Communicating effectively in spoken English in selected social contexts

1. Introduction 1.1 Importance of Speaking English for Study and Work Purposes For we whose live at country which using as English as the second language, speaking is now more than for study and grade purpose only. Speaking English nowadays is importance either in working field or for student and it takes more than study in school to be on par or able to survive and compete in this present world. In study, speaking is a crucial skill to be own by each student due to the fact that in higher level of education most of sources are in English and the professor or tutor are using English as main language in teaching due to either they are a foreigner or they are using material in English in teaching or giving lecture. When this is happen, the communication that occurs during interaction hour also must occurs in English and if the student fail to communicate well in class because of they are not able to speaking fluently, they might be facing a very huge problem in keeping up with their studies. In addition, if they have a dream and intention to further their study at overseas, they also must be excellent English speakers because English is a universal language where it can be spoken and use in communication in all over the world. Before mastering the local language, ability to communicate and speak in English would be a very huge help to survive in others people land. On the other hand, people in working field also must be excellent in communication especially in this case is spoken in English. Now that our country is on its way to become one of a worlds developing country, many foreign investors coming in and not to be left out the opening of various types of foreign company whether coming in to open the new companies or opening their new branches in our country. Such as this people and companies would be wanted a workers that could communicate flawlessly in English. They would want to recruit a person that can communicate smoothly and efficiently with many different people from different cultures and countries around the world. This can be very difficult since there are so many customs and languages that people speak but because English is a universal language so people that can speak English well would be facing no problem to deal with any people around the world.

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Basic Principles of Effective Speaking and Listening Skills For an effective communication to takes place, there is 2 essential important element which is speaker and listener who will be able to perform the basic process in communication which is speaking and listening. 1.2.1 Speaking Skill Speaking, there are a few principles that can be take account in order to be an excellent speaker. According to Wood (2009), there are three basic principles that explain the oral communication which is the first is the interpretation of symbol creates meaning. In communication, word is actually a symbol which does not have it own meaning and to interpret the means that it carries, one must look at the people and their action in order to understand the what is the words really mean is. Each word have their own directive and dictionary means but each word we used is more than that where it all have also their own connotative means that can be explain by the action understanding of people toward the word. There is also case where the meaning of a word changing due to the changing of time where it used to have and carry positive meaning a few decades ago but nowadays that word might be describing something that giving off a very negative expression and means. Wood (2009) second principle state that there are rules in communication that apparently not being state formally but widely understood worldwide. The first rule is regulative rules which tell about when, where and with whom the communication takes place are actually different according to situation, tradition and the other parties that we communicate with. The second rules is constitutive rules where more on the symbol in form of action that being show in order to explain and show the meaning of message in communication. Wood last proposed principle is punctuation affect meaning that explain the correlated of punctuation in sentences and the meaning that it carries. The last principle was proposed by Camp & Satterwhite (2002) that more touch and explaining about speech quality and voice attributes such as the volume of the voices, the pitch of voices, the intonation according to situation and words and also the tone being used in

different atmosphere. There is also an aspect in quality of tempo when speaking, enunciation and pronunciation of words that can affect the communication process. 1.2.2 Listening Skill For listening skills, the principle that must being take account are to have a mindful attention where a full attention are requires. Devito (2009) state that there are 5 component in effective listening which is the first is receiving the sound stimulus in verbal form or to read the non-verbal messages. The next component is to understand and remembering the massages that being delivered before evaluates it and give response and feedback afterward. The second principle is about being an active listener that requires high concentration and have various technique that need to be learn in order be a good listener.

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Various Form of Oral Communication

Oral communication is a process that using verbal and non-verbal communication to convey the message. There is speaking and listening process along together with observation process where non-verbal message can be interpret and understand 1.3.1 Intrapersonal communication Also known as self talk where the conversation takes place when people are talking to themselves. 1.3.2 Interpersonal communication This is communications that occur between 2 and more people where it may be formal and impersonal to very personal and not formal things to talk about. 1.3.3 Small group communication These types of communication usually that takes place usually from 5 to 10 people. It usually takes place more on about discussing and relation needs. 1.3.4 Public communication

Public communication which is more common known as public speaking take place between a speaker toward the audience ranging from a few people up to a full hall of audience. These types of communication are usually to deliver the personal idea in order to persuade the audience to act or do accordingly to the idea that they being deliver. 1.3.5 Mass communication Mass carry mean large in amount thus as it name, mass communication is a type of communication that occurs in large scale where message from a source are being spread and deliver to many receiver all over the world. 1.3.6 Corporate communication Corporate communication is a type of communication that occur among member of an organisation which is more formal such as interview, giving speech or direction or presentation. 1.3.7 Intercultural communication This is a type of communication that occur between people who is diverse and differ in racial, culture and ethnicity so the speaker need to understand and try to suit themselves in the group.

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How oral communication works 2.1 Model of Communication

2.1.1 Linear Model This model explain about a one way model where only the speakers speak while the listener only listen to the speakers. There is 2 different models under this model which is Laswells (1948) models and Shannon and Weavers (1949) models.

2.1.2 Interactive Model This model proposed by Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009) which is more interactive compare to Linear Model where in this model the listener able to give feedback towards the speaker. The speaker will have to listen to the listeners feedback and take turns with listener to speak and listen to each other. 2.1.3 Transactional Model This model acknowledges that there are no either speakers or listener that exists in the conversation. Each person can simultaneously acting as speaker and listener and exchange the role and message at the same time. The model presumes additional symmetries as well, with each participant creating messages that are received by the other communicator.

Diagram 2 http://www.nvcc.edu/home/aeldridge/communication/images/pix/transactional.gif

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Interpersonal Communication 3.1 Personal and Impersonal Situation 3.1.1 Impersonal Channel

3.1.1 Impersonal ` Impersonal level are the ones that allow a wide range of safe communication either from distant and formal until to a kind of impersonal inner feeling such as trust but maintain the ability when to draw back when it come to thing get too close. When you are under the influence of an impersonal self, you will feel more protected because it helps you maintain a safer distance and better separation from other people. Impersonal topics keep us more protected and less connected with other people. We rather choose topics of conversation that will keep the discussion safely away from anything which might bring up or even give the other person a hint to our weakness. The less connected you feel, the better protected you feel and most of impersonal conversation does not revealing much about what we are feeling inside us.

3.1.2 Personal

The opposite of impersonal channer operate at the warmer level which allows a much closer connection. Almost all the personal allowe or even encourage warm interaction and more intimate communication. We tend to be close and could talk any topic in this conversation because we do not feel worries of our weakness or true feeling being seen by other parties in the conversation.

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Appropriate Topics of Conversation To have a conversation, a good topic must be looked up so that we have the message to convey and receives and to talk about. The chosen topic must be not offended the other parties and able to kept him or her interest to continue the conversationand has an opinion to offer on include religion, books, politics, business, and hundreds of other related topics. Also, choosing good topics of conversation for different situations is also important where a good topics of conversation will allow us to have a really good and meaningful conversation. However, you should always respect everyones point of view even if they differ from your own and always listen to them even you might be felt that you cannot agree with it.Good topics of conversation ensure that more than one person talks.

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Small Group Communication 4.1 What is a Small Group A small group defined as having at least three and no more than twelve or fifteen members. A group needs to have at least three members, to avoid dyad and with three members, coalitions can be formed and some kind of organization is present. Too large of a group (more than twelve or fifteen members) inhibits the group members' ability to communicate with everyone else in the group.

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Why people join small group Various reason make people join the small group. Some group members are motivated by task concerns and others are motivated by interpersonal attraction to other group members 4.2.1 Group synergy Group synergy based to the idea that two heads are better than one. This carry means that groups are often capable of producing higher quality work and better decisions compare to an individual working alone. 4.2.2 Support and Commitment A group usually more willing to take on a large project than an individual. In addition to its increased ability to perform work, the group can provide encouragement and support to its members while working on a big project weather in aspect of technical support or in giving motivation and encouragement.

4.2.3 Interpersonal need Individuals often join a group to meet their interpersonal needs. According to William Schutz the three needs are such as inclusion, control, and affection. 4.2.4 Types of small group Groups are form to accomplish some objective which is may need to be complete some kind of task or it may be to promote the interpersonal relationships between the group members. 4.2.4.1 Social group There is groups will have both social and task dimensions, some groups are mostly tends toward the social in their orientation. Examples of these

groups would be families and social clubs which give and playing roles for our safety and help us develop self-esteem. 4.2.4.2 Work group Work groups function to complete a particular task and the task dimension is emphasized. The group members combine their expertise and skills to accomplish the task. There are several types of work groups, based on the work of Ivan Steiner which are Additive Work Group,Conjunctive Work Group and lastly Disjunctive Task

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Public Communication (Public Speaking) Definition Public communication is process of sending and receiving of messages on a large scale that impacts groups of people. For for an effective communication to occur, the messages must be clearly and accurately sent and received with full comprehension 5.2 Purpose The purpose of effective public communication differs based on the intention of the message. It can be either to persuade, to promote or even to think in certain way that the speakers wanted. Effective public communication is used to inform, educate, persuade and inspire the audience. 5.3 Tips
5.3.1 Body language

Standing, walking or moving about with appropriate hand gesture or facial expression is much better and good for interaction compare to sitting down or standing still with head down and reading from a prepared speech. Audio-

visual aids or props can be use for enhancement if appropriate and necessary. Putting a lengthy document in tiny print on an overhead and reading it out to them can be a disaster for some audience and it should be avoid since the beginning. 5.3.2 Do not read from notes Reading notes on any extended length of time is should be avoided, instead it is quite acceptable to glance at your notes infrequently. When speaking, you should speak loudly and clearly with confident and does not mumble alone. If you made an error, correct it, and continue and there is no need to make excuses or apologize. 5.3.3 Maintain sincere eye contact with your audience. Use the 3-second method where look straight into the eyes of a person in the audience for 3 seconds at a time. Have direct eye contact with a number of people in the audience, and every now and then glance at the whole audience while speaking. Using eye and eye contact can make everyone in your audience feel involved. 5.3.4 Add humour Whenever appropriate and possible, add some humour to keep audience interested throughout the entire presentation. Remember that an interesting speech makes time fly, but a boring speech is always too long to endure

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Conclusion Before wrapping my talks today, let just make a quick review of the topic that we have

discuss today. Being good and excellent in English is a big help for student and worker but in order to be a good speaker or listener, a good skill of speaking and listening are needed. Also, there is model that explain about comunication and gives us more understanding about communication which can help us to be a good speaker and listener. In communication, the basic and well used by us are oral communication and we need to understand each types of

oral communication so that when starting the conversation we can use the suitable speaking skill and suitable langguage. The most importance communication in human life, the interpersonal communication which occur between our self with other people have different types weather it is open, personal or impersonal channel. This interpersonal communication can occur in small group where people form group for various purposes and the group or organisation have their own goal and objective. Public communication also one of the interpersonal communication form of communication which also known as public speaking. To be a good speaker a few tips have been presented so that audience could keep track with our talks. Hopefully the information that we share today would make us a better mouth and ears in daily communication.