Variable speed DFIG wind energy system for power generation and harmonic

current mitigation
A. Gaillard
a
, P. Poure
b,
*
, S. Saadate
a
, M. Machmoum
c
a
Groupe de Recherche en Electrotechnique et Electronique de Nancy, Nancy Universite Universite Henri Poincare Nancy 1, BP239, 54506 Vandoeuvre le`s Nancy Cedex, France
b
Laboratoire dInstrumentation Electronique de Nancy, Nancy Universite Universite Henri Poincare Nancy 1, BP239, 54506 Vandoeuvre le`s Nancy Cedex, France
c
IREENA, 37 Boulevard de lUniversite, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 April 2008
Accepted 5 November 2008
Available online 18 January 2009
Keywords:
Active lter
Harmonics
Doubly fed induction generator
Wind energy conversion system
Wind power generation
Power quality
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a novel approach for simultaneous power generation and harmonic current miti-
gation using variable speed WECS with DFIG. A new control strategy is proposed to upgrade the DFIG
control to achieve simultaneously a green active and reactive power source with active ltering capa-
bility. To ensure high ltering performance, we studied an improved harmonic isolator in the time-
domain, based on a new high selectivity lter developed in our laboratory. We examined two solutions
for harmonic current mitigation: rst, by compensating the whole harmonic component of the grid
currents or second, by selective isolation of the predominant harmonic currents to ensure active ltering
of the 5th and 7th harmonics. Simulation results for a 3 MW WECS with DFIG conrm the effectiveness
and the performance of the two proposed approaches.
2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Wind energy is becoming one of the most important renewable
energy sources. Recently, power converter control has mostly been
studied and developed for WECS integration in the electrical grid.
The use of power electronic converters allows variable speed
operation of the wind turbine where the WECS extracts maximum
power from the turbine.
Although WECS uses an electric generator that could be coupled
directly to the electrical grid, the power electronics interface is
commonly used nowadays. One can take advantage of the power
electronic interface to provide some of the ancillary services such as
harmonic current mitigation, simultaneously with power genera-
tion [1]. These services are provided in addition to active power
generation, reactive absorption and injection to achieve voltage
control, regulation and correction to meet load variations [24].
Electric utility grid systems cannot accept further connection of
newgeneration plants without strict conditions of power quality. In
fact, IEEE Standard 1547-2003 (Standard for Interconnecting
Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems) is under nal
construction [5]. Power quality becomes a major aspect in inte-
grating WECS to grids. Furthermore, grids are now dealing with
a continuous increase of directly connected non-linear loads such
as power electronics converters and large AC drives. As far as the
authors know, only a fewgroups of researchers have addressed the
issue of making use of the built-in WECS converters to improve grid
power quality and achieve harmonic current mitigation. However,
active power ltering function can also be achieved thanks to the
WECS power electronics interface. Barbosa et al. proposed a control
strategy for grid connected DCAC converters with load power
factor correction [6]. Macken et al. studied the compensation of
distorted currents through multiple converter-interfaced renew-
able generation units [7]. Recently, Abolhassani et al. presented
a sensorless eld oriented control of an integrated electric alter-
nator capable of controlling the amount of harmonic compensation
[8]. More recently, Jain and Ranganathan studied a wound rotor
induction generator with sensorless control and integrated active
lter for feeding non-linear loads in a stand-alone grid [9]. In the
DFIG case, one can also think of using a suited rotor side control to
cancel the most signicant and troublesome harmonic currents of
the utility grid.
Abbreviations: AC, alternating current; DC, direct current; DFIG, doubly fed
induction generator; FFT, fast Fourier transform; GSC, grid side converter; HSF, high
selectivity lter; IGBT, insulated gate bipolar transistor; MPPT, maximum power
point tracking; PCC, point common of coupling; PLL, phase locked loop; PWM, pulse
width modulation; RSC, rotor side converter; THD, total harmonic distortion; WECS,
wind energy conversion system.
* Corresponding author. Laboratoire dInstrumentation Electronique de Nancy,
LIEN, EA 3440, Nancy-University, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, BP 239, 54506
Vandoeuvre le` s Nancy Cedex, France. Tel.: 33 383 684 160; fax: 33 383 684 153.
E-mail addresses: arnaud.gaillard@green.uhp-nancy.fr (A. Gaillard), philip-
pe.poure@lien.uhp-nancy.fr (P. Poure), shahrokh.saadate@green.uhp-nancy.fr
(S. Saadate), mohamed.machmoum@univ-nantes.fr (M. Machmoum).
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable Energy
j ournal homepage: www. el sevi er. com/ l ocat e/ renene
0960-1481/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.11.002
Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553
In this paper, we study simultaneous power generation and
harmonic current mitigation using variable speed WECS with
DFIG. Since rotor currents are controlled, it is possible to offer other
services than active power supply, i.e. active ltering. In next
section, we will present the operating principle. Harmonic current
loops are added to the RSC current control so that harmonic
current components can be injected into the grid at the PCC. These
currents compensate the harmonics of the non-linear load and the
current drawn from the AC grid becomes quasi-sinusoidal. Thus, to
implement active ltering capability, changes must be made to the
rotor side current controller only. This control is achieved by using
a three-phase modulated hysteresis current controller to satisfy
a xed switching frequency for the IGBTs. In Section 3, the DFIG
rotor side control is described and the active and reactive power
control is examined. Special focus is made on harmonic current
mitigation detailed in Section 4 where harmonic current isolation
is considered and harmonic current loops studied. Simulation
results are presented and performances are analyzed in the last
section.
2. Operation principle
The electrical WECS studied in this paper uses a DFIG, one of the
most used wind turbine generators in recently built wind farms
[10]. For a DFIG, both stator and rotor terminals are available for
power ow(Fig. 1). The stator is directly connected to the grid. A DC
common bus for both bi-directional converters is used. DFIG is the
only variable speed wind turbine generator that does not require
a full-size rated rotor side power converter, typically rated about
30% of the total power system. Consequently, the power devices
switching frequency can be higher than for other WECS topolgies.
With the newcontrol presented in this paper, the WECS in Fig. 1
is simultaneously capable of capturing maximum energy from
uctuating wind, controlling the active and reactive powers and
compensating the grid harmonic currents. A suited dynamic exci-
tation of the DFIG wound rotor side circuitry is made by the current
regulated voltage source IGBT converter. This control is based on an
indirect eld oriented control for which both fundamental and
harmonic currents are controlled. To achieve harmonic current
mitigation, the harmonic currents absorbed by the non-linear load
connected to the PCC are measured. It is well known that those
currents drawn from the grid are rich in harmonics with the orders
of (6 k 1), that is 5, 7, 11, . To extract one particular current
harmonic or the whole harmonic component of the measured load
currents, we used a high selectivity harmonic isolator developed in
our laboratory and based on HSF. Consequently, one can choose for
compensating a particular harmonic current, several or all
harmonics. In the following, we study the simultaneous compen-
sation of the 5th and 7th harmonic currents (the most dominant
ones) and the compensation of the whole harmonic component.
The control of the RSC mainly manages the DFIG speed U, the
stator reactive power Q
s
and the harmonic current mitigation while
the control of the GSC manages the active power ow between the
DC bus and the grid.
3. Vector control of the DFIG
3.1. Modeling of the DFIG
We used the classical modelization of the induction generator in
the (dq) Park reference frame [11,12]. The voltages and ux
equations of the DFIG are:

V
ds
R
s
I
ds

d
dt
4
ds

_
q
s
4
qs
V
qs
R
s
I
qs

d
dt
4
qs

_
q
s
4
ds
V
dr
R
r
I
dr

d
dt
4
dr

_
q
r
4
qr
V
qr
R
r
I
qr

d
dt
4
qr

_
q
r
4
dr

4
ds
L
s
I
ds
MI
dr
4
qs
L
s
I
qs
MI
qr
4
dr
L
r
I
dr
MI
ds
4
qr
L
r
I
qr
MI
qs
(1)
The electromagnetic torque is expressed by:
T
em
p

4
ds
I
qs
4
qs
I
ds

(2)
And the electro-mechanical equation is:
T
em
T
r
J
dU
dt
f U (3)
690V / 20kV
RSC
V
dc
*
V
dc

Q
s
*
6 6
PWM
Control
Current
Controller
Harmonic
Isolator
i
s
i
s
i
r
i
g
i
c
Grid
I
cdqh
P
dfig
, Q
dfig
GSC
DFIG
PCC
Non linear loads
P
s
, Q
s
P
g
, Q
g
Fig. 1. Principle of simultaneous power generation and harmonic current mitigation.
Nomenclature
V
ds
, V
qs
, V
dr
, V
qr
stator and rotor voltages in the (dq) reference
frame (V)
I
ds
, I
qs
, I
dr
, I
qr
stator and rotor currents in the (dq) reference
frame (A)
q
s
, q
r
stator and rotor eld angles (rad)
4
ds
, 4
qs
, 4
dr
, 4
qr
stator and rotor ux in the (dq) reference frame
(Wb)
R
s
, R
r
stator and rotor resistances (U)
L
s
, L
r
cyclic stator and rotor inductances (H)
M cyclic mutual inductance (H)
V
s
RMS value of the grid voltage (V)
u
s
grid pulsation (rad/s)
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1546
3.2. Vector control
We choose to set the stator ux vector aligned with the d axis.
The grid is assumed to be stable and consequently 4
ds
is constant.
The DFIG stator resistance R
s
is neglected.
Consequently:

4
ds
4
s
z
Vqs
u
s
4
qs
0
(4)
and

V
ds
0
V
qs
V
s

3
p
(5)
Then, the rotor voltages are expressed by:

V
dr
R
r
I
dr
sL
r
dI
dr
dt
u
r
4
qr
V
qr
R
r
I
qr
sL
r
dIqr
dt
u
r
4
dr
(6)
with:

4
dr
sL
r
I
dr

M4
s
Ls
4
qr
sL
r
I
qr
(7)
s is the dispersion coefcient, dened by:
s 1
M
2
L
r
L
s
(8)
With the previous choice of q
s
, the electromagnetic torque is
expressed by:
T
em
p
M
L
s
4
s
I
qr
(9)
And the active and reactive stator powers of the DFIG are expressed
by:

P
s
V
qs
I
qs

M
Ls
4
s
u
s
I
qr
Q
s
V
qs
I
ds
u
s
4
2
s
L
s

M
L
s
4
s
u
s
I
dr
(10)
According to Eq. (10), the rotor reference currents are linked to
the electromagnetic torque and stator reactive power references
by:

T*
em
p
M
Ls
4
s
I*
qr-active
Q*
s
u
s
4
2
s
L
s

M
L
s
4
s
u
s
I*
dr-reactive
(11)
Then,

I*
qr-active

Ls
pM4
s
T*
em
I*
dr-reactive

Q*
s
u
s
4
2
s
Ls

Ls
Mu
s
4
s
(12)
The RSC control diagram presented in Fig. 2 is directly estab-
lished from the equations of the DFIG model. For speed control,
a proportional integral (PI) corrector with anti wind-up loop has
been designed. The three-phase reference rotor currents are
generated by the RSC controller implementing a modulated
hysteresis current controller [13].
Now, we will discuss the choice of the current controller
strategy. In our study, dynamic is critical for further active lter
operation carried out by the RSC and developed in the next section.
When linear controllers using PWMtechniques are used, a constant
switching frequency can be achieved and a well dened harmonic
spectrum obtained, but with limited dynamic performances.
Compared with linear controllers, non-linear ones based on
hysteresis strategies allow faster dynamic response and better
robustness according to load parameter variations. Nevertheless,
with these current controllers, the switching frequency is not
constant and this technique generates large side band harmonics
around the switching frequency. To impose the switching
frequency, one solution consists of using a variable hysteresis band
controller. This solution that implies a precise knowledge of the
system model and its parameters is difcult to implement. In this
paper, we chose a three-phase non-linear current controller, so
called modulated hysteresis current controller. This current
control technique results from hybridization between the struc-
tures of the PWM current controller and the xed hysteresis band
current controller. This choice performs high ltering perfor-
mances, thanks to the large bandwidth of the RSC current
controller [13].
4. Harmonic Isolator
4.1. Time-domain classical harmonic detection methods
The most classical method (Fig. 3a), used in active power lter
applications and so called instantaneous power pq theory,
consists of extracting harmonics from the load currents by the
computation of instantaneous power pq [14]. By using high pass
lter (HPF) and/or low pass lter (LPF), reference harmonic
currents can be generated [15]. This method is complex because it
requires voltage and current measurements. Moreover, the intan-
taneous power pq theory, in its standard form, does not allow
selective detection of a particular harmonic.
The second gure is the classical synchronous fundamental dq
frame method [16], described in Fig. 3b. In this scheme, only the
currents are measured and the harmonic component is extracted in
the dq frame by using LPFs. To achieve selective detection, this
synchronous fundamental dq frame method is not suited but the
synchronous harmonic dq frame method can be used [16].
In this paper, we propose a new time-domain harmonic detec-
tion method, based on a (HSF) and only requiring current
measurements (Fig. 3c). By using this method, one can either
isolate a particular harmonic or separate the harmonic components
6
I
qr-active
*
I
dr-reactive
*
T
em
*
dq
abc
PI
Q
s
*
Current
RSC
DC bus
DFIG
i
r1
i
r2
i
r3
i
r1
*
i
r2
*
i
r3
*
pM
s
M
s

s
-L
s
-L
s
L
s

2
s

r
Controller
Fig. 2. Control of the RSC.
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1547
from the fundamental component of the currents, so the current
references can be calculated. In the following, the principle of the
HSF is detailed. This new method will be used in the harmonic
isolator of the RSC controller instead of classical methods (pq
theory or synchronous dq frame).
4.2. High selectivity lter
The HSF is a high selectivity pass-band lter, developed in our
laboratory and tuned to the frequency to be extracted. It extracts in
the (ab) axes the components to be isolated directly from the
measured signal. The general equation of the HSF is:
Hs
x
ab
s
x
ab
s
k
s k j,u
c
s k
2
j,u
2
c
(13)
Where x
ab
s is the (ab) component of the measured signal,
dened by:
x
ab
s x
a
s j,x
b
s (14)
And x
ab
s is the (ab) ltered component, dened by:
x
ab
s x
a
s j,x
b
s (15)
In the Eq. (13), k is a constant value and u
c
represents the
pulsation of the component of the signal to be extracted. One can
notice that for s j $ u
c
, the module of H(s) is equal to zero and no
phase delay is introduced.
From the Eqs. (13), (14) and (15), x
a
s and x
b
s can be
expressed as:
x
a
s
k
s

x
a
s x
a
s

u
c
s
x
b
s (16)
x
b
s
k
s

x
b
s x
b
s

u
c
s
x
a
s (17)
The block diagram of the HSF tuned at the u
c
pulsation is depicted
in Fig. 4.
Fig. 5 presents the Bode diagram of HSF tuned to fundamental
frequency (u
c
100p rad/s) for different values of the parameter k.
We can see at u
c
2pf
c
(f
c
50 Hz), the phase angle is zero and the
gain is equal to 1 (or 0 dB).
In the proposed harmonic detection method (Fig. 3c), the
Concordia transformation is used to transform the measured three-
phase load currents (i
c1
, i
c2
and i
c3
) into the two-phase load currents
(i
ca
and i
cb
) in the (ab) reference frame as follows:

i
ca
i
cb

2
3

1
1
2

1
2
0

3
p
2

3
p
2

i
c1
i
c2
i
c3

(18)
The major advantage of the studied HSF is that it extracts the
fundamental component or a particular harmonic component from
a current directly from the (ab) axes, as given by the following
equations:

i
ca
s
k
s

i
ca
s

i
ca
s

u
c
s

i
cb
s (19)

i
cb
s
k
s

i
cb
s

i
cb
s

u
c
s

i
ca
s (20)
Notice that in the Eqs. (19) and (20),

i
ca
and

i
b
could either be
the fundamental component or a particular harmonic component
of the current.
Finally the Park transformation is used to express the two-phase
currents (

i
ca
and

i
cb
) in the (dq) reference frame as follows:

i
cd

i
cq

cosq
s
sinq
s

sinq
s
cosq
s

i
ca

i
cb

(21)
4.3. Harmonic isolation of the whole harmonic component
The harmonic components can be expressed by:

i
cah
i
ca
i
caf
i
cbh
i
cb
i
cbf
(22)
Thus, we use the HSF to extract the fundamental component.
Equations (19) and (20) become:

i
caf
s
k
s

i
ca
s i
caf
s

u
cf
s
i
cbf
s
i
cbf
s
k
s

i
cb
s i
cbf
s

u
cf
s
i
caf
s
(23)
with u
cf
the fundamental pulsation.

c
k
+
-
+
-
+
-
k
+
+
1/s
1/s x

x
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
+
Fig. 4. HSF tuned to the u
c
pulsation.
v
a
v
b
v
c
P
P
P
Q
Q
Q
abc
abc
abc
abc
P-Q
calculus
calculus
dq
dq
dq
v

~
~
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
c
i
ch
i
ch
i
ch
I
cdh
I
cqh
I
cdh
I
cqh
i
ch
i
ch
i
ch
~
~
i
c1
i
cd
i
cd
i
cdh
i
cdh
i
cq
i
cq
i
cqh
i
cqh
i
c2
i
c3
i
c1
i
c2
i
c3
i
c1
i
c2
i
c3
a
b
c
LPF
LPF
HSF
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~

Fig. 3. Time-domain harmonic detection methods. (a) Instantaneous power pq

theory, (b) synchronous fundamental dq frame method, (c) HSF based detection
method.
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1548
Finally, the harmonic components in the (ab) reference frame
are obtained after subtracting the HSF outputs at the fundamental
frequency from the input (ab) currents, as depicted in Fig. 6.
4.4. Harmonic isolation of a particular harmonic
The polluting currents contain direct and reverse harmonics of
(6 k 1) order, i.e. 5, 7, 11, 13.
Thus, the HSF can be used to extract a particular harmonic of
(6 k 3) order with 3 1 depending if we extract a direct or
a reverse harmonic current. Eqs. (19) and (20) become:

i
ca6k 3
s
k
s

i
ca
s i
ca6k 3
s

3
u
c6k 3
s
i
cb6k 3
s
i
cb6k 3
s
k
s

i
cb
s i
cb6k 3
s

3
u
c6k 3
s
i
ca6k 3
s
(24)
Then, the HSF outputs are expressed in the (dq) reference frame
(Fig. 7).
5. Modied RSC control
To achieve active ltering operation, harmonic current refer-
ences I*
drh
and I*
qrh
are added to (dq) currents I*
dr-active
and I*
qr-
active
. The resulting references I*
dr
and I*
qr
become:

I*
qr
I*
qr-active
I*
qrh
I*
dr
I*
dr-reactive
I*
drh
(25)
According to Eqs. (10)(12), these new (dq) references can be
calculated from the electromagnetic torque and reactive power
references (T*
em
and Q*
s
), and from the current references for
harmonic compensation dened by:

I*
qrh

Ls
M
I
cq6k 3
I*
drh

Ls
M
I
cd6k 3
(26)
The modied block diagram for the proposed control method
for the RSC is shown in Fig. 8. It depicts the modied version of
Fig. 2 where the newreferences I*
drh
and I*
qrh
for active ltering are
in bold.
6. Simulation results
For the simulations, Matlab/Simulink and the SimPowerSystem
toolbox were used. We simulated a 3 MW WECS with DFIG whose
parameters are dened in Table 1. For the HSF tuned to the
fundamental frequency (Section 4.3), we choose k equal to 40 to
satisfy lter selectivity and good dynamic (Fig. 5). For the two HSFs
used for the isolation of the fth and seventh harmonic currents
(Section 4.4), we chose k 5 to satisfy lter selectivity. For the
current controllers of the RSC and of the GSC, the switching
frequency is xed at 2 kHz. The non-linear load is a diode rectier
feeding a RL load.
6.1. Power generation
In this section, the main function of the DFIG is observed. The
control is achieved for two values of wind speed (8 and 13 m/s). A
ramp is applied to vary the wind speed from 8 to 13 m/s. Reactive
power of the DFIG is set to 0 VAr in the RSC control to satisfy a unity
power factor for the WECS. Fig. 9a shows the variations of the
reference and measured speeds of the DFIG, both achieved by MPPT
control.
Active and reactive powers of the DFIG are presented in Fig. 9b.
One can notice that active and reactive powers can be controlled
independently. Fig. 9c shows the stator current and voltage at
a constant frequency of 50 Hz. Fig. 9d shows the rotor current
variations and Fig. 9e validates the unity power factor of the WECS
by drawing zoomed stator current and voltage over three periods.
Fig. 9f shows zoomed rotor current to validate the RSC control.
6.2. Active ltering
In this section, the wind speed is considered constant and equal
to 12 m/s. The currents at the PCC are shown in Fig. 10. The THD of
I
cdh
I
cdh
i
c
i
cf
i
ch
i
c
i
cf
i
ch -
-
+
+
HSF
(23)
Park
(21)
Fig. 6. Harmonic isolation of the whole harmonic component.
i
c
i
c
HSF
(24)
i
c(6k+)
I
cd(6k+)
I
cq(6k+)
i
c(6k+)
Park
(21)
Fig. 7. Harmonic isolation of a particular harmonic.
6
I
qr-active
*
I
dr-reactive
*
dq
abc
Current
Controller
RSC
DC bus
DFIG
i
r1
*
i
r1
i
r2
i
r3
i
r2
*
i
r3
*
M
M
L
s
L
s
I
cq(6k+)
I
cd(6k+)
I
qrh
*
I
drh
*
I
qr
*
I
dr
*

r
Fig. 8. RSC control including harmonic current mitigation.
Fig. 5. Bode diagram of the HSF tuned to fundamental frequency (u
c
100p rad/s).
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1549
the non-linear load current i
c1
(t) is equal to 24.86%. This current
generates grid harmonic pollution and causes a voltage distortion
for the other users connected to the PCC. Moreover, the THD of the
grid current is equal to 8.07%. The active ltering capability of the
DFIG can reduce these harmonic currents by modifying the RSC
control. Two cases are presented in this section:
active ltering of the whole harmonic components;
active ltering of the fth and seventh harmonic components.
6.2.1. Active ltering of the whole harmonic component
The harmonic components of the non-linear load currents are
extracted using the HSF method. Fig. 11a shows the DFIG rotor
current i
r1
(t) in this active ltering case.
Performance improvement is evaluated using the THD calcula-
tion. The FFT of the grid current with and without the active
ltering capability of the DFIG is shown in Figs. 10b and 11c
respectively. The THD of the grid current is improved from 8.07 to
3.22%.
6.2.2. Active ltering of the fth and seventh harmonic components
In this section, we will consider the ltering of the most
dominant low frequency harmonic currents, i.e. the fth and
seventh ones. The HSF is used to extract these particular harmonic
components and the suited harmonic current references are added
in the RSC control to eliminate them.
Table 1
Simulation parameters.
Grid U
n
690 V (line to line)
f 50 Hz, u 314 rad/s
Turbine Diameter 80 m
Gearbox 70
DFIG S
n
3 MVA, p 2, J 116 kg m
2
(turbine and
DFIG)
R
s
2.97 mU, R
r
3.82 mU, L
s
12.241 mH,
L
r
12.177 mH
M 12.12 mH, s 0.0145
Filter and DC bus capacitance R
f
1 mU, L
f
0.3 mH, C 4.7 mF
Non-linear load 600 kW load: 1 MW load:
R
c
1.45 U, L
c
4.8 mH R
c
0.9 U, L
c
3 mH
5 10 15 20 25
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
time (s)
s
p
e
e
d

o
f

t
h
e

D
F
I
G

(
r
a
d
/
s
)
measure
5 10 15 20 25
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
x 10
6
time (s)
P
d
f
i
g

(
W
)

a
n
d

Q
d
f
i
g

(
V
A
R
)
active power
reactive power
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
time (s)
v
s
1

(
V
)

a
n
d

i
s
1

(
A
)
is1
vs1
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
time (s)
i
r
1

(
A
)
21.5 21.51 21.52 21.53 21.54 21.55 21.56
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
time (s)
v
s
1

(
V
)

a
n
d

i
s
1

(
A
)
is1
vs1
2
1
.
5
2
1
.
5
2
2
1
.
5
4
2
1
.
5
6
2
1
.
5
8
2
1
.
6
2
1
.
6
2
2
1
.
6
4
2
1
.
6
6
2
1
.
6
8
2
1
.
7
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
time (s)
i
r
1

(
A
)
reference
a
b
c
d
e
f
Fig. 9. Power generation by the WECS with DFIG. (a) Reference and measure of the DFIG speed, (b) active and reactive powers, (c) stator current and voltage, (d) rotor current, (e)
zoomed stator current and voltage, (f) zoomed rotor current.
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1550
Fig. 11b shows the DFIG rotor current i
r1
(t) when the ltering of
the fth and seventh harmonic currents is considered. One can
notice that there is no major difference between Fig. 11a,b because
the fthandseventhharmonic currents are the most dominant ones.
The FFT of the grid current with active ltering compensation
of the fth and seventh harmonic components is shown in
Fig. 11d. In this case, the THD of the grid current is reduced from
8.07 to 4.18%.
1.8 1.805 1.81 1.815 1.82 1.825 1.83 1.835 1.84
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
time (s)
i
c
1

(
A
)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) =691.6 , THD= 24.86
M
a
g

(

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
1.8 1.805 1.81 1.815 1.82 1.825 1.83 1.835 1.84
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
time (s)
i
g
1

(
A
)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) =2377 , THD= 8.07
M
a
g

(
%

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
a
b
Fig. 10. Currents at PCC without active ltering. (a) Non-linear load current i
c1
(t), (b) grid current i
g1
(t).
2.1 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.2 2.22 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.3
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
time (s)
i
r
1

(
A
)
2.1 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.2 2.22 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.3
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
time (s)
i
r
1

(
A
)
2.1 2.105 2.11 2.115 2.12 2.125 2.13 2.135 2.14
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
time (s)
i
g
1

(
A
)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 2377 A , THD= 3.22
M
a
g

(

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
2.1 2.105 2.11 2.115 2.12 2.125 2.13 2.135 2.14
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
time (s)
i
g
1

(
A
)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 2377 A , THD= 4.18
M
a
g

(

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
a
b
c
d
Fig. 11. Rotor and grid currents with active ltering capability of the DFIG. (a)(c) For the whole harmonic component compensation. (b)(d) For the fth and seventh harmonic
components compensation.
A. Gaillard et al. / Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 15451553 1551
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
time (s)
i
c
1

(
A
)
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1
-2000
0
2000
time (s)
i
g
1

(
A
)
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
time (s)
i
c
1

(
A
)
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1
-2000
0
2000
time (s)
i
g
1

(
A
)
i
g
1

(
A
)
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
time (s)
i
c
1

(
A
)
1.9 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1
-2000
0
2000
time (s)
a
b
c
Fig. 12. Non-linear and grid currents during a variation of the load. (a) Without active ltering capability, (b) with active ltering compensation of the whole harmonic component,
(c) with active ltering compensation of the fth and seventh harmonic components.
2.6 2.605 2.61 2.615 2.62 2.625 2.63 2.635 2.64
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
time (s) time (s)
i
c
1

(
A
)
2.6 2.605 2.61 2.615 2.62 2.625 2.63 2.635 2.64
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
time (s)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 1093 A , THD= 23.28
M
a
g

(

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
2.6 2.605 2.61 2.615 2.62 2.625 2.63 2.635 2.64
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
i
g
1

(
A
)
time (s)
2.6 2.605 2.61 2.615 2.62 2.625 2.63 2.635 2.64
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
i
g
1

(
A
)
i
g
1

(
A
)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency (Hz)
Fundamental (50Hz) = 2010 A , THD= 13.23
M
a
g

(

o
f

F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
)
Fundamental (50Hz) =2010 A , THD= 3.95 Fundamental (50Hz) = 2010 A, THD= 5.47
a
b
c
d
Fig. 13. Currents and FFTs at the PCC after a step of the polluting load. (a) Non-linear load current i
c1
(t) without active ltering capability of the DFIG. (b) Grid current i
g1
(t) without
active ltering capability of the DFIG. (c) Grid current i
g1
(t) with active ltering of the whole harmonic component. (d) Grid current i
g1
(t) with active ltering of the fth and seventh
particular harmonics.
6.3. Performance analysis of active ltering capability after a step
change in the polluting load
We applied a load variation from 600 kW to 1 MW (a 10%
variation of the nominal power of the DFIG) at t 2 s with the wind
speed constant and equal to 12 m/s (Fig. 12ac). The performances
of active ltering capability of the DFIG for the compensation of all
harmonic currents after a step of the non-linear load are shown in
Fig. 13ad. Before the non-linear load step, the THD of the grid
current is equal to 8.07% (Fig. 10b) and after that is equal to 13.23%
(Fig. 13b) without active lter compensation by the suited RSC
control.
With DFIG active ltering compensation of the whole harmonic
component, the THD of the grid current is equal to 3.22% before the
load step and is equal to 3.95% afterwards. For the compensation of
the fth and seventh harmonic currents, the THD is equal to 4.18%
before the load step and is equal to 5.47% afterwards.
7. Conclusion
This paper has discussed a novel approach for grid power quality
improvement using WECS with DFIG. A new harmonic isolation
method and a novel control strategy have been proposed to
upgrade the DFIG control to achieve an active and reactive green
power source with active ltering capability. First, we presented
stator active and reactive power control. Then, special focus was
made on active ltering. To ensure high ltering performances, we
studied a new harmonic isolator based on high selectivity ltering.
We examined the performances for total or selective harmonic
compensation, both in the steady state and transient conditions.
The THD decreased from 13.23% to less than 4% in the case of total
harmonic compensation and less than 5.5% in the case of fth and
seventh harmonic currents compensation. Active ltering contri-
bution causes minor oscillations in the DFIGcurrents but the inertia
of the turbine decreases these perturbations. However, to our
knowledge, no experimental results are discussed in the literature
about what the long term consequences are on the generator when
used for harmonic compensation because of the high frequencies
injected on the stator and rotor sides. In our laboratory, we are
currently working on the demonstration of the proposed control
system on a practical but not full scale system. Moreover, to reduce
the ltering impact on the DFIG, we propose to make use of the
DFIG for contribution to active ltering by only ltering the 5th and
7th dominant harmonic currents, using the proposed control. In
this way, this can be called active ltering contribution.
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