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  • Scientific Method

    Diunggah oleh

    Jonathan Strader
    13 tayangan16 halaman
    Science is limited strictly to solving problems about the physical and natural world. The rules of science make the scientific process as objective as is possible. Different scientists may get different solutions to the same problem.

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    Science is limited strictly to solving problems about the physical and natural world. The rules of science make the scientific process as objective as is possible. Different scientists may get different solutions to the same problem.

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    13 tayangan16 halaman

    Scientific Method

    Diunggah oleh

    Jonathan Strader
    Science is limited strictly to solving problems about the physical and natural world. The rules of science make the scientific process as objective as is possible. Different scientists may get different solutions to the same problem.

    Hak Cipta:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Unduh sebagai PDF, TXT atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 16

    Lecture 1

    Scientific Method

    What is science

    Scienceisa______foranswering questions.

    WhatisScience?
    or

    Hereareafewstatements totestyourcurrentunderstanding ofscience!


    (YouarethinkingWow!ThisinstructorisHARSH!Atestthefirsttimewemeet.)

    Sciencecanproveanything,solveanyproblemor answeranyquestion.

    TrueorFalse?

    False
    Scienceactuallyattemptstodisproveideas(hypotheses). Scienceislimitedstrictlytosolvingproblemsaboutthephysicalandnatural world. Explanationsbasedonsupernaturalforces,valuesorethicscanneverbe disprovedandthusdonotfallundertherealmofscience.

    Anystudydonecarefullyandbasedon observationisscientific.

    False

    Sciencemustfollowcertainrules.
    Therulesofsciencemakethescientificprocessasobjectiveasis

    possible.

    Objective=Notinfluencedbyfeelings,interests UNBIASED

    andprejudices;

    vs.
    Subjective=Influencedbyfeelings,interests BIASED andprejudices;

    Sciencecanbedonepoorly.

    Differentscientistsmaygetdifferentsolutionstothe sameproblem.

    The Controversy Over Spontaneous Generation


    John Needham & Lazzaro Spallanzani
    Problem: Whatcausestinylivingthingstoappearindecayingbroth? SpallazanisHypothesis:Microbescomefromtheair.Boilingwillkillthem. NeedhamsHypothesis:Spontaneousgeneration.
    Spallazani Needham

    Needham>

    Spallazani>

    1700s

    Soooowhatisgoodscience?
    ____________isthekeytogoodscience.
    Tobeobjective,experimentsmustbedesignedand conductedinawaythatdoesnotintroducebiasinto thestudy. Scientistsusethe ___________________

    ScientificMethod

    DataSupportHypothesis

    DataDONOT SupportHypothesis

    The Beginnings of Immunology

    Edward Jenner and the first vaccine Creditedwithintroducinguseofscabsfrom cowpoxlesionstopreventsmallpox. Wasawareoffarmworkers'beliefthatifyou hadcowpoxinpast,youwouldntget smallpox. _____________:Infectiousdiseasethatcaused milddiscomfort,aching,afewpustules, someswellingsymptomsthatdisappeared inafewdays.Nobiggie. _____________:Infectiousdiseasethatcaused massivedisfigurement,sometimes blindness,andoftendeath.

    1800sEnglishphysician

    The Beginnings of Immunology


    Question:Doeshavingcowpoxmakeaperson immunetosmallpox? Hypothesis:IfIinfectsomeonewithcowpox,they willthenbeimmunetosmallpox. Experiments:Jennermadesmallincisionsor punctureswithcowpoxmaterialinarmsof humansubjectsinordertopreventsmallpox. Analysis&Conclusion:Hesawthatpeoplethathe infectedwithcowpox,whenlaterexposedto smallpox,wouldgetalittlebitsick,butnever comedownwithafullblowncaseofsmallpox. PresentResults/PeerEvaluation:Atfirsthispeers doubtedthesafetyandefficacyofhis treatment,buteventuallythevalueofthe cowpoxinoculumwasrecognized.

    Edward Jenner and the first vaccine

    1800sEnglishphysician

    Verificationisanotherqualitycontrolmeasure toeliminatebias.
    Resultsareverifiedbyindependentduplicationand publicationinapeerreviewedjournal.
    ___________________=Twoormorescientistsfrom differentinstitutionsinvestigatethesamequestion separatelyandgetsimilarresults. ________________________=Ajournalthat publishesarticlesonlyaftertheyhavebeenchecked forqualitybyseveralexpert,objectivescientistsfrom differentinstitutions.

    SothatsScience
    Now,whatsthedifference between: 1.Science 2.Nonscience 3.Pseudoscience

    ___________=OutsidetheDomainofScience
    Nonscienceisimportantinhumanthinkingandexperience.

    Values Religiousbeliefs Art Creativity&Intuition

    Subjectsofnonscienceareusuallyeasilyseparatedfromscience.

    _______________
    arenot.

    WhenNonscienceClaimstoBeScience
    Claimsthatcanbetestedscientifically,but

    Trytoposeasscience.
    Religiousscience:constantlyupholdshypotheses insteadoftryingtofalsifythem.

    Unidentifiedflyingobjects:noneoftheUFO sightingsstandtocarefulscrutiny

    Hauntings:noneoftheghostsightingsstandto carefulscrutiny

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