Energy Management in India Abstract: The energy resources in India are depleting at a higher rate with an increasing proportion

of pollution. Clean energy is a better alternative for the problems that are being faced in the todays energy dependant world. The available non-renewable sources of energies like fossil fuels and nuclear fuels have a positive impact in releasing energy at higher intensities but have a negative impact over the environment. So, clean energy scenarios like solar energy, magnetic energy, sound energy, etc are implemented to reduce the problems that occur due to the depleted energy scenarios. Conservation of energy through small amendments in the man-made structures like Green Buildings, Methanification and Acidification has proven to be complementary and alternative energy scenarios. The review illustrates the past agenda of the energy maintenance and foresight agenda in perpetual of the energy resources we have and possible new energy reserves. Introduction The vast advancements of the technology involve a major infrastructure and huge energy consumption. The technical perspectives of this combination result in a varied amount of labor and high reserves that are yet either difficult to be maintained. India is a developing country wherein the energy that is involved is mostly non-renewable reserves like fossil fuels. The energy targets for strengthening the infrastructure sector set us some ambitious challenges. However, it is apparent that we are once again not on the path to meeting the original electricity generation capacity additions by at least 30% if not more. Imports of coal are slated to go up from 59 million tones in 2008-09 to nearly 142 million tones by the end of this fiscal. Oil production has stagnated for the last several years while crude oil imports have increased from a 100 million tones in 2005-06 to 160m in 2009-10. Natural gas has shown a healthy growth but the gas transportation grid in the country still needs huge investments. The signals provided in the current Budget have to be seen in this context. India is poised to enter the last year of the 11th Five-Year Plan period. On the supply side, the finance minister has clearly recognized the challenges faced by the infrastructure sectors, including energy, in raising the magnitude of finances that would be supportive of an aggressive growth plan. To that extent, he has announced several measures to ease this pressure, including: (i) Substantially increasing the FII limit for investments in corporate bonds to $40 billion (ii) Permitting FII to in unlisted bonds of infrastructure SPV with a minimum lock-in period of three years; (iii) Creating special vehicles in the form of notified infrastructure debt funds to attract foreign funds with a substantial reduction on withholding tax rate from 20% to 5% on interest payments and fully exempting the incomes of the fund from tax; (iv) Extending the additional deduction of, 000 for investment in long-term infrastructure bonds by another year.

On the energy demand side, too, several positive measures have been announced. Most significant among these is the move to provide kerosene subsidies in a more targeted fashion directly to intended beneficiaries through direct cash transfers. This was a proposal that Teri has also made nearly five years ago, highlighting the fact that nearly 26-40% of the total kerosene consumed in the country cannot be accounted for and the possible implications this had for adulterating diesel. Teri had, in fact, also pointed out that 76% of the LPG subsidy goes to urban areas and nearly 40% of the LPG subsidy is enjoyed by top 6.75% of the population. One hopes that a similar targeted approach would be taken to LPG pricing as well. The finance minister has also done well to recognize the emerging role of electric and hybrid vehicles and has announced the setting up of a national mission on the subject. The developments in this area would need to be watched in the coming months. Several other initiatives to facilitate the development of green mobility options: (i) Concessional excise duty of 10% on fuel cell/hydrogen driven vehicles; (ii) Exemption from basic customs duty and special CVD on parts of hybrid vehicles; (iii) A concessional rate of excise duty of 5% to incentivise domestic production of hybrid vehicles. The talent of diverse groups in TERI was pooled to create workable and viable solutions that are, most importantly, sustainable. In all its activities dedicated to technology innovation, TERI consciously builds in comprehensive dimensions that are environmentfriendly, natural resource conserving, and people-oriented. What continues to be disappointing in terms of policy signals is the totally inadequate attention being given to energy access issues. With over 600 million people continuing to be dependent on traditional biomass energy forms for meeting their cooking energy needs and nearly 400 million people having absolutely no access to electricity in their homes, the delivery of inclusive development becomes questionable. It is with such vision, perseverance, and ingenuity that TERI team has developed a range of technologies in different disciplines and areas of scientific endeavor. From sophisticated research in microbial biotechnology for remediation of oil spills, to the effective use of mechanical and chemical engineering techniques in developing biomass gasifiers for various applications, or customization of photovoltaic technology for applications that suit the needs of the poorest of the poorTERI has, quite unobtrusively, over two decades, developed a bank of technologies that carry immense potential to reduce the ecological footprint of development on the country's natural wealth while also generate opportunities for the underprivileged. This segment, therefore, includes only those technologies, which are proven for their effectiveness and economic viability. Hence, these are not mere laboratory solutions, but practical innovations that underline the sustainable use of natural resources. They provide a gateway of opportunities for the economic welfare of human society, which must move towards a new paradigm of development.

Giants of the Energy Resources Indias energy markets are at an exciting stage. With the Indian economy remaining one of the bright spots in the global economy, there is continual pressure to meet demand for energy. Development efforts are underway in many directions, yet there is a great deal of public debate on the types of developments, their costs and benefits, and on the proper order of events that can bring more sustainable development. Indias energy markets, examine how demand is being met, developments in the coal, natural gas, and oil sectors, refinery capacity, expansion, and throughput, and the growing interest in clean energy and renewable energy sources, such as ethanol and biodiesel. India Petroleum Industry Over the years India Petroleum Industry has played an influential part in triggering the speedy expansion of the country's economy by contributing 15% in the total GDP. Further to this, petroleum exports gave new dimension to foreign exchange earnings by drawing US$ 23.64 billion in the FY 2008-09. To assist and acknowledge the expansion of the sector, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs felicitated 44 petroleum research blocks on November 2008 under the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP-VII). Various Production Segments: Refinery production: Refinery production in context of crude oil escalated from 156.11 MT in FY 2007-08 to 160.67 MT in FY 2008-09. Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is looking forward to elevate the capacity of its Haldia refinery and Panipat refinery plants to 7.5 million tones and 15 million tones respectively in 2010. Natural Gas Production: The natural gas production in 2008-09 increased from the previous year's 32.40 billion cubic metres tonnes (BCM) to 32.84 BCM. In 2009 alone the Natural gas production was registered at 33,846 million cubic metres. Crude Oil Production: The projected production of crude oil during the 11th FiveYear Plan (2007-2012) is 206.76 MMT, while that of natural gas is 255.27 BCM. Cumulative production of crude oil between April-December 2009 was 25,152 MT, while cumulative production of refinery production during the same period was 119,283 MT. India as an international refining destination

India is steadily emerging as an international destination for oil refining with investment requirements lesser by 25% - 50% as compared to its Asian counterparts. As per the analysis carried out by Deutsche Bank, India is expected to enhance its refining competence by 45% in the next 5 years. Being the fifth biggest worldwide nation in context of distillation capacity, India enjoys 3% of the international capacity share. To move ahead in making its presence felt strongly in the global market, Indian petroleum firms are planning to raise their distillation capacity from the existing 149 mtpa to 243 mtpa by FY 2011-12.

Indian petroleum retail market Expansion of Indian petroleum retail market is triggered by the growth in automobile sales that resulted in major foreign investments. The growth is estimated to sustain and the market is likely to expand further by 20 million every year till 2030, placing India at the world map in terms of being the biggest automobile market. Accordingly, the petroleum dealers Bharat Petroleum Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation and Indian Oil Corporation in collaboration with each other are looking forward to add 2,262 petrol pumps in India by 2010. Investments in India Petroleum Industry

In 2010 the state-owned oil firms are expected to splurge US$ 11.34 billion on developing supplies and constructing new shipping networks for petroleum and natural gas. Indian Oil Corporation is looking forward to establish a petroleum plant in the state of West Bengal by bringing in investments worth US$ 596.63 million ONGC will bring in US$ 694 million for raising services at its oil fields in Assam and adjoining states to enhance the petroleum output. In addition it will also splurge US$ 5.65 billion on capital expenses in the next two years. GAIL (India) Limited and OVL, the international associate of leading oil and gas player ONGC, are expected to bring in investments worth US$ 250 million.

Future of India Petroleum Industry As per the latest CII-KPMG analysis, the energy industry of India will help tin the expansion of the petroleum sector by bringing in investments worth US$ 120 billion-US$ 150 billion in the next 3-5 years. By 2012, the prospects in India Petroleum Industry are estimated to accomplish US$ 35 billion to US$ 40. Hydrocarbon resources and supply/demand balance India possesses a significant fossil energy resource base, and the country has many decades of experience in fossil energy exploration and development. Still, oil, natural gas and coal production fall far short of demand. According to BP in its Statistical Review of World Energy, Indias proved oil reserves are 5.8 billion bbls, with a reserve to production (R/P) ratio of 21.1 years. India owns 13.8% of Asias total proved oil reserves. Indian natural gas reserves are estimated at 1.12 trillion m3, with an R/P ratio of 28.4 years. India accounts for only 6.9% of Asias natural gas reserves. Indian coal reserves are more extensive, with reserves listed at approximately 58.6 billion t, or 22.6% of Asia Pacific reserves. The R/P ratio for Indian coal is 105 years. The natural gas industry Indias natural gas use was limited to domestic output for many years. Natural gas output rose significantly, growing from 0.6 million TOE in 1970 to 26.3 million TOE in 2004, and demand paralleled this. India became an LNG importer in 2004, and demand then

decoupled from production. The first LNG was imported by Indias Petronet LNG Ltd. at the Dahej terminal in Gujarat, with imports totaling 2.63 billion m3 of LNG from Qatar. In 2005, LNG imports more than doubled to 6.04 billion m3, once again mainly from Qatar, but also with small volumes from Australia and Oman. The Dahej terminal began to accept larger volumes, and the Hazira terminal also opened, receiving its first cargo in April 2005. In 2009, LNG imports grew to 12.62 billion m3, 69% of which came from the Middle East, mainly Qatar, with small amounts from Oman and the UAE. The Asia Pacific region also was an important source of supply, with an increase in Australian LNG imports plus smaller volumes from Malaysia and Indonesia. India also imported LNG from four African producers in 2009, Egypt, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea and Algeria. Russian LNG also began to be delivered, totaling 0.67 billion m3. In 2009, Indian natural gas production and use showed a major surge. This was almost entirely a function of a new gas development project at the Dhirubhai 6 block in the Krishna Godavari Basin (known as the KG-D6 block.) This was a major find, and it is the first deepwater development in India, run by Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL), which has now emerged as Indias leading producer of natural gas. Production commenced in April 2009, and within nine months it had been ramped up to 60 million m3/d from 16 wells, with a design capacity of 80 million m3/d. Currently, production is averaging 50 - 52 million m3/d, though RIL states that the lower output is the result of having two inactive wells (of a total of 20). Furthermore, two additional wells will be completed in April 2011, which should bring natural gas output to 60 million m3/d. During the 2009 - 2010 fiscal year (FY), total production was 14 397 million m3, while oil production was 4.04 million bbls. Oil production has averaged 35 000 bpd, although it is currently being restricted to 18 200 bpd. The oil industry Indias recent crude oil production has focused on the offshore arena. Crude production has been stagnating and even declining slightly in some traditional onshore fields, led by those in Gujarat State in Western India and Assam and Nagaland States in Northeastern India. According to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, onshore production of approximately 11.8 million t during the 1990s fell to approximately 11.2 million t in the 2007 - 2010 period. However, this loss was offset by gains in offshore production, which increased from 20.4 million t in 1990 to 22.9 million t in 2007 - 2008, before falling below 21.9 million t in 2009 - 2010. Offshore crudes account for approximately 65% of Indian output, which averaged 33.7 million t (approximately 674 000 bpd) during the 2009 - 2010 FY. Although the proved reserve base is somewhat limited, exploration and development activities are ongoing, and Indian crude output is expected to continue to grow modestly over the next five or 10 years, perhaps reaching approximately 45 million t (approximately 900 000 bpd) in the coming decade. In terms of total demand, domestic output falls well below Indias demand. Crude production has risen impressively, particularly following the oil price hikes of the 1970s, yet output has languished since 1990. The 1990s were a boom time for oil demand growth and refinery construction. Indias oil market demand did not reach the 1 million bpd mark until after 1987, but demand soared to nearly 3.2 million bpd by 2009. Refinery capacity was built rapidly to keep up with demand. As demand and refinery

capacity grew, and domestic crude output stayed roughly flat, imports of foreign crude soared. Foreign crude imports grew from approximately 1.917 million bpd in FY 2004 2005 to 3.185 million bpd in FY 2009 - 2010, an addition of 1.268 million bpd in just five years time. Fossil Fuels Since the industrial revolution, economic growth and energy demand have moved hand in hand. That nexus has never been more noticeable in modern India. Indias rapid economic growth over the last decade has brought energy matters to the forefront of challenges facing the country. As India looks to continue its growth over the next couple of decades and perhaps longer, its energy challenges appear to multiply. They do in fact pose a real threat to Indias ability to fuel its growth. Shaky Dependence on Fossil Fuels The bulwark of Indias energy supply fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) is becoming increasingly unreliable. India imports about 75% of its crude oil requirements.1 Not with standing the countrys aggressive push to accelerate domestic exploration and production, its import dependency is set to grow. Despite high dormant demand for natural gas, lack of a reliable supply has limited its use.2 Coal, which supplies over half of Indias commercial energy needs, is headed for troubled waters as well. Contrary to the common perception that India has unlimited coal reserves, multiple estimates suggest that economically recoverable coal reserves will only serve India for another 3050 years at best.3 In situ gasification and coal bed methane can extend the extractable primary energy from Indias coal resource.4 The country is actively looking to deploy gasification technologies. The coal problem in India is, however, more serious that just recovery. Indias highly inefficient coal industry, combined with rich coal reserves below forests and tribal lands, make increasing the production to meet required rates nearly impossible. In the face of strong demand, India is importing coal from South Africa, Indonesia and even Australia. It is likely that India will import as much as 50% of its coal in 2030.2 The impact of this on the international coal markets is another fascinating story. Overall, a future based on fossil fuels inevitably means huge import-dependency, which to India implies a serious threat to its energy security. Energy Sector Reforms and the Search for Alternatives As extrapolating its energy supply trajectory of the past appears intractable, India has been forced to pay attention to efficiency, demand management, nuclear power, renewable sources of energy and sectoral reforms. Through the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India has developed a fairly successful platform for promoting energy efficiency for appliances and the industrial and building sectors. The government runs an aggressive petroleum conservation campaign through the mass media. It supports one of the most generous feed-in-tariff rates for renewable sources of energy including wind, biomass and solar. For instance, estimates suggest that as part of the National Solar Mission (NSM), which calls for 20GW of solar power by 2022, the government has committed about US$8 billion during just the first phase (1100MW solar energy by 2013).5

Sectoral reforms are primarily geared towards improving the regulation and efficiency of energy production and supply. They also focus on increasing competition in the supply markets through the participation of private firms. SENIOR executives in the fossil fuel industry have launched an all-out assault on renewable energy, lobbying governments and business groups to reject wind and solar power in favor of gas, in a move that could choke the green energy industry. Multinational companies including Shell, GDF Suez and Statoil are promoting gas as an alternative green fuel. These firms are among dozens worldwide investing in new technologies to exploit shale gas, a controversial form of the fuel that has rejuvenated the gas industry because it is in plentiful supply and newly accessible because of technical advances in gas extraction that are known as fracking. Nobuo Tanaka, executive director of the International Energy Agency, said gas was ''complementary to renewables, as it could be turned on and off quickly, could be baseload power and [avoid use of] coal''. [1] An energy service company (acronym: ESCO or ESCo) is a commercial business providing a broad range of comprehensive energy solutions including designs and implementation of energy savings projects, energy conservation, energy infrastructure outsourcing, power generation and energy supply, and risk management. The ESCO performs an in-depth analysis of the property, designs an energy efficient solution, installs the required elements, and maintains the system to ensure energy savings during the payback period.[2] The savings in energy costs is often used to pay back the capital investment of the project over a five- to twenty-year period, or reinvested into the building to allow for capital upgrades that may otherwise be unfeasible. If the project does not provide returns on the investment, the ESCO is often responsible to pay the difference.[3] In the current context of global warming due to CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, mainly produced by power plants and road transportation, it is imperative to optimize the operation of thermal engines in general and of gas turbines in particular. This requires accurate knowledge of their performance. In the case of turbomachines, performance is usually estimated by assuming an adiabatic flow. This assumption is inappropriate, however, for small-scale machines such as turbochargers and micro gas turbines. This study presents the influence of heat transfer on their performance. The concept of entropic temperature is developed and a general exergy analysis conducted in order to quantify accurately the available energy dissipation. Both a turbocharger and a gas turbine with internal heat transfer are investigated. Under the adiabatic assumption, the model results are overestimated. New gas turbine maps have therefore been generated and new operating points defined. The trends of the modeling results thus obtained are compared with the performance measured on a micro gas turbine with and without insulation. Fuel consumption is higher with internal heat transfer.

India Energy Market This is a piece of information given by an US government site about the renewable energy potential in India and the opportunities available for the US market to enter Indian renewable energy market. The site says, although a few U.S. companies have market presence in India, industry experts feel that U.S has played a minimum role in tapping opportunities in this sector. There are projects for development that U.S. companies should consider if they are keen to enter the Indian market. Sub-sectors that continue to show a high growth rate and are expected to drive the RE market is briefly discussed below: Solar Energy: The scope of generating power and thermal applications using solar energy is promising. Only a fraction of the aggregate potential in renewable resources and in particularly solar energy is being used so far. Processed raw material for solar cells, large capacity SPV modules, film solar cells, SPV roof tiles, inverters, charge controllers etc., have good market potential in India. Biomass Energy: In a country like India, biomass holds considerable promise as 540 million tons of crop and plantation residues are produced every year, a large portion of which is either wasted, or used inefficiently. Conservative estimates indicate that even with the present utilization pattern of these residues and by using only the surplus biomass materials, estimated at about 150 million tons, about 17,000 MW of distributed power could be generated. Hydro Projects: With numerous rivers and their tributaries in the country, the small hydro sector presents an excellent energy opportunity with an estimated potential of 15,000 MW. About 10 percent of this has been exploited so far. In order to accelerate the development of small hydropower in the country, the GOI also provides concessions for existing hydro projects including financial support for renovation, modernization and capacity upgrading of aging small hydro power stations. Energy from Wastes: The rising piles of garbage in urban areas caused by rapid urbanization and industrialization throughout India represent another source of nonconventional energy. Good potential exists for generating approx. 15,000 MW of power from urban and municipal wastes and approx. 100 MW from industrial wastes in India. Biofuels: The GOI recently mandated the blending of 5 percent fuel ethanol in 95 percent gasoline in 9 states and 4 union territories as of January 1, 2003. This mandate has created an approx. 3.6 billion liter demand for fuel ethanol in the entire country, and also further increase in the fuel ethanol component of the blend to 10% as of October 1, 2003. The significant demand growth creates a tremendous manufacturing opportunity for the U.S. fuel ethanol industry seeking to expand its investments internationally. A substantial import of fuel ethanol will be necessary to supply the product required to meet the burgeoning demand created by the currently effective GOI mandate.

Table-1: Gross Domestic Product from Petroleum Sector

Refinery/ Oil installation site Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. - Mathura - Barauni - Digboi - Guwahati

Quantity of sludge treated (tonnes) 3750 11400 1000 80

- Gujarat - Haldia - Kanpur Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Mumba, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Visakhapatnam Oil India Ltd., Duliajan Reliance Refinery, Jamnagar Indian Petrochemicals Ltd., Nagothane Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Panipat Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., Kandla Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., Rajkot Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. - Jorhat - Mehsana - Nazira - Sanatnagar Total

1650 3500 50 300 2350 700 20 50 10 100 350 200 370 250 20 26150

References
Oil giants play loose with facts on gas; Fiona Harvey; The Age April 23, 2011.

"What is an ESCO?" Coolmaine.Org. National Association of Energy Service Provides (NAESCO). 10 Mar. 2008 "What is Energy Performance Contracting?" Energy Services Coalition. 6 Dec. 2004. 10 Mar. 2008
Energy Market Of Indian Renewable Energy By Narsi Jan 13th, 2009