance of the source N/W by deactivating the constant source. Short the load terminals and find the short circuit current Nortons equivalent circuit is drawn by keeping RTH in parallel with ISC 22. What is the Load current in a Nortons circuit?
IL= (ISC.RTH) / (RTH+RL)

23. What is the load current in Thevenins circuit?

IL= VOC / (RTH+RL)

24. What is the maximum power in a circuit? Max power:VOC 2/4 RTH 25. Write some applications of maximum power transfer theorem. Power amplifiers Communication system Microwave transmission 26. What is the limitation of superposition theorem? This theorem is valid only for linear systems. This theorem can be applied for calculating the current through or voltage across in particular element. But this superposition theorem is not applicable for calculation of the power.

27. What are the limitations of maximum power transfer theorem? The maximum efficiency can be obtained by using this theorem is only 50% . It is because of 50% of the power is unnecessarily wasted in Rth.

Therefore this theorem only applicable for communication circuits and not for power circuits where efficiency is greater importance rather than power delivered 28. State voltgae division rule. Voltage across a resistor in a series ciruict is equal to the total voltage across elements mulitiplied by the value of that resistor divided by the total resistance of the series elements. V1=(R1)*V/ (R1+R2) 29. State current division rule.s Current in any branch is equal to the ratio of the opposite paralel branch resistance to the total resistance value, multiplied by the total current in the circuit. I1=(R2)*I/(R1+R2) 30. List the applications of Thevinins theorem. It is applied to all linear circuits including electronic circuits represented by the controlled source. This theorem is useful when it is desired to know the effect of the response in network or varying part of the network.

Unit 2 1. What is meant by Resonance? An A.C circuit is said to be resonance if it behaves as a purely resistive circuit. The total Current drawn by the circuit is then in phase with the applied voltage, and the power factor will then unity. Thus at resonance the equivalent complex impedance of the circuit has no j component. 2. Write the expression for the resonant frequency of a RLC series circuit. Resonant frequency fr=1/2LC 3. What is resonant frequency? The frequency at which resonance occurs is called resonant frequency. At resonant frequency XL=XC 4. Define series resonance. A resonance occurs in RLC series circuit called series resonance. Under resonance Condition, the input current is in phase with applied voltage. 5. Define Quality factor. The quality factor is defined as the ratio of maximum energy stored to the energy dissipated in one period. 6. What are half power frequencies? In RLC circuits the frequencies at which the power is half the max/min power is called half power frequencies. 7. Define selectivity. It is defined as the ratio of bandwidth and resonant frequency. 8. Write the characteristics of series resonance. At resonance impedance in min and equal to resistance therefore current is max. Before resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit and above resonant frequency the circuit will behave as inductive circuit.

 At resonance the magnitude of voltage across the inductance and capacitance will be Q times the supply voltage but they are in phase opposition. 9. What is anti resonance? In RLC parallel circuit the current is min at resonance whereas in series resonance the current is max. Therefore the parallel resonance is called anti resonance. 10. Write the characteristics of parallel resonance. At resonance admittance in min and equal to conductance therefore the current is min. Below resonant frequency the circuits behave as inductive circuit and above resonant frequency the circuit behaves as capacitive circuit. At resonance the magnitude of current through inductance and capacitance will be q times the current supplied by the source but they are in phase opposition. 11. What is Bandwidth and selectivity? The frequency band within the limits of lower and upper half frequency is called bandwidth. BW=f2-f1 Selectivity is the ratio of fr to the bandwidth Selectivity= fr / (f2-f1) 12. What are magnetic coupled circuits? It refers to circuit involving elements with magnetic coupling. If the flux produced by an element of a circuit links other elements of the same circuit then the elements are said to be magnetic coupling. 13. What are coupled circuits? When two or more coils are linked by magnetic flux, then the coils are called coupled circuits. 14. State the properties of a series RLC circuit. The applied voltage and the resulting current are in phase, when also means than the p.f of RLC circuit is unity. The net reactance is zero at resonance and the impedance does not have the resistive part only. The current in the circuit is max: and is V/R amperes
At resonance the circuit has got minimum impedance and max: current

 Frequency of resonance is given by fr=1/(2LC) 15. State the properties of a parallel RLC circuit. PF is unity . Current at resonance is (V/(L/RC)) and is in phase with the applied voltage.
The value of current at resonance is minimum.

Net impedance at resonance is max: & is equal to L/RC The admittance is min: and the net susceptance is zero at resonance. 16. Define self inductance. When permeability is constant the self inductance of a coil is defined as the ratio of flux linkage and current. 17. Define mutual inductance. When permeability is constant the mutual inductance between two coupled coils is defined as the ratio of flux linkage in one coil due to common flux and current through another coil. 18. Define coefficient of coupling. In coupled coils the coefficient of coupling is defined as the reaction of the total flux produced by one coil linking another coil. 19. What is DOT convention? The sign of mutual induced emf depends on the winding sense and the current through the coil. The winding sense is decided by the manufacturer and to inform the user about the winding sense a dot is placed at one end of each coil. When current enter at dotted end in one coil then the mutual induced emf in the other coil is positive at dot end. 20. State dot rule for coupled circuit. It states that in coupled coils current entering at the dotted terminal of one coil induce an emf in second coil which is +ve at dotted terminal of second coil. Current entering at the un dotted terminal of one coil induce an emf in second coil which is +ve at un dotted terminal of second coil. 21. Define coefficient of coupling.

The amount of coupling between to inductively coupled coils is expressed in terms of the coefficient of coupling. K=M/L1L2

Unit 3
1 What is a transformer? Transformer is a static device which, )a )b )c )d 1 Transfers electric power from one circuit to another, It does so without a change in frequency, It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction, Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.

Briefly explain the principle of operation of transformers. A transformer consists of two coils which are in mutual inductance.

When AC supply is given to one of the coils, an alternating flux is set up, which is linked with the second coil. Due to this alternating flux there is a mutually induced emf produced in the second coil. If the second coil is closed, current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred magnetically from the first coil to the second coil.

What are the parts of a transformer? The transformer has mainly following parts. )a Primary winding the coil to which the AC supply is given )b Secondary winding the coil from which output is taken and given to load. )c Laminated Core this acts as a mechanical support to the coils as well as provides magnetic path for the flux.

What are the types of core in transformer? There are two types of core available. They are, )a Core type This has two legs. The primary winding is wounded on one leg and the secondary winding is wounded on the second leg. This is mainly used in single phase transformers. )b Shell type This has three legs. Both primary and secondary windings are wound on the same leg. This is mainly used in three phase transformers where three primary and three secondary windings are present.

What is an ideal transformer? An ideal transformer is the one which has no losses i.e., its windings have no ohmic resistance, there is no magnetic leakage and hence which has no I2R and core losses. The efficiency of an ideal transformer is 100%.

Give the emf equation of the transformer. The emf induced in the transformer is given by

E1 = 4.44 fN 2m

E 2 = 4.44 fN 1m

where, E1 is the emf induced in the primary winding. E2 is the emf induced in the secondary winding. N1 is the number of turns in the primary winding. N2 is the number of turns in the secondary winding.
m

is the maximum flux produced.

f is the frequency in Hz. 1 What are the losses occurring in a transformer. The losses occurring in a transformer are a) Core loss loss occurring in the core of the transformer. This has two components. Hysteresis loss The loss occurring due to the magnetization characteristics of the core. o Eddy current loss The loss occurring due to the eddy current produced in the core. Copper loss (I2R loss) loss occurring in the windings of the transformer. This has two components. o Primary copper loss The loss occurring due to the current flowing through the primary winding. o Secondary copper loss The loss occurring due to the current flowing through the secondary winding. o

b)

What is the purpose of the magnetizing current in transformer? The magnetizing current is the component of the primary current which is responsible for the production of flux in the core.

What are the components of primary no-load current? The primary no-load current consists of mainly two components. They are,

a) Magnetizing current ( Im ) Produces flux in the core and hence magnetizes the core. b) Core loss component current ( Ic ) compensates for the core losses.

Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers?

In core type, the windings surrounded the core considerably and in shell type, the core surround the windings i.e winding is placed inside the core. 1 What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer? To reduce the eddy current loss in the core of the transformer. 1 Does transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why?

yes, it(primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to magnetize the core and to supply for iron and copper losses on no load. There will not be any current in the secondary since secondary is open. 1 Define voltage regulation of a transformer?

When a transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage, the secondary voltage decreases for lagging PF load, and increases for leading PF load because of its internal resistance and leakage reactance. The change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load expressed as a percentage of no load or full load voltage is termed as regulation. %regulation down=(V2noload-V2F.L)*100/V2noload %regulation up=(V2noload-V2F.L)*100/V2F.L 1 Full load copper loss in a transformer is 1600W. what will be the loss at half load?

If x is the ratio of actual load to full load then copper loss = x2(F.L copper loss) Here Wc = (0.5)2 1600=400W. 1 Define all day efficiency of a transformer?

It is computed on the basis of energy consumed during a certain period, usually a day of 24 hrs. All day efficiency=output in kWh/input in kWh tor 24 hrs.
1

Write the Advantages of Transformer Tests:

The above two simple transformer tests offer the following advantages:

(i) The power required to carry out these tests is very small as compared to the full-load output of the transformer. In case of open-circuit lest, power required is equal to the iron loss whereas for a short-circuit test, power required is equal to full-load copper loss. (ii) These tests enable us to determine the efficiency of the transformer accurately at any load and p.f. without actually loading the transformer. (iii) The short-circuit test enables us to determine R01 and X01 (or R02 and X02). We can thus find the total voltage drop in the transformer as referred to primary or secondary. This permits us to calculate voltage regulation of the transformer. 1 Why Transformer Rating in kVA?

An important factor in the design and operation of electrical machines is the relation between the life of the insulation and operating temperature of the machine. Therefore, temperature rise resulting from the losses is a determining factor in the rating of a machine. We know that copper loss in a transformer depends on current and iron loss depends on voltage. Therefore, the total loss in a transformer depends on the volt-ampere product only and not on the phase angle between voltage and current i.e., it is independent of load power factor. For this reason, the rating of a transformer is in kVA and not kW.
1

What are the applications of step-up & step-down transformer?

Step-up transformers are used in generating stations. Normally the generated Voltage will be either 11kV. This voltage (11kV) is stepped up to 110kV or 220kV or 400kV and transmitted through transmission lines (simply called as sending end voltage). Step-down transformers are used in receiving stations. The voltage are stepped down to 11kV or 22kV are stepped down to 3phase 400V by means of a distribution transformer and made available at consumer premises. The transformers used at generating stations are called Power transformers. 19. List the arrangement of stepped core arrangement in a transformer? 1. To reduce the space effectively 2. To obtain reduce length of mean turn of the winding 3. To reduce I2R loss. Why are breathers used in transformers? Breathers are used to entrap the atmospheric moisture and thereby not allowing it to pass on to the transformer oil. Also to permit the oil inside the tank to expand and contract as its temperature increases and decreases. 20. What is the function of transformer oil in a transformer? 1. It provides good insulation 2. Cooling. 21. Distinguish power transformers & distribution transformers? Power transformers have very high rating in the order of MVA. They are used in generating and receiving stations. Sophisticated controls are required. Voltage ranges will be very high.

 Distribution transformers are used in receiving side. Voltage levels will be medium.

Power ranging will be small in order of kVA. Complicated controls are not needed.

Unit 4 1) What are Generators and motors? An electrical generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. An electrical motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2) What is the principle of working of a DC generator? The generator working is based on the principle of the production of dynamically induced emf. Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in it according to Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction, which states that the emf induced is equal to the rate of change of flux.

3) What are the main parts of a DC generator? The main parts if a DC generator are, a) Yoke or frame Provides mechanical support to the poles. b) Pole core The solid portion of the pole over which field coils are wound. c) Pole shoe The base of pole which has projected structure to spread the flux in the air gap. d) Field coils The coils which carry the field current responsible for producing the necessary magnetic field in the generator. e) Armature core The solid portion of the armature which has slots on the periphery to carry the armature windings. f) Armature windings The coil carrying the induced emf produced in the generator. g) Commutator The mechanical rotating switch which converts the AC voltage produced in the armature to a DC voltage in the external circuit. 4) What are the types of DC generators? There are two main categories of DC generators. They are, a) Separately excited DC generator. b) Self-excited DC generator. 5) What is a separately excited DC generator?

In a separately excited DC generator the field winding is excited separately using a variable DC voltage supply.

6) How does a self-excited DC generator work? In a self-excited DC generator the poles will have residual magnetism which produces small amount of flux in the air gap in which the armature rotates. Now due to this flux a very small value of emf is induced in the armature. The field windings are connected across or in series with the armature windings. The small emf produced drives some current through the field coils which increases the net flux in the air gap. This again increases the induced emf. This process continues until the voltage builds up to the rated voltage.

7) Explain the different types of self-excited DC generators. There are three types of self-excited DC generators. They are, a) Shunt Generator The field winding is connected parallel to the armature winding. b) Series Generator The field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. c) Compound Generator Both series and shunt field windings are present. If the shunt field winding is connected across both the armature winding and the series field winding, then it is called long shunt compound generator. If the shunt field winding is connected only across the armature winding, then it is called the short shunt compound generator. If the shunt field and the series field windings are wound in a such a way that they aid each other ( i.e., in same direction ), then we say it is cumulatively compounded. If the shunt field and the series field windings are wound in a such a way that they oppose each other (i.e., in opposite direction ), then we say, that it is differentially compounded.

8) Give the emf equation of DC generator. The emf produced in the armature of a DC generator is given by, E=

PNZ
60 A

where, is the flux per pole (Wb) P is the number of poles N is the speed of armature in rpm (rotations per minute) Z is the total number of conductors A is the number of parallel paths

9) What is the function of carbon brush used in D.C generator? The function of carbon brush is to collect current from the commutator and supply is to the external load circuit and to the field circuit.

10) Distinguish between lap winding and wave winding used in dc machine Lap winding is designed for high current and low voltage machines. Wave winding is designed for low current and high voltages. 11) Write the number of parallel paths in a lap and wave connected windings In a lap wound machine, the number of parallel paths is equal to the number of poles. But in wave wound machine, the number of parallel paths is always two irrespective of number of poles. 12) Name the three things required for the generation of emf o Presence of armature conductors o Presence of magnetic field o Relative motion between conductor and magnetic field 13) What is pole pitch? The periphery of the armature is divided for a number of poles of the generator. The center to center distance between two adjacent poles is called pole pitch. It is also equal to the number of armature slots or armature conductors per pole. 14) How can the voltage in a DC generator be increased? Increasing the main field flux and the speed of the armature a DC generator. 15) What is critical resistance of a DC shunt generator? The value of resistance of shunt field winding beyond which the shunt generator fails to build up its voltage is known as critical resistance . 16) What are the conditions to be fulfilled for a shunt generator to build up Voltage? a) There must be some residual magnetism in the field poles. b) The shunt field resistance should be less than critical resistance. c) The field coils should be connected with the armature in such a way that current flowing through them should increase the EMF induced by the residual magnetism. 17) What do you mean by residual flux in DC generator? can increase the voltage in

The magnetic flux retained in the poles of the machine even without field supply is called the residual flux. 18) Explain the principle of operation of DC motor.
The DC motor is based on the principle that, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. In DC motor the field windings when passed current produces the necessary magnetic field. The armature carrying current is present in this field and hence experiences force. Since the armature conductors are present on the periphery perpendicular to the force, they experience a turning force or torque. Torque is the product of force and the radius at which the force acts. So overall armature experiences a torque and starts rotating. 19) What is back emf in a DC motor? In a DC motor when the armature starts rotating, it cuts the flux and hence there is an emf induced in the armature called the back emf. This is called back emf as it is opposite to the applied voltage according to Lenzs law.

20) Give the back emf equation of DC motor. The back emf equation of DC motor is given by,

Eb =

PNZ
60 A

where, is the flux per pole (Wb) P is the number of poles N is the speed of the armature in rpm (rotations per minute) Z is the total number of conductors A is the number of parallel paths

21) Give the voltage and Torque equation of DC motor. Voltage equation:
V = E b + I a Ra

Torque equation:

T =

I a PZ 2A

Nm

Where, V is applied voltage, Eb is the back emf (V) Ia is the armature current (A) Ra is the armature resistance ( ) is the flux per pole (Wb) P is the number of poles Z is the total number of conductors A is the number of parallel paths. A=2 for wave winding A=P for lap winding 22) What are the types of DC motor? The types of DC motors are, a) Shunt motor the field winding is connected parallel to the armature winding. b) Series motor the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. c) Compound motor both shunt and series field windings are present. If the shunt field winding is connected across both the armature winding and the series field winding, then it is called long shunt compound motor. If the shunt field winding is connected only across the armature winding, then it is called the short shunt compound motor. If the shunt field and the series field windings are wound in such a way that they aid each other (i.e., in same direction), then we say it is cumulatively compounded. If the shunt field and the series field windings are wound in such a way that they oppose each other (i.e., in opposite direction), then we say, that it is differentially compounded. 23) What is meant by torque?

As conductors are placed in the slots which are on the periphery, the individual force experienced by the conductors acts as a twisting or turning force on the armature is called a torque.

24) What is back emf in d.c motors ? As the motor armature rotates , the system of conductor come across alternate North and South pole magnetic fields causing an emf induced in the conductors. The direction of the emf induced in the conductors . The direction of the emf induced is in the direction opposite to the current .As this emf always opposes the flow of current in motor operation it is called back emf. 25) Under what condition the mechanical power developed in a dc motor will be maximum? Condition for mechanical power developed to be maximum is Eb = Ua /2 or I a= Ua / 2Ra 26) How does a d.c motor differ from d.c generator in construction? Generators are normally placed in closed room , accessible only to skilled operators. Therefore on ventilation point of view they may be constructed with large opening in the frame. Motors on the other hand , have to be installed right in the place of use which may have dust, dampness, inflammable gases, chemical fumes etc . To protect the motors against these elements, the motor frames are made either partly closed or totally closed or flame proof etc. 27) How will you change the direction of rotation of a d.c motor? Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through the armature conductors is to be reserved. 28) Enumerate the factors on which the speed of a dc motor depends. N = 1/CE (Ua-IaRm)/ The speed of dc motor depends on three factors. Flux in the air gap Resistance of the armature circuit Voltage applied to the armature 29) List the different methods of speed control employed for dc series motor. Field diverter method Regrouping of field coild\s Tapped field control Armature resistance control

Armature voltage control for single motor Series parallel control for multiple identical motors

30) What is reactance emf in dc machine? The self induced emf in the coil undergoing commutation which opposes the reversal of current is known as reactance emf. 31) Define the term commutation in dc machines. The changes that take place in winding elements during the period of short circuit by a brush is called commutation. 32) How and why the compensating winding in dc machine excited? As the compensation required is proportional to the armature current the compensating winding is excited by the armature current. 33) How is the interpole winding in dc machine excited? Interpole winding is connected in series with the armature circuit and is excited by the armature current. 34) To what polarity the interpoles excited in dc motors? For motor operation the polarity of the interpoles must be that of the previous main pole along the direction of Rotation. 35) Why are carbon brushes preferred for dc machines? The high contact resistance carbon brushes help the current in the coil undergoing commutation to attain its full value in the reverse direction at the end of commutation. The carbon brushes also lubricate and give less wear and tear on commutator surface.

Unit 5 1) Name the two windings of a single-phase induction motor. i. Running winding ii. Starting winding. 2) What are the various methods available for making a single-phase motor starting? i. By splitting the single phase into 2 phases ii. By providing shading coil in the poles. 3) What is the function of capacitor in a single-phase induction motor?

self-

i. To make more phase difference between the starting and running winding. ii. To improve the power factor and to get more torque. 4) Give the names of three different types of single-phase motor. i. Split phase motor ii. Shaded pole motor. iii. Single phase series motor. iv. Repulsion motor. 5) What is the use of shading ring in a pole motor? The shading coil causes the flux in the shaded portion to lag behind the flux in unshaded portion of pole. This gives in effect a rotation of flux across the pole face and under the influence of this moving flux a stating torque is developed. 6) State any four use of single-phase induction motor. Fans, Wet grinders, Vacuum cleaners, small pumps, compressors, drills 7) State the advantages of capacitor start run motor over capacitor start motor. Running torque is more; Power factor during running is more. 8) What is Universal motor? A Universal motor is defined as a motor, which may be operated either on direct current or single-phase ac supply. 9) State some application of universal motor. Used for sewing machines, table fans, Vaccum cleaners, hair driers, blowers etc 10) Explain why single-phase induction motor is not self-starting one. When the motor is fed from a single phase supply its stator winding produces an alternating or pulsating flux, which develops no torque which is explained in Double revolving field theory.

11) What type of motor is used for ceiling fan? Capacitor start and capacitor run single-phase motor is used for ceiling fans. 12) What is the type of induction motor used in wet grinders? Capacitor start capacitor run single-phase induction motor. 13) What kind of motor is used in mixie? Single-phase ac series motor is used in mixie. 14) What is the application of shaded pole induction motor? Because of its small starting torque, it is generally used for small fans, toys, instruments, hair driers, ventilators, electric clock etc. 15) In which direction does a shaded pole motor run? The rotor starts rotation in the direction from unshaded part to the shaded part. 16) Why single-phase induction motor has low power factor? The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very large angle. Therefore power factor is very low. 17) Differentiate between capacitor start and capacitor start capacitor run induction motor? In capacitor start motor, capacitor is connected in series with the starting winding. But it will be disconnected fro m the supply, when the motor picks up its speed. But in capacitor start capacitor run motor the above starting winding and capacitor are not disconnected, but always connected in the supply .so it has high starting and running torque. 18) State the application of an induction generator? Used in windmill for generating electric power. Used in regenerative breaking places like traction. 19) What do you mean by residual EMF in an generator. The EMF induced in the armature conductor only due to the residual flux in the field poles is known as residual EMF 20) Which metal is used for making commutator. Commutator is used of high conductivity hard drawn copper.

21) Write the types of Single-Phase Motors? Single-phase motors are generally built in the fractional-horsepower range and may be classified into the following four basic types: 1. Single-phase induction motors (i) split-phase type (ii) capacitor type (iii) shaded-pole type 2. A.C. series motor or universal motor 3. Repulsion motors (i) Repulsion-start induction-run motor (ii) Repulsion-induction motor 4. Synchronous motors (i) Reluctance motor (ii) Hysteresis motor 22) Write about Reluctance Motor? It is a single-phase synchronous motor which does not require d.c. excitation to the rotor. Its operation is based upon the following principle: Whenever a piece of ferromagnetic material is located in a magnetic field; a force is exerted on the material, tending to align the material so that reluctance of the magnetic path that passes through the material is minimum. 23) Write a short note on Ups? Ups is stands for uninterruptible power supply.. AC power problems have been recognized by the utility companies, computer manufacturers and end users as a subject that must be addressed. The power problems extend from spikes, noise, brown-outs and frequency variations to complete back-outs. These problems can be corrected individually using surge suppressors, filters, regulators, and amplifiers, but only a true on-line Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) can solve all these problems collectively. The utility power is one of the causes of power problems, but other factors also play a key roll in causing power disturbance such as: The load itself, switch-mode power supplies reflect high percentage of distortion on the main power feeder.

 Improper power distribution load and isolation. Improper system grounding

24) What are the Application of ups? Used in computers Used in industries 25) What are the types of cells and write a short note? The cells are classified into two types. Primary cells Secondary cells

Primary cell: A cell which cannot be recharged is called primary cell. The primary cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Eg. Dry cell, voltaic cell, and Daniel cell. Secondary cell: The cell which cannot be recharged and brought back to the original state is called a secondary cell. Eg. Lead acid cell and alkaline cells. 26) Define Battery and the types ? When number of cells is grouped together it is called as battery. Types of battery: Lead acid battery Alkaline battery It was again divided into two types , they are Nickel- iron cell Nickel-cadmium cell

Lithium cells Mercury cells