K THUT MNG KHNG DY

II.1.

Gii thiu

Khi nim mng khng dy (Wireless Network) l mt khi nim rt rng, n tng t nh mng c dy m chng ta hc nhng c mt iu khc nhau quan trng l mng khng dy dng sng lm phng tin truyn dn ch yu. Trong gio trnh ny chng ra ch tp trung tm hiu mng ni b khng dy (Wireless LAN). II.1.1 Chun Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11

Hnh 1.5: Mt s chun thng dng T chc IEEE chu trch nhim pht trin cc chun mng cc b khng dy (wireless local area networking standards). T chc IEEE da trn cng ngh mng cc b pht trin chun u tin cho mng cc b khng dy (IEEE 802.11). IEEE 802.11 c framework ging nh chun Ethernet, iu ny m bo s tng tc gia cc tng mc cao hn v s kt ni d dng gia cc thit b Ethernet v WLAN. IEEE xem xt li chun ny vo thng 10 nm 1999 v nhm ti kt ni RF(Radio Frequency) vi tc truyn d liu cao hn. Kt qu l chun 802.11b ra i v m t ring cho s kt ni RF LAN vi tc 11Mbps. Chun 802.11 l l chun c thit k c nh ban u, do mt s nhm m rng c gn vo tn chun nhm mc ch nh ngha cc ci tin mi. Chun WLAN IEEE802.11a IEEE802.11b M T S dng bng tn 5GHz, quy nh r hai tng Physical v MAC, tc ti a t 54Mbps. S dng bng tn 2.4GHz, quy nh r hai tng Physical v MAC, h tr

11Mbps. IEEE802.11e Ci tin tng MAC ca cc chun 802.11 a, b, g nhm nng cao cht lng ca dch v. Cho php cc Access Point ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau c th lm vic c vi nhau. S dng bng tn 2.4GHz, tc truyn d liu cao hn (>11Mbps). Ci tin tng MAC, nhm tng tnh nng bo mt WEP (WEP2). Bng m t cc chun khng dy II.1.2 ng dng mng khng dy Cng ngh mng ngy nay pht trin rt nhanh, mng khng dy (Wireless Network) l mt in hnh. Cc thit b khng dy gim gi rt nhanh to iu kin cho cc ngi dng tip xc nhanh vi cng ngh cao ny. Khi thit k mng c dy theo cng ngh c in ta gp rt nhiu kh trong nhng iu kin mi trng v a l c bit. Mng khng dy l mt gii php tt trong cc iu kin v mi trng sau: Xy dng cc mng tm thi. Mi trng, a hnh phc tp khng th i dy c nh: i ni, hi o To nh khng th i dy mng hoc ngi dng thng xuyn di ng nh: nh hng, khch sn, bnh vin Nhng ni phc v Internet cng cng nh: nh ga, sn bay, trng hc

IEEE802.11f IEEE802.11g IEEE802.11i

II.2.

K thut truyn tn hiu trong mng khng dy

II.2.1 Gii thiu

Hnh 1.6 Cc k thut dng trong chun 802.11 Chun 802.11 nh ngha mt s phng thc v k thut truyn khc nhau cho mng ni b khng dy. Chun ny bao gm c k thut RF(Radio Requency) v IR(Infra Red). Cc k thut truyn dng trong mng khng dy da trn nguyn l tri ph, thay v truyn trn mt tn s d b nhiu v mt mt d liu th chng ta truyn tn hiu trn nhiu tn s song song hoc lun phin. K thut tri ph c dng rt nhiu trong mng khng dy v k thut ny chng nhiu v bo mt tt. Cc k thut truyn tn hiu dng trong 802.11: K thut tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FHSS). K thut tri ph tun t trc tip (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS). K thut truyn song song cc sng mang c tn s trc giao vi nhau (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM).

Cc thit b khng dy hin nay trn th trng hu ht u s dng k thut truyn tn hiu DSSS, do chng ta ch tp trung tm hiu su v k thut ny, cc k thut khc chng ta c th tham kho ti a ch: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/F/FHSS.html II.2.2 DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS l k thut cho php tn hiu truyn i c tri trn nhiu tn s hot ng ng thi nhm gim n mc ti thiu s nhiu v mt mt d liu. Tn hiu ban u c kt hp vi mt tn hiu h thng (tn hiu ny gi l chipping code) trc khi truyn trn mi trng sng. Tn hiu c tri trn 7 hoc 11 tn ty theo chiu di ca chipping code. Theo t chc FFC (Federal Communications Commission) quy nh bng tn hot ng ca DSSS l 900 MHz (902 - 928MHz) v 2.4GHz (2.4 2.483GHz).

Hnh 1.7: M t k thut DSSS D liu dng bit ca ngi dng ti my gi kt hp vi gi tr chip code (trong hnh trn th chiu di chip code l 7 bit) ca h thng vi php ton XOR, Kt qu t c l 7 bit s c truyn trn 7 tn s khc nhau. Khi n my nhn cc bit ny cng s kt hp vi chip code vi php ton XOR, nu s bit 1 trong kt qu nhn c nhiu hn s bit 0 th d liu c nhn l bit 1, ngc li d liu nhn c l bit 0. Vi cch hot ng trn k thut DSSS c bo mt cao v cc my nhn d liu phi bit trc chip code, ng thi khi c tc nhn lm nhiu mt phn ca dy tn th h thng vn hot ng tt.

II.3.

WLAN Media Access Control

II.3.1 CSMA/CA

Hnh 1.8: K thut CSMA/CA Ti tng con MAC ca tng Data Link, 802.11b dng k thut cm sng a truy cp trnh ng CSMA/CA (carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance) khc phc tnh trng ng do cc my trm cng truyn tn hiu ti mt thi im. My trm khng dy (Wireless Station 1) mun truyn tn hiu ln mng th phi lng nghe xem c my trm no ang truyn trn mng khng, bng cch gi mt tn hiu LBT (Listen Before Talk). Nu mi trng truyn khng dy ang b s dng th my trm ny i mt khong thi gian ngu nhin, sau tip tc lng nghe. Do thi gian i l ngu nhin nn cc my trm ang i s gi d liu li tn hiu vo nhng thi im khc nhau (trnh c ng ). Nu my trm 1 lng nghe khng thy my trm no khc truyn tn hiu th my trm ny bt u truyn Data Frame. Bn my nhn, sau khi nhn hon tt d liu, my ny s gi mt tn hiu ACK (acknowledgment signal) n my trm 1 thng bo qu trnh truyn nhn d liu thnh cng. II.3.2 RTS/CTS

Hnh 1.9: M phng mng khng dy Trong hnh trn chng ta quan st thy: my 1 nhn thy my 2, my 2 nhn thy my 1 v my 3, my 3 ch nhn thy my 2. Tm li my 1 khng nhn thy my 3. Vn Node n xut hin trong mng kt ni mt im n nhiu im (point to multi-point network), vn ny cng xut hin khi mng c nhiu hn 3 node. Trong mi trng CSMA/CA th my trm 1 v my trm 3 truyn nhn d liu rt tt nhng my trm 2 th c th mt d liu. Vn Node n c gii quyt bi k thut RTS/CTS (request to send/clear to send).

Hnh 1.10: K thut RTS/CTS My trm 1 mun gi d liu n my trm 2, trc tin phi gi tn hiu RTS, my 2 nhn c tn hiu ny th gi tip tn hiu CTS bo cho mi ngi bit bt u nhn d liu. Nh c tn hiu CTS ny m my 3 bit l my 2 ang nhn d liu, trnh c tnh trng ng v my 3 khng nhn c tn hiu RTS. Sau cng my 1 nhn c tn hiu CTS ca my 2 th bt u truyn d liu.

II.4.

Cc m hnh mng khng dy

II.4.1 M hnh Ad-Hoc Ad-Hoc Wireless LAN l mt nhm cc my tnh, mi my trang b mt Wireless card, chng ni kt vi nhau to mt mng LAN khng dy c lp. Cc my tnh trong cng mt Ad-Hoc Wireless LAN phi c cu hnh dng chung cng mt knh radio. M hnh mng ny thng dng trong mt tng lu ca cng ty hoc gia nh (SOHO). M hnh mng ny l m hnh cc my tnh lin lc trc tip vi nhau khng thng qua Access Point do tit kim nhng hn ch s lng my trm. M hnh ny cn c tn gi khc l IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set). Ch , cc my cng trong mt mng theo m hnh Ad-Hoc phi c cng cc thng s nh: BSSID, knh truyn, tc truyn d liu.

Hnh 1.11: M hnh Ad-Hoc u im ca m hnh Ad-Hoc: l kt ni Peer-to-Peer khng cn dng Access Point, chi ph thp, cu hnh v ci t n gin. Khuyt im ca m hnh Ad-Hoc: khong cch gia cc my trm b gii hn, s lng ngi dng cng b gii hn, khng tch hp c vo mng c dy sn c. II.4.2 M hnh Infrastructure 1 M hnh Infrastructure l m hnh mng LAN khng dy, trong cc my trm khng dy (dng Wireless card) kt ni vi nhau thng qua thit b Access Point. Access Point l mt thit b mng cho php iu khin v qun l tt c cc kt ni gia cc trm khng dy vi nhau v gia cc trm khng dy vi cc trm trong mng LAN dng k thut khc. Thit b ny cng m bo ti u nht thi gian truyn d liu trong mng khng dy v m rng mng khng dy. M hnh ny cn gi l m hnh BSS (Basic Service Set). Ch , cc my cng trong mt mng theo m hnh Infrastructure phi c cng cc thng s nh: BSSID, knh truyn, tc truyn d liu vi thit b Access Point.

Hnh 1.12: M hnh Infrastructure1 u im ca m hnh Infrastructure1: cc my trm khng kt ni trc tip c vi nhau, cc my trm trong mng khng dy c th kt ni vi h thng mng c dy. Khuyt im ca m hnh Infrastructure1: gi thnh cao, ci t v cu hnh phc tp hn m hnh AdHoc.

II.4.3 M hnh Infrastructure 2 M hnh Infrastructure 2 cng tng t nh m hnh 1, nhng khc trong m hnh 2 cc Access Point xa nhau c th kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng c dy, m hnh ny cn gi l m hnh ESS (Extended Service Set).

Hnh 1.13: M hnh Infrastructure2 II.4.4 Roaming

Hnh 1.14: M hnh Roaming

Hnh 1.15: M hnh Roaming (tt) Roaming mt tnh nng trong m hnh Infrastructure cho php cc my trm di chuyn qua li gia cc cell (vng ph sng ca Access Point) vi nhau m vn duy tr kt ni. Trong m hnh ny cc Access Point phi c cng gi tr ESSID. II.4.5 Cc m hnh khc Khuych i tn hiu dng Access Point nhm m rng mng khng dy.

Hnh 1.16: M phng vic khuych i tn hiu Kt ni hai mng LAN thng qua mng khng dy.

Hnh 1.17: M phng kt ni mng khng dy M hnh HotSpot ti cc qun Cafe Internet.

Hnh 1.18: M phng m hnh HotSpot Kt ni hai mng LAN ca hai ta nh.

Hnh 1.19: M hnh m phng kt hp 2 ta nh

II.5.

Bo mt trong mng khng dy

Hnh 1.20: Bo mt trong mng khng dy Mng khng dy da trn mi trng sng truyn d liu nn cc tin tc rt d nghe ln v tn cng, do vn bo mt trong mng khng dy l quan trng. u tin mng khng dy ni b theo chun IEEE 802.11 bo mt dng thng s cu hnh SSID (Service Set ID). SSID c th hiu l tn ca mng khng dy, k thut ny hot ng theo hai ch . Ch khng bo mt th theo chu k thi gian Access Point gi broadcast SSID ca mnh n cc my trm khng dy, my trm nhn cc tn hiu ny t quyt nh chn Access Point kt ni thng qua SSID. Ch th hai l ch bo mt th Access Point khng gi thng tin SSID ca mnh, m my trm mun kt ni vo mng phi c cng gi tr SSID vi Access Point.

Hnh 1.21: Qu trnh trao i SSID Chun IEEE 802.11b nh ngha mt protocol bo mt WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) cho mng khng dy ni b. WEP c thit k cng tng bo mt vi mng c dy, protocol ny bo mt bng cch m ha d liu khi truyn t im ny n im khc. WEP lm vic ti hai tng thp nht trong m hnh tham chiu OSI, s ng gi ca WEP bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau:

Thut ton m ha: RC4. Kha m ha trn mi packet: 24bit IV (Initialization Vector) ni vo kha chia s. WEP cho php IV (Initialization Vector) c dng li trn bt k Frame no. Tnh nguyn vn d liu c cung cp bi CRC-32.

II.6.

Cc thit b s dng trong mng khng dy

II.6.1 Wireless LAN card 1. Gii thiu Wireless LAN Card l mt loi thit b mng cho php ni kt cc my tnh v thit b di ng vo h thng mng khng dy v c dy thng qua mi trng sng. Chc nng ca Wireless card cng ging nh chc nng ca card mng c dy l truyn d liu gia cc my trm khng dy v gia cc my trm vi Access Point. Wireless Card c cc loi ch yu sau: PC Card: dng cho cc loi thit b v my tnh di ng nh Palm, Laptop.

Adapter Card: dng cho my tnh bn ch yu s dng khe cm PCI.

Card lp ri bn ngoi, thng thng loi ny kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng USB, COM, Parallel

Hu ht cc card mng ngoi th trng u c cc c tnh chung nh sau: H tr tc truyn 11Mbps, 54Mbps, 108 Mbps hoc ln hn. Bn knh hot ng trung bnh khong 250m tu theo cng sut ca tng loi thit b v Anten. H tr truy cp theo dng point-to-point hoc point-to-multipoint. Dng cng ngh bo mt DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum). Mng khng dy linh ng v khng tn chi ph cp, d dng lp t v cu hnh. 2. Ci t Lp card: Tu theo loi card, nu l Wireless card theo chun PCI th bn lp vo Mainboard ging nh card mn hnh hoc sound card. Nu l Wireless card theo chun PCMCIA th my tnh ca bn phi c khe cm PCMCIA loi I hoc loi II.

Ci t driver Wireless PCMCIA Card trn Win2K Trc khi ci t driver card mng khng dy, bn cn lp card vo my v a CD km theo sn phm. Qu trnh ci t bao gm cc bc sau: (1) Win2000 s t ng nhn ra Wireless card khi bn bt my ln, bn nhp vo nt Next bt u ci t.

(2) Bn chn Search for a suitable driver v nhp chut vo nt Next tm driver.

(3) Nu driver ca thit b khng c tm thy trong th mc h thng v h iu hnh khng h tr driver cho thit b th h thng s yu cu ch nh a hay th mc no cha driver ca thit b.

(4) Tip theo bn a a mm, CD cha driver vo a hoc nhp ng dn ch n th mc cha driver, ri nhp OK h thng tm tp tin driver.

(5) Nu h thng tm ra tp tin driver th xut hin thng bo, nu bn ng driver c ci t cho thit b th bn nhp vo nt Next h thng bt u ci t.

(6) Trc khi ci t h thng s thng bo cc thng tin lin quan n driver, nu khng c g thay i th bn chn Yes.

(7) Sau khi ci t driver thnh cng, tip theo l bn cu hnh cho php card mng ca mnh giao tip c vi cc card mng khc hay vi thit b Access Point. thit lp c, chng ta s s dng chng trnh tin ch i km vi card mng Wireless (thng i km theo thit b).

Ti mc Configuration, in cc thng s mng ca h thng Wireless hin ti:

Network: + + + Network Mode: la chn Ad-Hoc hoc Infrastructure ty thuc vo h thng mng. Network SSID: khai bo cng gi tr vi h thng mng hin ti. Channel: nu Network Mode l Infrastructure th gi tr Channel ny h thng s la chn, ngc li, nu Network Mode l Ad-Hoc th phi nh cng channel vi nhng thit b khc. Enable Encryption: chn mc ny nu mun thit lp truyn thng c m ha d liu. Encryption Mode: la chn ch m ha (WEP-Key, WEP-Passphrase, WPA-PSK) Authentication Mode: la chn ch chng thc (Auto, Open System, Shared Key). Default Key: la chn mt kha mc nh (Key 1 Key 4) Key Length: chiu di kha (64 bit/128 bit) Key Format: nh dnh kha (dng Hex/ASCII) WEP-Key: gi tr kha (Nu la chn ch m ha l WEP-Key)

Security: + + + + + + +

(8) Chn mc Network, mc ny cho php qut nhng h thng Wireless tn ti trn h thng, kt ni vo h thng Wireless no, chn mc tng ng v nhp vo nt Connect.

(9) Sau khi thit lp xong, chn mc Status xem trng thi kt ni ca thit b.

II.6.2 Access Point 1. c tnh Access Point l thit b c chc nng ging nh thit b Hub trong mng c dy, thit b ny ni kt v cho php cc my trm khng dy, c dy c th truyn d liu vi nhau. Chc nng chnh ca Access Point l tip nhn v khuych i tn hiu gip tn hiu trong mng khng dy truyn i xa hn, ng thi thit b ny cng c chc quan trng khc l chuyn i nh dng d liu gia mng khng dy v c dy.

Hnh 1.22: Access Point LinkPro 2. Nguyn tc khi lp t Access Point Gim ti thiu s lng tng chn v trn nh: mi tng chn v trn nh s lm suy gim tn hiu sng do cng lm nh hng n bn knh ph sng, trung bnh s gim t 1 n 30 mt khi xuyn qua mt bc tng hoc mt trn nh. Do chng ta cn tnh ton t cc Access Point, Gateway, v my tnh sao cho tn hiu xuyn tng v trn nh l hn ch nht. Nn c ng nhn thy trc tip gia cc thit b Access Point v thit b Gateway, my tnh. Nu c xuyn tng hoc xuyn trn th nn chn hng xuyn qua tng vung gc vi bc tng th kh nng xuyn qua s tt hn. t anten ti v tr sao cho vic thu nhn tn hiu tt nht bng cch dng cc cng c km theo ca sn phm kim tra. t thit b mng khng dy cch xa cc thit b in v in t nh : radio, monitor, tivi

3. Cu hnh Access Point thng qua Web Khi cu hnh mt thit b Access Point, ty vo mi nh cung cp khc nhau m chng ta c cc cch cu hnh Access Point khc nhau nh cu hnh thng qua Web, SNMP hay qua phn mm. Trong phn ny s hng dn cu hnh Access Point thng qua giao din Web. Bc 1: nh a ch IP ca my tnh cng ng mng vi a ch IP ca Access Point. Bc 2: m trnh duyt v kt ni n Access Point thng qua trnh duyt.

Bc 3: chn mc Wireless.

Bc 4: cu hnh cc thng s trn Access Point nh sau: Wireless: Enabled/Disabled SSID: <nhp vo gi tr bt k> Channel: la chn mt knh lm vic cho h thng Wireless. Tt cc cc thit b kt ni qua Access Point ny u phi s dng cng mt Channel. SSID Broadcast: Enabled/Disabled

Bc 5: cu hnh chng thc khi truyn thng trn mng Wireless

Authentication Type: la chn kiu chng thc (Open System, Shared Key, WPA, WPK-PSK, 802.1x) WEP: Enabled/Disabled Mode: Hex WEP Key: 64 bit/128 bit Key 1/Key 2/Key 3/Key 4: gi tr ca WEP-Key tng ng.

II.6.3 Anten Anten l thit b quan trng trong mng khng dy, chc nng chnh ca thit b ny l thu v pht sng. Da vo c im thu pht sng ny ngi ta chia anten thnh hai loi: anten a hng v anten nh hng.

Hnh 1.23: Cc loi anten Anten a hng l anten c th truyn v nhn tn hiu t mi hng, ngc li anten nh hng l loi anten ch c th thu pht sng t mt hng. Anten nh hng thng c dng trong trng hp ni kt hai im xa thng qua mng khng dy. Cc loi Anten ny c th c s dng trong nh hoc ngoi tri, nhng ch khi s dng Anten ngoi tri th chng ta phi c h thng chng st v nu khng st c th lm hng ton b h thng mng. Mt loi Anten trn th trng Vit Nam nh: Anten nh hng lui Yagi

Anten nh hng li phng

Anten nh hng parabol

Anten a hng