Σημειώσεις Άλγεβρας Β Λυκείου πολυώνυμα

-1
:
http://mathhmagic.blogspot.com
1
-2

.
.
P (x)= + 1 1 + ....... + 1 + 0 , 1 , 2 ,......, 0 R .
:
1
, x 4 3x 2 + 2 x 2 , 4 x 3 + 4 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 2
.
, 1 , 2 ,......, 0 .
, 1 1 ,......, 1, 0 .
0 .
P(x)= 0 R
P(x)=0 .

P(x)= + 1 1 + ....... + 1 + 0
= P()= + 1 1 + ....... + 1 + 0 . .
P(x)= 2 3 + 2 2 3 =1 P(1)= 2 13 + 12 2 1 3 = 2
P(x)= 0 R P()= 0 R .
P() R P()=0. . 3
P(x)= x 3 2 x 2 9 P(3)= 33 2 3 2 9 = 0
.
P(x)
.
P() degP(x) degP.
. P(x)= x 3 2 x 2 9 degP=3 P(x)=4 .
P(x)=0 .
P(x)= 0 P()
P()= 0
.
, .
P(x) G(x)
, :
+ 1 1 + ....... + 1 + 0 = + 1 1 + ....... + 1 + 0
= , 1 = 1 ,......., 1 = 1 , 0 = 0 .
-3

: , ,
.
.
()
P(x) ,Q(x) :
deg[P(x)+Q(x)] max{degP(x),degQ(x)}
deg[P(x).Q(x)]= degP(x)+degQ(x)
deg[P(x)]=. degP(x), .

1) P(x)= 2 x 2 + 1 , Q(x)= 4 x 4 4 x 2 1 , F(x)= 2 x 2 + 5 .
:
i)[P(x)]2+Q(x)
ii) P(x) +F(x)
iii) P(x) .F(x)
iv)F(P(x)), .
i)[P(x)]2+Q(x)=( 2 x 2 + 1 )2 4 x 4 4 x 2 1 = 4 x 4 + 1 + 4 x 2 4 x 4 4 x 2 1 = 0
.
ii) P(x) +F(x)= 2 x 2 + 1 2 x 2 + 5 =6 .
0.
iii) P(x) .F(x)= ( 2 x 2 + 1 ).( 2 x 2 + 5 ) = 4 x 4 + 10 x 2 2 x 2 + 5 = 4 x 4 + 8 x 2 + 5
4.
iv)F(P(x))= 2(2 x 2 + 1) 2 + 5 = 2(4 x 4 + 4 x 2 + 1) + 5 = 8 x 4 8 x 2 2 + 5 = 8 x 4 8 x 2 3
4.
2) P(x), Q(x) 6 3 .
:
i) 2.P(x) ii)( Q(x))2 iii) 2.P(x)+( Q(x))2
i) 2 0 P(x) 6. 2.P(x)
0+6=6
ii) Q(x) 3. ( Q(x))2 = Q(x) .Q(x) 3+3=6
iii) 2.P(x) ( Q(x))2 6.
6.
3)
i)P(x)= x 2 2 x + 1 , x1=1 , x2= -1 , x3=

ii) F(x)= x 8 1
1
2
, x1=1 , x2= -1 , x3=2
-4

i) P(1)= 12 2 1 + 1 = 0
P(-1)= (1) 2 2( 1) + 1 = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 0
P(
:
P(x)
o
P()=0
1
1
1
1
1
)= ( ) 2 2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 0
2
2
2
4
4
1 P.
ii) F(1)= 18 1 = 2 0
F(-1)= ( 1)8 1 = 2 0
F(2)= ( 2) 8 1 0
F(x) .
4) R
P(x)= 3 4 2 3 + 3 + 2 2 1 =2 27;
P(2)= 3 2 4 2 2 3 + 3 2 + 2 2 1 =27 48 16 + 6 + 2 2 1 = 27
2 2 + 6 + 31 = 27 .... 2 + 3 + 2 = 0 1 = 2, 2 = 1 .
5) , ,
P(x)= (3 + 2) 3 + (5 + ) 2 + 1
.
P(x) 0,

3 + 2 = 0
5 + = 0
2 + 1 = 0
, :
2
3
= , = . :
7
7
15
= 5 =
7
6) , , x 2 :
+3
+
=
+ 2
2
( 2)( + 4) 2 + 4
+ ( 2 + 4) + ( 2)( + ( + ) 2 + ( 2) + 4 2
+ 2
=
=
2 +4
( 2)( 2 + 4)
( 2)( 2 + 4)
+3
+

=
+ 2
:
2
( 2)( 4) 2 + 4
:
+3
( + ) 2 + ( 2 ) + 4 2
=
( 2)( 2 + 4)
( 2)( 2 + 4)
-5

.
, :
+ 3 = (A + B) 2 + ( 2) + 4 2

A+B=0
2 = 1
4 2 = 3
5
5
1
= , = , =
8
8
4
7)i)
P()= (2 3 + 1) (2 3 4)
ii) (2 3 + 1) (2 3 4) =0 R .
,
, .
i) .:
P()= (2 3 + 1) (2 3 4) = ( 1)2 + ( 3 + 3) + + 4 = 0
=1 P() :
P()= 0 2 + 0 + 5
=5 P() .
5 P() P()=5-
0.
x 1 2 P()
2.
ii) (,) R .:
(2 3 + 1) (2 3 4) = 0 ( 1)2 + (3 + 3) + + 4 = 0
P()=0
R , P()
, :
1 = 0
3 + 3 = 0
+4 = 0
: =1 , =5 .
: ( 1)2 + ( 3 + 3) + + 4 = 0 R =1 ,
=5 , (1,5) .
8) , R :
P(x)= 3 3 2( + 1) 2 + 3( + ) + 1 :
P(-1)=-23 P(2)=16.
-6

, R P(-1)=-23 P(2)=16.
, R :
3(1) 3 2( + 1)(1) 2 + 3( + )(1) + 1 = 23

P(1) = 23
2
P(2) = 16
3.2 2( + 1) 2 + 3( + ) 2 1 = 16
3 2 2 3 3 + 1 = 23
5 + 2 = 17
= 3

24 8 8 + 6 + 6 + 1 = 16
2 7 = 1 = 1
9) f(x),g(x),p(x), : f 2(x)-x g2(x)-x.p2(x)=0
x R . f(x),g(x),p(x) .
f 2 ( x ) x g 2 ( x ) x p 2 ( x ) = 0 f 2 ( x ) = x (g 2 ( x ) + p 2 ( x ) . x R
g 2 ( x ) + p 2 ( x ) 0 x R
<0
x (g 2 ( x ) + p 2 ( x ) 0 .
f 2 ( x ) 0 .
f 2 ( x ) 0 , f 2 ( x ) = 0 ,
f ( x ) = 0 .
f(x) .
f(x) .
g 2 ( x ) + p 2 ( x ) = 0 . x R
g ( x ) = p ( x ) = 0 . x R .

1)
P(x)= 3 3 2 + 1 Q()= 4 2 5 1 H()= 3 2 2 +
:
i) P(x)-3 Q() ii) 2.P(x)+ 5.H() ii) -3Q() +4H()
2)
i)
P(x)= 4 [ 4 3 (6 2 ( 4 1))] [ 4 + (4 3 + 6 2 ) ( 4 1)]
ii)
iii)
Q(x)= 5 [7 (3 4 3 ) 8 4 (3 2 + 3 5 7) 4]
(x)= 7 [( + ) ( )] 2 [( ) ( + )]
iv)
(x)= 4 [ 3 ( 4 2 (6 4) 1) 2] [ 4 3 (6 2 ( 4 1))]
3)
P(x)= (9 2 1) 3 + (3 + 1) + 6 + 2 .
4) , , ,
P(x)= ( 1) 3 + ( 2 + 1) 2 + ( + ) + 2 + +
.
-7

5)
i)P()= ( + 3 2 + 1) + (3 2 + 1) (2 2 + 1)
ii) Q()= (4 2 3 3 2 + 5 2) + (2 2 3 + 2 2 7 2 1) (3 2 + 1)
()= ( + 6 1 + 6 3 3 + 10 2 2 + 4 ) + + (3 1 + 5 2 2 + 3 5 4 3 3 3 ) ,
, > 3 .
6) P() P(1)=12 , P(0) =2 , P(-1)=-4.
i)
;
ii)
;
iii)
S1
( ) S2
. S1,S2 .
7)
:
i)P()= 4 3 3 + 6 4 , 1=2 , 2= 2 , 3=1
ii)Q()= 3 5 + 5 4 3 3 5 2 , 1=0 , 2=
5
, 3=2
3
iii) F()= 3 + (1 3 ) 2 + ( 2 2 3 ) + 2 2 , 1=-1 , 2=2, 3=
1
.
2
8) P()= 3 2 + 2 P(-1)++3=0 , .
9) P() :
(2+5)P()= 6 3 + 2 33 + 5
10) P() :
(P()) 2 + P() = 9 2 + 69 + 132

11) :
P()= (5 9 6 + 2 2 + 11) 50 67 + 14 2 2
12) P() ,Q() 10 5 .N
.
i)P()Q()
ii) P()+Q()
iii) P()+3Q()
iv) (P())2
v) (Q())2 -6P()
vi) ( P())4Q()
13)
P()= ( 2 + 6) 7 + ( 2 4) 2 + 2 2 .
14) , ,
P()= 7 2 12 + 3 ( 2) + ( 2) + .
-8

15)
P(3-1)= 3 + 4 2 2 1 , P(-10).
17) P() :
(P()) 2 + P() = 25 2 + 15 + 2
18) P() P(0)=0
P ( ) P ( 1) = R
19) (x) = x2 + 2x + 5.
: ( - 1) = 13.
20) 1, -3 , :
+7
=
+
( 1)( + 3) 1 + 3
21) i) P() 3 P(0)=0
P() P( 1) = 2 .
ii) 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ..... + 2 , *
= +
( + 1) + 1
1
1
1
1
ii)
+
+
+ ...... +
1 2 2 3 3 4
( + 1)
22) i) , :

1) P (x) = 3 (x - 1)2 - 3x2 + 5 :
.
2) P (x) = (2 - 4) x2 + ( - 2) x - ( + 2), R
:
. - 2
. - 1
. 0
. 1
3) P (x) = (2 - 1) x3 + (1 - ) x2 - ( + 1) x + + 8 ,
:
. - 1
. 0
. R
. R
. 1
-9

4) P (x) = (5 - 1) x3 + (2 - 3 + 2) x + - 1
:
. - 1
. 0
. 1
. - 5
. 5
5) P (x) = ( - 1) x + (1 - ) x + 8, R ,
q (x) = (3 - 1) x3 - (1 - 2) x2 + ( + 1) x - (1 - ) :
.
.
. .
.
6) P (x) = x - x + 5 Q (x) = x3 + x2 + 5 - ,
3
:
. - 1
. 0
. 1
. 5
. - 5
7) P (x) = +1 x + (2 - 3) x2 + x - 1
q (x) = x1998 - 3x2 + x - ( + 1)
, :
. 1
. - 1
. 0
. 1998
.
8) P (x) = x + -1x+1 + ... + 0 . 0 :
. 0 > 0
. 0 < 0
. 0 =
. 0 = 0
.
9) :
. () = 0 (x)
. 0
.
.
.
. x
10) (x) (2) = 5. (- 2) :
. 5
11)
. - 5
. 2
. - 2
(x) = x
1998
. 0
+ 1. ( + 1997) = 1,
:
. > 1997
. > 1998
. = 1997
. = - 1997
12) (x) : (x2 - 1) . P (x) = x6 - 2x4 + 5x - 8, (x) :

.
. .
- 10

.
::
: , ,
:
=+ 0 <
.
.
( ). () () ,
() 0 , () () :
()=()()+() 0 <
() ().
() , () , () ()
.
() ().
() ()
() : () ()=0 .
()=().() . ,
,
() () () ().
P() - =P().
- =P()=0
10
- 11

. .
. ( 3 + 2 2 + 29) : ( + 4)
1

.
( 3 + 2 2 + 29) ( + 4)
2
( 2)
( ) :
3 : = 2
( 2) .
3 + 2 2 + 29 + 4
2
3
2
( +4). 3 + 4 2
. 2 2 + 29 .
3 + 2 2 + 29
+4
3 4 2
2 2 + 29

2 3
.
11
- 12

.
2 2 + 29
2 3 :
2
3 + 2 2 + 29
4
3
+4
2 2
2 2 + 29
-2 2 ( 2)
3
3 + 2 2 + 29
3 4 2
2 2 + 29
2 2 + 8
+4
2 2
7 + 29

2
. 7 + 29 .
7 + 29
, 2 3
7 + 29 . :
2
3 + 2 2 + 29
4
3
+4
2 2 + 7
2 2 + 29
2 2 + 8
7 + 29
7 ( 7) .
12
- 13

2
3 + 2 2 + 29
3 4 2
2 2 + 29
2 2 + 8
7 + 29
7 28
+4
2 2 + 7

1

7
. 1.
1 0 ( )
. 2 2 + 7
1. :
3 + 2 2 + 29 = ( + 4) ( 2 2 + 7) + 1
13
- 14

HORNER

(-) HORNER.
2-1
, HORNER
.
.
P()= 3 3 + 5 + 2 .

:

P() (

) 2.

, 1 ,
.

:
-3
-2
1
3
- , 1, 2,
( )
. , 2, .
- 2 ,(-2).(-2)=4,
3 ( ).
1.
- , 1 2
5( ).
3.
:
-3
1(-2) = -2
(-2)(-2)= 4
1(-2)=-2
-2
-2

.
P() +2 ,

3 3 + 5 +2 2 2 + 1 3,
3 3 + 5 = (+2)( 2 2 + 1 )+3
:
14
- 15

1) (2 4 3 3 + 5 2 7 + 1) : ( 2 2 + 3)
:
2 4 3 3 + 5 2 7 + 1
2 2 + 3
2 4 + 4 3 6 2
3 2 7 + 1
2 2 + + 1
3 + 2 2 3
2 10 + 1
2 + 2 3
8 2
:
(2 4 3 3 + 5 2 7 + 1) =( 2 2 + + 1 )( 2 2 + 3 )+( 8 2 ).
2) P()= 3 4 + 40 3 + 12 2 10 + 2039 , P(-13).
P(-13) P() +13.

HORNER :
3 40
-39
3 1
12
-10
2039
-13
13
-39
-1
=-13
:
P(-13) 13 ,

HORNER
P(-13)=2000.
3) () 2+1 3-1
2+5.
:
()=().()+() (1)
()=2+1 , ()=3-1 ()=2+5.
(1) :
()=(2+1)(3-1)+(2+5)=32-2+3-1+2+5=33-2+5+4.
15
- 16

4)
f(x)=3+2++4 -2 f(1)=8 .
f(x) -2 , f(2)=0.
f(2)=0 f(1)=8 :
(23+.22+2+4=0 13+.12+.1+4=8)
(4+2=-12 ++5=8)
(2+=-6 (1) +=3 (2))
(1) (2) = -9 =12.
5) P(x) -5 . P(2x-3)
-4.
P(x) -5 P(5)=0.
P(2x-3) -4 P(2.4-3)=0 P(5)=0 .
6)i) P(x) - , 0,
=P(
).
ii) P(x)=3- -.
i) () () P(x) - , 0
, :
P(x)=(-).()+() (1)
- 1 , ,
(1) :
P(x)=(-)()+ (2)
( ) (2)
P ( )=(. -)( )+ =P( )
ii) P(x)= 3- - = P( )=0.
3
3
P( )=0 .( ) -=0 2 -=0 3-2=0 (2-2)=0 (=0 = =-).
16
- 17

7) P(x) -1
-2. P(x) (-1)(-2).
()
P(x) (-1)(-2)
-1 -2.
P() -1 -2 , P(1)=0 (1)

P(2)=0 (2) .
P(x) (1)(-2)
:
P(x)=(-1) (-2) ()+() (3)
() () .
, ()
+ , . (3) :
P(x)=(x-1)(x-2)()++ (4)
()=+ .
=1 (4) P(1)=(1-1)(1-2)(1)+.1+ (1) :
+=0 (5)
=2 (4) P(2)=(2-1)(2-2)(2)+2+ (2) :
2+=0 (6)
(1) (2) =0 =0 , ()=0.
()
P(x) (-1)(-2), :
P(x)=(x-1)(x-2)()
=1 :
P(1)=(1-1)(1-2)(1) P(1)=0
P(x) -1
=2 :
P(2)=(2-1)(2-2)(2) P(2)=0
P(x) -2
8) ,
P(x)=3-2+(-1)+5 (-1)(+2).
P(x) (-1)(+2) 1 -2 ,
:
P(1)=0 P(-2)=0
:
P(1)=0 , 1-+(-1)+5=0 -=5 (1)
P(-2)=0 , (-2)3-(-2)2+(-1)(-2)+5=0 4+2=-1 (2)
17
- 18

(1) (2) :
=
3
7
=
2
2
9) P(x) -2 10 ,
+3 5. (-2)(+3).
:P(2)=10 P(-3)=5.
() () P(x) (2)(+3) :
P(x) = (-2)(+3) () + () (1)
, ()
, + , . (1)
:
P(x) = (-2)(+3) () + . + (2)
=2 :
P(2) = (2-2)(2+3) (2) + .2 + 2 +=10 (3)
=-3 :
P(-3) = (-3-2)(-3+3). (-3) + .(-3) + -3+=5 (4)
(3) (4) =1 =8.
9) ,
P(x)=x3-x2-(3+)x++10 (-2)2.
P(x) (x-2)2 :
P(2)=0, P(x) -2 .
P(x) -2 2.
HORNER .

:
1
1
-(3+)
+10
2
-2-2
-1-
-2+8
()=2+-1-
=-2+8

(2)=0 , (4+2-1- =0 (1) =-2+8=0 (2))
(1) (2)
=5 =2.
18
- 19

10) (-1)2 .
P( ) = 2 5 - 9 4 + 18 3 - 18 2 + 8 - 1
HORNER P() -1 :
2 -9
18
-18
8
-1
2
2 -7
-7
11
-7
11
-7
=1
: (-)2
P()
P():(-)
()
-, P()=0
()=0.
P()=(-1).() ,
()= 2 4 7 3 + 11 2 7 + 1
() -1
2 -7
()=(-1)(23-52+6-1)
P()=(-1)2(23-52+6-1)
(-1)2 P().
2
2 -5
11
-7
-5
-1
-1
=1
11) P ( x) = x 3 + x 2 + x 2 , 1
-2.
) .
) P (x) .
:
) x = 1 x = 2 P (x ) , :
P (1) = 0 1 + + 2 = 0 + = 1 (1)
P (2) = 0 8 + 4 2 2 = 0 4 2 = 10 2 = 5 (2)
(1) (2) :
+ = 1
+ = 1
= 1
2 = 5
3 = 6
= 2
) = 2 = 1 P (x ) : P ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 x 2 .
: P ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 ) = ( x + 2 ) x 2 1 .
: P ( x ) = 0 ( x + 2 ) x 2 1 = 0 x + 2 = 0 x 1 = 0
2
x = 2 x = 1 x = 1
19
- 20

12): f(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 4 x 2
x 1 8, , .
:
f (x)
f (2) = 0 8 + 4 + 2 + 4 = 0 4 + 2 = 12 2 + = 6 .(1)
f (x)
x 1
f (1) = 8 1 + + + 4 = 8 + = 3 .(2)
x2
8,
(1) (2) :
2 + = 6
2 + = 6
= 9
+ = 3
= 9
= 12

1)
P() Q().
i)
P()= 3 2 + 4 , Q()= 1
ii)
P()= 3 3 2 6 + 2 , Q()= + 2
iii)
P()= 9 3 2 + 7 , Q()= 5
iv)
P()= 11 5 5 2 , Q()= 2 + 1
v)
P()= 4 5 2 , Q()= + 1
2) P()= 3 2 + 1 2 + 2 + 1
.
3) P() 2 3 + 7
:
5 + 2 4 14 3 + 54 2 45 + 7
P().
4) Q()
P().
i)
P()= 3 7 + 6 , Q()= 1
ii)
P()= 3 6 + 6 2 , Q()= 2
iii)
P()= 3 + 2 2 3 , Q()= +
20
- 21

5) P(x)= 3 4 + 5 3 + 4 2 + 3 + 1 .
i) P() -1
HORNER.
ii) P()
P() = {[(3 + 5) + 4] + 3 } + 1 (1)
iii) (1) P(1). ;
(i).
iv) (i), :
) 3+5 =1;
) {[(3 + 5) + 4 } =1.;
) {[(3 + 5) + 4] + 3
=1;
6)
P()= 4 + 2 + 4 + 2
+3 8. .
7) :
P() = 4 3 + 2 5 3
2+1 P()
P()
.
8) , -1
:
4 2 2 + 2
4 + 2 .
9) (x) = 2x3 + x2 - 13x + . (x) x2 - x - 6,
, R.
10) (x) = 2x2 + 2 (2 - 3 + 1) x - 3 (4 + 1).
(x) : (x + 2) .
11) (x) x - 5, P
(2x - 3) x - 4.
12) ,
P (x) = x3 - x2 - (3 + ) x + + 10 (x - 2)2.
13) P (x) x + 2 3 x2 - 4x + 3
2x + 7. : (x) : (x + 2) (x2 - 4x + 3).
21
- 22

14) P() Q(x) 6 2 .

() (P())2:(Q())2.
().
15) P()= 5 3 2 + -1 -2
3.
.
16) ,
P()= 2 1 , Q()= 2 + .
-3.
17)
P()= 2 3 2 + + 36
3 P() +2 30.
i) , .
ii) P() .
18) HORNER , , ,
7
20
14
-20
20
19)
P()= 4 5 3 + 6 2 7 (-1)(-3).
14) 2 + 1
4 + 2 1 .
20) P()= 2 2 3 2 Q()= 2 3 9 2 + + 4
R .
i) P().
ii) P() , Q()
.
21) P()= 3 ( + + ) 2 + ( + + )
Q()=(-)(-).
22) P()= ( + 1) 2 2 2 1 , R *
(+1)(2+1).
23) P() = px 3 11x 2 + qx + 4 -1
70 -3.
P() 2 + 1 .
22
- 23

24) P() 2-2 :
P ( ) P ( )
P ( ) + P ( )
+
2
2
25) [( ) 2 + ( 1) 1] : ( 2)
.
26) P() 2 ,
P( x 3 ) = [P( x )]3 .

1) P (x) - 2, :
. x - 2
. x + 2
. 2x + 1
. 2x - 1
. 2 - x
2) (x) 2 - 1, :
. x - 2 x - 1
. x + 2 x - 1
. x - 2 x + 1
. 2x - 1 2x + 1
. x + 2 x + 1
3) (x) 2x + 1 , (x)
:
. 2
. -
. - 2
1
2
. 1
1
2
4) ,
:
.
.
.
.
.
5) , ,
:
.
.
.
.
.
23
- 24

6)
(x) = x8 + x4 + x2 + 3 x - .
, :
. > 0
. < 0
. 0
. = 0
.
7) (x) x - ,
(x) : (x - ), R* :
8)
. -
. -
. 0
(x)
(x)
[ P (x) Q (x)], :
. (x) Q (x)
. Q (x) (x)
. Q (x) (x)
. Q (x) (x)
. (x) Q (x)
9)
x - ;
. x3 - 2x2 + x - 1
. 4x5 - 1
. 2x4 - x2 + x - 7
. x6 - x4 + 2x2 - 9
. x8 + 2x6 + 5
10) (x) ( ) (x - )3
. (x) : (x - ) :
. - 3
. - 1
. 0
. 1
. 3
24
- 25

P() , P()=0
.
. 3 3 2 2 + 7 8 = 0 4 .
P()=0, P()=0.
P() . P()
(- ) P()
(- )+1 P() :
P()= (- ) () () 0
P() :
=1
=2
=3

>2
.
.
7 + 4 3 1 = 0 4 ( 3 + 1) ( 3 + 1) = 0 ( 3 + 1)( 4 1) = 0
3 + 1 = 0 4 1 = 0 3 = 1 4 = 1 = 1 =1.

:
+ 1 1 + ... + 1 + 0 = 0, 0
0 0 .
(. )
. 2 3 5 2 10 + 21 = 0 (1)
(1) 21,
1,3,7,21 . 3 (1)
2(3) 3 5(3) 2 10(3) + 21 = 54 45 30 + 21 = 0

HORNER (1) -3
2
-5
-10 21
=3
-21
-7
(1) : ( 3)( 2 2 + 7) = 0
2 2 + 7 = 0 =57
(1) 3,
1 57
.
4
1 + 57 1 57
,
.
4
4
25
- 26

+ 1 1 + ... + 1 + 0 = 0, 0

0 ( ),
.
. 2 3 + 2 + 1 = 0 (1)
(1) , 1 1
. (1)

= 1 = 2 ,
1
1
1
.
(
2
2
2
HORNER).
(1) 2
1
.
2
1
2
1
2
(1) ( )(2 2 + 2 + 2) = 0 . 2 2 + 2 + 2
=-12<0. (1)
1
.
2
P()>0 P()<0
P() , P()>0 P()<0 ,
:
P() .
P() .
.
. 3 0 .
(1) :(2-1) 0 ( 1)( + 1) 0
-1
-1
+1
(-1)(+1)
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
26
- 27

-1
0
+
1
-
R 1 0 1 .
( )
1)
i) 7 4 = 21 2
ii) 4 3 3 + 6 4 = 0
iii) 2 3 + 16 = ( 1)( 2 + 5 + 6) + 3 2 12
i) 7 4 = 21 2 7 4 21 2 = 0 7 2 ( 2 3) = 0 2 = 0 2 3 = 0 = 3
= 3.
ii) 4 3 3 + 6 4 = 0 ( 4 2 2 ) + ( 3 3 + 6) = 0
(( 2 ) 2 2 2 ) 3( 2 2) = 0 ( 2 2)( 2 + 2) 3( 2 2) = 0
( 2 2)( 2 + 2 3) = 0 ( 2 2)( 2 3 + 2) = 0
2 2 = 0 = 2 2 3 + 2 = 0 =1 1 = 2 2 = 1 .
iii) 2 + 5 + 6 -2 3 , (+2)(+3).
:
2 3 + 16 = ( 1)( 2 + 5 + 6) + 3 2 12 2 3 + 16 = ( 1)( + 3)( + 2) + 3 2 12

2( 3 + 8) = ( 1)( + 3)( + 2) + 3( 2 4)
2( + 2)( 2 2 + 4) = ( 1)( + 3)( + 2) + 3( 2)( + 2)
2( + 2)( 2 2 + 4) ( 1)( + 3)( + 2) 3( 2)( + 2) = 0
( + 2)(2( 2 2 + 4) ( 1)( + 3) 3( 2)) = 0
:
2 2 = ( )( + )
3 + 3 = ( + )( 2 + 2 )
( + 2)(2 2 4 + 8 2 3 + + 3 + 6) = 0
( + 2)( 2 9 + 17) = 0 = 2 =
9 + 13
9 13
=
.
2
2
2) :
i) 3 8 + 7 = 0
ii) 4 2 3 7 2 + 8 + 12 = 0
iii) 4 + 3 31 2 25 + 150 = 0
i) .
27
- 28

,
.
7 1 7 .
HORNER
P()= 3 8 + 7 .
1
-8
=1
-7
-7
1
P().
:
P()= 3 8 + 7 = ( 1)( 2 + + 7) .
:
( 1)( 2 + + 7) = 0 ( 1 = 0)....( 2 + + 7) = 0 = 1 =
1 29
2
1 + 29
.
2
ii) , :
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 12 .
HORNER 1 P().
1 -2 -7
8
12 = -1
-1
-3
3
-4
4
12
-12
0
P() = 4 2 3 7 2 + 8 + 12 = ( + 1)( 3 3 2 4 + 12)

Q() = 3 3 2 4 + 12
12 :
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 12 .
HORNER 2 Q().
1 -3 -4
12 =2
2
-1
-2
-6
-12
12
Q() = 3 3 2 4 + 12 = ( 2)( 2 6)
:
( + 1)( 2)( 2 6) = 0 + 1 = 0 2 = 0 2 6 = 0
28
- 29

= 1 = 2 =3 = -2
iii) + 31 25 + 150 = 0 (1).
150 , 2 (1).
1 1
-31 -25 150
= 2
4
2
3
6
-25
-50
-75
-150
0
:
P()=0 ,
2 ,

2
.
(1) : 4 + 3 31 2 25 + 150 = 0 ( 2)( 3 + 3 2 25 75) = 0
( 2)[ 2 ( + 3) 25( + 3)] = 0 ( 2)( + 3) ( 2 25) = 0
2 = 0
= 5 .
+ 3 = 0 2 25 = 0 = 2 = 3 = 5
3) : 24 4 + 4 3 66 2 + 15 = 0 (1)
(1) 1 , 3 , 5 15 .
15. ( HORNER)
(1). (1) .
(1)
, 15
24.
1
(1):
2
1
24 4
-66 -1
15
=
2
24
12
-29
-15
16
-58
-30
1
2
(1) : ( )(24 3 + 16 2 58 30) = 0
(2 1)(12 3 + 8 2 29 15) = 0 (2)

:
12 3 + 8 2 29 15 = 0 (3)
3
(3),
.
2
29
- 30

12 8
-29
15
18
39
-15
12 26
10
3
2
3
2
(2) : ( 2 1)( 2 3)(6 2 + 13 + 5) = 0
(3) : ( )(12 2 + 26 + 10) = 0 ( 2 3)(6 2 + 13 + 5) = 0
1
5
1 =
2
3
1 3
1
5
:
, , , .
2 2
2
3
6 2 + 13 + 5 =49 1 =
4) :
i) 3 + 2 3 0
ii) 4 5 2 + 4 < 0
iii) 6 > 64
iv) ( + 2) 3 8 2 + 16
i) 3 + 2 3 = 3 + 3 3 = ( 2 1) + 3( 1) = ( 1)( + 1) + 3( 1) =
( 1)[(( + 1) + 3] = ( 1)( 2 + + 3)
: ( 1)( 2 + + 3) 0
2 + + 3 (<0 >0), (1)
1 0 , 1 .
ii)To 4 5 2 + 4, 2 = 2 5 + 4, 1 4.
:
4 5 2 + 4 = ( 1)( 4) = ( 2 1)( 2 4) = ( 1)( + 1)( + 2)( 2)
-2
+
-1
-
1
+
: 2 < < 1,1 < < 2
2
-
iii):
6 > 64 6 64 > 0 ( 3 8)( 3 + 8) > 0 ( 2)( 2 + 2 + 4)( + 2)( 2 2 + 4) > 0 (1)

2 + 2 + 4
(1) : ( 2)( + 2) > 0
2 2 + 4 (<0 >0),
30
- 31

-2
iv) ( + 2) 3 8 2 + 16 ( + 2) 3 8( + 2) ( + 2) 3 8( + 2) 0
( + 2) 3 8( + 2) 0 ( + 2)[( + 2) 2 8] 0 ( + 2)( 2 4 + 4) 0
( + 2)( 2) 2 0
( + 2)( 2) 2
+2
(-2)
(+2) (-2)2
-2
: 2, = 2
5) : + 2 22 2 29 + 30 0
. :
4 + 2 3 22 2 29 + 30
. :
1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10 , 15 , 30 . HORNER,
4
2. , :
1
2
-22 -29 30
=-2
-2
44
-30
-22
15
4 + 2 3 22 2 29 + 30 = ( + 2)( 3 22 + 15)
,
3 22 + 15
:
1, 3, 5, 15
-5.
:
1
0
-22 -15 =-5
-5
25
-15
-5
31
- 32

3 22 + 15 = ( + 5)( 2 5 + 3)
4 + 2 3 22 2 29 + 30 = ( + 2)( + 5)( 2 5 + 3)
( + 2)( + 5)( 2 5 + 3) 0
( + 2)( + 5)( 2 5 + 3)
-2, -5 ,
5 + 13 5 13
,
2
2
-5
5 + 13
2
-2
13
2
+2
+5
5 + 3
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
( + 2)( + 5)( 2 5 + 3)
: 5 2
5 13
5 + 13
.
2
2
6)
P()= 3 + 9 2 + 23 + 15 .
( ,0) R .
P()=0.
P()=0.
: 3 + 9 2 + 23 + 15 =0 (1)
15 :
1, 3 , 5 , 15 . (1) .
HORNER (1) -1 :
1
9 23 -15 =-1
-1
8
-8
15
-15
0
3 + 9 2 + 23 + 15 = ( + 1)( 2 + 8 + 15) = 0
= -1 = -3 = -5.
P()
( -1,1) ,(-3,0) ( -5,0).
32
- 33

7)
P()= 4 6 3 + 11 2 6
i) .
ii) .

P()= 4 6 3 + 11 2 6
P() >0
P()<0.
P() >0 P()<0.
P().
: P()= 4 6 3 + +11 2 6 = ( 3 6 2 + 11 6) .
HORNER =1.
1
-6 11 -6
=1
1
-5
-5
6
6
0
P()= ( 3 6 2 + 11 6) = ( 1)( 2 5 + 6) = ( 1)( 2)( 3) .

P() >0 .
-1
-2
-3
( 1)( 2)( 3)
i) P()>0 :
0 < x <1 2 < x < 3.
ii) P()<0 :
x < 0 1 < x < 2 x > 3.
: C
f C.
(,f(x)).To A
f()>0
f() < 0.
33
- 34

1) :
i) 3 2 2 = 0
v) 3 2 4 + 4 = 0
ii) 4 8 = 0
vi) 2 3 + 3 2 + 2 + 3 = 0
iii) 3 4 + 3 12 2 4 = 0
iv) 4 3 + 1 = 0
2) :
i) 4 + 2 2 = 0
ii) 3 3 + 4 2 6 8 = 0
iii) 3 9 + 8 = 0
v) ( + 1) 4 4 + 2 2 1 = 0
vi) 5( + 2) 2 = 3( 3 + 8)
vii) (9 3 )(3 2 + 2) = (9 3 4)(3 2 + )
3) :
i) 4 5 2 176 = 0
ii) ( 2 5) 2 + ( 2 1) 2 = 40
4) :
i) 3 + 11 + 12 = 0
ii) 3 + 4 + 16 = 0
5) :
i) 3 + 6 2 + 10 + 3 0
ii) 3 + 3 5 2 9
iii) 3 3 2 + 4 < 0
iv) 3 + 4 2 + 2 + 7 0
6)
:
i) f()= 3 + 9 2 + 23 + 15
ii) f()= 5 3 4 1
7) f
f()= 3 7 + 6 .
8) ( x ) = x 4 x 3 11x 2 + 9 x + 18 .
) ( x ) ( x 1) .
) ( x ) =0.
) ( x ) .
) ( x ) <0.
34
- 35

) ( x ) Q ( x) = x 2 2 x 3 .
9) = 6 4 2 2
= 10 3 + 5
10) 2 3 2 + + 4 = 0
.
12) :
i) 2 3 5 2 + + 2 = 0
ii) 2 3 3 2 2 + 3 = 0
13)
P()= 27 3 + 54 2 + 48 + 16
i) P()= ( + ) 3 + 4( + ) 2 .
ii) P()=0.
14) P()= 3 + 2 + 6
-1 +2. P()=0.
15) P()= 4 2 3 13 2 + 14 + 24
( 2 + ) 2 + ( 2 + ) + .
16) 4 + 3 + 4 = (3 + 1) 2 + 2
-1.

,
.

,
.
:
1)
1
2 2
3( 1)
2
(1).
= 3
3 + 2 1 2 2 + 2
2
:
2 3 + 2 1,2 (-1)(-2).
2-1=(-1)(+1)
35
- 36

3 2 2 + 2 = 2 ( 2) ( 2) = ( 2)( 2 1) = ( 2)( 1)( + 1)

(1) :
1
2 2
3( 1)
=
(2)
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( + 1) ( 2)( 1)( + 1)
: 1, 1, 2 .
(2) :
1
2
3
1
2
3
=
( 2)( + 1)
( 2)( + 1)
= ( 2)( + 1)
2 + 1 ( 2)( + 1)
2
+1
( 2)( + 1)
( + 1) 2( 2) = 3 + 1 2 + 4 = 3 = 2 .
.
2)
+ 2
(1)
+2 2
:

.
0( 2 + 2 > 0 R )
(1) :
2( 2 + 2) + 2 2 2 ( 2 + 2)
+ 2
0
0
+2 2
2 ( 2 + 2)
2( 2 + 2)(2 2 + 4 + 2 2 4 2 2 ) 0
2( 2 + 2)( 4 + 2 2 4) 0
2( 2 + 2)( 4 2 2 4) 0
2 + 2 , :
2( 4 2 2 4) 0 (2)
4 2 2 4 = 2 2 4 ( = 2 )
2 20
= 1 5 .
2
: 4 2 2 4 = [ 2 (1 5 )][ 2 (1 + 5 )] =
: =20 1, 2 =
( 1 + 5 )( + 1 + 5 )( 2 1 + 5 )
2 1 + 5 :
2( 1 + 5 )( + 1 + 5 ) 0
1+ 5
-
1+ 5
0
+
R 1 + 5 0 < 1 + 5 .
36
- 37

3) :
i) 9 2 = 3 2 ii) 3 3 + 9 2 = + 3
2
i) 3 2 0 ,
3
:
9 2 = (3 2)2 9 2 = 9 2 12 + 4
1
3 2 7 + 2 = 0 = 2 =
3
=2.
1:
() = ()
() 0 :
() = [()] (1)
2:
,

.
ii) + 3 0 3 .
: 3 + 9 2 = ( + 3) 3 3 + 9 2 = 3 + 9 2 + 27 + 27
27 + 27 = 0 = 1( )
4) :
i) + 1 + 19 = 10
ii) 11 2 2( + 1) = 1
i) :
( + 1 0 19 0 ) ( 1 19) 19 .
:
( + 1 + 19 ) 2 = 100 + 1 + 19 + 2 + 1 19 = 100
2 ( + 1)( 19) = 100 1 + 19 2 2 18 19 = 118 2
2 18 19 = 59 (1)
59 0 , 59 . 19 59 .
(1) :
2 18 19 = (59 ) 2 2 18 19 = 3481 118 + 2 100 = 3500

= 35
().
11
ii) 11 2 0 2( + 1) 0 , 1
2
:
11 2 + 1 = 2( + 1) ( 11 2 + 1) 2 = ( 2( + 1) ) 2
11 2 + 1 + 2 11 2 = 2( + 1) 2 11 2 = 4 10 11 2 = 2 5 (1)
5
5
11
2 5 0 . :
.
2
2
2
(1) : 11 2 = ( 2 5) 2 11 2 = 4 2 20 + 25
7
5
4 2 18 + 14 = 0 = 1 = . = 1 .
2
2
37

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-1

i)P(x)= x 2 2 x + 1 , x1=1 , x2= -1 , x3=

, x1=1 , x2= -1 , x3=2

3(1) 3 2( + 1)(1) 2 + 3( + )(1) + 1 = 23

iii) F()= 3 + (1 3 ) 2 + ( 2 2 3 ) + 2 2 , 1=-1 , 2=2, 3=

(P()) 2 + P() = 9 2 + 69 + 132

12) (x) : (x2 - 1) . P (x) = x6 - 2x4 + 5x - 8, (x) :

P(-13) P() +13.

P ( )=(. -)( )+ =P( )

ii) P(x)= 3- - = P( )=0.

P() -1 -2 , P(1)=0 (1)

P(-2)=0 , (-2)3-(-2)2+(-1)(-2)+5=0 4+2=-1 (2)

14) P() Q(x) 6 2 .

24) P() 2-2 :

2(3) 3 5(3) 2 10(3) + 21 = 54 45 30 + 21 = 0

2 3 + 16 = ( 1)( 2 + 5 + 6) + 3 2 12 2 3 + 16 = ( 1)( + 3)( + 2) + 3 2 12

P() = 4 2 3 7 2 + 8 + 12 = ( + 1)( 3 3 2 4 + 12)

(1) : 4 + 3 31 2 25 + 150 = 0 ( 2)( 3 + 3 2 25 75) = 0

( 2)[ 2 ( + 3) 25( + 3)] = 0 ( 2)( + 3) ( 2 25) = 0

(1) : ( )(24 3 + 16 2 58 30) = 0

(2 1)(12 3 + 8 2 29 15) = 0 (2)

(3) : ( )(12 2 + 26 + 10) = 0 ( 2 3)(6 2 + 13 + 5) = 0

4 5 2 + 4 = ( 1)( 4) = ( 2 1)( 2 4) = ( 1)( + 1)( + 2)( 2)

: 2 < < 1,1 < < 2

6 > 64 6 64 > 0 ( 3 8)( 3 + 8) > 0 ( 2)( 2 + 2 + 4)( + 2)( 2 2 + 4) > 0 (1)

P()= ( 3 6 2 + 11 6) = ( 1)( 2 5 + 6) = ( 1)( 2)( 3) .

3 2 2 + 2 = 2 ( 2) ( 2) = ( 2)( 2 1) = ( 2)( 1)( + 1)

2 18 19 = (59 ) 2 2 18 19 = 3481 118 + 2 100 = 3500

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