RR Canada NOx Emissions Measurement

Jonathan Knapton dtp09jnk@shef.ac.uk

NOx Overview
What is NOx? Gas Turbine NOx Legislation Measurement The future Questions
Images sourced online [1]

What is NOx
NO, NO2 How is NOx formed?
Thermal NOx Fuel Nox Prompt NOx9

Zeldovich Mechanism
O+ N2 NO + N O2 + N NO + O N + OH NO + H

NOx emissions from GTs

Smoke & NOx vs. CO &HC [2&3]
Emissions

Nox
Smoke

CO UHC

Idle

Max. Power

NOx Abatement Technologies

Possible technical solutions [4] & [5]
H2O/ Steam injection- 25ppm Selective Catalytic Reduction-9ppm Catalytic Combustion-3ppm SCONOX-2ppm or less Dry Low NOx combustion-9ppm
[4] *1 sourced [5] *2

COOLER GAS HOT GAS

from (GE Energy 01) sourced from (Major 1999)

CM56 5B Double Annular Combustor [6]

Why Legislate against NOx?

Photochemical Smog precursor- deaths, respiratory problems Acid rain precursor[6] Nutrification & Ozone issues Indirect green-house gas (GHG)

NOx Health Impacts

Cardiopulmonary mortality Strokes, myocardial infraction Lung irritation, Bronchitis and Pneumonia $64-$315 health damage per ton of NOx in the USA [7&8]
Nitric Oxide (NO) Concentration
Very Low ~50ppm 60-150ppm >200ppm

Health Impact
Essential for human life Irritating to mucus membranes Causes burning of throat and coughing Fatal to humans if exposed for short times

[6]

Current Legislation
EU Directive- 26ppm NOx
-1167kt permitted for UK NOx (during 2010) [9]&[10]

US <2.5ppm NOx emissions from 300MW stationary GTs (effective 2006)[11] UK NOx emissions reduced by 40% (1990-2006)[12]

Measurement Techniques
GT tested Organic Sensors 0.01ppm Zirconia Probes-5 0.5ppm DIAL +/- 25% CL CARS 25ppm LIF 5-10ppm TDLAS < 1ppm Measurement Methods DFWM 2ppm CL-1 0.2ppm FTIR-3 0.44ppm DOAS-2 1-3ppb CRDS < 1ppm SFG UV LA 0.5ppm

Future Concerns- Biofuels

Low grade biofuel effect on NOx emissions from stationary GTs
Fuel Nox reduced [13]
Lower CV :. Lower temperature :. Less thermal Nox
Idle Power
1.6 Compared to Jet A-1 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 UHC NOx CO CO2 GTL 50/50 Blend Bio-diesel

Leong, Rye et al. 2010

Future Legislation & Measurement Technology

Decrease/ Increase? Zero NOx Legislation? Many measurement technologies are less sensitive than legislations in GT exhausts
Current CL measurement precision (Standard NOx technique): 0.2ppm stated HOWEVER interference of 3.6ppm from CO2 and water

Higher accuracy measurement possibilities:

FTIR? Stabilised Zirconia Probes?

Questions..?

References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Winter, M. (2009). "Web Elements." Retrieved 12/03/2010, 2010, from http://www.webelements.com/compounds/nitrogen/nitrogen_dioxide.html. Lefebvre, A. W. (1983). Gas Turbine Combustion. Washington New York and London, McGraw Hill Book Company. Ballester, J. and T. Garca-Armingol "Diagnostic techniques for the monitoring and control of practical flames." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science In Press, Corrected Proof. TLC, T. L. C. (2005). "Combustor technology: present and future." Retrieved 02/02/2010, 2010, from http://gfn.unizar.es/tlc/background. Chaloulakou, A., I. Mavroidis, et al. (2008). "Compliance with the annual NO2 air quality standard in Athens. Required NOx levels and expected health implications." Atmospheric Environment 42(3): 454-465. Anderson, T. N. (2003). THE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A DIODE-LASER-BASED ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SENSOR FOR NITRIC OXIDE. Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University. Master of Science: 120. Nigge, K. (2001). "Generic spatial classes for human health impacts, part II." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 6(6): 334-338. The European Parlieament and the Council of the European Union (2001). Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council: on national emissions ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants. Official Journal of the European Communities: 22-30. The European Parlieament and the Council of the European Union (2001). "Driective 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council." Official Journal of the European Communities 175(1): L309/ 301 321 NAIE (2007). UNECE Emission Estimates to 2007: Nitrous Oxide. California Energy Comission (2000). "Permit to Construct (Emissions Permit)." Retrieved 08/02/2010, 2010, from http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/mountainview/documents/2000-11-02_PDOC.PDF. GE Energy (2006). "Extractive FTIR Air Emissions Testing." Retrieved 08/02/2010, 2010, from http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/serv/env_serv/en/downloads/gea14569_ftir_techoverview.pdf. Signal Instruments (2007). "Heated Vacuum Chemiluminescence Model 4000VM." Retrieved 05/02-2010, 2010, from http://www.signalinstruments.com/4000vm.htm. Horiba Automotive Test Systems (2010). "MEXA-720 NOx." Retrieved 08/02/2010, 2010, from http://www.horiba.com/automotive-testsystems/products/emission-measurement-systems/portable-emission-analyzers/details/mexa-720-nox-860/. Testo (2010). "Portable Flue Gas Analyzer System testo 350." Retrieved 03/02/2010, 2010, from http://www.bis.fm/assets/documents/faxdatasheets/350%20XL_S%20brochure.pdf. Leong C; Rye L; et al (2010). "Reverse Engineering: Gas Turbine Performance: Applied to an Aircraft Auxilliary Power Unit." Turbo Expo ASME 2010(GT2010-22478).

Worldwide NOx limits

Name of State/Union/ Federation Most Stringent NOx Emission Ceiling (ppmv) @ 15% O2 2 5 15 26 29 40 50 65 65 N/A (building to EU standards) N/A

USA (California) Japan USA (Federal Codes of Regulation) European Union Canada China India Brazil (Inferred from literature) Russia and NIS Israel The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia