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-- June 2010
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Contents pages
DEFINITION. Ethernet and its Types. 5 - 11 3 -4

Three Simple networks. 12 - 14

Network Interface Card (NIC) 15 - 21

Types of Servers. - 37 Operation Systems. -37

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Sources.

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Definition

Small Ethernet PC Network

Ethernet is a common solution for connecting computers to the Internet and for sharing data between computers. You can use Ethernet to connect dozens of computers in an office, or simply to connect the cable modem in your home to your computer Connection between computers requires a network interface card (NIC) established in each PC which are connected with wire or optical fiber. The most current local area networks boards are Ethernet type. This chapter gathers all types of Ethernet connection and wiring (manufacture, precaution...). The Ethernet network appeared at the end of the Seventies in the United States. This network, most widespread from the local area networks, was born from the

complementary experiments of DEC, INTEL and Xerox, well before standardization. This implies that the main part of the road bases of OSI model is not specified All PC can communicate on the cable network at the same time. It is necessary thus a rule if two stations would start to communicate at the same time. The method used is the contention. The principal method of application in local area networks is the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access), with collision detection (CD). It is that of the Ethernet networks. It consists for a station, at the moment when it emits, to listen if another station is not also emitting. If it is the case, the station ceases emitting and re-emits its message at the end of a fixed time. This method is random, in the sense that one cannot envisage time necessary to a message to be emitted, transmitted and received.

Ethernet and its Types.

4.2. Ethernet, IEEE 803.3 10 Base 5 10 Base 5 version (10Mbps on coaxial cable with a maximum length by segment of 500 meters) is the version of origin of Ethernet, it is represented below:

Each station is equipped with an network "Ethernet" adapter (NIC, Network Interface Card). This equipment ensures the physical adaptation and manages algorithm CSMA/CD. As in all connections coaxial, the 2 ends of the cable are connected to a stopper (it is also called resistance of termination), a specific resistance which attenuates the reverberation of the signal on the cable.
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The drop cable consists of twisted pairs and can have a maximum length of 50 meters. The coaxial cable is a thick cable of yellow color an half-inch in diameter of the type BELDEN 9580. The overall length of the network can reach 2,5 kilometers with 100 points of connection. The 10 base 5 is used practically more only in the disturbed environments (electromagnetic radiation) or when one wants to guarantee the confidentiality of the exchanges (not radiation of the coaxial cable). 4.3. Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 10 Base 2 A cut-rate version of wiring IEEE 802.3 10 base 5 was carried out with fine coaxial cable (Thin Ethernet). This type is represented below:

This physical architecture of network is recommended for the realization of small networks 2 or 3 PC. Each network adapter is connected to the cable via a connector in T of the type BNC. The 2 ends of the network are closed by a resistance of termination of 50 ohms. This termination is not obligatory, but the speed transmission is definitely reduced
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since this resistance eliminates the "reverberations on the cable": the transmitted signal returns on the cable and the stations believing in a true signal wait until the line is free. The connection is easy to start, nevertheless, as soon as one installs 3 PC or more, the speed transmission strongly decreases. This solution is thus to used only in specific cases. The maximum length of the network is 185 meters, with a maximum of 30 equipments connected. The minimal distance between 2 connections is 50 centimeters. This wiring is often used to connect "the small station in bottom of factory". This solution does not function badly but it is absolutely necessary to separate this part of the others with for example a HUB. The reason is not data-processing but related to the electromagnetic disturbances, storms.If the cable takes these disturbances, all the network disturbed or is broken down. 4.4. Network Ethernet, IEEE 802.3 10 Base T With the problems of wiring, AT&T imagined to re-use preexistent telephone wiring in the office buildings for the realization of the network. That imposed two constraints: one

of flow, the other of distance. The network thus carried out functioned with 1Mbps, the stations were connected on star concentrators via repeaters (hub) and outdistance it between the hub and a station was limited to 250 meters. This architecture (802.3 1 base 5 or Starlan) completely obsolete evolved to a version 10MBps (802.3 10 base T). The following figure presents network 10 bases T. Ethernet 10 bases T uses a wiring per telephone pair (8 pairs is 4 wire). Its maximum speed is 10 Mbps (mega bit a second). Wiring is of star type. The nodes consist of concentrators. This solution is currently most widespread, but if the standard evolved/moved of speed. Wiring under RJ45 in 10BaseT requires 4 wires (for 8 accessible in the connector). The wires are sold done everything in the trade, but one can easily manufacture cables RJ45. Generally, 8 wires are inserted but it is not obligatory, in particular if you wish to use a cable for 2 stations (attention with the disturbances).

Connector and taken board network

Right cable RJ45 of them 10 Base T and 100 base T (not in

full duplex) If one does not use a concentrator (connection of 2 stations) or to connect 2 concentrators between-them, the wire must be of type cables cross like below. You must respect the polarities and the pairs must be paired. 4.5. 100 Bases TX and 100 Base T4, Fast Ethernet Since 1992, one uses the 100 base T. The theoretical flow is 100 Mbps. The fast Ethernet also obliges to use concentrators of the hub type or switch. One finds 2 category of 100 Base T: 100 Base T4 and 100 Base TX. The 100 Base TX (most widespread) uses same the 2 pairs that the 10 Base T On the other hand, the 100 T4 Base uses the 4 pairs. Nevertheless, the 100 T4 base (almost more used) simultaneously uses 3 pairs for the emission and the reception. This mode cannot thus use Full
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Duplex (simultaneous bidirectional communication). It can be used on cable of category 3, 4 or 5. In 100 base TX, wiring is the same one as in Ethernet bases 10, only the cable must be of better quality (category 5) and the 4 others wire must be connected according to the colors below. Attention which each "cabler" often uses his own code of colors. The cross cables use the two same crossings that into 10 base T. 4.6. Ethernet gigabit. If at the beginning, the gigabit used an optical fibre connection, it is replaced by a connection of the type RJ45 of class 5e (with a limitation of distance limited to 100 meters). The gigabit uses the same format of screens of data that the 10 Base - T and the 100 Base TX and the same anti-collision protocol, namely the CSMA-CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance). This standard makes it possible each computer to announce that it will transmit a message before transmitting the data on the network (what avoids the collisions). 1000 Base SX (1 Gbit/s on multimode optical fibre (MMF): 500 m)

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1000 Base LX (1 Gbit/s on monomode optical fibre (SMF): 3000 m) 1000 Base C (1 Gbit/s out of 4 pairs UTP5: 25 m) 1000 Base T - 1000 Base TX IEEE 802.3 ab ratified on June 26, 1999
Outdistance Media 100m 100m 412 m 2 km Copper Copper half Duplex Multimode Optical fibre Multimode Full Dumlex Optical fibre 5Km 550m 550m 275m 25m 100m 70 km Individual-mode Multimode Copper Copper Optical fibre Optical fibre fibre (50u) Multimode Optical fibre Optical Multimode Optical fibre (62.5 U)

After going through about different types of Ethernet cables and their details. We Should discuss about different Kinds of network.
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Three Simple networks.

1.HubNetwork In a simple hub network, just connect each device to a hub with an Ethernet cable as shown above. This network may be used for file sharing or printing, for example. The depicted network is not connected to the Internet. Working with Ethernet Hubs To network a group of computers using an Ethernet hub, first connect an Ethernet cable into the unit, then connect the other end of the cable to each computer's NIC. All Ethernet hubs accept the RJ-45 connectors of standard Ethernet,cables. Characteristics of Ethernet Hubs Ethernet hubs vary in the speed (network data rate or bandwidth) they support. Some years ago, Ethernet hubs

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offered only 10 Mbps rated speeds. Newer types of hubs offer 100 Mbps Ethernet. Some support both 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps (so-called dual-speed or 10/100 hubs). The number of ports an Ethernet hub supports also varies. Four- and five-port Ethernet hubs are most common in home networks, but eight- and 16-port hubs can be found in some home and small office environments. Older Ethernet hubs were relatively large in size and sometimes noisy as they contained built in fans for cooling the unit. Newer devices are much smaller, designed for mobility, and noiseless. When to Use an Ethernet Hub Ethernet hubs operate as Layer 2 devices in the OSI modelhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-osi.htm, the same as network switches. Although offering comparable functionality, nearly all mainstream home network equipment today utilizes network switch technology instead of hubs due to the performance benefits of switches. A hub can be useful for temporarily replacing a broken network switch or when performance is not a critical factor on the network. 2. Crossover network - two devices only

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In this most simple network, you connect two devices' Ethernet ports with one crossover cable as shown here. This type of network may be used for sharing files, playing network video games, or printing to a printer that has Ethernet, for example.

Tip: If you buy a crossover cable, it's a good idea to label it clearly so you don't confuse it with a standard cable. Depending on which computers you're using, a crossover cable may prevent connection to a network. Some later Macintosh computers can automatically detect and reconfigure pinouts so that a crossover cable is not required and/or may be used interchangeably with a standard cable. 3. Router with shared Internet connection In this network, your Internet service provider allows you one Internet connection that is shared among computers by a router. In the example shown here, the router is an

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AirPort base station. An Ethernet cable connects a DSL or cable modem to the base station's WAN port. Another Ethernet cable connects the base station's LAN port to a wired computer. Where the illustration shows one wired computer, you could connect a hub to the LAN port to accommodate many wired computers.

Network Interface Card

What is a network card? A network card (also called a Network Adapter or Network Interface Card, or NIC for short) acts as the interface between a computer and a network cable. The purpose of the network card is to prepare, send, and control data on the network.

A network card usually has two indicator lights (LEDs):

The green LED shows that the card is receiving electricity;

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The orange (10 Mb/s) or red (100 Mb/s) LED indicates network activity (sending or receiving data).

To prepare data to be sent the network card uses a transceiver, which transforms parallel data into serial data. Each cart has a unique address, called a MAC address, assigned by the card's manufacturer, which lets it be uniquely identified among all the network cards in the world. Network cards have settings which can be configured. Among them are hardware interrupts (IRQ), the I/O address and the memory address (DMA). To ensure that the computer and network are compatible, the card must be suitable for the computer's data bus architecture, and have the appropriate type of socket for the cable. Each card is designed to work with a certain kind of cable. Some cards include multiple interface connectors (which can be configured using jumpers, DIP switches, or software). The most commonly used are RJ-45 connectors. Note: Certain proprietary network topologies which use twisted pair cables employ RJ-11 connectors. These topologies are sometimes called "pre-10BaseT ". Finally, to ensure that the computer and network are compatible, the card must by compatible with the computer's

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internal structure (data bus architecture) and have a connector suitable for the kind of cabling used. What is the role of a network card? A network card is the physical interface between the computer and cable. It converts the data sent by the computer into a form which can be used by the network cable, transfers that data to another computer and controls the dataflow between the computer and cable. It also translates the data coming from the cable into bytes so that the computer's CPU can read it. This is why a network card is an expansion card inserted into an expansion slot. Preparing data The paths taken by data moving with a computer are called "buses". Multiple side-by-side paths force data to move in parallel, and not in series (one after another).

The first buses transported 8 bits at a time. IBM's PC/AT computer introduced the first 16-bit buses. Today, most buses are 32-bit.

However, data travels on cables in series (only one channel), moving in only one direction. The computer can send OR receive data, but cannot do both at once. For this

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reason, the network card restructures a group of data arriving in parallel into a serial (1-bit) data stream. To do so, the digital signals are transformed into electrical or optical signals which can travel over network cables. The device that translates them is called the transceiver.

The role of the identifier The card converts data and notifies the rest of the network of its address, so that it can be told apart from the other network cards.

MAC addresses: Defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer), which assigns ranges of addresses to each manufacturer of network cards. They are inscribed on the cards' chips, and as a result, each card has a unique MAC address on the network. Other network card functions The computer and the card must communicate so that

data can travel between them. For this reason, the computer

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assigns part of its memory to cards that include DMA (Direct Access Memory). The interface card indicates that another computer is requesting data from that computer. The computer's bus transfers the data from the computer memory to the network card. If the data is moving too fast for the adapter to process, they are placed in the card's buffer memory (RAM), where they are temporarily stored while the data is being sent and received. Sending and controlling data Before the sending network card transmits its data, it interacts electronically with the receiving card to resolve the following issues:

Maximum size of data blocks that will be sent Amount of data to send before confirmation Intervals of time between partial data transmissions Waiting period before sending confirmation Volume of data that each card may build up before releasing it to its CPU Data transmission speed

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If a more recent, advanced card communicates with a slower one, they still have to share the same transmission speed. Some cards have circuits for adjusting themselves to the transfer speeds of a slower card. Both cards must accept and adjust to the other card's settings before data can be sent and received. Network card configuration settings Network adapters have configuration options: Among others:

Interruption (IRQ): In most cases, network cards use IRQ 3 and 5. IRQ 5 is recommended (whenever available) and most cards use it as the default setting. Input/Output (I/O) base address: Each device must have a different address for the corresponding port. Memory address: This designates a RAM location in the computer. The network card uses this slot as a buffer for data entering and leaving. This setting is sometimes called the RAM Start Address. In general, a network card's memory address is D8000. The last 0 is left out on some network cards. You have to be careful not to select an address already being used by another

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device. It should, however, be noted that some network cards have no configurable memory address because they don't use the machine's RAM addresses.

The transceiver Note: The card can be configured using software. The settings have to match the placement of the jumpers or the DIP (Dual Inline Package) switches found on the network card. These settings are provided with the card's documentation. Many recent cards use PnP (Plug and Play). This means that the card does not need to be manually configured, but sometimes can cause hardware conflicts; when this happens, it is helpful to disable the PnP option and configure the card "by hand."

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Types of Servers
Definition
A Server is a computer or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing operating systems however, a single computer can execute several programs at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is managing resources rather than the entire computer.

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What is Server Platform? A term often used synonymously with operating system. A platform is the underlying hardware or software for a system and is thus the engine that drives the server.

Server types
Application Servers Sometimes referred to as a type of middleware, application servers occupy a large chunk of computing territory between database servers and the end user, and they often connect the two. Middleware is a software that connects two otherwise separate applications For example, there are a number of middleware products that link a database system to a Web server This allows users to request data from the database using forms displayed on a Web browser and it enables the Web server to return dynamic Web pages based on the user's requests and profile. The term middleware is used to describe separate products that serve as the glue between two applications. It is, therefore, distinct from import and export features that
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may be built into one of the applications. Middleware is sometimes called plumbing because it connects two sides of an application and passes data between them. Common middleware categories include: *TP monitors *DCE environments *RPC systems *Object Request Brokers (ORBs) *Database access systems * Message Passing An application server is a server program in a computer in a distributed network that provides the business logic for an application program. The application server is frequently viewed as part of a three-tier application, consisting of a graphical user interface (GUI) server, an application (business logic) server, and a database and transaction server. More descriptively, it can be viewed as dividing an application into:
1.

A first-tier, front-end, Web browser-based graphical user interface, usually at a personal computer or workstation

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2. A middle-tier business logic application or set of applications, possibly on a local area network or intranet server
3.

A third-tier, back-end, database and transaction server, sometimes on a mainframe or large server

Older, legacy application databases and transaction management applications are part of the back end or third tier. The application server is the middleman between browser-based front-ends and back-end databases and legacy systems. In many usages, the application server combines or works with a Web (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) server and is called a Web application server. The Web browser supports an easy-to-create HTML-based front-end for the user. The Web server provides several different ways to forward a request to an application server and to forward back a modified or new Web page to the user. These approaches include the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), FastCGI, Microsoft's Active Server Page, and the Java Server Page. In some cases, the Web application servers also support request "brokering" interfaces such as CORBA Internet InterORB Protocol (IIOP).

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Audio/Video Servers Audio/Video servers bring multimedia capabilities to Web sites by enabling them to broadcast streaming multimedia content. Streaming is a technique for transferring data such that it can be processed as a steady and continuous stream. Streaming technologies are becoming increasingly important with the growth of the Internet because most users do not have fast enough access to download large multimedia files quickly. With streaming, the client browser or plug-in can starts displaying the data before the entire file has been transmitted. For streaming to work, the client side receiving the data must be able to collect the data and send it as a steady stream to the application that is processing the data and converting it to sound or pictures. This means that if the streaming client receives the data more quickly than required, it needs to save the excess data in a buffer If the data doesn't There are come a quickly number enough, of however, the presentation of the data will not be smooth. competing streaming technologies emerging. For audio data on the Internet, the de facto standard is Progressive Network's RealAudio.

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Chat Servers Chat servers enable a large number of users to exchange information in an environment similar to Internet newsgroups that offer real-time discussion capabilities. Real time means occurring immediately. The term is used to describe a number of different computer features. For example, real-time operating systems are systems that respond to input > immediately. They are used for such tasks as navigation, in which the computer must react to a steady flow of new information without interruption. Most general-purpose react. Real time can also refer to events simulated by a computer at the same speed that they would occur in real life. In graphics animation, for example, a real-time program would display objects moving across the screen at the same speed that they would actually move. operating systems are not real-time because they can take a few seconds, or even minutes, to

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Fax Servers A fax server is an ideal solution for organizations looking to reduce incoming and outgoing telephone resources but that need to fax actual documents. FTP Servers One of the oldest of the Internet services, File Transfer Protocol makes it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while providing file security and organization as well as transfer control. Groupware Servers A GroupWare server is software designed to enable users to collaborate, regardless of location, via the Internet or a corporate Intranet and to work together in a virtual atmosphere. IRC Servers An option for those seeking real-time capabilities, Internet Relay Chat consists of various separate networks (or "nets") of servers that allow users to connect to each other via an IRC network.

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List Servers List servers offer a way to better manage mailing lists, whether they are interactive discussions open to the public or one-way lists that deliver announcements, newsletters, or advertising. Mail Servers Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and store mail over corporate networks via LANs and WANs and across the Internet. News Servers News servers act as a distribution and delivery source for the thousands of public news groups currently accessible over the USENET news network. USENET is a worldwide bulletin board system that can be accessed through the Internet or through many online services The USENET contains more than 14,000 forums called newsgroups that cover every imaginable interest group. It is used daily by millions of people around the world. Proxy Servers Proxy servers sit between a client program typically a Web browser and an external server (typically another

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server on the Web) to filter requests, improve performance, and share connections. Telnet Servers A Telnet server enables users to log on to a host computer and perform tasks as if they're working on the remote computer itself.

Web Servers At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a disk and serving it across the network to a user's Web browser. The browser and server talking to each other using HTTP mediate this entire exchange. IIS (Internet Information Services) is one type of Web Server.IIS, or Internet Information Server, is the web server component of Microsoft Windows Server. It was introduced via the Windows NT Option Pack 1 for Windows NT 4.0. It has been included with all versions of Windows Server since the release of Windows 2000 Server, including Windows 2003 Server. IIS is the default web server for and included with all versions of Windows Server.

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The non-server versions of Windows do not include IIS, except for the professional versions of Windows. Windows 2000 Professional, and Windows XP Professional include a limited development version of IIS that can be used for testing and development. This version of IIS has all the same features as the full server version of IIS, but is performance limited to prevent use on a production web site but still functions perfectly fine for development and testing on a workstation. Apache Web server. The first part looks at what a Web server is and how Web communication takes place. Basically for communication where there is a client-server flavor, the server process creates a socket and the client socket accesses the server through client socket techniques. Socket A socket is fundamentally nothing but an end point of communication. It can be of two types: Physical socket and Logical socket. In Logical socket operating system has its system calls, which creates them. Now for client-server access the socket needs three things to provide service or ask for service.

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1)Service name (example: telnet) 2)Protocol (TCP-stream) 3)Port no (23) The service uses protocol and protocol uses port number to provide service at server end and to get service at client end. Ultimately we find that the port number is mainly responsible for a client server communication. The protocols supported by Linux is shown by /etc/protocols and the services can be seen in /etc/services. Let's take few more examples then start with Web server. * telnet service uses TCP/IP protocol and communicate through port no. 23 * ftp service uses TCP/IP protocol and communicate through 20,21 port numbers * www service uses http protocol and communicate through port no 80. Web communication Web communication deals with a browser type of client process and Web server type of server process. What actually happens when a user writes http://www.yahoo.com? Well, the browser transfers the URL to current machine's
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operating system with a destination address' operating system, which is responsible for extracting protocol i.e. "http" from the client socket (browsers) and then it packets data using layer software and over the packet it attaches the header http. This enables the remote machine to hand over the request to Web server of remote machine. Why so? Because there can be many a server running on the same machine so the particular services are distinguished by their protocol. But how should we explain when telnet and ftp both are using same protocol but have different server Processes? The answer is that they are distinguished by their port numbers. Services may have same protocol but not the same port number. After this the operating system throws the data to network interface card through the ram and then network interface card gives it to nearest gateway, which sends the data to the server machine at server end. The network card gives a signal back to operating system that a data enclosed with http header using TCP/IP header has arrived. One's operating system checks that data has http wrapper and searches for Web server on that machine. When it finds, it hands over the data and pays attention to other processes.

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Before the Web server processes the data, it goes through a filtration by the gateway process implemented on the Web server, which actually filters the raw data. This concept implemented is called as common gateway interface that has the Web server environment variables, which stores the data in different variable. When the user asks for some unnecessary data, headers also get attached with data and so the need for filtration.

Apache as Web server How to set up: The Web server is meant for keeping Websites. There are three ways a Website can be stored. They are: 1) default directory hosting 2) virtual directory hosting 3) virtual domain hosting We have to first configure the DNS. Then configure the following file (redhat 6.2) /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf If we use Apache as a Web server whether on Windows platform or Linux, the main file which is used is called /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

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The root directory of Web server is /etc/httpd, which is divided into three parts: 1) /etc/httpd/conf (where configuration files stays) 2) /etc/httpd/logs (where the logs of Web server and site accessing stay) 3) /etc/httpd/modules (where the module stays, which enables the server side programmer to do programming in the languages supported by Web server)

Operating Systems
Operating system ABCs An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be useless. Operating system types As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.

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GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. See our GUI dictionary definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems. System 7.x, Windows 98, Windows CE. Multi-user - A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. See our multi-user dictionary definition for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of multi-user operating systems: Linux,Unix,Windows 2000 Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems.Unix,Windows 2000 Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are:Linux Unix,Windows 2000

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In conclusion, these are the most important components of a small PC Network, which can be used in order to set up a network based, on a client PC.
Sources
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/internetworking/g/bldef_hub.htm http://en.kioskea.net/contents/pc/carte-reseau.php3 http://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/engine.php?page_id=fb1f7b2a http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm http://www.ybet.be/en-hardware-2-04/ethernet-network.htm http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1433 .

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