Code No: R05221803 Set No.

1
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. Define and explain the following:

(a) Diffusion
(b) Solid state diffusion
(c) Self diffusion
(d) Hetero diffusion. [4×4=16]

2. (a) Describe the mechanism of diffusion from a limited source of dopants.

(b) Explain the factors that affect the diffusion rate in solid metal crystals. [8+8]

3. (a) Write the equillibrium constant for the following reactions and explain.
i. A+B C+D
ii. xA+yB mC+nD.
(b) Explain the various conditions that are to be satisfied, if the thermodynamic
predictions and calculations are to be made, regarding the feasibility of a
chemical reaction.
(c) Explain how Ellingham diagrams can be useful in the extractive metallurgical
process. [6+5+5]

4. (a) Discuss the classical; Einstein and Debye’s models of specific heats of solids.
[8]
(b) The measured specific heat of pure Nickle as a function of temperature is given
below. Find the electronic specific heat coefficient γ and the lattice specific
heat coefficient β from the above data. Plot Cv (electronic) and Cv (lattice)
against T and compare the two calculated specific heat curves. Find the value
of QD for Ni: [8]

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 1
T(k) Cv in10−4 Calculate.mol−1 deg −1
1.776 30.99
1.843 32.23
1.894 33.24
1.993 35.29
2.057 36.56
2.139 38.15
2.235 39.81
2.346 41.95
2.438 43.86
2.508 45.48
2.603 47.18
2.728 49.34
2.889 52.51
3.201 59.20
3.436 64.03
3.752 71.12
3.990 76.00
4.114 79.62

5. (a) For metals, it is expected that thermal conductivity will be relatively insensi-
tive to temperature if the electrical resistivity increases linearly with temper-
ature. Justify this statement andcite its limitations.
(b) Explain the limitations of Dulong-petit’s law.
(c) Give the expression for the electronic contribution to the heat capacity. Ex-
plain it’s significance. Discuss various terms in the expression. [6+4+6]

6. (a) What do you mean by ‘activity’ of a component? How it can explain the
behavior of a solution? Also explain about ‘activity coefficient’ with suitable
example.
(b) Derive gibb’s-Duhem equation N1 dG1 + N2 dG2 =0 from first principles. [9+7]

7. (a) What is the significance of phase rule? Discuss its applications and limitations.
(b) Explain the differences between a liquidus line and solidus line. Explain how
the liquidus line is obtained for an eutectic system. [8+8]

8. (a) Differentiate between electrochemical cells & electrolytic cells.

(b) Explain in detail about the concentration cells. [8+8]

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the generalized laws of diffusion to include kirkendall effect as pro-
posed by DARKEN.
(b) We find that 10h are required to successfully carburize a batch of 500 steel
gears at 900o C, where the iron has the FCC structure. We find that it costs
Rs.1000 per hour to operate the carburizing furnace at 900o C AND Rs.1500
per hour to operate the furnace at 1000o C. Find out whether it is economical
to increase the carburizing temperature to 1000o C? [8+8]

2. (a) How do vacancy mechanism and interstecial mechanism of diffusion differ from
each other.
(b) Explain the various factors that influence the diffusivity of a system. What
are their effects on linear and non-linear profiles of diffusion. [8+8]

3. (a) What are the factors that affect the forward chemical reaction to occur? Ex-
plain them with suitable examples?
(b) Explain what do you mean by ‘activated complex’, in a chemical reaction.
What is the duration of its existance. Distinguish between activated complex
and ‘intermediate chemical species’ during a chemical reaction. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain various thermal properties that are important in case of metals.
(b) Explain the theory of Einstein to explain specific heat. [8+8]

5. (a) Discuss the asymmetric potential energy curve for a material as a function of
distance of separation between the atoms.
(b) A metallic strip is constructed from strips of two different metals that are
bonded along their lengths. Explain how such a device may be used in a
thermostat to regulate temperature. [8+8]

6. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law.

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [6+10]

7. (a) What is the significance of phase rule? Discuss its applications and limitations.
(b) Explain the differences between a liquidus line and solidus line. Explain how
the liquidus line is obtained for an eutectic system. [8+8]

8. (a) Differentiate between electrochemical cells & electrolytic cells.

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 2
(b) Explain in detail about the concentration cells. [8+8]

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Define the term ‘diffusion’. Explain the engineering importance of diffusion.
Explain the various applications of diffusion.
(b) There is 0.19% of Cu at the surface of some aluminium and 0.18% copper, 1.2
mm underneath the surface. What will be the flux of copper atoms be from
the surface inward at 500o C (Al is Fcc and lattice constant is 4.05o A).
(Do = 0.15 × 10−4 m2 /sec, Q = 30,200 cal/mole; E = 0.210 × 10−18 J/atom.
[8+8]

2. (a) Explain the various factors that affect activation energy.

(b) Explain the mechanism of diffusion in Ionic compounds with suitable examples
and figures. [8+8]

3. (a) What is the importance of equilibrium constant & how this can be calculated
from standard free energy changes?
(b) Define equilibrium constant & how this can be influenced on the extraction
process. [8+8]

4. (a) Describe ‘Debye’s theory’ of specific heats of solids. Explain the concept of
Debye’s temperature.
(b) Discuss the merits and defects of Debye’s model in comparision with Einstein’s
model in explaining specific heats of solids. [8+8]

5. (a) What are the differences between lattice thermal conductivity effects and
thermo electric effects of solids.
(b) The volume of a cubical block of metal changes by 0.15%. When its tempera-
ture is raised by 30o C compute the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal.
[8+8]

6. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law.

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [6+10]

7. (a) What is the significance of phase rule? Discuss its applications and limitations.
(b) Explain the differences between a liquidus line and solidus line. Explain how
the liquidus line is obtained for an eutectic system. [8+8]

8. (a) How thermodynamics is useful to electrochemical cells? [6]

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 3
(b) Discuss in detail about the following:
i. Concentration cells
ii. Galvanic cells. [5+5=10]

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Supplimentary Examinations, Aug/Sep 2008
METALLURGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is kirkendall effect? How will you explain the mass flow of metal or
gases with this effect?
(b) The activation energy for the diffusion of carbon in alpha iron is 20.1kcal/mol.
If Do is 2 × 10−6 m2 /sec, calculate the diffusion constant at 27o C and at 527o C
and show that at the elevated temperature the rate of diffusion is much higher
than at the room temperature. [8+8]

2. (a) An Al-4% Cu. alloy is heated to 550o C during heat treatment and quenched to
room temperature. Immediately after the quench, the diffusion rate of copper
(which proceeds by a vacancy mechanism) was found to be 107 times faster
than what would be expected. What fraction of vacancies in equilibrium at
500o C is retained at room temperature by the rapid quenching? The enthalpy
of motion of vacancy in this alloy is 50 KJ/mol.
(b) Describe the substitutional and interstecial diffusion mechanisms in solid met-
als. [8+8]

3. (a) Explain about the single free energy change vs temperature line of oxide re-
action.
(b) Differentiate between Ellingham diagrams and Richardson’s diagrams. [8+8]

4. (a) Describe ‘Debye’s theory’ of specific heats of solids. Explain the concept of
Debye’s temperature.
(b) Discuss the merits and defects of Debye’s model in comparision with Einstein’s
model in explaining specific heats of solids. [8+8]

5. (a) For metals, it is expected that thermal conductivity will be relatively insensi-
tive to temperature if the electrical resistivity increases linearly with temper-
ature. Justify this statement andcite its limitations.
(b) Explain the limitations of Dulong-petit’s law.
(c) Give the expression for the electronic contribution to the heat capacity. Ex-
plain it’s significance. Discuss various terms in the expression. [6+4+6]

6. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law.

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [6+10]

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Code No: R05221803 Set No. 4
7. (a) Explain the concept of chemical potential and derive the expressions related
there in. Show that for any heterogeneous system of equillibrium, the chemical
potential of each component has identical values in all the phases.
(b) Disucss the graphical method of valuation of partial molal quantities from the
molal quantity. [9+7]

8. (a) Explain the similarities and differences betweene standard electrode potentials
and the table of galvanic series.
(b) Calculate the EMf of a concentration cell at 25o consisting of two copper
electrodes immersed in solutions of copper ions 0.1 molar and 0.001 molar
concentrations. [8+8]

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