Green Buildings and Cities: - The Challenges Ahead

Energy and the Built Environment, .
2009
Green Buildings and Cities

-The challenges ahead
Presenter: Professor Deo Prasad Director: Master of Sustainable Built Environment Program, Faculty of the Built Environment The University of New South Wales, Sydney 00098G CRICOS PROVIDER CODE
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Contents
Overview & Context The Education Challenge:
Emerging concerns climate change, sustainable development and urban environment Interdependency & interconnectedness LCA and systems thinking Role of Showcases
International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference
The Technology and Innovation Challenge

Sustainable living - Socio-behavioural issues Zero energy/emissions/carbon and beyond Emerging technologies Design process versus designed product
Economic Challenge (and the Market)

Innovative financing/packaging Value-added benefits Workplace productivity
The Measuring Challenge

Tools (how long is that piece of string?) Validation (proofs in the pudding) Gen-2 tools
Conclusions
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Overview
Emerging concerns and Responses

Oil prices (1970s) Environment and sustainability (1980=>) Climate change (1990s =>) Oil price (2005 =>)
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Harmony
Considering pressure, state and responses
Changing Harmony nature and built
International Sustainable environment Habitat Synergies conference
AUSTRALIA = 35,000ha over 5 years Shanghai = 9 new satellite cities to be planned Bangkok = eco-cities under consideration ..
Environmental impacts Resource depletion
Social impacts Loss of open space & biodiversity Social Isolation Increased car dependency Decreased air quality Unhealthy indoor environment
Economic impacts To Builders: Increased compliance costs & waste disposal costs To Owners: Increased utility & maintenance costs To Occupiers: Loss of well being & productivity To Society: Decreased environmental quality & poor industrial inefficiency.
. Physical disruption
Chemical pollution
Other effects; social

disruption, undesirable visual impact.
Livability and well-being
Ecosystems
Built environments are parts of functioning ecosystems; Many endangered species of plants and animals can be found in urban areas; Improving the health of ecosystems in urban areas during building development can enhance services such as stormwater retention and treatment and improve environmental quality.
Forest loss is increasing
Global construction consumes 875 million cubic meters of timber per year
(Roodman& Lenssen, 1995).
The share of bird, mammal, and fish species that are now in danger of extinction is in double digits
11 percent of all bird species, 25 percent of mammals, and 34 percent of fish. (World Watch, 2001)
Conversion of natural land to urban land is increasing

Eg. 6000ha of UK farm land is converted into suburbs every year.
Challenge is not just conservation

but achieving optimal balance recreating amenity where needed
Why is Interdependency important to understand?
Buildings, the built environment and the process of building are all components of ecosystems. All communities are ultimately dependent on each other for their prosperity. Life quality depends on the functioning of the whole system and the viability of its non-living components. Need to have a systems perspective
Urban context -the metabolism of cities
Cheonggyecheon Area Cheonggyecheon Area after Restoration after Restoration
Urban form
Affects choice of transport: Dispersed City - low density, private cars predominate; Compact City - high density, public transport, walking, cycling are more convenient; Edge City - orbital freeways link edge cities, private cars predominate; Corridor City - Growth corridors radiating from central business areas, normally along public transport routes; Ultra (Satellite) City - Develop within 100km of large city - often serviced by fast rail links and freeways.
Why transportation priorities shape citiesInternational Sustainable
Habitat Synergies conference
MARCHETTI CONSTANT The average travel time budget is around one hour per person per . day. i.e. half an hour average for the journey to work and half an hour home, . or less for work trip and more for other trips like walking the dog. Found to apply across the world and throughout urban history. Biological principle related to the need for restorative/reflective time as well as focussed time each day. This means? THE CITY IS ALWAYS ONE HOUR WIDE.
Transport Issues
Planning Issues:
. Reducing demand for motorized travel

Mixing land uses to also shorten trips between two places Development along existing public transport corridors Policy Issues: Road construction costs Road charges Fuel Pricing
Parking fees
Vehicle technology (Mandatory fuel efficiency standards for car)
Management of Urban Vegetation
.
Reducing carbon release by avoiding clearing of land for urban expansion and the removal of mature trees. Management of urban vegetation in terms of its disposal . Heat Island effects
Urban form
Solar access to lots

SEDA's ESHP includes recommended provisions for Solar Access for Lots (SAL) for the rating of a lot to receive adequate sunlight for a house on the site to be energy efficient. SEAV has had a solar access for lots rating for some time. Solarch has written a scheme for NSW - SEDA.
Landscape Planning
Landscaping should compliment the buildings passive design strategies through its impact on micro climate Should consider creating water bodies with habitat and practical value where effective Plantation should be in accordance with climatic needs for sun control and wind control Should consider low maintenance diverse landscapes. Design for low maintenance and low water plants Use natural products and composts where necessary.
Landscape Planning
Airflow under tree Placement of vegetation near building
Beneficial breezes can be guided by carefully sited landscaping
Helping cross ventilation by landscaping
Ecological Footprint of Cities - the rural/urban links

Sustainability means reducing the ecological footprint (resource inputs and waste outputs) whilst simultaneously improving the quality of life (health, housing, accessibility, community)
Homebush Bay Sydney Olympics Site
Showcasing
A holistic vision which embraces a whole of life perspective rather than a short term approach. Establish an equitable balance between environmental, social and economic strategies with cultural sensitivity, both now and into the future.
In nature nothing is wasted

The need for life-cycle design craddle-to-craddle design Ecological dynamics as an approach to life-cycle design In the future, cities must become the main source of our building materials We must be able to rely on built environments rather than natural environments for our resources.
Craddle-to-craddle approach to design
Sustainable buildings
According to the Worldwatch Institute about 40% of the world's total energy usage is dedicated to the construction and operation of buildings. The building industry consumes 3 billion tons of raw materials annually -- 40 % of the total material flow in the global economy. Only about 0.003 % of earth's water is readily available as fresh water for human use (Miller, 1992). Building materials manufacturing, construction and operations consumes 16% of available fresh water annually
Buildings account for about one-third of the emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and two-fifths of acid rain-causing sulfur-dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
Low hanging fruit the no cost and low cost options
Green or Sustainable
The terms green and sustainable are often used interchangeably and although discussions regarding the most appropriate terminology to describe environmentally progressive buildings can deteriorate to meaningless semantics, the distinction between the notions of `Green and `Sustainable is critical in structuring environmental assessment methods (Cole 1999).
In the assessment communities the term Green is commonly used to estimate how different a building is as compared to a business as usual scenario. Becoming sustainable would require an understanding of the absolute impact or stress that building design and operation place on ecological systems to ensure that it is within the assimilative capability of the local and global ecosystems (Cole 1998).
Building operation is a major contributor Cooling of buildings 28%
Current trends
(source: [2, 1]) Application Air Handling Cooling Pumping Heating
Table 1: Trends in Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions by Application

Base Year - 1990 Energy PJ pa 23.5 27.4 4.2 4.3 33.2 9.1 3.5 0.7 2.9 3.9 1.5 1.5 0.0 12.8 0.3 22.4 151.1 CO2 - kT pa 7017 7854 1248 1298 1970 679 312 0 847 230 111 131 0 3809 26 6694 32225 Year - 2010 Energy PJ pa 43.5 50.9 7.8 8.1 69.9 13.1 2.3 0.2 5.3 8.3 2.1 0.9 0.0 CO2 - kT pa 13007 14588 2347 2439 4153 984 200 0 1569 484 158 83 0
Air handling
Lighting
22%
21%
Elec Gas Petr Prod Coal Wood Processes Elec Gas Petr Prod Coal Wood Other Elec Petroleum Prod. Lighting TOTALS
23.6 7060 0.4 33 52.5 15673 CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G 62779 289.1
Current trends
BUILDING TYPE PJ 1990 PJ 2010 Offices 40 77 Hospitals 19 37 Food Stores 15 30 Clothing/Fabric Stores 9 17 Department Stores 7 13 Household Appl & Hardware Stores 5 9 Accommodation 6 11 Communications 5 10 Schools 3 6 Fast Food Restaurants 3 5 Registered Clubs 4 8 Retail / Wholesale - Not Elsewhere 13 24 Comm Serv & Pub Adm - Not Elsewhere 18 35 Recreation - Not Elsewhere 3 6 151 289 kT of CO2 1990 8,540 4,115 3,290 1,904 1,455 1,046 1,240 1,153 712 609 946 2,701 3,887 627 32,225 2010 Proportion 16,637 27% 8,016 13% 6,410 10% 3,710 6% 2,834 5% 2,037 3% 2,416 4% 2,246 4% 1,388 2% 1,186 2% 1,844 3% 5,262 8% 7,572 12% 1,221 2% 62,780
Key Contributors are Offices, Hospitals and Food Stores
Current trends
70000
Meeting Kyoto Targets

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KYOTO TARGET & PROJECTED TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSIONS
KYOTO Target Emission Line Projected Emission Line - Business as Usual KYOTO GAP - 26,800 Tonnes p.a.
60000
50000
CO2 Emissions - Tonnes per annum
40000 CO2 30% Target Kyoto Target 30000
Alternative Potential Target - 30% Reduction on BaU

20000
10000
0 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
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2001
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2003
2004
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2007
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Building Code and Policy

Need for government policy when market does not respond Incentives for policy (new and existing buildings) AGO Baseline Studies - done Directions for BCA The Aim prescriptive whole building performance tools (Deemed to comply vs No. Off Primary Buildings performance based) Target Group
Increasing Energy Efficiency

BCA minimum standard Code of Practice Best Practice
Sustainable Buildings

Move from Passive Solar to wider range of indicators Total energy and greenhouse gas emissions Water, waste, materials, air, biodiversity Increasing use of Assessment Tools Increasing knowledge availability of technologies advanced materials, demand side technologies and supply options Increasing role of designers in whole of building considerations to achieve project goals. Triple Bottom line context Consideration of productivity and health No Cost, Low Cost and Cost Effective investments
Climate responsive forms
Thermal Mass
Thermal control
Thermal comfort issues
PMV rating: 0.81 Dissatisfied:18% DB-25 Clothing-Light Business Suit Activity-Standing Air velocityPleasant Breezes Radiant Temp-25
PMV rating:1.18 Dissatisfied:38% DB 27 Clothing-Light Business Suit Activity-Standing Air velocitypleasant Breezes Radiant Temp-25
PMV rating: 1.8 Dissatisfied: 64% DB 27
Change in Clothing from Light business suit to business suit

Change in activity-Slow walking
PMV rating: 1.7 Dissatisfied: 60%
Change in Radiant temperatureincreased from 25 to 27

Activity-slow walking Clothing-Light business Suit
Changing thermostat settings
Heating Energy requirements for a range of mass and insulation combinations. Three heating thermostat temperatures are shown
Cooling Energy requirements for a range of mass and insulation combinations. Three cooling thermostat temperatures are shown
Technology and Innovation Challenge

Sustainable living versus sustainable design outcomes Practical sustainability Pushing the barrier
Zero energy Plus
Process innovation Social factors
Prasad House refurbishment forInternational Sustainable sustainable living Habitat Synergies conference
.
Performance
.
Prasad House Cold days 25
Temp C Outside Ambient Temp C Mezzanine Temp C Upstairs Bed Temp C Under Mezzanine Temp C Living
20
Temperature C
15
10
7/07/2004 12:00
7/07/2004 18:00
8/07/2004 12:00
8/07/2004 18:00
9/07/2004 12:00
9/07/2004 18:00
Date and tim e

10/07/2004 0:00
7/07/2004 0:00
7/07/2004 6:00
8/07/2004 0:00
8/07/2004 6:00
9/07/2004 0:00
9/07/2004 6:00
Mobbs House inner city attached dwelling

a self-reliant house that produces its own electricity, water, and International Sustainable Habitat Synergies lights, cooking gas. Solar energy powers the air-conditioning, conference and household appliances. Rain, dew, and condensation from the cooling system produce enough water for a family of four. Recycled water irrigates the garden, and surplus electricity is sold to the power company or used to drive an electric car 30 miles (50 kilometers) a day."
That's how Architecture Week describes Soontorn Boonyatikarm's bio-solar house.
south elevation CH2

CH2
Green facade
Displacement Ventilation Improves Indoor Air Quality
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.
air flow International Sustainable purge windows
Evolving form
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Evolving form
FOSTER AND PARTNERS ARCHITECTS
FOSTER AND PARTNERS ARCHITECTS
Commerzbank, Frankfurt International Sustainable
Architect: Sir Norman Foster
..
Follow land-form Patterns
- site sensitivity
Tadao Ando: Rokko Housing Kobe Japan

International Sustainable Emerging Technologies: Architectural Appeal Habitat Synergies conference
Photovoltaic Products and Integration .

.
CELLS
Mono
Poly
Amorphous
Efficiencies 12-18% Area/kW 8m2
10-14% 10m2
6-8% 17m2
Australian showcase projects in major cities

High Rise BRISBANE 60 kWp
Kogarah SYDNEY 160 kWp
.
.
.
Original 629kWp QV Markets MELBOURNE 190 kWp
Olympic Village SYDNEY
Additional 72kWp
Melbourne University 190 kWp
Solar Kogarah (AJC)

Kogarah SYDNEY 160 kWp
.
.
.
.
DyeSol Cells at CSIRO Energy Centre, Newcastle The cells are made by assembling layers of the semiconductor titanium dioxide (TiO2), a light-sensitive dye, an electrolyte and a catalyst between two transparent conductive glass plates. When light shines on the cell, the dye is energised and releases an electron that is picked up by the (TiO2). The electrolyte regenerates the dye after it gives off its charge, while the catalyst supplies the electron to the electrolyte.
PhotovoltaicSustainable Photovoltaic (PV) metal International (PV) metal roof Habitat Synergies conference roof
PV in double glazing
Sunshading + high performance glass
DESIGN BASIS DESIGN energy Reduce BASIS Reduce energy consumption consumption Generate Generate green energy green energy
PV in double glazing
System (UPS)
Solar Electricity goes to the DC bus of the UPS
Power generated:
140,000 kWh = 6% of total buildings demand or Enough to power 30 to 40 houses
BENEFITS OF INTEGRATED SOLAR ENERGY AND LOW ENERGY SYSTEMS

20% + return on $1M invested Building 20% more energy efficient Reduction of CO2 per annum = 1600 tonnes Operational cost saving of $214,000 / year Building qualifies for 5 star SEDA greenhouse rating
Queen Victoria markets
MELBOURNE
.
.
1328 solar photovoltaic laminates installed. Each laminate measures 1.59 metres by 0.79 metres. The installation took about 2000 man hours to complete. The system generated 239,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity during the 2003-2004 financial year. The installation saved more than 350 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions for the 2003-2004 financial year alone (based on Australian Greenhouse Office estimations that in Victoria, every kilowatt-hour of electricity generated by clean energy sources - sun, wind and water - abates an equivalent of 1.467 kilograms of greenhouse gases). To help market visitors understand more about the project and solar power in general, BP Solar and Origin Energy have a permanent, real-time display on-site to show. Current kilowatts of 100 per cent clean electrical power being generated. The total megawatt-hours (1 megawatt-hour = 1000 CRICOS PROVIDER CODE kilowatt-hours) of clean electrical energy produced to 00098G date; and The corresponding total reduction in greenhouse gas emissions achieved to date.
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Semi transparent PV
Translucent BiPV
ECN building
SBIC building - Tokyo, Japan
Roof systems
International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference www.demosite.ch
BIPV Roof Systems
Global examples Residential Apartments

Nagoya
200kWp PV systems on apartment blocks
.
Solar hot water
Four Times Square, NY
48-storey skyscraper 1st major office building built in NY in 1990s BIPV.curtain wall from 37th to 43rd floor on south and east facades replacing spandrel glass.
BIPV attached to building in same way as standard glass
International 73.1kWp Doxford UK Studio-E architects Sustainable
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Urban Scale
Urban Scale
An overview of architectural BiPV design criteria from IEA Task 7 International Sustainable (www.task7.org) Habitat Synergies conference
NATURALLY INTEGRATED
The PV system is a natural part of the building. Without PV, the building would be lacking something - the PV system completes the building;
ARCHITECTURALLY PLEASING
Based on a good design, does the PV system add eyecatching features to the design;
The colour and texture of the PV system should be in harmony with the other materials. Often, also a specific design of the PV system can be aimed at (e.g. frameless vs. framed modules); The sizing of the PV system matches the sizing and grid of the building; The total image of a building should be in harmony with the PV system. On a historic building, tiles or slates will probably fit better than large glass modules;
. GOOD COMPOSITION
GRID, HARMONY and COMPOSITION
CONTEXTUALITY
WELL-ENGINEERED
This does not concern the watertightness of PV roof, but more the elegance of design details. Have details been well-conceived? Has the amount of materials been minimised? Are details convincing? PV is an innovative technology, asking for innovative, creative, thinking of architects. New ideas can enhance the PV market and add value to buildings.
INNOVATIVE NEW DESIGN
Shading time of day generation

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Achievable levels of PV power contributions to electricity consumption, using building International Sustainable surfaces with more than 80% of maximum output conference Habitat Synergies
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Economic Challenge (and the Market)

Link to property value
Why do we cost PV on buildings as a utility? It is a building material. Value added benefits! 5%-15% property value impact????
The Aim
No. Off Buildings
Primary Target Group
Innovative financing. Who has lost money in developing, selling, owning a green building? Check Olympic site. Productivity gains and social environment
Increasing Energy Efficiency

BCA minimum standard Code of Practice Best Practice
The Measuring Challenge

Tools how long is that piece of string?
Design tools assistance for integrated design Daylight Assessment Building Thermal Modeling Plant and systems modeling Air movement PV Thermal systems Material impact assessment CAD linked for ease
Next generation ..
International Sustainable Assessment Tools and their useSynergies conference Habitat

BREEAM Management Health and comfort Energy LEED Sustainable Sites Water Efficiency Energy and Atmosphere Materials and Resources Indoor Environmental Quality GBTOOL Resource consumption Environmental Loadings IEQ NABERS Energy use and GHG emissions Water use Storm water runoff Storm water pollution Sewage outfall volume Transport Landscape diversity Toxic materials Waste Indoor air quality Occupant satisfaction GREEN STAR Management IEQ Energy
Transport Water
Quality of service Economics
Transport Water
Materials Land use
Pre-operations Community Transportation
Materials Land Use and Ecology Emissions Innovation
Site Ecology Pollution
Rating tool framework Compare CASBEE International Sustainable

Indoor Environment Quality Energy
Environmental Weightings
Management Issue Category Scores

Assessment Credits
Transport
Water Materials
Land Use and Ecology

Emissions
Innovation
Single Score
Post Occupancy and validation

Proofs in the pudding ABGR GreenGlobe
Annual certification Continuous improvement
Integrated Design
What is integrated design
Integrated design is a collaboration and communication . between architect,engineers and cost planners.
Integrated design delivers results by understanding impacts across a broad range of disciplines during design Integrated design can produce a resulting solution or building/service system, the physical integration of services and building components.
An effective step is to involve client, architect, consultants and contractor to participate in a design charrette
Conclusions
Minimising the ecological footprint of buildings and cities is essential

System design needs to consider whole of life issues. Sustainable/green design and planning is now a basic requirement . not just a fad. Professional leadership with social, economic, environmental and cultural impacts of buildings to be considered. .and of course architectural character and quality is essential. Need for policy to drive change towards sustainability
Need to mainstream this change
Creating sustainable futures

`Sophistication
is not necessarily the product of highly developed machinery, nor intensive capital investment. It is more a way of using available equipment and resources with cunning and intelligence Reyner Banham The Architecture of the Well-tempered Environment 1984
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Energy and the Built Environment, .

Green Buildings and Cities

CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G CRICOS Provider code: 00098G

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

The Technology and Innovation Challenge

Economic Challenge (and the Market)

The Measuring Challenge

www . fbe . unsw . edu . au

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Emerging concerns and Responses

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www . fbe . unsw . edu . au

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G

www . fbe . unsw . edu . au

Considering pressure, state and responses

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

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Changing Harmony nature and built

International Sustainable environment Habitat Synergies conference

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International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Environmental impacts Resource depletion

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Other effects; social

Livability and well-being

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Forest loss is increasing

Conversion of natural land to urban land is increasing

Challenge is not just conservation

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Why is Interdependency important to understand?

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Urban context -the metabolism of cities

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Cheonggyecheon Area Cheonggyecheon Area after Restoration after Restoration

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International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

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Why transportation priorities shape citiesInternational Sustainable

Habitat Synergies conference

CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

CRICOS PROVIDER CODE 00098G

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

. Reducing demand for motorized travel

Management of Urban Vegetation

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

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International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Solar access to lots

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International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

International Sustainable Habitat Synergies conference

Airflow under tree Placement of vegetation near building

Beneficial breezes can be guided by carefully sited landscaping

Helping cross ventilation by landscaping

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