660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

2. Hasil dari 4 uji kompresi dan data lainnya disajikan pada Tabel 9A,
9B, 9C, dan 9D. Keempat sampel batuan tersebut diperoleh dari
formasi batugamping. Hitung untuk setiap sampel batuan:
a. Kekuatan tekan ultimit sampel batuan pada (1) beban maksimum
dan (2) titik tegangan referensi yang sama pada 50% kekuatan
ultimit.
b. Modulus Young, rasio Poisson, modulus kekakuan, modulus
curah, dan kompresibilitas batuan
c. Menganalisis hubungan antara tegangan dan pecahnya
batugamping.

Tabel 9A
UJI KOMPRESI UNIAKSIAL
Core L= 11.34 cm, d = 5.34 cm
Beban Aksial (kN) Deformasi Aksial Diametral Deformation (mm)
25 0.047 0.0045
50 0.075 0.0052
75 0.092 0.0095
100 0.115 0.0125
125 0.137 0.0150
150 0.158 0.0195
175 0.179 0.0235
200 0.208 0.025
225 0.23 0.038
250 (gagal) 0.27 0.055
252 - 0.075

Tabel 9B
Uji Triaksial
Core L = 11.11 cm, d = 5.32 cm
Minimum Principal Stress (σ 3) = 11.4 Mpa
Static Load = 25.3 kN
Aksial Dikurangi Regangan Aksial Regangan Aksial
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

Beban Statis (kN) ℇ a, 10-6 ℇ 1, (10-6)

50 460 125
100 850 245
150 1,275 338
200 1,720 470
250 2,165 640
300 2,670 895
360 (gagal) 3,950 1,500

Data Sampel Tambahan

Sampel (#) σ 1 (MPa) σ 3 (MPa)
1 250 0.0
2 385.3 11.4
3 511.1 22.8
4 667 57.0

Tabel 9C
Tes Triaksial
Core L = 10.88 cm, d = 5.34 cm
Minimum Principal Stress (σ 3) = 22.8 MPa
Satic Load = 51.1 kN
Aksial Dikurangi Regangan Aksial Regangan Aksial
Beban Statis (kN) ℇ a (10 )
-6
ℇ 1 (10-6)
50 400 100
100 895 290
200 1,330 400
250 2,420 850
300 3,100 1,100
350 3,600 1,500
400 4,540 2,000
450 5,700 3,300
460 (gagal) 6,200 4,100

Tabel 9D
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

Tes Triksial
Core L = 10.88 cm, d = 5.32 cm
Minimum Principal Stress (σ 3) = 57 MPa
Satic Load = 127 kN
Aksial Dikurangi Regangan Aksial Regangan Aksial
Beban Statis (kN) ℇ a (10 )
-6
ℇ 1 (10-6)
50 500 50
100 1,050 150
150 1,300 200
200 1,800 325
250 2,400 580
300 3,000 650
350 3,800 800
400 4,300 1,050
450 5,100 2,000
500 6,000 2,800
540 (gagal) 6,800 3,850

Tabel 9E
Sifat Elastis Inti Berorientasi yang Digunakan dalam Perhitungan
Tegangan Stress
Kedalaman (m) Modulus Elastis (GPa) Rasio Poisson
1,500.8 25.1 0.13
1,507..2 26.9 0.18
1,507.5 27.4 0.17
1,508.8 25.1 0.15
1,509.4 25.2 0.15
1,995.5 29.6 0.21
1,998.0 30.7 0.20
2,404.3 39.6 0.23
0,406.4 40.4 0.22
2,474.7 35.6 0.18
2,475.2 33.9 0.17
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

3. Uji kompresi triaksial dilakukan pada 11 inti berorientasi pada

tekanan pengekangan 60 MPa. Tabel 9E menunjukkan hasil
pengujian statis ini. AU inti berasal dari formasi Mesa Verde,
Colorado, dari kedalaman sekitar 1.500 hingga 2.500 m. Kerapatan
butir rata-rata adalah 2,4 g/cm3. Untuk setiap inti:
a. Hitung kompresibilitas batuan.
b. Perkirakan nilai dinamik modulus elastik dan geser.
c. Tentukan waktu transit geser dan tekan.
4. Sampel inti dikenai uji hidrostatik dengan tegangan berikut: σ 1=5800
psi, σ 2= 2,200 psi, and σ 3 = 3,600 psi. tekanan inti adalah 2,850 psi.
porositas inti adalah 0.18. Diketahui cr=0.45x10-6psi-1, cb = 2.3x10-6
psi-1, dan cw = 3.1x10-6psi-1, menentukan:
a. Perubahan relatif dalam volume pori.
b. Perubahan tekanan pori.
c. Efektivitas (∝) tekanan pori dalam melawan beban total yang
diterapkan, jika sampel memiliki waktu tempuh gelombang
tekan 58 ps/fi dan waktu tempuh geser 84 ps/ft. Massa jenis
batuan sampel adalah 0,42 g/cm3. Rasio Poisson yang tidak
terdrainase adalah 0,18.
5. Formasi batupasir dengan kedalaman 15.265 kaki memiliki gradien
tegangan 1 psi/ft. Formasi ini tidak terkonsolidasi, dengan tekanan
pori 7.000 psi. Kecepatan tekan dan geser masing-masing adalah
10.836 ft/s dan 7.462 ft/s. Dari pengukuran laboratorium, kekuatan
tak terkekang adalah 6.848 psi. Massa jenis batuan ini adalah 2,65
g/cm3.

Tabel 9F
Pengukuran Inti Otomatis
Tegangan Bersih (psi) Porositas (%) Permeabilitas
Klinkenberg (mD)
1,000 14.48 16.38
1,500 14.07 15.30
5,000 12.81 12.46
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

9.800 12.51 11.82

Menghitung:
a. Rasio Poisson, modulus geser, modulus curah, dan modulus
Young.
b. Tegangan horisontal.
c. Berarti stres yang efektif.
d. Kekuatan geser awal.
6. Zona produktif yang sensitif terhadap stres diinkubasi dari 8.000
hingga 8.050 ft. Colokan inti selanjutnya dianalisis porositas dan
permeabilitasnya dengan sistem pengukuran teras otomatis (Core
Laboratories CMS 300). Sistem ini memberikan pengukuran
porositas dan permeabilitas sebagai fungsi dari tegangan
overburden, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Tabel 9F. Gradien
tegangan adalah 0,5 psi/ft.
a. Dengan menggunakan metode Jones (46), tentukan porositas dan
permeabilitas Klikenberg pada tegangan neto nol.
b. Kembangkan hubungan empiris antara (1) rasio kekosonganΦ
/(1-Φ ¿ dan tegangan, dan (2) permeabilitas dan tegangan.
c. Perkirakan nilai porositas dan permeabilitas pada kedalaman
8.025 kaki.
d. Sumur kedua dibor ke zona kedua pada 10.500 ft. Dengan
asumsi kedua zona serupa, hitung porositas dan permeabilitas
zona ini.
7. Menggugat data pada Tabel 9F dan Jones et al. (47) metode, hitung
kompresibilitas pori rata-rata selama interval tegangan.
Δt s = 1350 μs/ft Δ t c = 75 μs/ft ρ w= 1.0 g/cm3 Kedalaman = 3425m
Menentukan:
1) Kemungkinan produksi pasir menggunakan kriteria ambang
batas SPI.
2) Rasio Poisson.
3) Tekanan pori dan tekanan overburden.
4) Tegangan horizontal bumi.
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

5) Gradien fraktur (FG). Gunakan dua metode untuk menghitung

konstanta Biot dan diskusikan pengaruhnya terhadap perhitungan
FG.
NOMENCLATURE (TATA NAMA)
A Area
B Koefisien Skempton, faktor volume formasi
c kompresibilitas
C Kekuatan kompresional
D Kedalaman
d Diameter
D(p) Fungsi tekanan Dobrinin
E Modulus elastisitas
f Faktor
F Gaya, beban, faktor formasi
FR faktor resistivitas formasi
FG gradien fraktur
g percepatan gravitasi, gradient
G modulus kekakuan
H Ketinggian
h koefisien hukum daya
I Faktor intensitas
J stres invariant
L Panjang
m Eksponen sementasi
N Oil-in-place
P Pressure
R Fakto
s saturasi
S luas permukaan spesifik
Ss faktor bentuk, saturasi
t Waktu
v Velocity
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

V volume

SUBSCRIPTS
a Udara
ax Axial
b Bulk
bh Bottomhole
c Compressional
d Dinamik, drained
e efektif
f Fracture, formasi
fl Fluid, fluida
gv Grain value
H Horizontal
h Hidrostatis
hu hidrostatik ke uniaksial
i Initial
lat Lateral
m Matrix, minimum
M Maximum
ms Matrix stress
n Normal
o Original, oil
O Overbalanced
OB Overburden
p Principal, propagation, pore
pc Critical pore
pi Intial pore
ps Pore shape
r Rock, resonance
s Shear, static, stess
t Tensile
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

T Time, atau tahap apa pun dalam penipisan

θ Tangen
u Undrained, uniaxial, underbalanced
UCS unconfined compressive strength (kekuatan tekan tidak
terbatas)
UCS-min kekuatan tekan minimum yang tidak terbatas
w Water (air)
wb Wellbore (sumur bor)
wfco sumur bor mengalir kritis pada kondisi overbalance
wfcu sumur bor mengalir kritis pada kondisi underbalanced

GREEK SYMBOLS (SIMBOL YUNANI)

α Faktor koreksi
ε regangan
ϕf sudut gesekan
γ regangan geser
κ Modulus bulk
ν Ratio Poisson
θ Angel (sudut)
ρ Densitas
τ tegangan geser
660-670 PETROFISIKA: PROPERTI BATUAN RESERVOIR

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