Arland J. Hultgren, Pauls Letter to the Romans: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011.

Introduction Hultgrens work opens with an introduction covering the usual sorts of things all introductions to commentaries on the Bible normally cover. According to H., Romans was written at Corinth. Phoebe, he suggests, carried the letter to Rome and That would also mean that she was entrusted by Paul to comment on anything in the letter that could not be understood, making her the first exegete of the Letter to the Romans (p. 3). Thats an intriguing supposition but it is, after all, only that- a supposition. Personally I find it interesting but nothing more than that. First, we just dont know who carried the letter. Phoebe may well have but so may have a number of others named in chapter 16 or not named at all. None of Pauls other letters bear the name, do they, of the carrier and so far as I know no one has suggested any names for any of them. Second, the idea that Phoebe was the first exegete is anachronistic. Hultgren has used a perfectly modern category to describe an event (the act of clarifying the letter to its recipients). Thats just simply improper. Furthermore, we dont know that the bearer of the letter would need to clarify it any more than the recipient of a modern letter (or treatise or whatever Romans is) would need someone to come along and explain it to us. Why would the Romans need such assistance from whoever carried the book to them? If they had questions, they could just write Paul back and ask him (as the Corinthians obviously did). No, it seems to me that Hultgren is trying a bit too hard here to make Phoebe sound like something she wasnt- a Pauline scholar. H. dates Romans to the years 55-58 A.D. (and yes, A.D. is the form he uses). And he also goes into great detail describing the character and purpose of the Letter as well as its recipients. He suggests Estimates of how many house churches existed [in Rome] have ranged anywhere from three to eight (p. 8). I find that remarkable. The core of the introduction, though, is Hultgrens discussion of the purpose of the Letter. He writes the primary purpose for the writing of Romans, without which it cannot be explained at all, is that Paul wrote the letter to prepare the groundwork at Rome for his mission to Spain in case a crisis

should happen in Jerusalem. If the Jerusalem church rejected him and his collection, branding him a false apostle, repudiating his theology, and essentially declaring that his Gentile converts could not be considered part of the people of God in the fullest sense, that would have repercussions among the more conservative members of the Christian community in Rome and make his hope for support of his mission to Spain difficult, if not impossible (p. 15). In short, it seems that Hultgren sees Pauls reason for writing as based in financial considerations. If he couldnt raise support in Rome, his trip to Spain would be off. Paul the apostle to the Gentiles here becomes Paul the shrewd schemer who wishes to ensure his own plans. I think that a rather cynical view of Paul- a man who, from all indications, possessed great faith. Would he really wish to manipulate the Romans into supporting him even if Jerusalem rejected him? I dont see it. Especially in light of his declaration to the Corinthians that he has rejected manipulative methods. Paul didnt need the Romans to pay his way- God would see to provision were he to wish Paul to proceed at some point to Spain. But if Hultgren is right, Paul is someone who is at the very least a stranger to us all. Yes, a total stranger altogether. So perhaps here Hultgren is really doing us a profound service in suggesting, or at least hinting at, a Paul we never knew. Finally the introduction concludes with what can only be described as a rather bizarre decision to discuss the text-critical issues concerning chapter 16. Why now? The issue is sure to be addressed in due course when we arrive at the end of Romans. It really seems out of place, quite frankly. Next, chapter one.

Jim West Quartz Hill School of Theology