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1.1 Introduction
Data DBMS-Definition What does it consist of? Data is a raw fact which can be recorded and has specific meaning. A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data in a database. Collection of related data Set of programs to access those data. A complete definition or description of the database Structures and Constraints. All areas where computers are used, including business, engineering, law, education, banking, hotel and airline reservation. Multimedia databases can store pictures, video clips and sound messages. Geographic information system can store and analyze maps, weather data and satellite images. Page No.: 1
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Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to: Explain Database Environment Explain various procedures carried on in a DBMS Explain working of a Simple Centralized Database System Mention differences between the Traditional File Systems and Modern Database Management Systems Explain persons related to a DBMS Explain Why DBMS? Self Assessment Question 1. Define DBMS. What does it consist of and where are they used?
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Various Procedures Carried on in a DBMS 1. The process of specifying the data types, structures and constraints is called Defining the database 2. The process of storing the data on some storage medium 3. Manipulating the Database-involves the retrieval (activity of finding) of required data and modifying it depending on the requirement. E.g. EMPLOYEE database i) Defining of a database
Emp_Sal 40000
iii) Manipulating the Database E.g. for some queries 1. List all employees whose salaries are greater than 20000 2. List all employees whose names start with P 3. Delete records whose Emp_name is Prasad Self Assessment Questions 2. Write Short Notes on Database Environment 3. Draw a neat diagram of Database Environment.
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4. Write down the procedures carried on in a DBMS. Explain with the help of one example.
Database is stored in a central location. Users have access to the common database. Users can access the data from the central location from their own machines using suitable programs. These required programs are installed on individual computer terminals of the users, as shown in the figure above.
Self Assessment Question 5. Write Short Note on Working of a Simple Centralized Database System.
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Coding for security requirements is not required as most of them have Page No.: 5
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Hence, a data base management system is the software that manages a database, and is responsible for its storage, security, integrity, concurrency, recovery and access. The DBMS has a data dictionary, referred to as system catalog, which stores data about everything it holds, such as names, structure, locations and types. This data is also referred to as Meta data.
2. A database consists of both data as well as the description of the database structure and constraints. E.g.
Field Name Stud_name Class Type Character Alpha numeric Description It is the students name It is the class of the student
3. A database can have any size and of various complexity. If we consider the above example of employee database the name and address of the employee may consists of very few records each with simple structure. E.g.
Emp_name Emp_id Emp_addr Prasad 100 Shubhodaya, Near Katariguppe Big Bazaar, BSK II stage, Bangalore #165, 4 main Chamrajpet, Bangalore #12, Manipal Towers, Bangalore Syndicate house, Manipal
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4. The DBMS is considered as general-purpose software system that facilitates the process of defining, constructing and manipulating databases for various applications. 5. A database provides insulation between programs, data and data abstraction. Data abstraction is a feature that provides the integration of the data source of interest and helps to leverage the physical data however the structure is. 6. The data in the database is used by variety of users for variety of purposes. For E.g. when you consider a hospital database management system the view of usage of patient database is different from the same used by the doctor. In this case the data are stored separately for the different users. In fact it is stored in a single database. This property is nothing but multiple views of the database. 7. Multiple user DBMS must allow the data to be shared by multiple users simultaneously. For this purpose the DBMS includes concurrency control software to ensure that the updation done to the database by variety of users at single time must get updated correctly. This property explains the multiuser transaction processing. Self Assessment Question 6. Distinguish between Modern DBMS and traditional file system.
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DBMS and related software are the secondary resources. Administering this secondary resource is the responsibility of the Database Administrator. He usually has the complete authority to access and monitor the database. He is responsible for creating, modifying, and maintaining the Database. He grants permission to the users of the database. He stores the profile of each user in the database. He defines procedures to recover the database resulting from failures due to human, natural or hardware causes.
1.6.2 Database Designers [DBD] A Database Designer should design the database in such a manner that it should meet the requirements of the clients. 1.6.3 End Users People, who access the database, query and update the database and generate the various reports: the database primarily exists for their use. End users are of two types: Casual users are the users accessing the DBMS with SQL queries. Nave users are the users accessing the DBMS through menus. 1.6.4 System analysts and Application Programmers System analysts collect the information regarding requirements of the end users and develop specifications for caned transactions (Standardized queries and updates with carefully programmed data validity checking) that meet their requirements. Application programmers implement specifications developed by the System Analysts in the form of programs, they are also responsible to test, debug, document and maintain these programs. These are the programmers who write menus applications. 1.6.5 DBMS system designers and implementers Implementers implement the DBMS modules and interfaces as a software package.
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1.6.6 Tool Developers Tools are the third party optional software packages which are not available with the DBMS. They include packages for DB design, performance, monitoring, graphical interacts. In many cases independent software vendors develop and market these tools. They are called Tool Developers. Operators and Maintenance Personnel These are the system administration personnel that are responsible for the actual running and maintenance of the hardware and software environment for the DB system Self Assessment Question 7. List and explain roles of the different users of DBMS.
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Due to the growth in object oriented programming languages the complex databases were used mainly in technological applications like engineering design, multimedia publishing and manufacturing system. Database is used for storing the documents created using web publishing languages such as HTML and interchange the data on the web for E-commerce. Further the new applications of database are scientific, storing and retrieval of images and videos, data mining, geographical information systems etc.
1.9 Summary
A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a database. The four most common types of organizations are the hierarchical, network, relational and object models. A database query language and report writer allow users to interactively interrogate the database, analyze its data and update it according to the users privileges on data. A transaction mechanism, that ideally would guarantee the ACID properties, in order to ensure data integrity, despite concurrent user accesses (concurrency control), and faults (fault tolerance). Organizations may use one kind of DBMS for daily transaction processing, and then move the detail onto another computer that uses another DBMS better suited for random inquiries and analysis. Overall systems design decisions are performed by data administrators and systems analysts. Detailed database design is performed by database administrators.
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1.11 Answers
Self Assessment Questions 1. (Refer 1.1). 2. (Refer 1.2, Fig 1.1) 3. Draw diagram (Fig. 1.1) 4. Various procedures carried on in a DBMS 1. Defining the database means specifying the data types, structures and constraints (limits imposed). 2. Constructing the Database-involves the process of storing the data on some storage medium (e.g. hard-disk) which is controlled by the DBMS 3. Manipulating the Database-involves the retrieval (activity of finding) of required data and modifying them depending on the requirement. E.g. Employee database Explain (Refer section 1.2) 5. Database is stored in a central location. Users have access to the common database. Users can access the data from the central location from their own machines using suitable programs. These required programs are installed on individual computer terminals of the users as shown in figure 1.2. (Refer Section 1.3) 6. Traditional File Systems Vs Modern Database Management Systems. (Refer Section 1.4) 7. Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance of a large database having many users are (Refer Section 1.5) 1. Database Administrator [DBA] 2. Database Designers [DBD] 3. End Users 4. System analysts and Applications Programmers 5. DBMS system designers and implementers 8. Refer 1.7 Terminal Questions 1. In Traditional file system data definition is part of the application program and works with only specific application. (Refer Section 1.4)
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2. Data Base Management System [DBMS]: A DBMS is a complex set of software programs that controls the organization, storage and retrieval of data in a database. (Refer Section 1.1) 3. Different persons who are involved in the design, use and maintenance of a large database having many users are: 1. Database Administrator [DBA] 2. Database Designers [DBD] 3. End Users 4. System analysts and Application Programmers 5. DBMS system designers and implementers 6. Tool Developers (Refer Section 1.5)
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