39

THERMO-ELASTO-PLASTIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR

DUCTILE MATERIAL AND ITS FINITE ELEMENT
IMPLEMENTATION
Asst. Prof. Dr. Hani Aziz Ameen
Dies and Tools Engineering Department
Technical College,
Baghdad,
Iraq.
E-mail: haniazizameen@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Thermo-elasto-plastic constitutive model for ductile material undergoing thermo
mechanical deformation is proposed. The model is based on the assumption that the total
strain is decomposable into strain components due to elastic deformation, temperature
dependent material properties, thermal strain, and plastic strain. The model is consists of
linear elastic model in series with a plasticity model. This plasticity model adopts the Von
Mises criterion with associated flow rule of the theory of plasticity and isotropic,
kinematic, and mixed hardening rules. However the proposed model acquires the
advantage of having both the initial and subsequently yield surface to be a function of
temperature. A three dimensional finite element algorithm is developed to implement this
constitutive equation. This algorithm adopts the incremental approach. Two examples are
performed to demonstrate the used of the constitutive relation for thermo-elasto-Plastic.
Results show that essential features in the stress-strain diagram obtained experimentally
are exhibited by the model.
Keywords: Finite element method, ductile material, thermo- elasto-plastic
NOMENCLATURE
d Total incremental strain vector
) (e
d Incremental strain vector due to elastic deformation
) (dm
d Incremental strain vector due to thermal change in material properties
) (T
d Incremental thermal stain vector
) ( p
d Incremental plastic strain vector
G Modulus of rigidity
F Yield surface
International Electronic Engineering Mathematical Society IEEMS
http://www.ieems.org
In collaboration with
Institute for Mathematics, Bio-informatics, Information-technology and Computer-science IMBIC
International e-Journal of Engineering Mathematics: Theory and Application
http://www.ieems.org/iejemta.htm
ISSN 1687-6156
Volume (10), March, 2011, pp. 39-50
40
E Young modulus of elasticity
E Effective Young modulus of elasticity
Stress vector
Effective stress
Thermal expansion coefficient vector
T Temperature vector
K Hardening vector
k Plastic strain hardening parameter
y
Yield stress
m
Mean stress
k
Stress level at the intersection (kink) of the elasto- plastic curve
n Stress power
Shift vector
{ } Vector
Superscript
i Isotropic
k Kinematic
m Mixed
e Elastic
p Plastic
T Temperature
dm Temperature dependent material properties
M Mechanical load
F Yield surface dependent on temperature
Subscript
ep Elasto-plastic
1. INTRODUCTION
Several models are adopted for stress-strain relation. Hookes law [1] represented the
model for elastic region, Yarnada et al. [2], presented the model for elasto-plastic
material for isotropic hardening rule without the effect of temperature. Axelsson [3]
proposed the stress-strain relation for mixed hardening rule without the effect of
temperature. Hsu [4] proposed the stress-strain relation for thermo-elasto plastic, with
axisymmetric problems for isotropic hardening rule. In this paper the general stress -
strain relation produced under thermal and mechanical loads with isotropic, kinematic
and mixed hardening rule in three dimensional problems is proposed, this relation is
based on the assumption that the total strain is decomposable into a strain components
due to elastic deformation, temperature dependent material properties, thermal strain and
plastic strain. A finite element program is developed to implements the proposed
constitutive equation and solve boundary value problems. The program is based on a
combination of the incremental and iterative approach [5].
2. THE GENERAL CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION
Starting from the assumption that the total strain is separable into a:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( p T dm e
d d d d d + + + = (1)
41
Now, from Hookes law [1]
) (
d ] [
e
D d = ,where [D] is the elasticity matrix [6],
dT d
T
.
) (
= , the flow rule is [6] a .
) (
d d
p
= , where F a c c = / , and it can be proved
that dT ) / ] [ (
1 ) (
T D d
dm
c c =

.
Substitute all these relations into Eq.(l), it can be deduced that:
a d D dT
T
D
dT D d D d ] [ )
] [
]( [ ] [
1

c
c
+ =

(2)
(i) Isotropic Hardening Rule
For isotropic hardening rule, the yield surface is function of
) , , ( T K F F = (3)
A similar postulation but without thermal effect was proposed by Zienkiewicz et al.[7].
Differentiating F in equation (3) by the chain rule, it can be get:
0 d
) (
) (
=
c
c
+
|
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
|

\
|
c
c
= dT
T
F
d

k
k
F

F
dF
p
t
p
t
(4)
Where ) , (
) ( p
k f K =
By substituting Eq.(2) into Eq.(4), and rearranged to get:
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

dT
T
F
dT
T
D
dT d D a

d
t
i
)
] [
]( [
1
1
) (
(5)
Where a

k
k
F
a D a i
p
t
|
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
) (
] [ ) (
Substitute equation (5) into equation (2), it can be get:
dT
T
F

a D
dT
T
D
dT Dep d Dep d
i
i i i
c
c

c
c
+ =

) (
1
) ( ) ( ) (
] [
)
] [
( ] [ ] [ (6)
Where
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
i p i
D D Dep = (7)
] [ ] [
1
] [
) (
) ( ) (
D a a D

D
t
i
i p
=
We will find that equation (6) is identical to what was given in Yamada et al [2] without
the thermal effects. To analyze the constitutive equation (6) with the Von Mises criterion,
firstly the gradient vector a must be found as follows:
yields surface for Von Mises is
y
J F =
2
3
Where
] ) ( ) ( ) [(
6
1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1 2
J + + =
Thus
M

J
J
F

F
a
a
]. [
1
2
2
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
= (8)
Where
42
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

=
3 0 0 0 0 0
0 3 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 5 . 0 5 . 0
0 0 0 5 . 0 1 5 . 0
0 0 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 1
] [
a
M
And the value of G a D a
t
3 ] [ = (9)
Now to find
t
p

k
k
F
|
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
) (
We have J F =
2
3
Thus
k

k
F
c
c
=
c
c
(10)
And the work done =
) (
.
p
d dk =
Hence
dk
d
p
1
) (
= (11)
Therefore

H
k

p
p
1
) (
) (
' =
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
Where
) ( p
d
d
H = '
Now the value of

H
G
a
t i
] [
3
) (
'
+ = , it can be proved that
2
] [ M
a
t
= , thus
H G
i
' + = 3
) (
After finding the value of
) (i
the value of
) ( ) (
] [
i p
D is:
t i p
S S
G H
G
D
)) 3 / ( 1 (
3
] [
2
) ( ) (
' +
= (12)
Where
} {
xz yz xy z y x
S S S S =
m m m x x
S = = =
z z y y
S and , S ,
Hence
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
i p i
ep
D D D =
Now, equation (6) will be:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( F dm T M i
d d d d d + + + = (13)
Where
d D d
i
ep
M ) ( ) (
] [ =
dT D d
i
ep
T
] [
) ( ) (
=
43
dT
T
D
D d
i
ep
dm
] [
] [
1
) ( ) (
c
c
=

dT
T
F

a D
d
i
F
] [
) (
) (
c
c
=
(ii) Kinematic Hardening Rule
For kinematics hardening rule the yield surface is:
) , , ( T F F =
The total differentiation of F is
0 =
c
c
+
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|

\
|
c
c
= dT
T
F
d

F
d

F
dF
t
t
(14)
And it can be proved that

F
r
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
Where

r
=
From Prager shift [8]
a d C Cd d
p

) (
= =
Where
) , ( H C ' =
Thus equation (14) will be
dT
T
F
C d a dF
t
c
c
+ = ) a d ( (15)
From equations (2) and (15), it can be deduced that
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

dT
T
F
dT
T
D
dT a

d
t
i
)
] [
[D](d
1
1
) (
(16)
Where
) ] ([
) (
a C a D a
t k
+ =
Substitute equation (16) into equation (2), gives:
dT
T
F
a

D
dT
T
D
dT D d D d
k
k k
ep
k
ep
k
c
c

c
c
+ =

) (
) (
1
) ( ) ( ) (
] [
)
] [
( ] [ ] [ (17)
Where
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
k p k
ep
D D D = (18)
]) [ ] ([
1
] [
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
D a a D

D
k t k k p
=
And

k

) (
=
To analyze equation (17), firstly find
) (k
a , similar as in equation (8), hence,
) (
) (
) (
] [
1
k
a
k
k
M

a =
44
Where
) (k
is the effective stress of
) (k
and the terms (
) (
) . (
k t
a a will be
) (
2
2 2 2
) (( 3
1
2
3
) . (
k
zx yz xy t

a a
]
]
]
]

+ +
+ =
Hence
) (
2
2 2 2
) (
) (( 3
1
2
3
3
k
zx yz xy k

C
G
]
]
]
]

+ +
+ + =
After finding the value of
) (k
the value of
) ( ) (
] [
k p
D is
) (
2
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) (
3 1
] [
k t
k k
k p
S S

D
|

\
|
=
Hence
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
k p k
ep
D D D = , Eq.(17) will be
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( F dm T M k
d d d d d + + + = (19)
Where
d D d
k
ep
M ) ( ) (
] [ =
dT D d
k
ep
T
] [
) ( ) (
=
dT
T
D
D d
k
ep
dm
] [
] [
(k)
1
) ( ) (
c
c
=

dT
T
F

a D
d
k
k
F
] [
) (
) (
) (
c
c
=
(iii) Mixed Hardening Rule
The yield surface for mixed hardening rule is
) , , , (
) (
T F F
p
= and the loading criterion may be written:
) ( ) , , (
) ( ) ( p i
h T F f =
Where,
) (i
h is a function which governs the isotropic expansion or contraction of the yield
surface. Hence the rate of plastic strain is now simply split into two components as [3].
) )( ( ) )( ( ) ( i p k p p
d d d + = (21)
Where
) ( ) )( ( p k p
Md d = (22)
And
) ( ) )( (
) 1 (
p i p
d M d = (23)
Where M<1
Now, the total differentiation of equation (20), gives
0

) (
) (
) (
=
c
c
+
|
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
p
i
t t
d
d
dh
dT
T
F
d

F
d

F
df (24)
We have
) ( ) (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
k i p
a d M C d M C d = =
Hence equation (24) will be:
45
0 ) 1 (
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
=
c
c
+ = dT
T
F
d
d
dh
a d a M C d a df
p
p
i
k k t k t
(25)
Substitute equation (2) into equation (25), it can be get:
|
|

\
|

c
c
+
c
c
=

) (
) (
) (
) (
1
) (
) (
)
] [
]( [
1
p
p
i
k k t
m
d
d
dh
dT
T
F
dT
T
D
dT d D a

d (26)
Where
) ) 1 ( ] [
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( k k t k k t m
a a M C a D a + =
Substitute equation (26) into equation (2) it can be get
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
1
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [
)
] [
( ] [ ] [
p
p
i
m
k
k
k m
ep
m
ep
m
d
d
dh a D
dT
T
F
a
D
dT
T
D
dT D d D d

+
c
c

c
c
+ =

(27)
Where
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
m p m
ep
D D D = (28)
And
]) [ ] ([
1
] [
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
D a a D

D
k t k
m
m p
=
We will find that equation (27) is identical to what was found in Axelsson [3] without the
thermal effects. Hence, to analyze equation (27), we have:
) ( ) ( k p
a d d =
5 . 0
) ( ) ( ) (
. ) (
3
2
|

\
|
=
p t p p
d d d
) ( ) )( (
.
p i p
d M d = , equation (26) will be
5 . 0 ) ( ) (
) )( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
) (
)
3
2
( ) ) 1 ( ] [
) (
] [
]( [
k k t
i p
k k t k k t
k t
a a
d
dh
M a a M C a D a
dT
T
F
dT k
T
D
dT d D a
d
+ +
c
c
+
c
c

=

(29)
If we defined the abdomen of equation (29) as Y instead of
) (m
as in equation (26), it can
be get
5 . 0 ) ( ) (
) )( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
)
3
2
( ) ) 1 ( ] [
k k t
i p
k k t k k t
a a
d
dh
M a a M C a D a Y + + =
Simplified the above equation, it can be get
5 . 0
) (
2
) ( 2 2 2
) (
2
2 2 2
) (( 3
1 2
) (( 3
1
2
) 1 ( 3
3
]
]
]
]

+ +
+ ' +
]
]
]
]

+ +
+

+ =
k
k
zx yz xy
r
k
zx yz xy
H M
M C
G Y

Where
H
d
d

d
dh
r
i p
r
r
i p
' = = 2 2
) )( ( ) )( (
46
And
) (

k
r
= =
Hence
) (
2
) (
) ( ) (
) . (
3 1
] [
k t
k
m p
S S

G
Y
D
|

\
|
=
And
) ( ) ( ) (
] [ ] [ ] [
m p m
ep
D D D =
It can be get
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( F dm T M m
d d d d d + + + = (30)
Where:
d D d
m
ep
M ) ( ) (
] [ =
dT D d
m
ep
T
] [
) ( ) (
=
dT
T
D
D d
m
ep
dm
] [
] [
(k)
1
) ( ) (
c
c
=

dT
T
F
Y
a D
d
k
F
] [
) (
) (
c
c
=
3. Finite Element Analysis
A finite element algorithm is developed to implement the constitutive equation derived in
the previous section Adopting, the displacement approach [9], the general equilibrium
equation is

=
v
t
B R dv ] [ (31)
Where R is the rate of the nodal force vectors and [B] is the strain - displacement matrix
[10] , if is the nodal displacement vector then
B ]. [ = (32)
It should be mentioned that for simplicity, we have applied the integration

v
)dv ( over the
whole region. In practice the integration is carried out element by element using the
standard assembly rule [11]. Substitute the constitutive equation (13, 19, or 30 for
isotropic, kinematics, or mixed hardening rule respectively).into equation (31), it can be
get:
F K
ep
= ] [ (33)
Where

=
v
ep
t
ep
dv B D B K ] ][ [ ] [ ] [ (34)
T
F R F + = (35)
m
f R =
And

|
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ =

v
ep
ep
t
T
dv T
T
F

a D D
T
T
D
T D B F
] [ ] [
] [
] [ ] [
1
1
47
4. FEM Solution Procedure
(1) Select thermal and mechanical load increments.
(2) Perform thermal analysis following Ref[12] and calculate nodal temperature, T(t)
at time t
(3) Select material properties based on the average element temperature = (T
1
+T
2
+T
3
+ +T
20
)/20
(4) Determine H' for isotropic hardening rule and C for Kinematic hardening rule and
H' and, C for mixed hardening rule
Where
) / ( 1
'
E E
E
H
t
t

=
And
) , ( ' H C =
Where
Et from [13] as follow
n n
n
k
n
k
E E E
E
E
E
E E Et
E
E
Et
/ ) 1 (
1
)) / ' ( 1 (
1
' )) / ( 1 (
1
+
+

]
]
]

' +
+

'
]
]
]

+
+
=
G E 3 = and
|

\
|
'

'
= '
E
E
E
E
) 2 1 (
3
3
And is determined for each load increment
(5) Compute [B], following [10]
(6) Form the elasto -plastic matrix [D
ep
] and from equation (7) or (18) or (28) for
isotropic, kinematics or mixed hardening rule respectively.
(7) Evaluated the element stiffness matrix [K
ep
] equation (34)
(8) Evaluated the element force matrix according to equation (35)
(9) Assemble the overall stiffness matrix [Kg] and construct the overall structural
equilibrium equations F Kg = ] [
(10) Modify F for applicable boundary condition
(11) Adjust [Kg] corresponding to step (10)
(12) Solve for by skyline solver and therefore the total displacement components
by + =
(13) Compute from equation (32)
(14) Compute from equation (13), (19) or (30) for isotropic, kinematics or mixed
hardening rule respectively.
(15) Compute the total element stresses and strains by + = and + =
(16) Check for convergence, the error in displacement increment is used to check the
accuracy
0001 . 0
.
.
< =


Er
t
t

(17)After checking, updating the stresses, strains, displacements, then go to the next load
increment step (1).
48
5. Numerical Examples
Two problems are selected for the study of the model, the numerical solution presented
the three dimensional elasto-plastic and thermo- elasto plastic problems using Von Mises
yield criterion and isotropic hardening rule.
(1) Thick Circular Aluminum Ring
The first example is the thick circular aluminum ring. Six element with 20-node
hexahedral is used. Because of the symmetry of the problem numerical computation is
confined to one quarter (Fig(1)). Fig(2) shows the variation of radial displacement of
internal surface with increasing load. A good agreement between the present finite
element method and the experimental results obtained by Ref[14] are evident. The
material properties are as follows:
E = 85917.232 MPa
323 . 0 =
96 . 188 =
y
MPa
H' =3158.6 MPa
internal pressure (P) = 3.4, 6.8, 10.3, 13.7, 20.6, 27.5, 31 MPa
(2) A gear Tooth
Fig(3) shows a gear tooth that is subjected to a line load bx acting in the x-direction at its
upper edge and to thermal load h
1
and h
2
(convective heat transfer coefficient). This
problem is symmetric with respect to the x-z plane, and the tooth is assumed to be fixed
at its base Half of the problem is discretized into a network of four hexahedral 20-node
element ,as shown in figure (4), [9],[12].
Figure (3) Gear tooth subjected to Figure (4) FE-mesh for the half
Thermo-mechanical load gear shown in Figure (3)
49
Values of structural parameters are as follows:
k= 51.9 W/(m.K), Cp= 468.89 J/(Kg.K),
3
/ 35 . 7887 m Kg =
Table (1): Properties of material [4]
T (K) E (MPa) E' (MPa)
) (k
(MPa)
n
294 199955 4137 310275 10
477 180649 2183.64 258562.5 10
588 177891 1637.56 241325 10
Figure (5) show the elasto- plastic zone for a gear tooth due to the applying of the thermal
and mechanical load.
Figure (5): Elasto-plastic zone in a gear tooth due to thermo-mechanical load
CONCLUSION
This paper has demonstrated an efficient computational model for thermo-elasto-plastic
analysis of three dimensional problems. This model introduced the general constitutive
relation which can be applied to a particular real material, and it sensitive to the
temperature history. A finite element concept for thermo-elasto plastic analysis has been
suggested and used to study the three dimensional problems of a Von Mises material and
obeying the present stress-strain relations. A computer program has been written to test
the theory, the efficiency of the program could be improved by adoption of the skyline
solution and published results give a reasonable agreement with the obtained results.
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