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Dear Friends, I know that the semester is getting very hectic and so I wanted to give you some tips

on studying for your third exam. You are responsible for all the material covered on Blackboard, but I have attached a handout that will direct you to some things that will definitely be on the next exam but not the only things on it. Please use this review after you have learned the material and not before. I hope you find this helpful! 1. Know what a nephron is and where you find it. 2. Study the diagram of the kidney, you will identify one of the parts. 3. Know the function of the kidneys and the function of the bladder. 4. Know why people tend to develop kidney stones and how to help prevent them. How do you treat kidney stones? 5. What is hypospadius and how do you treat it? 6. What is polycystic kidney disease and how do you treat it?

Nervous System
Know what the efferent nervous system is and what it does. Review astrocytes and ependymal cells (neuroglial cells). Know the characteristics of neurons and axons. What are myelin sheaths and what do they have to do with Multiple Sclerosis? What is prednisone and when might you use it? What are its side effects? Two questions about prednisone.

The Brain
There will be 2 questions about meningitis. What is hydrocephalus? What are the reflex centers and where are they located? What is the job of each? Know what makes up the diencephalon. Know the location of the thirst center. What is the arbor vitae? What is lateralization? Or, in R-handed people, what does the L-hemisphere of the brain do? What does the R-hemisphere do? See the diagram of functional areas of the cerebral cortex (it will be on the exam) and be able to identify 1-4 and 8. (There will be 2 of these to identify.) What perceives temperature, pressure and pain? What is a thrombus? What is an embolus? What is the treatment for strokes and TIAs? 1

Special Senses
What increases a persons chance of having a retinal detachment? 8. Know the primary and accessory (secondary) organs of reproduction and the characteristics of sperm cells as well as the parts of sperm cells. 9. What is the problem with the disorder cryptorchidism? 10. What does the cremaster muscle do? 11. What is semen and what does it contain? Where is it produced? 12. There will be a question about testicular cancer. 13. What is fertilization, capacitation and implantation? 14. There will be a question about ectopic pregnancies. 15. What can lead to infertility? 16. Review the menstrual cycle. 17. There will be 4 questions about STDs including one about the silent epidemic. 18. There will be one bonus question about a method of birth control. You do not have to learn the material about various methods of birth control unless you want to do that. There will only be one question over this material and it will be a bonus question. Good Luck! Please let me know if you need help. Debby

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