To

Professor Petar Penchev

Doctor Honoris Causa of the TU of Sofia
Dear Professor Penchev,
I would like, on behalf of the academic community of the Technical
University of Sofia and on my behalf to greet you most cordially on the occasion of
your 85th birthday.
This is an appropriate occasion to express my gratitude to the creator of a
whole school of lecturers at the Electrical Devices Chair, to the long-standing head of
chair, dean of the Electrical Engineering Faculty, vice rector of TU of Sofia and
rector of TU of Varna.
You can be proud of your talented disciples, who have achieved high
professionalism and contributed to the enhancement of the good reputation of higher
engineering education not only in this country, but also far beyond its borders.
I believe that they will continue the traditions established by you in the new
social and economical environment, in which we live and work, and they will always
remember their professor with the warmest feelings.
Dear Professor Penchev,
On behalf of the academic community of the Technical University of Sofia,
on the day of this remarkable celebration, I would like to express our deepest respect
to you and your long-standing activities in the filed of education and science, and to
wish you health adnd personal happiness.
CONGRATULATIONS ON YOUR 85TH BIRTHDAY!!!
12 July 2008
RECTOR:
Sofia
Prof. Dr Eng. Kamen Veselinov
CONGRATULATORY SPEECH
on the occasion of the 85th birthday of
Prof. Dr Techn. Sc. Eng. Petar Rashkov Penchev
from the Administration of EF and Electrical Devices Chair
When writing or speaking about higher electrical engineering
education in Bulgaria, it is the name of Prof. Dr Techn. Sc. PETAR
RASHKOV PENCHEV that has to be placed in one of the leading positions.
Prof. Dr Techn. Sc. Petar Rashkov Penchev was born on 12 July 1923
in the village of Stefan Stambolovo (district of Veliko Tarnovo). He graduated
from the State Politechnical University of Sofia after defending his thesis with
honours on 31 December 1949 and became the first graduate in electrical
engineerin in Bulgaria. He started working as an assistant at the same
university and since then his life has been devoted to science and education.
The goal to which he dedicated himself and which he has achieved is creation
of a scientific school of engineering in electrical machines and devices and
high-quality instruction to prepare a highly qualified human resources so
needed by the Bulgarian industry.
Following a successful defence, at the TU of Sofia, of a dissertation
titled On Dissemination in Current Transformers and Possible Errors in the
Process, the Academic Commission awarded the scentific rank of a Candidate
of Technical Sciences to him, and in 1973, the scentific rank of a Doctor of
Technical Sciences (at Moscow Institute on Energy). In 1958, Prof. Petar
Penchev became Head of Electrical Machine Chair, and later he created
and supervised the Electrical Devices Chair until 1988. In 1960, he was
conferred the academic title of Associate Professor, and in 1966, of Professor.
Along with his responsibilities as Head of Chair, Prof. Petar Penchev
has been in charge of a number of other leading position in bodies of
management, such as: Dean of EF, Vice Rector of TU of Sofia, Rector of TU
of Varna, Director of Research Institute on Higher Education.
Owing to his high erudition and good reputation, Prof. Petar Penchev
has been member of the Academic Council of Sofia TU, member of the
Specialized Scientific Council, supervisor of more than 30 post-graduates,
consultant ondissertations for a acquiring Doctoral Degree, as well as in
charge of tens of highly responsible scientific projects.
The main areas of Prof. Petar Penchevs scientific and lecturing
activities have been Electrical Devices, Electrical Technologies and Physics.
He is author of over 240 publications in Bulgaria and abroad, 4 monographies,
87 authorship certificates (10 of which introduced into practice with a
significant effect), 3 patents registered abroad.
Prof. Petar Penchevs scientific and technical publications are in the
area of electrical devices and electrical technologies. He is author of the main
editions of materials for students instruction on the subjects of Electrical
Devices, in 3 volumes (1956-1987), Contactless Devices (1976), Electrical
Technologies (1983). One of the first volumes of Electrical Devices can be
found in the United States Senate Library.
Prof. Petar Penchev has worked for long years on fundamental
problems of theoretical physics. Having made profound analyses, he has
summarized in unique monographies over the past few tears a number of
problems on cardinal topics and laws in physics which still remain to be
elucidated.
He is the creator of the science of Naturology.
For his extraordinary scientific accomplishments on viewing the world
as a unitary electromagnetic matter electromagnetic continuum in an all-
comprising unitary science of the world, NATUROLOGY, for his merits in
building schools of good name in Electrical Devices and Electrical
Technologies, for his long-standing efforts in administration and promotion of
Sofia Technical University, for his contribution to the development of
international scientific ralations and endorsement of the reputation of the
Bulgarian science and the Bulgarian university education, he has been
conferred the honorable title of Doctor Honoris Causa.
The administration of EF and Electrical Devices Chair congratulate
Prof. Petar Penchev on the occasion of his 85th birthday and wish him a lot of
health and yet more achievements in the future.
Head of Chair: Assoc. Prof. Dr Y. Shopov
Dean of EF: Assoc. Prof. Dr Vasil Gospodinov
Faculty of Electrical Devices Chair (1987)
under the supervision of Prof. Petar Rashkov Penchev
1. Prof. Petar R. Penchev,
chair head.
2. Prof. Dimitar K.
Kupenov
3. Prof. Angel N. Pisarev
4. Prof. Nikola T. Nikolov
5. Prof. Ivan A. Maslarov
6. Prof. Aleksandar K.
Aleksandrov
7. Prof. Mincho S.
Minchev
8. Prof. Vladimir B.
Daskalov
9. Prof. Ivan S. Yachev
10. Assoc. Prof. Lyuben G.
Prangov
11. Assoc. Prof. Petko H.
Stoyanov
12. Assoc. Prof. Angel I.
Lichev
13. Assoc. Prof. Iliana N.
Bocheva
14. Assoc. Prof. Georgi S.
Kovachev
15. Assoc. Prof. Yordan M.
Shopov
16. Assoc. Prof. Petar D.
Dinev
17. Assoc. Prof. Vasil L.
Piperov
18. Assoc. Prof. Rayna T.
Tseneva
19. Assoc. Prof. Iliana I.
Marinova
20. Sen.Assist. Petar I.
Darzhanov
21. Sen.Assist. Dimitar Z.
Nikiforov
22. Sen.Assist. Stoyan S.
Gishin
23. Sen.Assist. Valeri I.
Karadzhov
24.
25. Sen.Assist. Lyubomir
K. Gergov
26. Eng. Anton G.
Andonov
27. Eng. Atanas D.
Papazov
28. Asp. Ventsislav V.
Ivanov
29. Asp. Aleksey F. Filipov
30. Msna Ivan T. Spasov
31. Msna Simeon G.
Kostadinov
32. Msna Nikolay K.
Georgiev
33. Msna Emil I. Topalov
34. Msna Minko S. Minkov
35. Eng. Veselin P.
Kamberov
36. Secr. Rositsa M.
Hristova
37. Secr. Zdravka K.
Vernezova
38. Eng. Margarita H.
Shisheva
39. Eng. Tsanko V.
Velichkov
40. Irina M. Spasova
41. Liliya T. Tsitselkova
42. Stefka I. Slavkova
43. Yuliana K. Dumcheva
44. Svetla S. Gyurova
45. Bonka A. Peeva
46. Msna Zhivko K. Zanev
47. Msna Dimitar N.
Georgiev
48. Chem. Petranka P.
Gishina
Faculty of Electrical Devices Chair (2008)
under the supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr Yordan Shopov
1. Assoc. Prof. Dr Yordan
M. Shopov
2. Prof. Ivan S. Yachev
3. Assoc. Prof. Ilina I.
Marinova
4. Assoc. Prof. Petar D.
Dinev
5. Assoc. Prof. RAyna T.
Tseneva
6. Assoc. Prof. Krastyo L.
Hinov
7. Head As. Dilyana N.
Gospodinova
8. Head As. Atanas D.
Papazov
9. Head As. Chavdar M.
Dimitrov
10. Head As. Mikaela D.
Slavkova
11. As. Galya V.
Georgieva-Taskova
12. As. Valentin M. Mateev
13. Eng. Kevork V.
Tavityan
14. Eng. Mihail D. Dechev
15. Tech. Zhivko K. Zanev
Prof. PETAR RASHKOV PENCHEV, Doctor of Technical Sciences
Doctor Honoris Causa of the Technical University of Sofia
THE GREAT
BLUNDERS
IN MODERN
ACADEMIC
PHYSICS
A crucial prerequisite for the strength of
knowledge is not the belief in a reputedly
infallible authority, but the irresistible power of
experimental facts which irrefutably reveal the
most reliable authority - Nature.
lifes wisdom
Our ideas of reality cannot be final, so we should
always be ready to change our point of view, i. e. to
change the axiomatic basis of physics so as to
substantiate the new experimental data observed by us
into a logically most perfect way.
A. Einstein, 1931.
Sofia
2008
Prof. Petar Rashkov Penchev, Doctor of Technical Sciences
The Great Blunders in Modern Academic Physics
ISBN 978-954-323-466-0
Sofia, September 2008
Publisher: Avangard Prima
Sofia, Acad.Stefan Mladenov St, parter
Author and producer: Prof. P. R. Penchev
Book cover: Vladimir Stanev
The figure on the cover is from Geguzins book The Living Crystal,
Publ. by Nauka, Moscow, 1981
Addresses for contact:
Prof. P. R. Penchev, D.T.S.
Technical University, Sofia
Electrotechnical Department
8, Kl. Gotwald Blvd
Sofia, 1000
e-mail: iliana@tu-sofia.bg
yatchev@tu-sofia.bg
Mladost 1,
bl. 90, entr. 9
Sofia 1797
home phone: +359 2 870 68 05
e-mail: iliana@tu-sofia.bg
yatchev@tu-sofia.bg
Prof. P. R. Penchev, D.T.S., 2008
The Great Blunders in Modern Academic Physics
Sofia, 2008
A BLUNDER?!...
The formula =m.c
2
was discovered by Maxwell,
not by Einstein
1. INTRODUCTORY FACTS
1.1. In 1619 Johannes Kepler in De comets wrote that as a result of the
pressure of the sun rays, the comet tails deflect in direction opposite to the sun.
1.2. In 1704 I. Newton in his book Opticks, proceeding from observations on
natural phenomena, wrote: Each body emits and absorbs light, Do not big bodies
and light turn into each other and Bodies turning into light and light into bodies
these are real processes in nature. These natural regularities logically motivate the
law: The matter of light and that of bodies is homogenous in its essence.
1.3. In 1687 I. Newton in his book Principia Mathematica... in book 1, section
IV wrote that he had experimentally discovered that light was attracted by bodies,
i.e. light too has the property of attracting, analogous to that of bodies.
1.4. In 1864 J. Maxwell in his work Dynamic Theory of Electromagnetic Field
in paragraph 3 wrote: This theory, which I am suggesting, could be called theory of
the electromagnetic field, ..., as it claims that in this space there is matter which is in
motion and it is through that matter that the observed electromagnetic phenomena are
manifested. And in paragraph 4 he wrote: The electromagnetic field is part of the
space, ..., which is in electric and magnetic state.
1.5. From the cited above it logically follows as a law: The matter of light and of
bodies, and matter of this World in general, in its essence is only electromagnetic
matter in the form of a filed or substance.
2. ON THE DISCOVERER OF THE FORMULA
2.1. In 1873 J. Maxwell in his work Treatese on electricity and magnetism
wrote: a) in paragraph 638 we have to consider both magnetic and electromagnetic
energies as kinetic energies..., b) in paragraph 792 That is why in a medium, where
waves propagate, there is pressure in direction perpendicular to the waves and
numerically equal to the energy in a unit of volume.
If we designate by

and
w
respectively the densities of the mass m and the
energy , falling at the velocity of light per a unit of time t = 1 upon surface S, and
contained in the volume V = S.c.1, then it follows that
V
m

and
V
E
w
. With
these conditions for the pressure upon a unit of surface (S = 1) these regularities hold
true (according to paragraph 792):
a) w c . c . c . p
2
; b)
2
c
w

; c)

w
c
2
; (1)
3
The pressure upon surface different from one (S 1) is
a)
c
E
c . m S . p P ; b)
2
c
E
m
; c)
2
c . m E
; (2)
2.2. In 1883 the Italian A. Bartoli in his article in Novo cimento.15.p.195, 1883
made conclusion (2a) on the basis of thermodynamic regularities.
2.3. In 1900 H. Poincare in Lorentz-Festchrift, 1900, 252 obtained formula
(1.a), which was defined by Maxwell in paragraph 792 of the treatise.
2.4. In 1906 Einstein at the beginning of his article Das Prinzip von der
erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Tragheit der Energie. Ann. Plys. 1906,
20, 627-633 wrote: We have shown that any alteration of the energy by
E

results in equivalent alteration of the mass by
2
c
E
,..., regardless of the fact that
this simply formal consideration, ..., is basically contained in H. Poincares work (he
meant the item 2.3 in the article where Poincare had obtained formula (1b)) we, for
considerations of visualness, shall give reasons based on this work. Here, completely
officially and without any doubt, Einstein claims that when he was writing the
formula (2c) in 1905 he knew of another formula (1a), given by Poincare, where
essentially was laid out the idea for (2c). The above cited quotation reveals that
Einstein himself proved that essentially he was not the first to suggest the idea
nor was he the first to discover The formula =m.c
2
.
2.5. In 1901 P. Lebedev in Ann.d.Plys, 6 , p. 433, 1901, and in 1903 the
Americans Nichols and Hool in Ann.d.Plys, 12, p.225, 1903 independently of each
other, as they wrote, gave experimental proof to Maxwells formula of the pressure of
light
c
E
P
(2a), since at that time (in 1901 and 1903) Einstein had not yet re-
discovered (2c). And once (2a) was proved, it was elementary to obtain (2).
2.6. It is also of interest that Einstein published his article about
=m.c
2
in the same article, Ann.d.Plys, in 1905 only 4 and 2 years after
Lebedev and Nichols and Hool, who had already proved experimentally the
formula =m.c
2
(
P
c
E
c . m
) which he offered as a new discovery.
3. CONCLUSION
The formula =m.c
2
was discovered by Maxwell, not by Einstein and
therefore, it should be called after the name of its discoverer - Maxwells.
4
ANOTHER BLUNDER?!...
What is curved space?
Space is an idealized notion (model) of the property voluminosity
(extensionality) of matter. It does not account for such properties of matter as density,
structure and so forth, but only for its property to occupy a certain volume without a
gramme of matter in it. Because of this property of space, it appears not a receptacle
for matter, but its property. In this sense, the notions of space and vacuum have the
peculiar characteristic that no matter is contained in them. Because of this
characteristic (circumstance) of theirs they are homogenous, isotropic and extendable
without any matter in a substantial or field form, including without a gravitational
field. That is why in space (without matter, in vacuum) the sunshine ray can only
propagate rectilinearly and never curvilinearly.
Theory of relativity postulates that space is curvilinear, because the sunshine ray
becomes curved; however, without taking into consideration that under space in the
general theory of relativity it is meant a volume taken by the gravitational field, which
is matter. Implicitly, this fact is accounted for through Riemannian geometry. Thus, as
a result of the gravitational field in space in Theory of relativity, it is the sunshine ray
that becomes curved, and space does not become curved. Moreover, ignored is the
fact that one of the proofs of trustworthiness of Theory of relativity is the
calculation, be means of the Newtonian gravitation, showing that the sunshine ray
from a distant star deflects by the gravitational field of the sun.
It should be borne in mind that I. Newton, both in Principia... in 1687 and in
Opticks... in 1704 pointed out that light is attracted (deflects) by the gravitational
field of the bodies, because it itself has the property to attract bodies. This fact was
not considered by Einstein, when he claimed that space was curved.
This is the reason to claim that space is not curved, but it is homogenous and
isotropic.
5
READ EVERYTHING TO BELIEVE!
Annotation
The book solves and proves, both theoretically and based on experimental data,
the following truths as scientific facts:
1. Kinetic energy is electromagnetic energy in the form of magnetic structure
(field), i.e. magnetic field.
2. The unitary matter in nature is only electromagnetic matter, in substantial and
field forms.
3. The law of the relationship between the electromagnetic energy W of a certain
object and its mass m, theoretically was first proved by J. Maxwell (1873), and
experimentally was confirmed by P. Lebedev (1900)
4. Out of the laws of the electromagnetic theory of J. Maxwell are deduced the laws
of relative electrodynamics, from which are obtained the following laws:
4.1. The relationship between the mass and the velocity (accretion of mass) is
due to the mass of kinetic (magnetic) energy.
4.2. The relationship between the energy and the velocity (at v < c).
4.3. The internal energies of protons (proton p and antiproton
p
) ,
2
0
c . m w
p po

are obtained experimentally in interaction of accelerated electron
and positron, i.e. protons are from restructured magnetic (kinetic) energies of the
electron and positron, or protons are electromagnetic structures of electromagnetic
energy in the form of magnetic structure, or protons are electromagnetic matter.
4.4. By analogy it is also obtained for the internal energies of neutrons, i.e.
neutrons are electromagnetic matter as well.
4.5. The atoms and molecules (substance) are electromagnetic matter.
5. The inertial force is an electromagnetic force.
6. The gravitational field is a secondary electromagnetic field.
7. The deductive principle of physics, and not only of physics, but of all sciences
studying the natural phenomena - the nature itself, is obtained in the form of a system
of equations from the basic laws of Maxwells theory (Maxwells equations) and the
equations for gravitation of Newton, given by Poisson (1813). This system of
differential equations is called
Principal
a)
t
B
E rot

; b)
e
D div

;
c) E D

0
I
a) j
t
D
H rot

; b) 0 B div

;
c) H B

0
; II
a) 0 G rot

; b)
. . G div 4

; III

where:
D

and
B

are respectively the electric and magnetic inductances;

e

- the
density of the electric charge, j - the density of the current,

- the density of matter,

6
i.e. the mass (gravitational charge).
Hence, for the equations I, II and III it follows:
1. They describe the unity of the regularities both of the field and of the
substantial forms of matter.
2. They prove the unity of electromagnetic and gravitational fields, i.e. their
generic oneness.
3. They show with at
0
e

is described the unity and inseparability of

electromagnetic waves, along with the electromagnetic (
E

and
H

) and
gravitational ( G

) fields generated by them through the respective densities of their

matter
+
H e
.
8. There exist no Hubbles effect; moreover, no such can ever exist.
9. The second Keplers law is corrected for the sector velocity.
10. In electrodynamics, the moment of impulse is not constant.
11. The formulation of Michelson-Morleys experiment is not true.
12. Disproved is the principle of constancy of the velocity of light, and only
Dopplers effect remains, according to which the velocity of light is
const v c u
c
+

. Disproved are Lorentz transformations, and alongside with
them the complete theory of relativity.
13. For all wave processes the relationship of the emitted energy for a certain
interval of time is only
v . H W .
where: H is constant, dependent on the structure of the emitter. With the atom, it
is equal to Plancks constant h;

- frequency.
14. There exist no de Broglies waves; moreover, no such can ever exist.
15. B. Bohrs atom model is based only on the laws of classical electrodynamics.
16. Schroedingers equation does not describe anything real. Moreover, it does
not have and it cannot have a specific solution, with specific data of boundaries, nor
can it be experimentally confirmed; i.e. this equation is pure fiction.
17. It is the photon gas that is the carrier of thermal energy, and not the atoms of
molecules. They only emit and absorb photons from the photon gas. By means of this
thesis are deduced the laws of Fourier, Fick, Boyle-Mariotte, the laws of Carnot and
these for the photon gas performing work.
18. Enthropy should be rejected, since, on the one hand, it does not have any
properties of a physical quantity, and on the other hand, it entails even more complex
solutions, because the availability of enthropy in thermodynamics does not meet the
principle of simplicity stating that a simpler theory is better and more reliable.
All new solutions, given in this book, have a proved, widely accepted and easy
practical (experimental) confirmation in scientific literature.
Emphasis. The Principal and all solutions in this book are product of the embyos
of electromagnetic theory, which are electrons (electron and positron), and which are
the initial source of all natural deversity.
7
CONTENTS
A blunder?!..........................................................................................................................3
1. Introductory facts........................................................................................................3
2. ON THE discoverer of the formula.............................................................................3
3. Conclusion...................................................................................................................4
ANOTHER blunder?!........................................................................................................5
READ Everything to believe!.............................................................................................6
Contents...............................................................................................................................8
Chapter One
kinetic energy IS electromagnetic energy.......................................................................12
1. Introductory formulations.........................................................................................12
a) What is force - F.............................................................................................................12
b) What is mass - m............................................................................................................15
b.1) General formulations.........................................................................................15
b.2) Inertial, heavy (or gravitational) or only mass...................................................15
b.3) Briefly on the notion of mass.............................................................................18
c) About the physical meaning of the notions acceleration and velocity in dynamics.........18
c.1) Introduction.......................................................................................................19
c.2) Dynamic (non-kinetic) or real acceleration........................................................19
c.3) Dynamic (non-kinetic) or real velocity..............................................................22
2. Initial principle of the law for conservation of energy and mass - LCEM...............24
3. General formulations about electrons (electron and positron)..................................25
3.1. Electrostatic: field, energy and mass of the electron....................................................26
3.2. Magnetic field and magnetic (kinetic) energy and mass...............................................26
3.3. Gravitational fields, energies, masses and forces of the electrons................................29
3.3.1. General formulations.......................................................................................29
3.3.2. At rest of the electron - ...................................................................................31
3.3.3. At velocity of the electron v << c ...................................................................32
3.3.4. At velocity v < c of the electron......................................................................32
3.3.5. Gravitational field of electromagnetic waves..................................................32
4. Restructuring of electrons AND electromagnetic energy.........................................34
4.1. General solutions.........................................................................................................34
4.2. Conclusions.................................................................................................................40
5. Transfer of kinetic (electromagnetic) energy from one object onto another............44
5.1. General formulations...................................................................................................44
5.2. Summary to paragraph 5..............................................................................................45
6. Einstein proved that kinetic energy is magnetic energy, without himself being aware
of that.......................................................................................................................46
6.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................46
6.2. Analysis of the essence of Einsteins work..................................................................48
6.2.1. Some notes......................................................................................................48
6.2.2. Analysis of the essence of the accretion of the mass of the electron................48
6.2.3. Analysis of the essence of kinetic energy .......................................................50
6.2.4. On the essence of the terms of the formula of ................................................51
6.3. Conclusions........................................................................................................52
8
6.4. Epilogue.......................................................................................................................52
7. Substantial consequences of the fact that kinetic energy is magnetic energy...........53
7.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................53
7.2. First..............................................................................................................................53
7.3. Second.........................................................................................................................54
7.4. Third............................................................................................................................54
7.5. Fourth.
Essence and results with Plancks constant...............................................................56
7.6. Fifth. Relationship of the forces of interaction between elementary particles..............57
8. A Model of the deductive principle of THE electromagnetic theory of
electromagnetic matter............................................................................................57
8.1. General formulations...................................................................................................57
8.2. A specific model of deductive principle according to MFL.........................................58
9. Conclusion TO chapter ONE....................................................................................59
Literature..................................................................................................................60
Chapter Two
blundered formulations and theories..............................................................................61
. First blunder.
FLAWS in Michelson Morleys experiment, MME...................................................61
1. Introduction...............................................................................................................61
2. The setup of MME according to Michelson.............................................................61
3.1. Level of knowledge by the time of conducting MME..................................................63
3.2. Computations for the time of travel of light along arm .............................................63
3.3. Computations for the time of travel of light along arm .............................................65
3.3. b) when the beam of light reflects back in direction from 1 toward , the
parameters of the reflected beam are............................................................66
4. Conclusion.................................................................................................................66
Literature.......................................................................................................................66
Second blunder
There has never been and there cannot be a theory of relativity, based on the
blunder that the velocity of light is the same towards all inertial reference systems -
IRS (observers in motion)................................................................................................67
1. General formulations.................................................................................................67
2. Section one. SPecial theory of relativity - STR........................................................69
2.1. On PCVL.....................................................................................................................69
2.1.2. Note. In the presented about STR, according to [7], one of the most impressing
circumstance is that at first Einstein worded the definition of PCVL as
follows: The sum of the velocity of light and the velocity v, which is
smaller than (v < c) is always equal only to . Or the mathematical
notation for PCVL is....................................................................................75
3. An experiment which disproves LT, and alongside also TR....................................75
3.2. Experimental disproval (rejection) of Lorentz transformations (LT)............................76
4. Conclusion TO STR..................................................................................................78
5. Section two. General theory of relativity - GTR.......................................................78
5.1. General considerations on GTR...................................................................................78
5.2. On the principle of equivalence - PE in GTR...............................................................79
6. General conclusion ON TR.......................................................................................79
7. Letters FROM THE seventy-year-old Einstein to his friend Solovine.....................80
9
Literature TO second blunder.......................................................................................81
Third blunder.
Flaws in quantum mechanics...........................................................................................84
General CONSIDERATIONS......................................................................................84
Part
On N. Bohrs postulates..........................................................................................84
1. On the moment of impulse Lo of an electron in an atom, when it absorbs and emits
photons....................................................................................................................84
2. Wave energies for a determined interval of time......................................................86
2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................86
2.2. Wave energies for a finite time under various conditions............................................87
2.2.1. With oscillating movements of the mass m0...................................................87
2.2.2. With waves in elastic medium.........................................................................87
2.2.3. With normal electromagnetic waves...............................................................88
2.2.4. With emission from the atom, according to Bohrs planetary model...............88
2.2.5. Emission by atoms of substance at deformation..............................................89
2.2.6. Oscillating current mesh of capacitance and inductivity L0...........................90
2.2.7. Peculiar features of de Broglies waves...........................................................91
2.2.8. Commentary on the cases 2.2.1 through 2.2.7.................................................92
2.3. Conclusion...................................................................................................................93
3. Model of the classical mechanism of emission and absorption of photons by atoms
.................................................................................................................................93
3.1. Initial conditions..........................................................................................................93
3.1.1.The simplest atomic structure of the hydrogen atom is used as a model in the
analysis. The hydrogen atom has the main features of emission of
electromagnetic waves, in the form of photons, what are in all atoms; here,
however, no other electrons exert influence on them....................................93
3.1.2. In this model, the electron is characterized by:................................................94
4. Emission of photons according to classical electrodynamics...................................95
5. Absorption of photons according to classical electrodynamics................................97
6. Emphasis...................................................................................................................97
7. Niels Bohr and The atom model...............................................................................98
8. Conclusion TO part ...............................................................................................100
Part
Unreality of de Broglies waves............................................................................101
1. General formulations and analysis of the laws of de Broglies waves...................101
2. Conclusion...............................................................................................................106
Part
On Heisenbergs inequality...................................................................................107
Part V
Emphasis. On Schroedingers equation.................................................................107
Part V
General conclusions...............................................................................................108
Fourth blunder
Flaws in thermodynamics..............................................................................................109
1. Introduction: notes and conclusions........................................................................109
2. On Carnots cycle (1824) and Clausiuss enthropy (1854 )....................................112
10
3. On the notion of enthropy.......................................................................................113
4. On the sTatistical method in equilibrium and reversible thermodynamics ............113
4.1. Statistical aspect.........................................................................................................114
4.2. Probabilistic aspect....................................................................................................114
5. Conclusions.............................................................................................................115
6. Conclusion...............................................................................................................116
Chapter Three
some incorrect regularities.............................................................................................117
1. Unreality of Hubbles effect....................................................................................117
2. THE Blunder that sector velocity is constant: the incorrectness of Keplers second
LAW......................................................................................................................118
3. The moment of impulse in electrodynamics is not constant...................................119
Afterword........................................................................................................................121
1. The road of the new in science................................................................................121
2. Epilogue..................................................................................................................121
11
Chapter One
KINETIC ENERGY IS ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY
1. INTRODUCTORY FORMULATIONS
Although the essence of energy, as something material, defies defining, the law
for conservation and transformation of energy means that:
a) energy is something material, and as such, it is eternal (it cannot be
transformed into nothing, nor be created out of nothing), since it is a basic
(attributive) property of material objects;
b) energy has only one essence (or one kind), since if it had more than one
essence (one kind) it would be impossible to claim for which one actually the law
that energy is eternal holds true; and
c) energy can be transformed into various structures when it is bound (has a
carrier) to a certain object (body) as well as in the process of conveyance from one
object (body) to another in the form of electromagnetic waves (photons).
Energies can appear as kinetic and potential and have entirely homogenous
electromagnetic essence, what is the essence of matter in Maxwells
electromagnetic theory.
SOME BASIC PHYSICAL NOTIONS
a) What is force - F
Newton was the first to introduce the notion of of force in Principia... and he
called it action (cause) for alteration of the state of movement of bodies. Newton
determined force
F

by means of the notion of of work

r d . F dA

as a product of
force
F

along a pathway r d

. Therefore, the notion of of energy W can be

measured through the notion of of work.
) m ( d . P d . dW r d . F dA

; (1.1)
where:

is the velocity, m=const - the mass

m P
; (1.2)
is the momentum at
m = const; (1.3)
according to Newton (1.1) and (1.2) the force is
dt
P d
dt . v
P d .
r
dr
dW
r
dr
dA
F

0 0
; dt . r d

;
r
r
r

0 ; (1.4)
Newton, applying the principle of simplicity to the force, used this notation
dt
P d
F

; (1.5)
12
which is the same as
0
r
dr
dW
F

but simpler. With regard to this definition of

force it could be pointed out that:
First. The measuring unit of force is newton [N].
Second. A newton [N] is equal to a joule - [J] divided by a pathway [m] or
[N] = [J.m
-1
]; (1.6)
i.e. the force is the energy exchanged between two interacting objects along a
unit of pathway. This interpretation of force holds also true when defining it through
the derivative of momentum (P) since the momentum is a derivative of the energy
towards velocity:

m . m .
d
P d
d
dW
P 1
0 0
;

0 ;

d . m ) m ( d P d ; (1.7)
with dimensionality of
[P] [NS] = [Jm
-1
S]; (1.8)
And the derivative of the momentum in time is with dimensionality:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
1
1 1

Jm
S
S Jm
S
NS
dt
P d
F

; (1.9)
According to Isaak Newton, the energy dW is measured through work
r d . F dA

, which equals the product of force

F

by distance (pathway) r d

.
The mathematical notation of this definition is:
a)
P d . dW r d . F dA

; b)
dt
P d
dt .
P d .
r
dr
dW
F

0
;
c)
r
r
r ; dt . r d

; (1.10)
I.e. force F is equal to the quantity of energy W
F
= F, which is released by one to
another body during interaction along a unit of distance (pathway) (r = 1). Such
interpretation of force follows from its dimensionality as well:
force - F
[ ] [ [ ]
]
]
]

]
]
]

meter
J Joule
N Newton
m
J
N
; (1.11)
It is obvious (apparent) from the above that kinetic energy of one object (body)
has a material essence; however, since it is not directly tactile, it follows that it is
material, but in a field form of matter and is bound to the body. As per the question,
what is it in the process of transition from one to another body - it is again in a field
form in the form of photons.
But the notion of of force, defined through (1-4) just as the notion of of energy
towards the notion of of momentum has a larger and more general meaning towards
the notion of of momentum.
Moreover, if we take into account the law:
a) W=m.c
2
; or b) w= c
2
; (1.12)
13
the force is:
a)
0
2
r
dr
dm
c r
dr
dW
F
o

; or b)
0
2
0
r
dr
d
c r
dr
dw
F

; (1.13)
where: w is the density of the energy, - the density of the mass.
a)
dV
dW
w
; b)
dV
dm

; (1.14)
where: V is the volume of the energy and the mass.
For example, there are situations, in which it is much more difficult to determine
the momentum towards the energy, as it is with thermal energy and so on., and in such
cases it would be quite useful to apply (1.13).
Essentially, there is nothing new here, attention is given only to something
which has been overlooked in dynamics.
The force generated by the potential energies p
W
is described by analogous
formulae, but with the minus sign:
o
P
p
r
dr
dW
F

(1.14)
For example, the force on electric charge
1
e
q
, determined by an expression for
The electrostatic potential energy
E
P
W
is:
2
0
0
2 1
2
1
0
1
0
4 r
r . q . q
E . q
dr
r . dU
q r
dr
dW
F F
e e
e
E
P
e
E
P
E
P E

;
(1.15)
And for the force on the gravitational charge, which is the mass m
1
, determined
by the potential energy
) U ( W
G
P
G
P of the gravitational charge m
1
is:
a)
o
G
P o
G
P
o
G
P
G
P G
r .
r
. m m
G . m r
dr
dU
. m r
dr
dW
F F


2
2 1
1 1

;
b)
0 2
r .
r
. m
G
r
OC

(1.16)
where:
0
is the dielectric constant; - the gravitational constant;
E
P
U
and
G
P
U
,
E
P
U
- respectively the electric and the gravitational potential;
G
P
G

- the
gravitational field.
Or, in a most general case, to the force correspond energy
F
W
and mass m
F
, as
follows:
a)
2
c . m W
F F
; b)
2
c
W
m
F
F

; (1-17)
with dimensionality
14
a)
]
]
]

1
m . J W
F ; b)
]
]
]

1
m . kg m
F (1.18)
b) What is mass - m
b.1) General formulations
The notion of of mass is an abstracted (of fewer properties) notion for the notion
of matter. In Principia... Newton in 1687 , in the definitions wrote: The quantity of
matter (mass) ... and This quantity I shall further understand under the name of
body or mass. In this definition the quantity of matter (mass) of an object is
devoid of volume, form and structure and is reduced to a dimensionless material
point, which has only gravitational and inertial properties and is located in the
center of gravity of the object.
This idea about one only kind of mass of objects makes it easier to explain the
experiments of Etvesh, Dikke and others, rather than with two kind of mass -
gravitational and inertial. This is in line with what Einstein wrote: A theory is much
more perfect when it is built on simpler formulations. Therefore, the conclusion is
that there is only one kind of mass and it is not a property of matter, but its
abstracted notion of the notion of matter for the purposes of dynamics, as part of
physics. Id est the notion of mass is used as quantity of matter, and in chemistry as
quantity of substance, which is a substantial form of matter, since it exists in a field
form as well.
b.2) Inertial, heavy (or gravitational) or only mass
If we proceed from the expression for a variable mass of an electron, the force is the
derivative of the momentum by the time at velocity v with a minus sign, we obtain
this expression for the inertial force:
ie e e
e e
ie
E . q a .
c
v
m
c
v
v . m
dt
d
dt
P d
F

,
`

.
|

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

2
3
2
2
0
2
1
2
2
0
1
1
;(1.19)
The relationship between force
ie
F

and acceleration a

gives the formula for

inertial mass m
i
, and proceeding from the law force = mass by acceleration, it is
as follows:
2
3
2
2
2
0 0
2
2
3
2
2
0
1
4
1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

c
v
c r
q
c
v
m
a
F
m
e
e
ie
i

; (1.20)
which in this case can be called inertial mass.
It follows from (1-19) that the inertial force is electric and it is determined as the
product of the charge of the electron (q
e
) and the inertial electric field.
15
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
2
0
2
2
3
2
2
0
1
1
1
c
v
t . a . m
dt
d
q
a
c
v
q
m
E
e
e
e
e
ie

; (1.21)
If the acceleration a

in (1.21) is replaced by the earth acceleration:

2
r
i . M .
G a
r
G

; (1.22)
where:
is the gravitational constant; M - the mass of the earth;
r
i

- the single vector

of the inertial electric field
ie
E

.
And
ie
E

, generated by the gravitational force (field

G

) is:
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
2
0
2
3
2
2
0
1
1
1
c
v
t . G . m
dt
d
.
q
G .
c
v
q
m
E
e
e e
e
ieG

; (1.23)
we have
G
e
e ieG e ieG ie
F
c
v
t . G . m
dt
d
G .
c
v
m E q F F

]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
2
0
2
3
2
2
0
1
1
;
(1.24),
i.e. the inertial force has equal value but opposite sign to the gravitational force.
At v << c:
0
2
0
0 G r
e
e ieG e ieG ie
F i
r
M . m .
G . m E q F F



; (1.25)
From (1.24) or, more clearly from (1.25), it is seen that the mass of the electron is
called heavy, but it is equal in meaning and in value to the inertial mass (1.20). This
comparison shows that there is no difference between the heavy and the inertial mass
and the mass of the electron, i.e. they are the same mass, which is the only kind of mass
of the electron.
In mechanics, the difference between heavy and inertial mass is motivated, on
the one hand, by the different, in its physical essence, force, which creates the
acceleration or, on the other hand, by various, in their physical essence forces, which
correspond to the product of the mass and the acceleration, obtained in various
circumstances.The inertial force is a force of resistance, and the force of weight is a
force of motion.
From (1.19), (1.23) and (1.24) it is seen that the availablility of acceleration is
significant, not the physical essence of the force, which creates acceleration. Because
16
the inertial electric field (1.21) manifests itself only when acceleration is available,
and the inertial force is dependent on it. As per the alteration of the sign, this is not a
reason to alter the physical essence, for instance, the earth acceleration (and force) for
a flung-up body is decelerating, while for a falling body it is accelerating without
altering its physical essence.
The motive and the inertial forces are equal in absolute value only when there are
no other resistive forces. In the example given consideration here, exactly this
condition is accepted:
G d ieG
F F F


; (1.26)
It is from exactly this condition (1.26) that it follows that inertial and heavy mass
of the electron are identical; they are the mass of the electron. This mass, according to
Newton, is a quantity of matter, which, depending on the conditions, seems to manifest
itself in a different way, with its properties: inertia or gravitation, because of the
various external conditions.
Therefore, the mass of the electron is attracted by the earth gravitational field
G

, but at the same time the mass manifests its resistive property as inertial mass, i.e.
the mass is one only, but depending on various conditions it manifests itself in a
different way according to the phenomenon being observed.
When condition (1.26) is not met, the acceleration a

of the electron is not equal

to the gravitational field
G

, since the gravitational force is diminished by the value,

for example, of the force of friction
R
F

.
a . m F F F
e R G ie


0 0 0
; (1.27)
or
G G
m
F
G
m
F F
a
'
e
R
e
R G

<

0 0
0
; (1.28)
However, this circumstance does not change the essence of inertial and heavy
mass as being the same mass - the mass of the electron; only the value of its
acceleration changes.
In sum, the notion of mass, introduced in dynamics by I. Newton, is an abstracted
notion of the notion of quantity of matter (Newton wrote: ...quantity of matter
(mass).... It follows from this definition of the mass that, since one and the same
quantity of matter has simultaneously the attributive properties of gravitation and
inertia, then one and the same mass (in this case, the mass of the electron) also
generates generates simultaneously gravitational and inertial forces.
I.e. there exists only one kind of mass, the mass of the electron, which is the
mass (generator) both of the gravitational and of inertial forces (properties).
In these these circumstances, according to Newton, speaking of two kinds of
mass is not motivated. This is exactly why experiment disproves it with great
preciseness. This also shows how the experiments of Etvesh, Dikke and others should
be interpreted.
17
b.3) Briefly on the notion of mass
3.1. The notion of mass is not a property of matter, but an abstracted (simplified)
notion of the notion of the quantity of matter, which is defined by I. Newton when
studying the dynamics of bodies. It possesses the following features.
3.1.1. A quantity of matter without: form, structure or volume, i.e. in the form of
a mathematical material point.
3.1.2. The mass is located in the center of gravity of the body, which is studied.
3.1.3. Since every quantity of matter (mass) is also a carrier of a respective
quantity of energy W, the mass m and the energy W of the mass are a tandem, which
is described by the law the law
a)
2
c . m W
; b)
2
c
W
m
; (1-29)
where: is the velocity of electromagnetic waves, i.e. the velocity is an
electromagnetic quantity.
3.2. The fact that is an electromagnetic quantity and the methodological rule
that in one equation all quantities must be homogenous, give grounds to make the
conclusion that the mass m and the energy W have electromagnetic essence (nature),
i.e. equation (1-29) describes a law for the electromagnetic energy.
3.3. The smallest substantial electromagnetic elementary particles (fermions) are
the electrons (electron
-
and positron
+
) with electric charges q
e
= t 1,6 . 10
-19
C.
These particles generate:
3.3.a) At rest (velocity v = 0)
electrostatic and gravitational fields and respective masses and energies.
3.3.b) At motion (velocity v 0)
in addition to the fields in 3.3.a), also a magnetic field, mass and energy; here
the magnetic energy is equal to the energy W
B
, which is imparted to the electrons by
external field W
H
= W
B
and which is turned (transformed) by the electrostatic field
into magnetic field [ ] E . v H

.
when magnetic energy W
H
has mass m
H
=
2
c
W
H
and generates also
gravitational field G and energy W
G
3.4. Magnetic energy W
H
and mass m
H
are inseparable from the electrons.
Because of thisthe masses and energies of the electrons (the electron and positron)
are sums of their masses and energies at rest plus the mass and the energy of their
magnetic field. And also sums with the mass and the energy of the generated
gravitational mass and energy of the gravitational field of the magnetic field, i.e. the
values of the masses and energies of bodies in motion are always larger than their
values at rest.
c) About the physical meaning of the notions acceleration and velocity in
dynamics
18
c.1) Introduction
In modern physics, the notions (the physical quantities) acceleration a

and
velocity v

are used only as determined by kinematics and only in the kinematic

meaning although they are used in dynamics. However, the kinematic meaning of a

and v

means that they are abstracted (simplified) towards their real meaning as
dynamic notions, and have a limited computing application only in mechanics at
const m m
0
, but not in a real physical meaning.
In kinematics, the notion of velocity is:
time
ce dis
t
S
v
tan

with dimensionality
]
]
]

s
m
, (1.30)
and the notion of kinematic acceleration is derivative of velocity:
a)
dt
v d
a
k

; b)
t a v
k

with dimensionality
]
]
]

2
s
m
; (1.31)
c.2) Dynamic (non-kinetic) or real acceleration
*
The formula of dynamic (real) acceleration
d
a

is derived from the formula of

force:
a)
d
a . m F

= mass by acceleration b)
0
f
mass
force
m
F
a
d

;(1.32)
I.e. the dynamic (real) acceleration
0
f a
d

in the whole mechanics has the

meaning and dimensionality of a force for a unit of mass. And this meaning
holds true both at mass
const m m
0
and at mass
2
1
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
m m
.
At velocity v and mass m:
a) v < c; b)
( )
c
v
; m
c
v
m m

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
0
2
1
2
2
0
1 1
; (1.33)
The formula for force
F

, parallel to velocity v

( ) v F

is:
( )
( ) ( )
dt
dv
v
c
v
m
dt
v d
m
dt
dm
v
dt
v d
m
dt
v . m d
dt
P d
r
dr
dW
F

2
3
2
2
0
2
1
2
0
0
1 1

+
+

; (1.34)
or
( )
dt
v d
. m F

2
3
2
0
1


; (1.35)
taking into account that
*
Physicist Dr T. Todorov, head assistant at Sofia Technical University, once told me that he had a
similar idea, but only about dynamic acceleration, not about dynamic velocity.
19
dt
v d
v
dt
dv
. v . v

;
This force
F

is electromagnetic, since its mass m is electromagnetic.

The differential of electromagnetic energy for pathway r d

is:
dm . v . v v d . v m r d . v .
dt
dm
dt
v d
. m r d . F dW

,
`

.
|
+
; (1.36)
or
dm . v dv . v . m dW
2
+
; (1.36a)
From (1.36) the relationship of the mass is obtained:
( )
2
3
2
2
0
1

dv .
c
v . m
dm ; (1.37)
Then:
( ) ( ) ( ) dv . . v . m
c
v
m v d . v . m dW
2
3
2
0
2
3
2
2
0
2
0
1 1 1

+

(1.38)
With the condition:
( ) ( ) dv . c . m
dv
d
. d . v . m
]
]
]
]

2
1
2 2
0
2
3
2
0
1 1
; (1.39)
and with integrating dW from velocity 0 to v we have:
( ) ( ) dv c . m
dv
d
dv . v . m W
v v

,
`

.
|


0
2
1
2 2
0
0
2
3
2
0
1 1
; (1.40)
or
( ) ( )
]
]
]
]

1 1 1
2
1
2 2
0
2
0
2
1
2 2
0
c . m c m c . m W
; (1.41)
This result shows that force F generates energy W and the acceleration has the
value:
a)
d o
a m
dt
v d
. m r
dr
dW
F

0
2
3
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

;
b)
( )
dt
v d
.
m
F
a
d

2
3
2
0
1


; (1.42)
where the differential of the expression for the mass here is obtained
( )
2
3
2
0
1

m m
,
which was called by Einstein transverse mass.
20
With introducing the notation
( )
2
1
2
1


, the formula for the force assumes
the form:
a)
( )
d k
a . m a . . m
dt
v d
. . m F

0
3
0
2
3
2
0
1


; b)
k d
a .
m
F
a

3
0

;
c)
dt
v d
a
k

; (1.43)
where:
k
a

is the kinematic acceleration.

This relationship of
d
a

, since it is at velocity v < c, is universal, because it

applies to all velocities v < c. But since at velocity v <<< c the quantity
3
tends
to one (
3
1), the formulae of force and acceleration are reduced (simplified)
to:
a)
k
a . m
dt
v d
. . m F

0 0
1
; b)
dt
v d
a . a
k d

1
; c)
dt
v d
a
k

;(1.44)
But the physical meaning of
d
a

is determined from the formula with the

names of the quantities, which it comprises.
)
f
m
F
a
d

0
; b)
[ ]
[ ]
mass of unut per force
mass
force
kg
N
a
d
; (1.45)
or its numerical value with regard to velocity is derived from:
a)
k k k d
a .
c
v
a .
dt
v d
. a . a

2
3
2
2
3 3 3
1

,
`

.
|

; (1.46)
It is apparent from
k d
a . a

3
that
d
a

decreases with the increase of velocity,

and at v = c
3
= 0; therefore, velocity is only at v < c. I.e. it cannot be equal to the
velocity of electromagnetic waves (light).
Dynamic acceleration not being used in relative electrodynamics (mechanics), an
incorrect conclusion has been made that the principle of action and counteraction is
not applicable in relative electrodynamics, but only in classical mechanics. This
principle is is notated by the acting force

, which in relative mechanics is

k o
a . . m F

3

, the dynamic acceleration is
3
. F a
d

, and the inertial force

a . m F
i

, as a sum
0 +
i
F F

; (1.47)
Since kinematic acceleration has been used, the above sum has been obtained in
the form:
0
3
0
+ +
k k i
a . m a . m F F

; (1.48)
is claimed that in relative electrodynamics the principle of action and
counteraction is irrelevant. But if for the acceleration we use dynamic
21
k
d
d
a
m
F
a

3
0

; (1.49)
we have for the inertial force:
k

d i
a . m F
m
F
. m a . m F

3
0
0
0 0
; (1.50)
Then the sum is:
0 +
i
F F F F

; (1.51)
Therefore, in relative mechanics (electrodynamics) the principle of action-
counteraction holds true, too.
Or, in other words, the basic laws in relative mechanics hold true in classical
mechanics as well, since essentially they use the same laws, but in classical
mechanics, which is part of relative electrodynamics, at velocity v << c, for the
purposes of convenience only, the laws of classical mechanics are simplified laws of
relative electrodynamics. Therefore, the laws of classical mechanics are
electrodynamic laws,but simplified.
In this sense, there is only one electrodynamics and the same the same laws at low
v << c and high v < c velocities, but from a practical viewpoint and for historical
circumstances, since classical mechanics developed much earlier than relative
electrodynamics and based only on experimental rules, as its founder I. Newton put it,
it has established itself as something of its own independent of relative electrodynamics,
which is Theoretical ground of classical mechanics, too.
c.3) Dynamic (non-kinetic) or real velocity
From the expression for the force:
k
a . . m
dt
v d
. . m F

3
0
3
0

; (1.52)
its notation for velocity dv is:
dt . .
m
F
v d
3
0

; (1.53)
After integrating from zero to v we have:
( )
d d
P
c
v
P . t .
m
F
v

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
2
0
2
1
2
0
1 1
; (1.54)
i.e. velocity v, multiplied by the expression
( )
2
1
2
1

, which is in its definition,

is the value of the dynamic velocity.
Since
0
0
m
F
f

is the force for a unit of mass, after multiplying it by the time t,

the product is momentum of a unit of mass
a)
( ) ( )
d d
P P . t . f v

2
1
2
0
2
1
2
0
1 1
; b) t . f P
o

0
;(1.55)
22
And since the dynamic velocity is momentum of a unit of mass, these
conclusions follow:
First:
At velocity v << c
,
`

.
|
0
c
v
, i.e. at m = m
0
= const the dynamic acceleration has
the value of the kinetic one
( )
k k k k k k
a a . a . a .
c
v
a . a

+

,
`

.
|
1 0 1 1
2
3
2
3
2
2
3

; (1.56)
Then the value of the dynamic velocity is equal to the value of the kinetic one,
but since essentially the kinetic velocity is an abstract of the dynamic velocity,
then it retains the meaning of momentum of a unit of mass. And since in modern
physics the dimensionality of force is notated with the basic measuring quantities for
distance and time, and the mass with a value of one is notated only with the number
one (1), in this form the kinetic velocity does not really have the features of
momentum, but it is momentum.
Second:
Essentially the addition of velocities is an addition of momentums. For example
the sum of the parallel dynamic velocities
1 d
v

and
2 d
v

is:
( ) ( )
2
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2 1 2 1 12
1
1 1
c
v v
v v v v
P P v v v
d d d d d
+
+

+ +

; (1.57)
This sum holds true at all velocities from zero to v < c, or in relative
mechanics (electrodynamics) at low velocities v << c
,
`

.
|
0
c
v
for convenience in
the calculations of
12
v
, since the term
0
2
2 1

r
v v
; (1.58)
the formula is reduced to:
2 1 12
v v v +
; (1.57a)
what is the formula in classical mechanics (dynamics). I.e. mechanics uses the
simplified notation of
d
v
(1.57a), because the velocities v
1
<< c and v
2
<< c.
Note:
The dynamic velocity, unlike the kinematic one, which is defined as the relation
a)
t
r
time
path
v
k
; b)
]
]
]

s
m
v
; (1.59)
emphasizes the fact that velocity is inseparable from the mass of the object,
which moves at velocity v, i.e. velocity is a component of momentuma of a body
23
with mass m-P = m.v and that in order for velocity (momentum) to exist, force F
(energy per a unit of pathway) is required. And the definition of v
k
treats it as as
something independent and not associated with a moving mass, which fact is
incorrect.
Conclusion
The introduction of the notion of dynamic velocity reflects the real meaning of
the notion of velocity and gives another motivation of the precise formula for
addition of velocities at high velocities v < c.
Some examples for
d
a

and
d
v

in non-relative mechanics (m = const)

1) force upon electric charge q
e
in electric field
a)
d e d
a . m E . q F



; b)
[ ]
[ ] m
N
m
E . q
m
F
a a
e d
k d



;
c)
[ ]
[ ]
2
s
m
dt
v d
a
d
k

. (1.60)
2) The magnetic force (Lorentz force), which depends on velocity v

and
magnetic induction
B

a) [ ]
d e H
a . m B . v q F

; b)
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] m
N
m
B . v q
m
F
a a
e H
k d

;
c)
[ ]
[ ]
2
s
m
dt
v d
a
k
k

; (1.61)
3) Gravitational force
a)
d G
a . m G . m F


; b)
[ ]
[ ] m
N
G
m
F
a a
G
k d

;
c)
[ ]
[ ]
2
s
m
dt
v d
a
k
k

; (1.62)
Therefore, the dynamic accelerations here again are force per a unit of mass.
Respectively, here again the dynamic velocities are momentums per a unit of
mass.
2. INITIAL PRINCIPLE OF THE LAW FOR CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
AND MASS - LCEM
Academic physics ignores two facts associated with LCEM.
First
In Newtons mechanics LCEM is strictly observed. This is probably due to the
ancient principle that in nature nothing disappears and nothing real (material) can be
created out of nothing. I.e. Isaak Newton thought that LCEM was so self-evident that
he did not have to deduce or define it.
24
That is also why he followed it most strictly.
This fact makes us admit that there is no ground to claim that some one else
after Newton discovered LCEM.
Second
As far back as in 1843 Michael Faraday experimentally proved the law for
conservation of the electric charge - LCEC. At the beginning of the 20th century, it
was known known that when moving at velocity v an electric charge generates
magnetic energy and field (Amperes law) and that this energy is proportional to v
2
.
The present analysis of kinetic (magnetic) energy will show that the masses and
kinetic (magnetic) energies of electrons
( )
0 0 e , e
W m
, protons
( )
0 0 p , p
W m
and
neutrons
( )
0 0 n , n
W m
are proportional to the square of the electric charge

,
`

.
|
2
e
q
of
the electron, i.e.:
a)
m e eo
k . q m
2
; b)
2 2 2
0 0
c . k . q c . m W
m e e e
; (2.1)
a)
( ) ( )
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

1 1 1 1
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
0
. k . q m m
m e eo p ;
b)
( )
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2 2 2 2
0 0
. c . k . q c . m W
m e p p ;
c
v

; (2.2)
a)
( ) ( )
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

1 1 1 1
2
1
2 2
2
1
2
0 0
. k . q m m
m e e n ;
b)
( )
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2 2 2 2
0 0
. c . k . q c . m W
m e n n . (2.3)
Since atoms
T
and molecules M
l
are made of electrons, protons and neutrons,
which are functions of the squares of the electric charges q
e
of electrons, i.e. atoms
and molecules are functions of
2
e
q , therefore they have only electromagnetic essence
- they are electromagnetic energy or
a)
( )
2
e T
q f A
; b)
( )
2
e l
q M
; (2.4)
This circumstance gives us grounds to claim that LCEC should also be true
for the masses and energies of bodies, which is in the foundations of all laws for
conservation of energies and masses of all natural objects.
Conclusion
The law for conservation of the energy and the mass of atoms and molecules
(bodies) results form the law for conservation of the electric charge. Faraday, 1843.
3. GENERAL FORMULATIONS ABOUT ELECTRONS (ELECTRON AND
POSITRON)
Electrons generate electrostatic, magnetic and gravitational fields, which are
characterized by densities of energies and masses, and electrons are one whole entity
of energies and masses.
25
3.1. Electrostatic: field, energy and mass of the electron
At distance
r

from the electron there is electrostatic field

2
r 4
r . q
E
0
0 e

;
r
r
r
0

; (3.1.1)
where:
0

is the dielectric constant of vacuum.

Electrostatic field has densities of its energy and mass
a)
2
2
E
w
0
E

; b)
2
E
E
c
w

; (3.1.2)
and the electrostatic energy
eE0
W
and mass
e0
m
at rest of the electron are:
a)
e0 0
2
e
e0
r
e eE0
r . 4
q
.dV w W

; b)
m
2
e
e0 0
2
e
e0
k . q
c . r . 4
q
m
2

;
c)
1
2
4

,
`

.
|
c . r . k
e0 0 m
; (3.1.3)
where:
e0
r
is the computational (classical) radius of the electron; V - volume.
3.2. Magnetic field and magnetic (kinetic) energy and mass
At velocity v < c of an electron, around it, at distance r in point and around it
is generated magnetic field
[ ] [ ] [ ]
0 0
e
0
e
0
r . a
r .
a . q
r . v
r . 4
q
E . v H

2 2
4

;
a
a
a
0

; (3.2.1)
with densities of energy of
H
w
and mass
H

a)
2
2
0
H
w
H

; b)
2
H
H
c
w

;
2
1
c .
0
0

; (3.2.2)
At point of distance r, beside the generated
H
w
and
H

,
const w
E

and
const
E

are also constant and independent of the time, since they only depend
on the charge
const q
e

.
So, the resultant density of the mass at point is:
a)
H E M
+
; b)
H M H
d d + 0
; (3.2.3)
where the density of the mass of the magnetic field
H

is function of velocity v of
the electron.
The generation of magnetic field, respectively of magnetic energy of the electron
is a result of (at the expense of) imparted energies from by the forces of interaction of
the external electric
B
E

or gravitational
B
G

fields
a)
( )
dt
v . m d
dt
P d
E . q F
e e
B e e

;
26
b)
( )
dt
v m d
dt
P d
G . m F
e e
B e G

(3.2.4)
since they impart acceleration
e
a

, velocity
e
v

and momentum
e
P

to the electron
a)
e
d e
m
F
a a



; b)
t .
m
F
t . a t . a v
e
d e

; c)
e e e
v . m P

(3.2.5)
Here it should be emphased on the following:
First. Since the dimensionality of the force is [ ] [ ]
1
. /

m J meter joule F

it follows that the released energy, which is from the external fields
B
E
and
B
G
of
the electron, is transformed into energy of the magnetic field, respectively this is the
magnetic energy of the electron.
Second. The mass of the electron
e
m
is gravitational charge for the
gravitational field G , by analogy from (3.2.4), like
e
q
, which is the electric charge
towards
B
E
.
Third. In the process of interaction of the external fields
E

and
G

with the
charge of the electron
e
q
and its mass
e
m
, forces
e
F

and
G
F

are generated,
which impart energy to it, respectively acceleration, velocity and momentum for time
dt, respectively move it along distance dt . v r d

. The energy dW released by the
external fields, through the forces, is:
a)
( ) v . m d . v P d . v r d .
dt
P d
r d . F r d . F dW
e
e
G e e

+
;(3.2.5a)
W. Kaufmann in 1901 experimentally proved that the mass
e
m
of the electron
is a variable function of velocity; this experimental fact should be reflected in the
derivative of

, respectively through the force

dt
dm
. v
dt
v d
. m
dt
P d
F
e
e
e

+
(3.2.6)
And from force F , which generates energy
e
dW
we have:
( )
e e e
dm . v v d . m . dW
2 2
2
1
+
; (3.2.7)
From
e
dW
is obtained the differential of the mass

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|

2
2
2
2
2 2
1 1
2
1
2
1
c
v
. dm
c
v
d . m .
c
v
dm
c
v
d . m
c
dW
dm
e e e
2
e
e
; (3.2.8)
Here it should be explained that according to (3.2.3) the mass of the whole

The relationship between the density of electromagnetic energy w and the density of the mass
2
.c w was given by Maxwell in 1873.
27
electron is:
a)
( ) ( )
H E M e
f m +
; b)

dV . m
M e

(3.2.9)
and the differential is:
( ) V . d f dm
H H e
; (3.2.10)
where: V is the volume of the electron.
And the mass of the electron at rest is, according to (2.1):
m e E e
k . q dV m
2
0

; (3.2.11)
After equation (3.2.8) is processed, we have:
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

d
.
c
v
c
v
d
.
m
dm
e
e
;
c
v

; (3.2.12)
The solution for m
e
is at the following boundary conditions:
a) 0 v ; b)
e0 e
m m
; c)
0 v
d)
e e
m m
; (3.2.13)
From the solution of (3.2.8) we have the relationships of the full mass and energy
of the electron at 0 v
a)
2
1
2
2
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
m m
e0 e
; b)
2
1
2
2
2
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
. W c . m W
e0 e e
;
c)
2
c . m W
e0 e0
; (3.2.14)
where:
e0
W
is the internal energy of the electron.
These mass
e
m
and energy
e
W
of the electron are at velocity 0 v .
According to the conditions in their inderence, at m
e
are included respectively the
mass
0 e
m
at rest and its mass
2
c
W
m
He
He

, corresponding to its magnetic energy
He
W
, i.e. it is described through the sum
He e e
m m m +
0
; (3.2.15)
The energy
e
W
of the electron includes its energy
0 e
W
at rest and its
magnetic energy
He
W
, i.e.:
He e e
W W W +
0
; (3.2.16)
where:
e
m
and
e
W
are respectively the full mass and energy of the electron.
he formulations set forth above imply that magnetic energy
He
W
and
magnetic mass
He
m
of the electron are:
a)
( )
c
v
; W W W W
e0 e0 e He

]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2
;
28
b)
( )
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2

e0
2
He
He
m
c
W
m
; (3.2.17)
These formulae for
He
W
and
He
m
are not in force at all velocities of the
electron v below c (v < c).
But these formulae are very complex for the cases, when the velocity of the
electron v is much less than the velocity of the electromagnetic waves c, i.e. at
a)
c v <<
; b)
1 <<
c
v
or c)
c
v
0; (3.2.18)
Here the function
( )
2
1
2
1

evolves in power series

( ) ...
6 4 2
2
1
2
18
15
8
3
2
1
1 1 + + +

; (3.2.19)
and with a sufficient precision at
c v <<
the magnetic energy
He
W
of the electron is
obtained by taking into account only the first two terms of the series (3.2.19) and then
we have
ke
e0
e0 e0 e0 He
W
v . m
c
v
. c . m
c
v
. . W W W
]
]
]

+
2 2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
;
(3.2.20)
This expression for magnetic energy of the electron at
c v <<
in mechanics was
named kinetic energy. The mass of magnetic energy also corresponds to it
a)
e0
e0
2
He
He
m
c .
v . m
c
W
m <<
2
2
2
; b) 1
2
2
<<
c
v
; (3.2.21)
Because of which it has been accepted that the sum of the mass of the electron
e0
m
(3.1.3b) and
He
m
is
. const k . q m m m m
m e e0 He e0 e
+
2
; (3.2.22)
i.e. since
0 e He
m m <<
, then
He
m
drops out and the calculations are done only with
e0
m
.
But the formulae (3.2.17) for
He
W
and
He
m
remain in force for the
magnetic energy and masses even at
c v <<
, although in classical mechanics
k He
W W
is called kinetic energy, and
He
m
is not taken into account at all,
because by the time of I. Newton the notion of field and the relationship of the
energy of the mass (
2
c . m W
) did not exist.
3.3. Gravitational fields, energies, masses and forces of the electrons
3.3.1. General formulations
According to Newton all natural objects have the attributive property of being
attracted, i.e. they have a gravitational property.
29
The force of attraction is proportional to the product of the masses (the quantities
of matter of objects 1 and 2 with masses m
1
and m
2
, and of the gravitational constant
, and inversely proportional of the square of distance r
2
between the objects
(masses).
The sign minus (-) is used because is is accepted in physics that the forces of
attraction be designated by a minus sign.
0
2
2 1
r
r
. m . m
F
G

(3.3-1)
Later, after introducing the notion of field, force
G
F

was also described by

means of the notion of gravitational field
G

a)
r G
G . m F

1
b)
2
0 2
r
r . . m
G
r

(3.3-2)
where:
r
G

is the gravitational field, generated by the mass m

2
.
In this definition the mass m
2
, which generates gravitational field plays the role
of a gravitational charge, by analogy to the formula for the electric field
E

,
generated by the electric charge
e
q
( )
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
4
4



e
e e e
k ,
r
r . k . q
r
r . q
E

; (3.3-3)
That is why the mass is sometimes called gravitational charge in the formula
for the gravitational field.
Since electrons are a substantial form of the unitary electromagnetic matter of
nature, they also generate gravitational fields, energies and forces, i.e. electrons are
also gravitational charges (their masses). In this case, carrier and generator of
gravitational fields, energies, masses and forces are the electrons, which are
elementary particles of electromagnetic matter. This fact implies, according to the
generic principle, that the gravitational phenomena (quantities) as product (after-
action) of electromagnetic matter are also of electromagnetic essence.
However, since gravitational fields are proportional to the mass m
e
of the
electron and of the densities of the masses of electrostatic
E
and of magnetic
H
fields, it follows
a)
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2 2 c .
H .
;
c .
E .
; k . q m
H E m e e

; (3.3-4)
i.e. they are proportional to the squares of a) the electric charge -
2
e
q ; b) of the
squares of the electric
2
E
and of the magnetic
2
H
fields.
This circumstance means that the gravitational fields are quadratic
electromagnetic fields. On the other hand, however, since gravitational fields are a
secondary product of the quantities associated with the electric charges, this gives us
grounds to call them secondary electromagnetic fields or unipolar electromagnetic
30
fields. The argument that they are unipolar is supported by the fact that the squares of
the determining quantities
a)
( ) 0
2
> t
e
q
; b) ( ) 0
2
> tE ; ) ( ) 0
2
> tH ; (3.3-5)
are only positive and because of this they determine unipolar gravitational fields. And
since the fields generate forces, then the forces too are unipolar (of attraction only).
Therefore, the electromagnetic essence of the gravitational fields as function of
the squares of the electromagnetic quantities
2
e
q ,
2
E
and
2
H
, motivates the
unipolarity of the gravitational fields and forces. Moreover, the electromagnetic
energy
EM
W
generates gravitational fields and forces by means of its mass
2
c
W
m
EH
eH

.
For example, the gravitational force
G
F
, which is function of the gravitational
energy
G
W
is
0
r .
dr
dW
F
G
G

, when body with mass

0
m
is accelerated during
its falling down from height h, (kinetic) magnetic energy is imparted

0
2
2
h
G
T
HT
r d . F
v . m
W

(3.3-5)
and vice versa, when the body is thrown up to height h.
3.3.2. At rest of the electron -
0
e
v
The mass of the electron
e0
m

e
2
e
.k q (3.1.3) generates gravitational field
2 2
r
r . . k . q
r .
r
. m
G
0 m
2
e
0
e0
e0

; (3.3-6)
where:

is the gravitational constant;

e
q
- electric charge C . , q
e
19
10 6 1

of
the electron.
Since in general the electric charge is quantized, in this aspect it could be said
that
G

is also quantized.
The densities of energy
Ge0
w
and mass
Ge0
m
of the gravitational fields are
a)
2.
G
w
2
e0
Ge0

; b)
2
Ge0
Ge0
c
w
m ; (3.3-7)
The full gravitational energy of the electron at v = 0 is
a) G0
4
e Ge0 Ge0
. .
e0
k q dV w W
r

; b)
( )
1
4 2
e
2
e G0
. . . . 24

c r k
;(3.3-8)
The gravitational mass of the electron at 0 is
31
G0
2
4
e
2
Ge0
Ge0
.
c c
k
q W
m ; (3.3-9)
It is apparent from (3.3-8) and (3.3-9) that by essence (nature), the gravitational
field is generated by the electric charge q
e
at an even power, which is always positive
0
2.n
e
> q . That is why the gravitational field is unipolar.
The electric energies and masses relate to the gravitational ones as follows
42
10 17 4 . ,
m
m
W
W
Ge0
e0
Ge0
e0

; (3.3-10)
3.3.3. At velocity of the electron v << c
At velocity 0 magnetic field is generated around the electron with energy
e
W
(3.2-17)a and mass
e
m
(3.2-17)b and, respectively, gravitational field
e
G

and energy

G
W
a)
2
0
e
. .
r
r m
G

; b)
2
0
2
c . r
. . m .
c
W
m
c

2
e G

G


; (3.3-11)
3.3.4. At velocity v < c of the electron
Here the mass of the electron is
2
1
2
2
e0 e 0
1

,
`

.
|
+
c
m m m m

; (3.3-12)
The gravitational field of the electron and its energy are
a)
2
1
2
2
e0 ev
1

,
`

.
|

r
G G


; b)
2
1
2
2
-
Ge0 Gev
1

,
`

.
|

c
W W

; (3.3-13)
3.3.5. Gravitational field of electromagnetic waves
*
The energy W
EH
and the mass m
EH
of sinusoidal electromagnetic waves are
pulsating in the time
a)
0 2
2
+

~ EH EH
EH0 EH0
EH0 EH
W W t . cos .
2
W
2
W
t sin . W W

;
b)
0
2 2
2
0 0
2
0


~ EH EH
EH EH
EH EH
m m t . cos .
m m
t . sin . m m

(3.3-14)
*
Here it should be noted that about a century ago it was known that electrons generate
gravitational field, i.e. that the electric charge is generator of gravitational field as well. But
scientists did not pay attention to that fact which has crucial role in the theory of gravitation.
In essence, this fact is the embryo of the theory of gravitation.
32
where:
EH0
W
and
EH0
m
are amplitudes of the energy and the mass.
The density of the mass of the electromagnetic wave is sum of the densities of
the masses

and

of the electric E and of the magnetic fields

2
2
0
2
2
0
H E EK
. 2 2.c
.
c
H E
+ + ; (3.3-15)
- to which correspond gravitational fields
2
0 H
2
0 E
H E EH
r
. .
r
. . r r
G G G



+
; (3.3-16)
which too are sinusoidal pulsating ( ( ) t t 2 cos 1
2
1
sin
2
).
The average mass of one wave for time

1
0
T
or for the length of one wave is
2
EH
me
.c
W

; (3.3-17)
It follows from (3.3-17) that the gravitational field of the mass in the form of a
rod whose diameter

D
of the cross-section

S
of the wave is much smaller than
the length

n l
of a flux of n waves, i.e.
v
D l >>
is
t cos . G G r .
.
G G
0 0 0
me
e 0


2

2
0; (3.3-18)
where
r
G
2.
.


me
0
; (3.3-19)
is the amplitudinal value of the gravitational field of the average value of the mass of
the electromagnetic field of the wave.
It is apparent from (3.3-18) that the gravitational field of the electromagnetic
waves is unipolar and pulsating.
In this sense, if it is described towards an axis of the time, which is at a positive
distance respectively from E
2
0
E
E and from H
2
0
H
H , it can be
treated as sinusoidal gravitational wave, which is inseparable companion of the
electromagnetic wave and moves at its velocity.
Because of the linear mass
me

of the electromagnetic waves, they generate

gravitational fields (3.3-19) and are in force interaction with other gravitational fields.
This is the explaination of the attraction of a light beam from a distant star by the sun.
Therefore, we have formulated for the gravitational field that:
First. It cannot exist without its generating mass of substantial or field
electromagnetic matter.
Second. It is electromagnetic; it is a secondary electromagnetic field, which is
33
only unipolar.
Third. Since the independent field waves require bipolarity of their amplitudes,
and since the gravitational field is only unipolar, there cannot exist independent
gravitational waves without electromagnetic mass (energy) to carry and generate
them, i.e. there do not and cannot exist independent gravitational waves.
4. RESTRUCTURING OF ELECTRONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENERGY
4.1. General solutions
The process of interaction between the objects is accompanied by a process of
restructuring them. As a result of these processes, the objects obtain new properties,
different from these before the interaction.
To make a fuller and more precise analysis and give an answer to the question of
what energy is, it should be proceeded from the formulae through a mathematical
description of some typical processes of interaction, which also have been
experimentally confirmed for restructuring of matter of given objects from one state
into another (from given elementary particles into others).
First example
During interaction between electron

0
e and positron
+
0
e
at rest (v = 0) they
become restructured into photons (momentums of electromagnetic waves) , which
move at the velocity of light (of electromagnetic waves).
And during collision of a gamma photon

into the atom nucleus, the photon is

restructured into electron

0
e and positron
+
0
e
a)
. e e 2
0
0
+
+
; b)
+
+
0 0
e e

; (4.1.1)
Or, if these reactions between the elementary particles electrons and photons are
described through their energies, taking into account that the energies W
0
and the
masses m
0
of the particles and the antiparticles (for example, the electron and the
positron are a particle and its antiparticle) at rest have identical values, it follows from
(4.1.1.) that:
a)
v . h . W c . m c . m c . m W . W W
f e
e eo
e
e e
2 2 2 2
2
0
2
0
2
0
0 0
+ +
+ + ;
b)
c . m
h
c . m
c . h
v
c
h
c . m
v
e
e
k
e
0
2
0
2
0

;
c)
2
0
2 c . m . v . h W
e
; (4.1.2)
where:
0 e
W
and +
0 e
W
are the energies at rest (the internal energies) of the
electron and positrona;
eo
m
and +
0 e
m
-the masses of the electron and positron at
rest; f
W
- energy of photon; h - Plancks constant; - frequency of the photon; v

-
frequency of the gamma photon; - velocity of light in vacuum (velocity of the
electromagnetic waves in vacuum).
34
Second example:
During interaction between accelerated electron

e
and positron
+
e
,
depending on the conditions, their kinetic (magnetic) energies are restructured into
protons (proton and antiproton
p
) or in neutrons (neutron n and antineutron n )
as follows:
a)
) p p ( e e e e + + +
+ +
0 0 ;
b)
) n n ( e e e e + + +
+ +
0
0 ; (4.1.3)
Here it should be noted that:
1) The mass of the electron at rest
eo
m
is equal to the mass of the energy
0 e
W

of its electrostatic field.
a)
E e e
k . q W
2
0
; b)
( )
1
0 0
4

e E
r . k
;
c)
m e
e
e
k . q
c
W
m
2
2
0
0

; d)
2
c . k k
E m
; (4.1.4)
where:
0
is the dielectric constant of vacuum; r
e0
- the computational (the
classical) radius of the electron.
2) The full (total) electromagnetic energy
E
W
of the electron at velocity
c v <
is
a)
( )
c
v
; c . m c .
c
v
m c m W W W
e e e k e t

,
`

.
|
+

2
2
1
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
1 1
;
(1.4.5)
where:
e
m
is the mass, depending on velocity
( )
2
1
2
0
1


e e
m m
; (4.1.6)
and the kinetic energy of the electron
ke
W
is:
( )
( ) ; c . k . q
c . m W W W
m e
e e t ke
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

1 1
1 1
2
1
2 2 2
2
1
2 2
0 0

; (4.1.7)
Then with these conditions the notation of (4.1.3) through the energies is:
a)
2
0
2 2 2 c . m . W W W W
p e
ke ke
eo
+ + +
+
;
b) +
+
ke ke
ke
W W W 2
(4.1.8)
or it follows from (4.1.8) that:
a)
2
0 0 0
2 2 2 2 c . m . W W . W .
p e ke e
+ +
; b)
2
0
2 2 c m W
p ke

;(4.1.9)
and from (4.1.9) and (4.1.7) it follows that:
35
( ) ( ) ; m k . q m m
e p m p p
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

1 1 1 1
2
1
2
0
2
1
2 2
0 0

(4.1.10)
With an analogous procedure for (4.1.3b) it follows:
( ) ( )
]
]
]
]

]
]
]
]

1 1 1 1
2
1
2
0
2
1
2 2
0 0

e n m e n n
m k . q m m
; (4.1.11)
where:
c
v
p
p

and
c
v
n
n
, p
v
and
n
v
are velocities of the electrons in
reactions (4.1.3a) and (4.1.3b), since protons and neutrons have various masses
n p
m m
. Moreover, the internal energies (the energies at rest) of the proton and the
neutron are:
a)
2
0 0
c . m W
p p

; b)
2
0 0
c . m W
n n
; (4.1.12)
and are equal to the relevant kinetic energies of the electron or the positron, i.e.
a)
2
0 0
c . m W W
p p ke

; b)
2
0 0
c . m W W
n n ke
; (4.1.13)
And vice versa - the masses at rest of the proton and neutron are equal to the
masses of the kinetic energies of the electron or positron:
a)
2
0
c
W
m
ke
p

; b)
2
0
c
W
m
ke
n

; (4.1.14)
The regularities described above are experimentally confirmed, which fact
implies that these regularities are axiomatic truths - axioms. Because of this
circumstance, it ought to be claimed for the analysis and the conclusions drawn
from the axioms that they are logically well grounded, i.e. they are reliable.
With these conditions, whe replacing the expression for the kinetic energy of the
electrons in (4.1.10) and (4.1.11) by
ek
W
from (4.1.7), we have for the masses p
m
and
n
m
these formulae:

]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

1 1
2
1
2
2
0 2 0
c
v
m
c
W
m
e
ke
p
m p m e
k . Q k .
c
v
q
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

; (4.1.15)

]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

1 1
2
1
2
2
0 2 0
c
v
m
c
W
m
e
ke
n
m n m e
k . Q k .
c
v
q
2
2
1
2
2
2
1 1
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

; (4.1.16)
It is apparent from (4.1.7), (4.1.9), (4.1.10) and (4.1.11) that the kinetic
energies of the electrons (the electron and positron) are restructured (transformed)
36
into masses of proton and neutron. This is Theoretical ground of the well-known
experimental facts, described by (4.1.3)a and (4.1.3b).
Here are introduced the notions of integral or effective electric charges of proton
2
p
Q
and neutron
2
n
Q .
a)
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

1 1
2
1
2
2
2 2
c
v
q Q
e p ; b)
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

1 1
2
1
2
2
2 2
c
v
q Q
e n ; (4.1.17)
The reason to introduce these effective electric charges is the circumstance that:
First. The terms
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

1 1
2
1
2
2
c
v
are dimensionless values;
Second. The electric charges are variable in values, and
Third. Since from the electromagnetic energy of the gamma photons

during
collision, the electrons

0
and
+
0

are obtained in the atomic nucleus, i.e.

a)
+
+
0 0

; b)
. 2
0
0
+
+
; (4.1.18)
this fact implies by analogy that part of the kinetic energy of the electrons can be
restructured in a system of electric charges, for example:
a)

,
`

.
|
+
e e pq
q q Q
3
2
3
1
; b)

,
`

.
|
+
e e nq
q q Q
3
2
3
1
(4.1.19)
Since it is known that in protons and neutrons there are quarks - electric charges
with values
e
q
3
1

and
e
q
3
2

, and in protons dominate the positive ones,

whereas in neutrons their sum is equal to zero.
But with the squares of the effective electric charges
2
p
Q
and
2
n
Q (4.1.17), the
sum of the squares of the quarks is always positive and greater than zero:
a)

>

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
0
3
2
3
1
2 2
2
e e p
q q Q ;
b)

>

,
`

.
|
+

,
`

.
|
0
3
2
3
1
2 2
2
e e n
q q Q ; (4.1.20)
The constant k
m
in (4.1.5) and (4.1.6) has a numerical value:
( ) ( )
[ ]
[ ]
;
charge el. of square
10 . 55 . 3
10 . 81 , 2
1
10 . 9 . 10 . 81 , 2 . 10 . 85 , 8 4 . . 4
2
7
8
1
16 15 12
1
2
0 0
C
kg mass
c r k
e m

(4.1.20)b
Here it is necessary to emphasize that the sums pq
Q
and mq
Q
are not a square
37
root of
2
p
Q
and
2
n
Q , i.e.:
a) pq p
Q Q
; b) nq n
Q Q
; (4.1.21)
In this sense, when the mass of an object (body)
T
m
is known, we can obtain
the square of its effective charge:
[ ]
2 8 2
10 81 2 C , , . m
k
m
Q
T
m
T
T

; (4.1.22)
but we cannot calculate the sum
Tq
Q
of its real charges.
For example:
If the the real charges of one body have the sum:
+
e e Tq
q q Q 5 4
4 electrons + 5 positrons = 1.
e
q
, (4.1.23)
the square of its effective charge is:
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
41 25 16 5 4
e e e e e
T
q q q q q Q + + ; (4.1.24)
With this formulation, after we know the mass of the proton
kg . , m
p
27
10 672 1

and the mass of the neutron kg . , m

n
27
10 674 1

, the
squares of their effective charges are:
[ ]
2 34 7 27 1 2
10 7 4 10 55 3 10 672 1 C . , . , : . , k . m Q
m p p


;(4.1.25)
[ ]
2 34 7 27 1 2
10 715 4 10 55 3 10 674 1 C . , . , : . , k . m Q
m n n

;(4.1.26)
It can be operated with these squares of the charges of and n in a similar way
to the square of the charge of the electron
2
e
q with calculating the masses and the
energies of the objects.
But here, there is the significant fact that the masses and the energies of
protons and neutrons are functions of the electric charges of the electrons (
2
e
q ).
If from
2
p
Q
and
2
n
Q it is required to calculate to how many charges of the
electron N
e
they correspond, then the answer is:
( )
4
2
19
34
2
10 835 1
10 6 1
10 7 4
. ,
. ,
. ,
q
Q
N
2
e
p
ep

ficticious electrons has the proton p (4.1.27)

( )
4
2
19
34 2
10 841 1
10 6 1
10 715 4
. ,
. ,
. ,
q
Q
N
2
e
n
en

ficticious electrons has the neutron n (4.1.28)

When multiplying ep
N
and
en
N
by the mass at rest of the electron
0 e
m
, we
obtain the masses of the proton and the neutron:
a) kg . , . , . . , m . N m
e e
26 31 4
0 0 0
10 669 1 10 1 9 10 835 1

;(4.1.29)
b) kg . , . , . . , m . N m
e em
26 31 4
0 0
10 676 1 10 1 9 10 841 1

;
38
(4.1.30)
The results are approximate, because here the calculations are made with 1 to 3
digits after the decimal point, and the precise data are made with more than 5 digits
after the decimal point.
With these conditions, the full energy of a body with mass
T
m
is:
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
1 c .
c
v
. k . Q c . m W
m
T
T T

,
`

.
|

; (4.1.31)
The energy at rest of the body is:
2 2 2
0
c . k . Q c . m W
m
T
T

; (4.1.32)
The magnetic (kinetic) energy of the body is:
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

1 1
2
1
2
2
2 2
0
c
v
c . k . Q W W W W
m
T
T k H ; (4.1.33)
which is in full congruence with the quantities in the electrons.
Emphasis 1
From the known experimentally confirmed facts that:
a) during interaction of accelerated electron e
-
and positron
+
are obtained
protons (proton and antiproton
p
).
p p e e e e + + + +
+ +
0 0
(4.1.3)a
b) the formula of the magnetic energy

W
of the electron is
( )
c
v
; . c . m W
e

]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2 2
0
; (3.2.17)
which is also the formula for the kinetic energy

W
(1.4.17) of the electron, i.e.

W W
.
Since the masses of the electron

0
e and the positrona
+
0
e at rest are equal
+

0 0 e
m m
and the masses of the proton and the antiproton
p
at rest are equal
0 0 p p
m m
, then the notation of (4.1.3) through the energies (the internal
2
0
c . m
and kinetic
k
W
) is
2
0
2
0
2
0
2 2 2 c . m . c . m W W c . m
p e ke ke e
+ + +
+
hence it follows
a)
2
0
2 2 c . m W
p ke

; b)
2
0
c . m W
p ke

; c)
2 0
c
W
m
ke
p
;
i.e. the experiment (4.1.3) proves that:
First
a) kinetic energy is matter;
b) kinetic energy can be restructured (transformed) into elementary particles -
39
protons
Second
a) From the relationship (the law)

W W
it follows that kinetic energy is
magnetic (electromagnetic matter), which can be restructured into a substantial
elementary particle - proton.
b) protons are electromagnetic elementary particles, since they are made of
electromagnetic magnetic matter.
By analysis of equation (4.1.3) for neutrons
n n e e e e + + + +
+ +
0 0
(4.1.3)b
are obtained the experimental proofs for protons
Conclusion
It has been proved that:
a) Kinetic energy is magnetic energy;
b) Magnetic energy can be transformed into substantial electromagnetic
elementary particles;
) protons and neutrons are electromagnetic particles.
Emphasis II
In this sense, kinetic energy in essence is the magnetic energy of the electron,
which is a substantial form of electromagnetic matter.
I.e. these magnetic energy and mass of the electron essentially are the kinetic
energy and mass of the electron. This was defined in Treatise on electricity and
magnesm by J. K. Maxwell in 1873 in paragraph 638, where he wrote: we should
consider both magnetic and electromagnetic energies as kinetic energies.
The results obtained above coincide with these in the special theory of relativity,
but are proved only on the basis of Maxwells classical electrodynamics of 1873 and
by using only Galileos transformations as described by Isaak Newton in 1687. And
since they are obtained using fewer initial formulations (without the postulate of
constancy of the velocity of light and without Lorentz transformations) according to
the principle of simplicity (Occam s razor) they are more perfect, and along with this
they have a more reliable approach. And since they explain the gain of mass of the
electron with accretion of the mass of its magnetic energy, they give a more
profound analysis, i.e. this solution should be preferable, because it simplifies the
physical laws and clarifies the physical meaning of the gain of mass.
4.2. Conclusions
First
Masses and internal energies of protons and neutrons (4.1.10) and (4.1.11) are
functions of the squares (
2
e
q ) of the electric charges of the electron and positrona,
respectively of the mass of the electrons (
eo
m
), i.e. protons and neutrons are of
electromagnetic essence - electromagnetic elementary particles. Or protons and
neutrons are electromagnetic matter.
40
Second
Kinetic energies of the electron and positrona are of electromagnetic essence -
structures of electromagnetic matter. And more specifically, kinetic energies of the
electrons are magnetic energies. The grounds of this claim are that the formula for the
magnetic energy of the electron and the positron is: a) On the one hand, entirely
identical to these of their kinetic energies; b) On the other hand, when accelerating the
electrons to velocity 0 v energy
B
W
is imparted to them through a force, during
which a magnetic field is undoubtedly generated around them, respectively the
electrons accumulate magnetic energy
H
W
, which is described through the formulae
for kinetic energy. But according to the law for conservation of the energy (LCE), the
electrons cannot accumulate yet another kind of unknown kinetic
k
W
energy, because
LCE has irresistible evidential force
H B
W W
; (4.1.34)
i.e. this equation is a confincing fact and proof for the above claim.
Inference from the second conclusion
Kinetic energies of proton and neutron are only electromagnetic in the form
of magnetic structure.
Inference from the conclusion
All bodies, including the neutron, which is externally neutral, when moving at
velocity v<c and
c v <<
generate magnetic energy (magnetic fields) with value
(4.1.7)
( )
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2 2
0
. c . m W W
ke He ; (4.1.35)
This equation at v<<c
0
c
v
, after evolving
( )
2
1
2
1

in power series
and taking only the first two terms of the series is reduced to
2 2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
v . m
c
v
. . c . m W W
k H
; (4.1.36)
Here m
0
is the mass of the object at rest (v=0).
This is experimentally proved and undeniable scientific fact.
Third
Apparently, when the electron moves at velocity 0 v , which is obtained as a
result of the additional energy W imparyted to it through the action of force
F

(which draws energy

r . F W

from an external source (external field

,
H

or
G

)), this energy W is transformed in the electron by means of its

electrostatic field

into its own magnetic energy

W W
H

, which has mass
2
c
W
m
H

(since the law
2
c . m W
makes it clear that each energy W has
41
mass
2
c
W
m
).
This magnetic energy is function of the square of velocity of the electron v
2
. And
when altering the velocity, depending on the sign of alteration of the velocity v t ,
H
W
and m also alter by getting increased or decresed. Here implicitly
manifests the law of Faraday for induction
,
`

.
|
E
dt
d
H
.
In this sense, an electron at velocity 0 v , different from zero, always receives
accretion to magnetic energy
0
H
W
and mass
0
H
m
. This fact means that
strictly speaking, the mass of bodies, which are in motion ( 0 v ) is not
constant, but is always greater than their mass at rest. But this additional mass
at velocity v<<c is much smaller than their mass at rest and therefore it is usually
ignored.
Fourth
The mass of the electron
0 c
m
at rest (v=0) and the mass of magnetic energy
W
H
bound to it (at velocity v 0) always generate gravitational fields:
a)
2
0 0
0
r
r . . m
G
e

; b)
2
0
r
r . . m
G
H
H

; (4.1.37)
to which correspond the densities of their gravitational energies:
a)
.
G
w
G
2
2
0
0
; b)

.
G
w
H
CH
2
2
(4.1.39)
an respective gravitational energies after integrating (4.1.39)
a)

dV . w W
G G 0 0
; b)

dV . w W
CH GH
] (4.1.39)
and their respective gravitational masses:
a)
2
0
0
c
W
m
G
G

; b)
2
c
W
m
GH
GH

(4.1.40)
which give an insignificant contribution to the full mass of the electron (of the
body) and for this reason are ignored. It should be noted that there are no
independent gravitational fields, nor independent gravitational energies, which
are not directly bound to the electromagnetic matter which generates them.
Fifth
It is apparent from (4.1.1a) or (4.2.2a), which describe the process of interaction
between electron

0
e and positron
+
0
e
in a state of rest (
) v 0
,that as a result of
this process of interaction, they are restructured into the elementary particles photons
with energies f
W
, masses f
m
and momentums
f
P

, which move at velocity ,

and which are:
42
a)
v . h W
f

; b)
2
c
W
m
f
f

; c)
c
c
c ; c .
c
W
c . m P
f
f f

0 0
;(4.1.41)
From these experimentally confirmed reactions of interaction it is apparent
that in the electron and positron at rest there exists (there is a potential of) in an
implicit form their potential property of selfmotion (or of motion). And this
potential property of selfmotion in the conditions (the situation) of the electron and
positron one next to the other in a state of rest (
) v 0
is generated in explicit
(real) motion. This results in their restructuring into photons, which are self-
moving at the velocity of the electromagnetic waves .
It is only at motion of the structural elements of the initial elementary particles
(the electron and positron) that they are restructured into new elementary particles
(photons), which move at the velocity of the electromagnetic waves . This is the
mechanism of restructuring as a result of the interaction, which essentially is also a
mechanism of performing work during the interaction between two objecta. In
physics, this process is described by the action of force F, which by definition has
dimensionality:
[ ]
1
m . J
=
distance
joule
=
distance
energy
=
r
W
; (4.1.42)
I.e. by definition, during interaction between two objects, force F is carrier
of the energy, which one object conveys (exhanges) to the other object along a
unit of pathway of the interaction.
Since the energies W and the masses m are connected ( )
2
c . m W , then to force
F correspond energy
F
W
and mass
F
m
, exchanged along of a unit of pathway,
a)
F W
F

; b)
2 2
c
F
c
W
m
F
F

; (4.1.43)
These energy
F
W
and mass
F
m
are in the form of respective elementary
particles matter, which in the electrons are photons, and carry the electromagnetic
matter and the momentum from one object to another at the velocity of the
electromagnetic waves ( light) .
The above described mechanism proves that electromagnetic matter has the
potential property of selfmotion, which determines its ability to be restructured
or to perform work.
And the notion of force illustrates the conveyance of a certain quantity (quant) of
matter in the process of interaction. This changes the quantities of matters of the
interacting objects. Only when the alteration of the quantities of their matters
(masses) is more than or equal to their measure for new properties of the object,
only then there is restructuring, which leads to new properties of the objects.
4.3. General conclusions
1. The kinetic energy is electromagnetic energy in the form of magnetic matter,
i.e. kinetic energy is identical to electromagnetic matter of a relevant structure. And
43
in mechanics, its structure is in the form of magnetic energy, respectively of magnetic
matter, but is described by a simpler formula, because v << .
2. All energies, not only the potential, but also the kinetic (including the
mechanical and the gravitational) are homogenous and have only electromagnetic
essence, but in the form (state) of various structures.
3. What is written in point 1 and 2 of this conclusion holds true for all masses.
4. The unitary matter of Nature (the World) is only electromagnetic matter in a
field form and in a substantial form.
5. TRANSFER OF KINETIC (ELECTROMAGNETIC) ENERGY FROM ONE
OBJECT ONTO ANOTHER
5.1. General formulations
There is a basic experiment in mechanics, in which two identical balls collide.
When ball 1 moves at velocity
1
v
and collides centrally with ball 2, which is at rest
( ) 0
2
v , after the collision ball 1 remains at rest ( ) 0
1
v in the place of collision,
and ball 2 starts moving at velocity
1 2
v v
.
A similar effect is obtained with two electrons or with an electron and a body or
with two bodies, because they are made of electromagnetic matter, whose structural
elements (electrons, protons, neutrons) are products of electrons (bipolar independent
electric charges), i.e. of electromagnetic elementary particles.
For this purpose, in order to explain the process of transfer of kinetic energy
from one object to another, a model is considered of interaction of an electron at
velocity c v << and another electron at rest
( ) 0 v
.
The electron at velocity
c v <
and energy
He
W
, given in (3.2.17), when
encountering another electron, which is at rest
( ) 0 v
, in an interaction for time dt,
reduces its velocity by dt a v d

( a

is acceleration) along distance dt v r d

and performs work dA, which is equal to the reduction of its energy by
H
dW
, as
follows:
( )
c
v
; v d v . c . m dW r d . F dA
e He e




2
3
2 2
0
1
; (5.1.1)
where force
e
F is:
a)
( ) a . c . m P d .
dt . v
P d
. v r .
dr
dW
F
e
He
e

2
3
2 2
0 0
1


; b)
dt
v d
a

;
c)
r
r
r

0 (5.1.2)
In forceful interaction at velocity from 0 v to 0 v , the electron has great
acceleration and therefore it emits (gives out) electromagnetic energy
He
W
in the
form of an electromagnetic wave at velocity , equal to the work .
44
( )
( ) ; c . m
c . m dW W A
e
v e
v
H He
]
]
]
]

1 1
1
2
1
2 2
0
0
2
1
2 2
0
0

(5.1.3)
This energy is absorbed by the electron at rest and it is set into motion at velocity
v and acquires electromagnetic (magnetic, kinetic) energy
He
W
, with ignoring the
energy emitted into the surrounding space in the form of unabsorbed electromagnetic
waves. At v << c the term
( )
2
1
2
1

is expanded in power series and the first two

terms are taken and then, with sufficient precision, at v << c the energy
He
W
is
described by:
k
e
e He
W
v . m
c .
v
c . m W
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
; (5.1.4)
For a neutral body with mass m
T
, the effective square of the electric charge
m
T
T
k
m
Q
2
is used and the body is treated as electron with mass
m T T
k . Q m
2
.
5.2. Summary to paragraph 5
5.2.1. Electromagnetic matter is composed of (structured by) restructured
electric charges. From the fact that kinetic energy is magnetic energy implies the
summarized conclusion that natural objects are made of electromagnetic matter (in a
field form and in a substantial form) and that it is a structure of electric charges. These
charges are in an explicit form or in a restructured, implicit form, i.e. the charges are
in independent or summarized (for example, in what are neutrons and other
elementary particles), implicit state.
But regardless of the state in which the electric charges are, they always
manifest their main (their attributive) property at motion (velocity
( ) 0 v
of
generating (creating) inseparable by itself magnetic field - magnetic energy,
which is called kinetic. And the energy at rest
( ) 0 v
is energy of their electrostatic
and gravitational fields. Almost always their gravitational energies and masses are not
considered (accounted for), since they are about 10
40
times smaller than the
electrostatic energy and mass.
5.2.2. Essentially, magnetic energy of the electric charges is transformed energy
(electromagnetic or gravitational), which the charges have absorbed from the outside
in order to accelerate (that their mass be accelerated) up to a relevant velocity v

,
`

.
|
t
m
F
v
e
d

, by the action of the motion force

d
F

.
In this sense, the energy absorbed from the outside is transformed into
45
magnetic energy and it is proportional to the mass of the charge q
m
and the
square of its velocity, i.e.
2
2
v
m W
q qH

; (5.2.1)
And this magnetic energy qH
W
has mass
2
c
W
m
qH
qH

, which is bound
inseparably to the mass of charge at rest 0 q
m
. Because of this, at low velocity
0 v the mass of a charge is a sum of its mass at rest and its magnetic mass,
0 g g
m m <<
and therefore can be ignored, i.e.
0 0 q qH q q
m m m m +
; (5.2.2)
Considering Newtons formulation that the mass is an abstracted notion of the
notion of matter, we have this conclusion:
When accelerating a charge, the quantity of matter increases, since to its
matter at rest ( 0 v ) is also added the matter, which it has obtained from the
outside - from its motive force (electromagnetic or gravitational).
But both matters, one of the electrostatic and the other of the gravitational field,
are electromagnetic, only that they have different structures.
6. EINSTEIN PROVED THAT KINETIC ENERGY IS MAGNETIC ENERGY,
WITHOUT HIMSELF BEING AWARE OF THAT
6.1. Introduction
Einstein did not realize that he had given convincing proof on kinetic energy
being of electromagnetic essence, first in his article Zur lektrodynamik der
bewegter Krper. Ann Phys. 1905,17,891-921. There, in that paragraph, was made
an analysis, cited here as given in its Russion translation, in volume I of Albert
Einstein, Collected Scientific Works, publ. Nauka, Moscow. 1965.
In that article, paragraph 10 Dynamics of a slightly accelerated electron,
Einstein presented the complete formulation of kinetic energy by motivating his
conclusions and giving the formulae for the relationships between the longitudinal
and transverse masses of the electron; he wrote:
Let us assume that a point-like particle with electric charge q
e
(which we shall
later call electron) moves in electromagnetic field, for whose laws of motion we
assign.
Further he described briefly the processes towards axis only, since the end
calculations were given only for axis .
The equation of the movement is
e e
E . q
dt
x d
. m
2
2
; (6.1-1)
where: m
e
is the mass of the electron; q
e
the electric charge of electron;

external
electrostatic field.
The above equation through Lorentz transformations, given in paragraphs 3 and
6 of that article, is transformed into
46
a)
e e
E . q
dt
x d
. . m
2
2
3
0

;
2
1
2
2
3
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
; (6.1-2)
When force
e e
E . q F
this law holds true:
force = mass by acceleration =
;
dt
x d
. . m E . q a . m
e e
2
2
3
0

(6.1-3)
For F
e
the acceleration is
;
dt
x d
.
m
F
a
e
e
2
2
3
0

(6.1-4)
Therefore, the masses are:
longitudinal mass =
2
3
2
1
2
2
0
1

]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

c
v
. m
e ; (6.1-5)
transverse mass =
2
1
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
. m
e
; (6.1-6)
He wrote:
First. Let us note that these results for the masses hold true for neutral material
points, since with such a material point, when a randomly small electric charge is
imparted to it, it turns into electron (in our sense).
Second. About the conclusion from the formula for kinetic energy he wrote:
Let us determine the kinetic energy of the electron. If the electron is at the beginning
of the coordinate system with initial velocity 0 and it moves along axis , pushed
by the action of electrostatic force F
e
, then it is clear that the energy imparted to it by
electrostatic field

(P.P.s note) is
dx . E . q
e

. Since the electron moves slowly

and because of this it will not emit energy, then the energy which it obtains from the
electrostatic field will be accummulated into energy of motion W
k
of the electron.
Considering that in the course of the whole studied process of motion, the first
equation of () holds true, we have:

;
c
v
. c . m dv . v . m . dx . E . q W
v
e e e K

]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

0
2
1
2
2
2
0 0
3
1 1

(6.1-7)
...this expression for the kinetic energy holds true for all masses because of the
given above grounds (the text after the formulae for the masses (P.P.s note))
47
6.2. Analysis of the essence of Einsteins work.
6.2.1. Some notes
6.2.1.1. The symbols of the quantities used here are not as given by Einstein,
but updated ones.
6.2.1.2. The designation of

according to paragraph 3 is
;
c
v
c
v
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1

,
`

.
|

(6.2-1)
6.2.1.3. Before the 1905 article, it was known that:
a) Independent electric charges are negative and positive (bipolar).
b) the masses at rest of the bipolar, independent electric charges have electric
charge C . , q
e
19
10 6 1

t , and identical values, and are:
a)
; k . q
c . r . . .
q
m m m
m e
e
e
e e
e
2
2
0 0
2
0 0
0
4

+

b)
( ) ; . . . . 4
1
2
0 0

c r k
e m

(6.2-2)
6.2.1.4. The integrals here are designated as follows:
a)

; dx . E . q J
B e k1 b)
; dv . v . m . J
v
e k

0
0
3
2

(6.2-3)
6.2.2. Analysis of the essence of the accretion of the mass of the electron.
6.2.2.1. The mass at rest of the electron is
;
c
W
m
e
e
2
0
0

(6.2-4)
Where:
0 e
W
is the energy of the electron at rest. By definition, the energy
0 e
W
is
equal to the integral of the density of electrostatic energy of the electrostatic field:
a)
;
r . . .
q
E
e
2
0
4

b)
;
E .
w
e
2
2
0

(6.2-5)
multiplied by the differential of volume
dr . r . . dV
2
4
within the limits of
0 e
r

to infinity, i.e.

;
r . . .
q
dV . w W
e
e
r
e e
e
0 0
2
0
4
0

(6.2-6)
And the mass of the electron at rest is
48
; k . q
c . r . . .
q
c
W
m
m e
e
e e
e
2
2
0 0
2
2
0
0
4


(6.2-7)
Apparently, the mass of the electron at rest
0 e
m
has only electric
(electromagnetic) essence. Moreover, this fact is was known to Einstein in 1905.
6.2.2.2. The mass at velocity 0 v
( ) ;
c
v
; . m
c
v
. m m
e e e

,
`

.
|

2
1
2
0
2
1
2
2
0
1 1
(6.2-8)
This mass is obtained as a result of the law that when an electric charge q
e
is set
into motion at velocity v

, magnetic field
H

and induction
B

are generated
around it
a)
[ ]; E . v . H

0

b)
[ ]
;
c
E . v
H . B
2
0

(6.2-9)
The energy of the magnetic field

W H

is inseparable from the electron

whose charge is q
e
.
This energy

W
is obtained after integrating the differential of the energy, as
well as field
H

itself.
; r d . F dW
e

(6.2-10)
within the limits of velocity from zero to
v
.
The force F
e
is derivative of the momentum of the electron with variable mass m
e

v . m P
e e

, as follows

( )
( )
; v d
c
v . . m
dt
v d
. m
dt
P d
F
e
e
e
e

2
2
3
2
0
2
1
2
0
1
1

(6.2-11)
And by processing and accounting for the expression
;
dt
dv
v
dt
dv
v . v
2

(6.2-12)
we obtain
( ) ;
dt
v d
. m . v d . . m F
e e e

0
3
2
3
2
0
1

(6.2-13)
And the integral for

W
is
( ) ; . c . m v d . v . m . r d . F W J
e
v
e
v
e H
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2 2
0
0
0
3
0

(6.2-14)
To this magnetic energy of the electron corresponds its magnetic mass
49
( ) ; . m
c
W
m
e

e
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2
0
2

(6.2-15)
The full mass
e
m
of the electron is the sum of
e e
m m +
0
i.e.
( ) ;
c
v
. m . m m m m
e e e e e
2
1
2
2
0
2
1
2
0 0
1 1

,
`

.
|
+
(6.2-16)
And its full energy is
( ) ; . c . m c . m W
e e e
2
1
2 2
0
2
1


(6.2-17)
The set forth above illustrate the reliable truth that the mass of the electron
(at rest or at motion) is only electromagnetic, as is the accretion of the mass of
the electron at setting in motion from
0 e
m
to
0 e e
m m >
. Consequently, the
mass of its magnetic energy
2
c
W
m

e

as a result of velocitya v

, is
( ) ; . m m m m
e e e e
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2
0 0

(6.2-18)
6.2.3. Analysis of the essence of kinetic energy

W
Here the analysis of the essence of kinetic energy

W
comes down to analysis
of the energies, which are described by intergrals in equation (6.2-3)
( )

]
]
]
]

; . c . m J J dv . v . m . dx . E . q W
e k k
v
e B e k
1 1
2
1
2 2
0 2 1
0
0
3

(6.2-19)
where:
a)

; dx . E . q J
B e k1 b)
; dv . v . m . J
v
e k

0
0
3
2

(6.2-20)
6.2.3.1. On the energy described by the integral
1 k
J
Einsteins text, cited before equation (6.1-7), for

W , where he wrote Let us

determine the kinetic energy of the electron. If the electron is at the beginning of the
coordinate system with initial velocity zero and it moves along axis X, pushed by
the action of electrostatic force F
e
, it is clear that the energy W
k
is the one taken from
the electrostatic field (here, by electrostatic field is meant the external electrostatic
field E

, under the action of which is generated electric force F

e
= q
e.
E

(P.P.s note)),
where the energy is

dx . E . q
B e , therefore, the energy described by the integral
1 k
J
is electromagnetic, in the form of an electrostatic structure. Clearly, the energy
described by Einstein with integral
1 k
J
is only electromagnetic energy.
50
6.2.3.2. On the energy described by the integral
2 k
J
From the text before

W
, where he wrote: ..., then the energy, which the
electron has taken from the electrostatic field must be equal to the energy of the
movement

W
of the electron. We assume that in the course of the studied process
of motion the first of the equations () holds true, and we have:

( ) ; . c . m J J W
e k k k

]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2 2
0 2 1

(6.2-21)
According to the previous text, on obtaining equations (6.2-7) is is seen that the
energy of the electrostatic field E
B
(the integral
1 k
J
), which is in the system K,
which is stationary and is transformed into the moving system , which moves
together with the electron, in the form of magnetic energy, described by the integral
2 k
J
, which is given in (6.2-20)b. I.e. the magnetic energy of the electron is equal
to the electrostatic energy omparted to it from the external field E

, which is
restructured in magnetic around the electron, as it is given in point 6.2-22 of the
analysis of the essence of the mass of the electron, which mass is electromagnetic.
6.2.4. On the essence of the terms of the formula of

W
This formula can be considered as described by three terms
( ) ; 1 1 ). ).( (
2
1
2 2
0
]
]
]

c m W
e k
(6.2-22)
The essences of the nature of the three terms can be determined, and they
determine the essence of kinetic energy:
a) The first term is the mass of the electron at rest, which is:
a)
; k . q
c . r . . .
q
c
W
m
m e
e
e e
e
2
2
0 0
2
2
0
0
4


b)
( ) ; c . r . . . k
e m
1
2
0 0
4


(6.2-23)
Apparently,
0 e
m
has only electromagnetic essence.
b) The second term is the velocity of the electromagnetic waves, determined by
the electronagnetic parameters

;
energy netic electromag
2
mass netic electromag m
W
c
e
e

(6.2-24)
is function of the electromagnetic quantities, i.e. velocity is an electromagnetic
quantity, too.
c) The third term
( )
]
]
]
]

1 1
2
1
2

is a dimensionless quantity, i.e. the third

term is neutral with regard to the essence or, in other words, it does not have
essence as its property, but is only a number.
51
Therefore, from points (a, b and c) the final conclusion is

k
W
electromagnetic quantity, multiplied by a number = electromagnetic quantity.
6.3. Conclusions
1. The mass of the electron increases from
0 e
m
at rest to
2
1
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
. m m
e e
at velocity v, as a result of the electrostatic energy for
acceleration imparted from the outside, which is transformed into the form of
magnetic energy

W
.
;
c
v
c . m c . m
c
v
. c . m W
e e e e
]
]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|


1 1 1
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
0 (6.3-1)
to which corresponds electromagnetic mass
2
c
W
m
e
e

, so that the resultant
mass of the electron is
;
c
v
. k . q
c
W W
m
m e
e e
e
2
1
2
2
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

+

(6.3-2)
i.e. the whole mass of the electron at velocity
v
is only electromagnetic, and this
implies that the matter of the electron has only electromagnetic essence it is
electromagnetic matter. This matter is carrier of the tandem energy-mass(
2
c . m W
).
2. Electromagnetic (magnetic) energy of the electron at velocity
v
,

W

essentially is identical to the so-called by Isaak Newton kinetic energy and it is
still called so nowadays. I.e. essentially, the magnetic (electromagnetic) energy of
the electromagnetic elementary particle, the electron, is called kinetic energy.
Einstein summarized that in his text This expression for kinetic energy holds
true for all masses.
3. This summarization by Einstein of the experimental facts is also confirmed by
the fact that kinetic energy of the electron is identical to its magnetic energy at
velocity
v
.
6.4. Epilogue
The set forth above makes it clear that Einstein, without himself being aware,
proved a remarkable point in natural laws, namely, the law that kinetic energy is
magnetic energy. But he incorrectly assumed that there was non-electromagnetic
energy, called kinetic. Unfortunately, researchers of Einsteins works have not
brought forth this crucial for physics law, which is a core component of the logical
foundations (theoretical foundations) of physics.
52
7. SUBSTANTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE FACT THAT KINETIC
ENERGY IS MAGNETIC ENERGY
7.1. Introduction
Proceeding from the facts that:
a) The unsettled until this day essence of kinetic energy is essentially
electromagnetic energy, of magnetic structure and
b) The law for conservation of the energy and the mass and their restructuring
from some into other structural states, this means that:
A. All energies and masses are homogenous in their essence, i.e. they are
formed out of a homogenous (unitary in kind) resource (substance), because, if
they were heterogenous, it would be impossible to say which kind can be conserved,
and which cannot.
. The energy and the mass are something material, because only about
material objects, phenomena and processes can it be claimed that they can be
conserved, and not about immaterial. Therefore, energy and the mass are forms of
the states of matter, i.e. they are matter in various structures, in motion and at rest.
I.e. the energies and the masses of the objects are specific manifestations of
their electromagnetic matters.
. The previous conclusion entails the conclusion that all objects in nature
generate in motion inseparable of each other kinetic (magnetic) energy and mass,
which fact is a reason to claim that natural objects, without exception, generate
magnetic energy inseparable of them.
D. The conclusion that all objects generate, in motion, magnetic energy,
respectively magnetic fields
H

, which can only be generated only by electric

charges
e
q
,
a) [ ]
2
0
0
4 r
h . v . q
E . v H
e

; b) [ ]
0 0 0
r . v h

; (7.1.1)
necessitates a conclusion (claim) without alternative that in explicit or implicit
(transformed) form, all objects are carriers of electric charges in explicit or
restructured state. I.e. all natural objects are structured out of some form of electric
charges, whose forms are not always known. For instance, in protons p and
neutrons n there are electric charges with values
e
q
3
1

and
e
q
3
2
t
. Gamma
photons at collision with the atomic nucleus disintegrate into electron

0
and
positron
+
0

, i.e. in gamma photons they existed in implicit form (restructured)

negative
0 <
e
q
and positive
0 >
e
q
electric charges.
. The fact that kinetic energy is magnetic is the reason to introduce new ideas
of unity in physics, which reflect:
7.2. First
The kinetic (magnetic) energy, which is a field form of the electromagnetic
53
matter are restructured into a substantial form (substance) at interaction
between accelerated electric charges. For example, the kinetic (magnetic) energies
of an accelerated electron

0
and positron
+
0

are restructured in protons (p and

p
) or neutrons (
n
and n ). Or their masses are obtained in function of the mass of
the electrons
m e e
k . q m
2
0
, as it is seen from the formulae given above (4.1.3).
7.3. Second
The fact that magnetic energy
ek eH
W W
, which has mass
eH
m
, generates
around the atom and is inseparable from the atom means that this mass, added to its
mass at rest
0 e
m
determines the value of the mass of the electron at a certain
velocity v

. This mass is
( )
2
1
2
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
1 1 1

,
`

.
|

]
]
]
]

+ +
c
v
m
c
c m
m
c
W
m m
e
e
e
eH
e e

; (7.3.1)
I.e. the relationship between the mass of the electron and its velocity is also a
result of the fact that kinetic energy is magnetic. This clarifies its accretion; this
accretion comes from the mass of the magnetic energy, which is transformed energy
absorbed from the outside. This external energy is necessary to accelerate the
electron to velocity v.
7.4. Third
The inertial force is electromagnetic force.
Proceeding from the fact that kinetic energy is magnetic and with an electron at
velocity t . a v

, where a

is its acceleration, this circumstance means that when

0 a

, its magnetic (kinetic) energy alters. It increases when a

is a positive value -
the velocity increases and vice versa - when a

is negative - the velocity decreases.

This alteration of the magnetic energy, respectively of the magnetic flux is related to
the alteration of the kinetic energy, which is also related to Faradays law of
induction, i.e. according to Faradays law, alteration of magnetic flux
dt
d
has as its
effect generation of eddy-current electric field
E

E
dt
i . d

(7.4.1)
This circumstance also implies the law that with any alteration of the kinetic
(magnetic) energy of the electron, eddy-current electric field
E

is induced in it,
according to (7.4.1) in direction opposite to the acceleration
0 e
d
d
m
F
a

; (7.4.2)
as a result of the motive force
d
F

and inertal force

E . q F
e ie

occurs.
I.e. force
ie
F

is in opposite direction to force

d
F

and for this force

ie
F

is
54
the inertial force of the electron.
Below is given a detailed solution and how the expression of the inertial force is
obtained.
Through cross-section dS in a plane, going through the center of the electron
and perpendicular to acceleration a

, with dimension
1
o
l
, perpendicular to
0
l r

and dimension dr along
r

in point , i.e.
dr . dr l dS 1
0

, runs
elementary magnetic flux
B . dS d
e

. The flux, which encompasses the electron
through the center and along a unit of length on the axis of a

is:
a)
e
e
e
e
r
e e
q
m
c r
t . a . q
d
e
0
2
0 0
4
0

; b) at a = 0

= 0; (7.4.3)
The derivative of
e
in the time, according to Faradays law induces in the
center of the electron electromotive field E
ei
in direction, opposite to acceleration a

e
e
e
a e a e
ei
q
a m
c r
i a q
dt
i d
E

0
2
0 0
4

;
a
a
i
a

; (7.4.4)
This
ei
E

field of its interaction the electric charge

e
q
of the electron
generates electromagnetic force
a)
a . m E . q F
e ei e ie


0

; (7.4.5)
which is equal in value and opposite in direction to the motive forces which set
the electron into motion
a)
e B e d
F E . q F

; b)
G e d
F G . m F

;
c)
G e d ie
F F F F

; (7.4.6)
or
0 +
ie d
F F

; (7.4.7)
where:
G

is gravitational field.
In this sense,
ie
F

is the inertial force, which in the sense of Newton is:

a)
d i
F a . m F

; b) d i
F F

(7.4.8)
i.e. the inertial force is electromagnetic in essence and is a result of a self-action of
the electron upon itself. Essentially, the inertial force is a manifestation of the law for
conservation of the mass and the energy of an object, by counteracting against the
external factor, which aims at altering them (the motive force
d
F

) with the same

value, but with an opposite sign, so that their sum is zero
d i
F F

+ = 0 or the object
retains its mass and energy.
This solution for the inertial force is a result of the fact that kinetic energy is
magnetic energy.
55
7.5. Fourth.
Essence and results with Plancks constant
As it has already been ascertained in paragraph 4.1., in annihilation of electron
-
0
e and positron
+

e at 0 v photons are obtained ( )

+
+
0
-
0
e e
. 2
, whose
wave length coincides with the length of the wave of Compton m
13
k
10 . 42 . 2


(4.1.2), which is in essence electromagnetic, and the constant of Planck determined by
this reaction (interaction) is
frequency
c k q
c k q W c m
h
energy netic electromag
. . .
. . .
k e
2
e
k
2
e
2
e
k
e0
2
e0

[ ] S J,
; (7.5-1)
By analogy, for protons p and neutrons n, which at annihilation generate photons
with respective compton lengths of waves and frequencies
a)
0 0
p p +

p
. 2
; b)
n 0
. 2 +n n
;
b)
p
2
p0
. 2 . . 2 h c m
; d)
n n0
. h . m 2 2
(7.5-2)
a)
m . ,
c . m
h
c . m
c . h
p0
p0
kp
16
2
10 19 13


;
b)
Hz . .
c
kp
pk
15
10 27 2

; (7.5-3)
a)
m
c m
h
r m
c h
16
n0
2
no
kn
10 . 19 . 13
. .
.


;
b)
Hz . ,
c
kn
nk
15
10 274 2

; (7.5-4)
Whence comes the physical essence of Plancks constant
( )
frequency
c k q
c m
c m
h
energy netic electromag
1 1 . . .
.
.
2
1
2 2
e
2
e
nk
2
n0
pk
2
p0

]
]
]

[ ] S J,
; (7.5-5)
It is apparent from the set fourth above that in essence h is constant only when
determining the energy of electromagnetic waves for a finite time interval of n
periods
0
.
1
T n t

. Therefore, Plancks constant can be used only for

electromagnetic waves, as well as for compton waves, which are only electromagnetic
waves of fixed frequency
k

and length of the wave

k

. The fact that it is used

for all elementary particles speaks that it is implicitly acknowledged that
principally they are only of electromagnetic essence (i.e. all elementary particles
56
are only of electromagnetic essence) and can be restructured from substantial
into field form and vice versa.
7.6. Fifth. Relationship of the forces of interaction between elementary
particles
Proceeding from the fact that the energy of an elementary particle is
2

.c m W and the formula for force, as a derivative of this energy towards the
distance
a
0

.
dr
r
dW
F

; b)
dr

dm
c F ,; (7.6-1)
it follows that th relationship between the forces F
1
and F
2
of two particles with
masses m
1
and m
2
is
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1 2 1
2
1
m dm . c
.
dW dr dr F
m dm
dm
dm c dW dW dW F

; (7.6-2)
The relationship between the forces of interaction of the neutron (nucleon) n
1
and
the electron
'
2
n is
3
31
27
e
n
e
n
10 . 83 . 1
10 . 1 . 9
10 . 67 . 1
m F

m F
; (7.6-3)
which value is within the range of known data.
8. A MODEL OF THE DEDUCTIVE PRINCIPLE OF THE
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MATTER
8.1. General formulations
Science does not give mirror reflections of natural facts (objects, phenomena,
processes and so forth), but only gives (builds) simplified (idealized, abstracted)
models for them by means of simplified notions. The simplified (theoretical)
notions contain only properties essential for the purpose of the study. In this
sense, for one physical quantity there may be seevral theoretical notions and
models depending on the purposes of the studies.
In this aspect, the purpose of science is to summarize, under a common sign, the
diversity of natural manifestations (facts) in a given area. In this sense, it builds
models of the regularities essential for the purpose of the study.
In order to obtain reliable models, it is required:
First. To proceed from reliable facts which must also be experimentally
confirmed. These facts, as a system, were called prerequisites by Aristotle 4 centuries
BC.
Second. The prerequisites must be analyzed and based on them, by means of the
laws of logics (which are summarized empirical laws), conclusions have to be made
on models (regularities) for the relevant object (area of natural manifestations) in the
form of respective laws (theories).
Third. Before they are experimentally confirmed, these laws (theories)
57
remain only hypotheses. Only after their experimental confirmation do they
acquire the status of laws (theories).
The above approach as method for obtaining new conclusions-truths (laws) was
suggested by Aristotle and is called method of formal logic - MFL. MFL is based on
the experimental fact that the whole has more properties than the arithmetic sum of
the properties of its parts. Here it is taken into consideration that:
a) the prerequisite is the whole, and it is a system of truths, which are
experimentally confirmed.
b) therefore, the whole - the prerequisite, which is a system of truths, considered
as independent objects (elements), has explicit properties for the conditions at which
their properties were ascertained.
c) but every object, apart from its explicit properties, which are ascertained in
certain conditions (situations), has also potential implicit properties, for which
proper conditions have not yet occurred.
d) in the whole (the system of truths), called a prerequisite, there are new
conditions (situations) for transformation of some of the potential properties into
explicit and it is exactly out of them that new truths are formulated about the structure
of a model for the purpose, for which research is done. Here is the unlimitedness of
knowledge - of science.
Under these conditions it is clear that the new truths (properties, laws) have not
emerged out of nothing, but they were in a latent state as potential in the structural
elements of the whole - the prerequisite.
In this sense, the models (conclusions, laws), which are obtained, have evidential
force within the experimental facts, out of which is formed the prerequisite (the
system of truths already known from experimental facts).
8.2. A specific model of deductive principle according to MFL
In the sense of the requirements set forth above for the model of the specific
material object, which is studied and which meets the above conditions, the following
thesis is accepted here.
First. All natural objects (facts) are structures out of one homogenous resource
of unknown essence (nature), which has not been observed and cannot be observed as
free and independent, regardless of the fact that all natural facts (objects) are formed
out of it.
Second. The carrier of the main (attributive) properties of natural objects is the
initial resource, and their structures determine specific properties, these structures
themselves forming the notion of matter in a field form and a substantial form.
Third. It is assumed here that the initial, primary structure, which is the carrier
of the most general explicit main properties, such as: energy, mass and electrostatic,
magnetic and gravitational fields, are the elementary substantial particles electron

e
and positron
+
e
, which are bipolar independent electric charges with the value
19
10 6 1

. , q
e
. These bipolar particles are from the same resource, but are
formed as two mirror-image symmetric structures out of equal amount of initial
resource. This is the reason why they are bipolar and with identical quantitative
58
values.
From the interactions (exchange of energy and mass) between these bipolar
particles are obtained new, and in this way their formerly potential properties become
manifest (become explicit), i.e. the bipolar particles are restructured into new (other)
material structures. The new structures retain the main properties but now they
manifest (under the new conditions) their formerly potential properties as explicit
properties.
This model shows that the initial deductive principle in describing the natural
facts (manifestations, processes, properties and so forth), at the present level of
knowledge, can be accomplished best by using: a) Maxwells electromagnetic theory -
Maxwells equations, and b) I. Newtons gravitational theory, given through Poissons
equations in 1813.
The system of equations of Maxwell and Poisson is essentially the needed
deductive principle, which is termed here
Principal
a)
t
B
E rot

; b)
e
D div

;
c) E D

0
; I
a) j
t
D
H rot

; b)
0 B div

;
c) H B

0
; II
a)
0 G rot

; b) . . G div 4

;
III

'

(8.1)
where:
D

and
B

are the electric and magnetic induction;

J

is the density of the

current, if there is current,

- the density of the mass of electromagnetic matter,

- the gravitational constant.
9. CONCLUSION TO CHAPTER ONE
1. The greatest and most fatal fallacy or mistake, which prevents us from
ascertaining the unity of matter in nature, and thus the unity of sciences for
natural facts (objects, phenomena, processes and so forth) is the unawareness
that kinetic energy, which determines the dynamics in nature, is electromagnetic
in the form of a magnetic structure - the structure of magnetic energy (magnetic
field).
2. This mistake results in unawareness of that:
2.1. The essence of nature of matter, out of which are formed all natural
facts, is electromagnetic.
2.2. All material objects, in motion at velocity, different form zero, generate
magnetic energy, which is called kinetic energy.
2.3. The gravitational field is a secondary electromagnetic field, since the
electric and the magnetic fields generate gravitational fields.
59
Literature
1. J. Maxwell. Izbranie sochineniya po teoriyu elektromagnitnogo polya. GITT
literaturi, Moscow, 1967. Editor: P. S. Kudryatsev. Translated from: J. C. Maxwell,
The Selected Scietific Writing on the Electomagnetic Field Theory. Moscow, 1952.
2. P. N. Lebedev. Sobranie sochineniy (Collected Works). Publ. Ac. Nauk SSSR.
1963.
3. A. Einstein. K electrodinamike dvizhushchihsya tel. SNT, vol I, p.7, Nauka.
Moscow, 1965. Translated from: Einstein. Zur Electrodynamik der bewegten Krper.
Ann. Phys., 1905, 17, s.891-921.
60
Chapter Two
BLUNDERED FORMULATIONS AND THEORIES
This critical presentation of the supplements is not because of the authors
evil will, but because of the irresistible power of the logic of complex analysis
and experimental data, which are the criterion of veracity for each theory.
This criterion is not an accidental choice but it has been established in the
course of thousand of years of scientific development, because science is a
self-regulating system based on experimental data criteria of veracity.
. First blunder.
FLAWS IN MICHELSON MORLEYS
EXPERIMENT, MME
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of Michelson Morleys experiment (MME) was to establish
whether luminiferous ether exists as per Fresnels hypothesis of 1816. MME was first
arranged and conducted in 1881 by Michelson alone, and then was conducted
together with the chemist Morley and independently by many other scientists, even
more precisely. But the results showed only that, as Michelson according to [1] (p.
215) put it:: The interpretation of the results from the experiment lead to the
conclusion that there is not any shift in the strips of interference. This fact shows the
flaw of the hypothesis of immovable ether and leads to the conclusion that this
hypothesis is wrong. In [2] Einstein wrote: The negative result of this experiment
(he referred to MME P. P.s note), shows that with respect to the inertial
coordinate systems in vacuum, light propagates at constant velocity, which does
not depend on the velocity of motion of these systems. To be more precise, this
experiment leads us to the conclusion that the time, needed by the light to travel
in a straight and reverse direction along a hard rod at rest towards the earth,
does not depend on the spacial orientation of this rod.
Despite the evidence that the MME setup of 1881 does not meet the experimental
results, it has not been analyzed with respect to its wrongness, and most scientists
have only made the conclusion that there is no immovable luminiferous ether. Here
some analysis will be made to point out the errors in Michelsons setup of MME.
2. THE SETUP OF MME ACCORDING TO MICHELSON
Here the setup is given according to the description of MME by Max Born in [4]
(chapter V, paragraph 14). The scheme of the interferometer is on Fig. 1a, where are
arms and . The reflective mirrors are 1 and 1 at the ends of the arms, l
0
is the
length of the arms and .
61
Fig. 1a Fig. 1 b
The time t
A
of travel of the beam along the length l
0
of the arm - fig. 1a, which
is parallel to the velocity of the Earth v

, along which moves the light, whose velocity

of emission is c, in straight direction from toward
1
is determined by the velocity
0A
v c u +
, and in the reverse direction by the velocity
A0
v c u
. The sum of
these two time intervals is
2
2
1 1
v c
c . l .
v c v c
l t
2
0

0 A

,
`

.
|

+
+

; (2-1)
The time t
B
of travel of the light along the arm in fig. 1b is computed by
assuming that along the hypotenuse the velocity is , and the perpendicular velocity,
at which the light travels moves is
c c <
'
, and along the direction of the motion of
the interferometer, at the velocity of the earth

v
.
Under the above conditions Max Born wrote
a)
2
B
2 2
0
2
B
2
. . t v l t c

+ ; b)
2

2 ' 2

2
B
0 2
t
v c v
l
c + +

,
`

.
|
; (2-2)
whereby in the direction perpendicular to

v
, in which light is emitted at velocity ,
Michelson assumed that light traveled at velocity
'
c
, whose value from (2-2) is
a)
2 2

2 2 '
c v c c < ; b)
( )
2
1
2

2 '
v c c
; (2-3)
Under these conditions, the time t
B
of travel of the light in straight and reverse
direction according to Michelson is
a)
( )
2
1
2
0
B
- 1 c.
. 2

l
t
; b)
c

v
; (2-4)
or using the approximate formulae, since <<1
62
a)
2
2
1
1
1

; b)
( )
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2

; b)
c

v
; (2-5)
for the difference between the times
B A AB
t t t
he wrote
( )
2 0
2
0
2
2 0
AB
.
c 2
.
c
. 2
2
1 1
c
. 2

l l l
t
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+ +
; (2-5)
and he gave for example the MME of 1887 at
0
l
= 11 m, m
7
10 . 9 , 5

, then
4
10

, a
8 2
10

37 , 0
. . 2
2
0
2
0

B l
c
l
; (2-6)
Michelson was convinced that the preciseness of the interferometer was such that
it could measure with preciseness of 0,01. But it turned out that MME did not give
anything. Max Born

wrote: The velocity of light is not influenced by the velocity of

the earth. Even at the second order in Michelsons experiment there is no ethereal
wind.
3. ANALYSIS OF THE FLAWS IN MME
3.1. Level of knowledge by the time of conducting MME
First.
The measurement of the velocity of light through the experiments with the
motion of light in straight and reverse direction was done much earlier, when in 1867
it was experimentally proved that the Doppler effect holds also true for light, and
Galileos transformations, GT, were used, and if there had been immovable ether, the
measurement was done with accounting for that ether.
Second.
According to Galileos principle of relativity, all phenomena in a frame of
reference do not depend on the circumstance whether the system is at rest or in
constant motion at constant velocity. When this principle was established, if there had
been immovable ether, the principle was valid with that ether.
Third.
According to Doppler's effect DE, the velocity of the emitted wave processes
(light and mechanical sound) does not depend on the state of the transmitter and is
constant

towards it
**
. There had been experimental data that this was really valid for
the light whose velocity was measured with immovable ether, if there had been such.
3.2. Computations for the time of travel of light along arm
Since: a) on the one hand, the velocity of light during emission has a constant
value towards the interferometer, which does not depend on the motion of the

Max Born. Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Dover Publicatione, Inc. New York. 1962.
* *
This law was discover by Frenel in 1816.
63
interferometer, which is immovable towards the Earth, and b) on the other hand, the
transmitter and the receiver (for example, point 0 and point
1
in fig. 1a), are
stationary towards each other, and the ether is immovable, too, the corollary from this
is that its velocity is constant and relative to the receiver, regardless of the velocity of
the Earth. Einstein in [3] (in the introductory part) wrote: The velocity of light in
vacuum always propagates at velocity , which does not depend on the state of the
motion of the transmitter.
Under these conditions, a convincing conclusion follows that the equations for t
A
(2-1) and for t
B
(2-3) are flawed.
Moreover, in the equation for t
B
(2-2) there is a very serious flaw, because
Galileos principle of relativity was not fulfilled when summing the velocities,
and was used the principle for constancy of the velocity of light, which is
apparent in his notation in (2-2)b
a)
2

2 ' 2

2
B
0 2
t
v c v
l
c + +

,
`

.
|
; b)
2

2 2 '
v c c ; (2-2)a
regardless of the fact that by definition
'
c
= c = const.
Here the travel of light along the arm B at velocity of emission c is notated at
velocity c

.
( ) c v c c <
2
1
2

2 '
; (3-1)
which is inadmissible.
This flaw becomes even more conspicuous when we consider an analogous
model of a river with a width l
0
, velocity of the water v
B
= const. and velocity of a
boat v
L
= const., which is perpendicular to the shore and to the velocity of the water
v
B
, which is parallel to the shore.
Under these conditions, regardless of the velocity of the water v
B
, the boat will
cover distance l
0
from one to the other shore for time
L
0
0
v
l
t
L
0
0
v
l
t
; (3-2)
i.e. regardless of velocity v
B
But depending on the velocity of the water v
B
the place of arrival of the boat at
the other shore will shift by distance
0
L
B
0 B
.
v
. l
v
t v l
0
L
B
0 B
.
v
. l
v
t v l
; (3-3)
towards the point on the shore, which is perpendicular to the point of departure.
64
In this case, the equation analogous to (2-2)a is
a) ( ) ( )
2
B 0
2
0 0
2 2
0
2
. . v t v t l l l + + ; b)
2
2
0
2
B
2
L e
v v
t
l
v +

,
`

.
|
; (3-4)
and in (2-2)b, the velocity of the boat from v
L
was assumed to be
'
L
v , therefore
2
B
'2
L
2
L
v v v + ; (3-5)
In this respect, as presented here, the flaws in the setup and assumptions of MME
are:
a) non-observance of the principle of relativity;
b) non-observance of the laws of the Doppler effect;
c) non-observance of the law that the velocity of light does not depend on the
state of motion of the transmitter.
3.3. Computations for the time of travel of light along arm
Here, first of all, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that the whole setup of the
interferometer with the source and the analyzer of the light as elements of a
construction of one system are one block in which all elements are stationary one
towards another. In this respect, the distances l
0
between the transmitters and the
receivers of the light for each arm are constant, too, i. e. the transmitters and the
receivers are stationary one relative to another. At each arm and , as well as arms
and B each towards other.
3.3.a) Under these conditions the light c emitted by the transmitter in point
with a velocity relative to the ether, which is immovable, but the transmitter
moves at the velocity of the Earth v

in relation to the ether. Because of this

circumstance and since the velocity of light relative to is , its generating
frequency
0

, and length of the wave

0

are changed, i.e.

a)
c

0
'
v c
; b)

0
'
c v
c

; c) c c
0 0
' '
. . ; (3.6)
With these
'

and and at velocity , light moves relative to the

interferometer (point on
1
) and the ether until it reaches the receiver in point
1
.
But since the receiver
1
moves at velocity v

in direction of the light, the light, before

reaching
1
, will have covered the distance l
0
and also the distance
t v l .
A0
,
until it reaches the receiver
1
with parameters according to (3-6). Or for time t
A0
the
light will cover distance
t v l l + .
0 A0
at velocity . Hence
c
t . v
c
l
c
l
t
0 A0
A0

+ ; (3-7)
As a consequence of Dopplers effect
' '

and
' '

in the receiver
1
are
a)
0
v
v c
c
.

' ' '

; b)
0

c
v c
.

' ' '

;
65
c) c c
0 0
' ' ' '
. . ; (3-8)
i.e.
0

and
0

are restored in the receiver because of the fact that the distance
between and
1
is l
0
= const. or because the transmitter and the receiver
1
are
stationary to each other.
3.3. b) when the beam of light reflects back in direction from
1
toward ,
the parameters of the reflected beam are
a)
c
v c

0
' ' '
+
; b)

0
' ' '
v c
c
+

;
c) c . . c
0 0
' ' ' ' ' '
; (3-9)
i. e. in the reverse direction the light moves at velocity both relative to the ether
(since it is immovable) and relative to the interferometer, respectively relative to the
transmitter
1
and receiver . It reaches the transmitter , which in this case 3.3.b) is
a receiver, having covered, at velocity , distance l
0
minus distance
t v .

, since in
this case the receiver moves at velocity

v
in direction opposite to the velocity of
the light toward . Or the covered distance is
t v l l .
0 A0
at velocity for time
c
t v l l
t


.
c c
0 A0
A0
; (3-10)
The resultant time of travel of the light in straight direction A O and in reverse
direction O A is
c
. 2
0
AO OA 0A0
l
t t t + ; (3-11)
Therefore, irrespective of whether there is immovable ether or not, the time of travel
of the light
0A0
t
along arm is the same, according to Galileos principle of relativity -
GPR and DE. The Fiso experiment is another question. Here two individual beams,
which travel in two identical medium, but in two different places, because of which the
attractions of the beams (the terms
t v .

and minus
t v .

) by the medium are not

compensated and that is why the result is different.
4. CONCLUSION
With the above flaws of MME and the fact that it does not give any new
information, MME is nowadays anachronism in physics and the practice of
describing it as a scientific fact should be terminated because of its serious flaws.
LITERATURE
1. V. M. Dukov. Electrodynamics: Vishaya shkola. Moscow. 1975 (in Russian)
2. A. Einstein. New experiments on the influence of Earth movement on the
66
velocity of light related to Earth. CSW

v. 2 (p. 188). Nauka, Moscow, 1966 (in

Russian). Translated from German: Neue Experimente ueber den Einfluss der
Erdbewegung auf die Lichtgeschwindigkeit relativ zu Erde. Forsch und
Forschritte.1927.336..
3. A. Einstein. On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. CSW. v. 1 (p. 7),
Nauka, Moscow, 1966 (in Russian). Translated from German: Zur Elektrodynamik
der bewegter Krper. Ann. Phys. 17.891-921.
4. Max Born. Einstein`s Theory of Relativity. Dover Publications. Inc. New
York. 1962.
Second blunder
THERE HAS NEVER BEEN AND THERE CANNOT BE A
THEORY OF RELATIVITY, BASED ON THE BLUNDER THAT
THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT IS THE SAME TOWARDS ALL
INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS - IRS (OBSERVERS IN
MOTION)
In actual reality, there has never been a reliable theory of relativity based on
the principle of constancy of the velocity of light, PCVL.
1. GENERAL FORMULATIONS
Theory of relativity - TR, consists of two sections, which were set forth in 1905
and 1916, respectively. The first section of TR is called Special theory of relativity -
STR of 1905, published in the article [7] and is the first stage of the TR development
and (as Einstein wrote) is the basis of the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell -
Lorentz.
The second section of the TR development is called General theory of relativity -
GTR of 1916, in the article [17]. This is an attempt to summarize the STR by a new
theory of gravitation. But GTR remains unfinished because of the unsuccessful
attempts to unite the electromagnetic field with the new theory of gravitation or
Einstein put is, the GTR refers only to the theory of gravitation in limited
conditions, i.e. there is not nor has there ever been a .
The initial assumptions of TR are determined by Einsteins citations:
1. In [18] he wrote: The theory, which is presently called Theory of relativity,
is based on two principles, which are completely independent, namely:
1. Principle of relativity about a constant and straight linear motion.
2. Principle of constancy of the velocity of light.
. In [4] he wrote: By uniting the law of constancy of the velocity of light in
vacuum with the principle of relativity, in a purely deductive way, we obtain a theory
which is now called Theory of Relativity.
. In [2] he wrote: The fundamental Lorentzsclaim that every light beam

A. Einstein. Collected Scientific Works in Four Volumes (in Russian)

67
propagates in vacuum at constant velocity, we shall call the principle of constancy of
the velocity of light (for brevity - PCVL P. P.s note).
According to these citations, the initial assumptions of TR are:
a) Galileos principle of relativity - GPR;
b) The principle of constancy of the velocity of light - PCVL.
68
2. SECTION ONE. SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY - STR
The fundamental Einsteins citations about STR are:
2.1. On PCVL
V. In [3] he wrote: The other principle on which the special theory of relativity
is based, is the principle of constancy of the velocity of light in vacuum. According to
this principle, light always propagates at the same velocity in vacuum (regardless of
the state of motion of the source and the observer).
V. In [5] he wrote: Therefore, when we add to the velocity of light another
velocity smaller than , we obtain again the velocity of light .
V. In [6] he wrote: We remember that the velocity of light is the same towards
all inertial frames of reference. This fact is incompatible with the classical
transformations. Here, by classical transformations are meant Galileos
transformations - GT.
According to the classical transformations this velocity is not the same towards
two systems, which move towards each other (then the Doppler Effect is generated -
(P. P.s note). And further: The laws of nature are invariant not with respect to
the classical transformations, but with respect to the new type of Lorentz
transformations - LT, and the transition from one system to another is carried
out through Lorentz transformations. and further on he wrote: This means that
the rhythm of the moving watches and the length of the rods depends on their
velocity.
Citations V, V and V imply that the mathematical notation of PCVL towards
IRS-, which moves at velocity
c v

<
is
a)
. const c v c u
c
+

; b) 0 v ; (2-1)
In [15] in supplement , Einstein proceeded from PCVL in a notation according
to H. Minkowski concerning two inertial referencial systems - IRS- and IRS-

,
where PCVL was notated in this kind
a)
t c x .
; b)
' '
.t c x ; c)
0 . t c x
; d) 0 .
' '
t c x ; e)
c
t
x
t
x

'
'
; (2-2)
and he deduced Lorentz transformations - LT, which are
a)
2
1
2
2
'
1
.

,
`

.
|

c
v
t v x
x
; b)
y y
'
; c) z z
'
; d)
2
1
2
2
2
'
1
.

,
`

.
|

c
v
c
x v
t
x
;(2-3)
And from LT Einstein deduced the law of addition of velocities
2
c
.
1
c
w v
w v
u
+
+

; (2-4)
In [19], (paragraph 4) he wrote:
69
V. it turns out that even in infinitely small space-time areas, Lorentz
transformations do not hold true, if we reject the idea of the constancy of the
velocity of light . (i.e. if PCVL is not applied, P.P.s note)
In [7] Einstein specifies the physical sense of PCVL, by writing in paragraph 5:
Further on it follows that when we add the velocity of light to a velocity, which
is smaller than the velocity of light, it cannot change.
Claiming this, Einstein believed that he had confirmed the formula of addition of
velocities, which is obtained from LT, by assigning in (2-4); v < c and w = c, at w
parallel of v, we have
a)
c c
v c
v c
c
v
v c
c
v w
v w
u
+
+

+
+

+
+

1
.
1
2
c
; b) 0 v ; (2-5)
Here, in the analysis of (2-5), the emphasis is on the simplified mathematical
notation of PCVL at v << c, which will be used most often
.
c
const c v c u +
.
c
const c v c u +
; (2-6)
i. e. in all formulae of TR the term (c + v) must be reduced to as a result of (2-
5), since: First, PCVL is defined; Second LT are deduced from it; Third, from LT is
deduced the law of addition of velocities (2-4). In (2-4) it is assigned w = c, v < c and
is obtained . I. e. by proceeding from PCVL and through various mathematical
operations, again is obtained PCVL. This is a closed vicious circle, since the proof is
in the initial principle. From a scientific point of view (2-5) is not a proof of
PCVL, since (2-5) is a result of PCBVL.
From the above presentation of the STR, these principles emerge:
1. The velocity of light is constant and equal to , related to all inertial reference
systems - IRS-K, regardless of the fact that they have different velocities, i. e. the
notation (2-6) of PCVL always holds true.
Whereby in [20] and [4] Einstein wrote:
V. Therefore the theory of space and time must be summarized as Theory of
Relativity, since the latter is based on the principle of constancy of the velocity of
light (PCVL - P.P.s note)
Here the thesis of the theory of relativity holds true. It shows that the law for
constancy of the velocity of light (PCVL - P.P.s note) in vacuum should be true
simultaneously for observers moving towards one another, in such a way that the
same light beam have the same velocity towards all observers.
2. From PCVL are deduced new transformations - LT, which should be used
instead Galileos transformations - GT.
3. The laws of nature are invariant during the transition from one IRS-K to
another IRS-
'
K
only through LT, and in [15] he wrote:
In [2] Einstein wrote:
. The theory of relativity offers transformations, which satisfy both the
70
principle of relativity - PR and PCVL. The new equations of transformations
postulate the physical requirement that any light beam should propagate in both
systems and
'
K
at the same velocity.
2.1.1. A brief analysis of the proof for PCVL by Einstein
First. On the criterion of veracity and proof of PCVL
Einstein, in [14] and [15] respectively, in citations , and stated:
. Naturally, the experiment remains the only criterion of the fitness of
mathematical constructions to physics.
. The first criterion of veracity is apparent. The theory should not
contradict the empirical data.
. So that a theory could be considered a physical theory, it is necessary
that its claims allow empirical validation.
And in [11] and [13], by the citations and V respectively, he stated:
: It is well known from the interferential experiment of Michelson (a.k.a.
Michelson and Morley) The negative result of this experiment has shown that, in
an inertial coordinate system, light propagates at constant velocity, which does not
depend on the velocity of motion of that system.
V. The law for constancy of the velocity of light is especially clearly
emphasized in Michelson Morley experiment - MME.
However, the analysis of Michelson - Morley experiment, MME, in First
blunder, shows that MME proves that only Galileos principle of relativity holds
true for light, and nothing else.
The reason for this denial of the citations and V is the fact that the
interferometer of Michelson consists of a body with immovable to each other parts
not only the arms which are perpendicular to each other, are immovable but the
distances between the transmitters and the receivers are constant as well, i. e. the
transmitters and the receivers are stationary one towards another. And as a result of
the universal law of wave processes, including the law of light, which Einstein cited
in the introduction of [7], the velocity of the wave processes does not depend on the
state of motion of the transmitter, but only the frequency

and the length of the

wave

change, so that the velocity of the waves for a given emitting system
is
. const . ... . ... . . c
n n i i 2 2 1 1

; (2-7)
Because of this law and the circumstance that in MME the transmitter and
the receiver are stationary one related to another (even if there were
luminiferous ether) the mean velocity in both directions is
. const c v c v c u
m
+ +
; (2-9)
I. e. the velocity of light actually measured in MME was indeed = const.
That is why MME validates only that Galileos principle of relativity holds
true for light, too.
In the above sense MME has nothing to do with PCVL because it does not
validate it at all.
Second. Here comes the question, in using PCVL, is the law of energy
71
conservation observed?
For convenience, in the analysis of PCVL, the notation from (2-6) is also used
when the velocity is replaced by the product . , then (2-10)b follows.
a)
.
c
const c v c u t
; b)
. . .
c
const c v u t
;(2-10)
The energy of the photon in IRS-K is analyzed, with frequency
0

and energy
expressed through Plancks constant - h, which is
0 f0
. h W
; (2-11)
According to classical physics, during the motion of the photon related to IRS-
'
K
, which moves at velocity v parallel to , Doppler effect holds true because of
which the frequency of the photon changes from
0

to
'
, and thence also its
energy
a)
( )
c
v c +

0
'

; b)
c
v c
h h W
) (
. . .
0
' '
f
+

; (2-12)
And if PCVL is applied to
'

, it is reduced to
' '

, and along with it, the energy

is also reduced to
' '
f
W , as follows
a)
0 0
' '

c
c
; b)
f0 0
' ' ' '
f0
. . W h h W
; (2-13)
It turns out that, according to PCVL, there is no change of

and of W
f
, and
that in actual practice the experiment validates (2-12), and not (2.13), i. e. the
experiment disproves PCVL, since it contradicts the law of energy conservation -
LCE
More examples can be given, which also convincingly disprove PCVL, whence it
follows that it is not a real natural law, but only an idea suggested by H. Lorentz
and A. Einstein.
By the formula (2-13) PCVL essentially deisproves Doppler effect, DE, for light
as well, although it was not experimentally validated for light in 1867. Einstein
himself, in paragraph 7 of [7], gave an expression of the frequency related to IRS-
'
K
, which moves at velocity v parallel to , which is
( )
2
1
2
2
0 '
1 .

,
`

.
|

c
v
c
v c

; (2-14)
Moreover, in [7] (in paragraph 7, or in any other article) . Einstein did not give
the length of the wave
'

, which, when taking DE into consideration here, is

2
1
2
2
0
'
1

,
`

.
|

c
v

; (2-15)
If
'

had been given, the immediate result would have been

72
( )
( ) . . . .
0 0
' '
const c v c v c
c
c
c
v c
c + +
+

; (2-16)
Therefore, by taking DE into account in STR, Einstein himself denied PCVL.
But since was not given in [7], no one of the STR interpreters added it,
probably out of respect for Einstein, and that is why the denial (2-16) of PCVL has
not received publicity.
Emphasis. It is incomprehensible how it is possible the same article [7] to defend
PCVL at the beginning, and in paragraph 7 to deduce DE, which denies PCVL.
Here the circumstance why the length of the wave
'
(2-15) was not given in
[7], awakes suspicion, since from it we can easily ascertain that DE denies PCVL by
an experimentally validated fact. Moreover, these facts have not been noticed by
experts in the field of STR since 1905 until today. But from the viewpoint of the
requirements of PCVL, according to (2-6), the frequency
'
(2-14) and the length of
the wave

, are reduced to
a)
0 0
'
1 .

c
c
; b)
1 .
0

; (2-17)
since the term in the nominator of (2-14) when replacing PCVL (2-6) is
( ) ( )( )
1
.
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
1
2
2

]
]
]

]
]
]

]
]
]

,
`

.
|

c
c c
c
v c v c
c
v c
c
v
( ) ( )( )
1
.
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2 2 2
1
2
2

]
]
]

]
]
]

]
]
]

,
`

.
|

c
c c
c
v c v c
c
v c
c
v
; (2-18)
Third. LT are implicit form of notation of PCVL.
From (2-18) it is evident that when applying PCVL, the nominator of LT is
equal to one.
When applying notation (2-6) and (2-2) of PCVL to the numerators of the terms
'
x and
'
t from the notation (2-3) of LT, we obtain the following data
( ) t c t v c t v t c t v x x . . . .
'

; (2-19)
( )
t t
c
c
c
t c v c
c
t c v t c
c
x v t c
t

.
. . . . . .
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
'
; (2-20)
i. e. the times in both IRS-K and IRS-
'
K
are the same. Therefore when we have
applied PCVL to LT, (2-3) are reduced to
a) t c x .
'
; b)
c y y :
'

; c)
z z
'
; d) t t
'
; (2-21)
Or the velocities of light in both systems, according to PCVL, are identical, i. e.
another variant of the notation of PCVL is obtained, which is given by (2-2)e, i. e.
a)
c
t
x
t
x

'
'
; or b) ct x ct x
' '
; (2-22)
Conclusions from the presented in point three
1. LT are incompatible to Galileos principle of relativity, which has been
73
confirmed experimentally for great velocities as well (v<c);
2. LT, as well as PCVL, are unreal assumptions in TR.
Fourth. On applying PCVL according to (2-18), it follows that the dependence
of the mass on the velocity v according to STR through LT is
. 1 . 1 .
0 0
2
1
2
2
0
const m m
c
v
m m

,
`

.
|

; (2-23)
But the actual value of m is obtainable through Maxwells theory only (see
Chapter One, paragraph (3.2))
Fifth. From the application of (2-18), it follows that kinetic energy is zero
[ ] 0 0 . . 1 1 . 1 1
0
2
0
2
1
2
2
0 k

]
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

c m c m
c
v
w W
; (2-24)
It turns out that when applying PCVL (2-6) there is no kinetic energy, although it
does exist and can be obtained by applying Maxwells theory only.
Sixth. TR, based on LT, claims that the length L
0
of bodies shortens, and the
duration of time T
0
extends for an observer, who moves at velocity
0 v
, i. e.:
a)
2
1
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
L L ; b)
2
1
2
0
1

2

,
`

.
|

c
v
T T ; (2-25)
Einstein in [8] wrote: Time cannot be considered as something absolute, i. e. as
something that does not depend on the state of the reference system, and the
geometric dimensions of bodies cannot be considered independent of the state of the
reference system towards which they are measured. Einstein in [9] wrote: The
shortening is not real, as long as it relates to an observer, who moves along with the
body; but it is real, because, in principle, it can be proved by physical means for an
observer who does not move along with the body.
But according to (2-18), it follows that (2-25) is reduced to
a)
0 0
1 . L L L
; b)
0 0
1 . T T T
; (2-26)
i. e. there is no changes in the length L
0
or the time T
0
.
Seventh. When determining the concurrence in paragraph 2 of [7] instead of
a)
v - c
AB
A B
r
t t
; b)
v c
AB
B
'
A
+

r
t t
; (2-27)
according to (2-6), it should be obtained

B
'
A A B
t t t t
; (2-28)
whence another interpretation of the notion of concurrence follows, namely, that it
does not depend on the velocity of the inertial system, since
AB
r
is the length of
the distance (of the moving rod) in the inertial system at rest, which is constant.
Eighth. There is no space-time continuum - STC
Using the notation of PCVL according to (2-6) via the coordinates x and r, the
74
notation of STC is given in two inertial coordinate systems IRS-K and IRS-
'
K
, as
follows
a)
t c x .
;
' '
.t c x ; b)
t c r .
;
' '
.t c r ; (2-29)
where the times t and
'
t
are determined by LT.
After the velocity from (2-29) is eliminated, the notation of STC is obtained
according to H. Minkowski, which notation is used by Einstein, too, in STR:
a)
'
'
.
t
t
x x
; b)
'
'
.
t
t
r r
; (2-30)
But from this proof, in point three eq. (2-20) and (2-21), when applying the
notation of PCVL to LT, it becomes evident that the times t and
'
t
, in two inertial
systems and
'
K
are equal, i. e.
'
t t
.
It follows that x and r from (2-30) are reduced to
a)
'
'
'
. x
t
t
x x
; b)
'
'
'
. r
t
t
r r
; (2-31)
Therefore, STC drops off from TR and, more precisely, from STR.
2.1.2. Note. In the presented about STR, according to [7], one of the most
impressing circumstance is that at first Einstein worded the definition of
PCVL as follows: The sum of the velocity of light and the velocity v,
which is smaller than (v < c) is always equal only to
c
. Or the
mathematical notation for PCVL is
.
c
const c v c u t
; (2-32)
In the description of STR and LT, despite the citations in (2-6) from to V,
PCVL is not observed, respectively (2-6) or (2-2). The deduced regularities are
written by the term
( ) c v c t
, not by its reduced form , according to (2-6).
From the presented, arises the question why Einstein and the supporters of TR
have not noticed this incongruence between the description of the regularities of STR
and LT and the written about PCVL, why PCVL is essentially not used in the
description either of STR or LT.
3. AN EXPERIMENT WHICH DISPROVES LT, AND ALONGSIDE ALSO TR
3.1. The TR, on the basis of LT, proves that the length L
0
of bodies shortens, and
the duration of the time T
0
extends for an observer, who moves at velocity 0 v ,
i.e.:
a)
2
1
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
L L
; b)
2
1
2
2
0
1

,
`

.
|

c
v
T T
; (2-33)
Einstein in [1] (p. 182) wrote: Time cannot be considered as something
absolute, i. e. as something that does not depend on the state of the reference system,
75
and the geometric dimensions of bodies cannot be considered independent of the state
of the reference system towards which they are measured. Einstein in [2] (p.187)
wrote: The shortening is not real, as long as it relates to an observer, who moves
along with the body; but it is real, because, in principle, it can be proved by
physical means for an observer who does not move along with the body.
But from (2-6) or (2-18) it follows:
a)
0 0
1 L . L L
; b)
0 0
1 T . T T
(2-34)
or, there is no shortening or extension of the quantities and so forth. Therefore the
presented here disproves LT, PCVL and TR
3.2. Experimental disproval (rejection) of Lorentz transformations (LT)
The scheme of the
experiment for
disproval of Lorentz
transformations is
given in fig. 2-1. It
consists of:
a) Interferometer
of Michelson with a
source G of light
momentums p
i
with
durations T
0i
and
intervals between them
T
oj.
b) Transmitter H
k
of the returned and reflected by the mirrors and B momentums at the ends of the
arms OA and OB of the interferometer with center .
c) Reference system K

with coordinates X

and Y

, which are parallel to the

coordinates x and y of the system , which coincides with the interferometer. The systems
and K

move towards each other at velocity v t . In the system K

there is receiver
'
k
H and Fixator (an observer) of the times of the arriving light momentums of H
k
.
The procedure of the experiment is as follows. From the beginning of the
interferometer in the system are emitted light momentums of frequency
0
v
along the
two arms OA = r
0
and OB = r
0
of the interferometer. The momentums
ai
p
,
bi
p

are reflected by the mirrors and B and return to the beginning , and no matter
whether moves or not, the times of the momentums, needed for covering the
distances O OA and O OB are equal to:
B A
t
c
r
c
OB
c
r
c
OA
t t
0 0
2 2 2 2
; (2-35)
and this is known from Michelson-Morleys experiment.
After that the momentums (beams)
ai
p
,
bi
p
hit the transmitter H
k
and are
transmitted by the system to the system K

and hit the receiver
'
k
H after equal
Fig. 2.1.
76
times:
'
B
v
'
A
'
t
c
t . v
c
x
t t ; (2.36)
Since the velocity of the transmitted waves does not depend on the velocity
of motion of the transmitter, and the lengths of the pathways of the two beams
are equal to
v
t . v x t
, depending on the relative velocity v between and
'
K

for a random time
v
t
.
It follows from (2-37) and (2-38) that although the systems and K

are in
relative motion, the beams
ai
p
and
bi
p
, transmitted from along the two arms of
the interferometer reach

for equal times:

'
B B
'
A A B A
t t t t t t t + + ; (2.37)
and at equal frequencies
'
a
v and
'
b
v and lengths of waves
'
a
and
'
b
:
a)
( )
c
v c
v v v
'
B
'
A
t

0
; b)
( ) v c
c
B A
t

0

; (2.38)
and equal velocities:
c v v v c c c
' ' '
B
'
B
'
A
'
A B A

0 0
; (2.34)
This result is a corrolary of the classical laws and the modified classical
experiment of Michelson and Morley in point (3.2. Experimental disproval of
LT.) and shows that:
a) there is no shortening of the arm OA , which is in direction of velocity v;
b) there is no alteration either in the lengths of intervals of duration of the
times
ai
T
0
and
bi
T
0
or in the intermediate (the times of discontinuation of the
momentums) aj
T
0 and bj
T
0 or:
a)
bi ai
T T
0 0

; b) bj aj
T T
0 0

; (2.40)
Therefore, the results (2-37) and (2-40) prove that:
a) there is no shortening of the arm OA , i.e. (2-38) is disproved;
b) there is no extension of the intervals of the times
ai
T
0
and
bi
T
0
, i.e. (2-
33b) is disproved
) as a whole, the reliably of LT is disproved, i.e. Lorentz transformations
are incorrect and because of this fact only Galileos transformations, GT, hold
true.
However, since LT are another form of notation of PCVL and are deduced form
PCVL, then PCVL is incorrect as well, and the spatial-temporal continuum, deduced
form it, also drops off, because (2-33) drop off, and they determine the dependence of
the time on velocity, but according to (2-37) and (2-40) they also drop off.
With LT, PCVL and the spatial-temporal continuum dropping off, the
Theory of Relativity, TR, as a whole, drops off as well.
d) in the STR, the formulae are not according to PCVL, but according to
Galileos transformations, which are mostly applied, i.e. PR is applied without PCVL,
whereby instead of c+v = c is written c+v c.
77
Literature only to point 3
1. Einstein. Teoriya otnositelnosti (Theory of Relativity). SNT, Vol.I, p. 175,
Nauka, Moscow, 1965. (Translated from: Einstein. Die Relativity theorie.
Naturforsch. Geselschaft, Viertel-Jahresschrift. Zrich. Jahrg, 1911, 56, S.1-14.)
2. A. Einstein. Scorost sveta i staticheskoe gravitationnoe pole. (Velocity of Light
and Static Gravitational Field). SNT. Vol. I, p.188, Nauka, Moscow, 1966. (Translated
from: A. Einstein, Lichtgeschwindigkeit und Statik des Gravitationdfeldes. Ann. der
Phys., 1912, 38, S.355-369).
4. CONCLUSION TO STR
1. In spite of its flaws STR has played some positive role in the advancement of
physics.
2. But since its reliable (experimentally validated) results were proved by
Maxwells theory a simpler theory preceding it in time (1873), STR should drop
out of the list of real physical theories and remain only a history.
5. SECTION TWO. GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY - GTR
5.1. General considerations on GTR
In [10] Einstein wrote: The general theory of relativity is still incomplete in
the sense that the general principle of relativity can be applied satisfactorily only to
the gravitational field, but not to all the fields., i.e. GTR is not a theory, but onlya
hypothesis, since it is not complete (P.P.s note)
In [11] Einstein wrote: so that the fundament of GTR is completed, it is
necessary to introduce into it the electromagnetic field as well.
In [12] Einstein, about (3-1), wrote: The contents of the general theory of
relativity are formally described by the equation:
ik ik ik
. .
2
1
T R g R
; (3-1)
where:
ik
R
is Ricci tensor; R - invariant of
ik
R
,

- coefficient of
proportionality and
ik
T
- tensor of the energy.
In [12] Einstein writes: The second term of the left part is added because of
formal reasons, namely: the left part is written so that its divergence be equal to
zero. The right part includes everything that cannot be united in the unitary theory of
field. Naturally, I do not have the slightest doubt that such a formulation is only a
temporary solution, taken in order to create a complete description of the general
principle of relativity. This formulation in essence is nothing else but a theory of
gravitation, which somehow artificially has been freed from the unitary field of
unknown structure.
From the contents of the above Einsteins citations, and by adding the citation
about eq. (3-1) of Einstein from [13], which states:
The equation of the field (he meant (3-1) P. P.s note) introduced by us earlier
without a cosmological term is ad hoc, it is evident that eq. (3-1) is not a corrolary
of a theoretical inference, but is simply written to express his own ideas without
any experimental validation.
Because of the last fact, we do not make an analysis, but simply make a
78
reference to the written above, which is a text by Einstein about eq. (3-1), saying
that there is no GTR, but only a formulation of the theory of gravitation, for
which no algorithm was described for the metrics in Riemannian geometry, nor was it
specified for what cosmic structure it held true (3-1).
5.2. On the principle of equivalence - PE in GTR
According to the law of gravitational field
G

, the fields
A
G

and
B
G

at
distance
1 0
AB
<< < r
in the points and , on an equipotential gravitational
surface with radius R
0
, are at angle
0
R
sin
0
AB
AB AB
>

r

; (3-2)
I.e., always the angle
0
AB
>
, because of which
A
G

and
B
G

are never
parallel, therefore, there is never an uniform gravitational field, by which is
motivated the principle of equivalency. That is why there is not and cannot be a
real principle of equivalence - PE
6. GENERAL CONCLUSION ON TR
For the time being, there is no developed and experimentally validated TR
and according to the requirements of physics on a scientific physical theory, a
real TR does not exist.
79
7. LETTERS FROM THE SEVENTY-YEAR-OLD EINSTEIN TO HIS
FRIEND SOLOVINE
It is evident from the enclosed parts of two letters from Einstein to his friend
Maurice Solovine how Einstein himself assessed his work.
The letters are given in their original form as translated into Russian, so that no
doubt should arise about their misinterpretation (the underlines are drawn by P.P.).
Albert Einstein
Collected Scientific Works. Publ. by Nauka, Moscow, 1967
v. V, p. 559-562.
Supplement Letters to Maurice Solovine
*
Dear Solo!
*
The underlines are drawn by P.P.
80
God seems to regard all your accusations with a complete indifference; anyway, as
you will see in this letter, I have done somewhat.
As concerns my scientific activities, at present, even with my new assistant, a
young and very talented mathematician, I still find it difficult to overcome all the
mathematical problems, which do not allow me to prove or disprove my general
relativistic theory of field. I havent been able to bring this task to a successful end; it
seems, Ill have to leave it until later, when, perhaps in many years, it might be
rediscovered. This has happened before with a number of problems.
Among the works I read to my sister in the evenings, there are some
philosophical essays by Aristotle. Frankly speaking, I feel a little disappointed. If they
were not so turbid and inextricable, philosophical essays of this kind would hardly
have survives for such a long time. Most people, however, will feel sacramental awe
before words defying their comprehension, while any author, whom they are able to
understand, will be considered a superficial thinker. A pathetic manifestation of
simplicity.
Here lies the advantage of advanced age, in that it can cook at all human
deeds from a beautifully long distance. To do so, you dont even have to be too old!
Kind regards and wishes from your
A. Einstein
Lido Beach, Sarasota, Florida,
22 February 1949
Dear Solovine!
Im deeply moved by your kind letter. It clearly stands out among the numerous
letters I have received on this sorrowful occasion*. You may think that I look with
complete satisfaction at my life work. From my viewpoint, everything looks different.
There is not a single notion, about which I could be positive that it would remain
unshakable. I even doubt whether I am walking along the right way. My
contemporaries see in me a heretic and retrograde, who, so to say, has survived his
own self. All this, of course, is only a matter of fad and only results from a folly of
theirs, and yet a feeling of dissatisfaction is swelling inside me.
Best wishes to you and your wife,
Yours, A. Einstein
_________________________
* Einsteins 70
th
birthday, Editors note.
LITERATURE TO SECOND BLUNDER
1. A. Einstein. Fundamentals of General Theory of Relativity. CSW
*
v. (p.
*
CSW - Collected Scientific Works
81
452). Nauka, M. 1965 (in Russian). Translated from German: A. Einstein. Die
Grundlage der Allgemeinen Relativittstheorie. Ann. Phys. 1916, 49. 769-822.
2. A. Einstein. Theory of relativity. CSW v. (p. 410). Nauka, M. 1965 (in
Russian) Translated from German: A. Einstein. Relativittstheorie, from the book: Die
Physik. Unter Redaktion von E. Lechner. t. 3. Abt. 3. Bd.l. Leipzig. Teubnez. 1915.
703-713.
3. A. Einstein. What is the theory of relativity? CSW. v. (p. 677). Nauka, M.
1965 (in Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein. What is the theory of relativity? From
the book: ldeas and Opinions N. Y. Grown Publishers Inc., 1954.
4. A. Einstein. On the principle of relativity. CSW. v. (p. 395). Nauka M. 1965
(in Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein. Vom Relativitts - Prinzip. Vossische
Zeitung. 1914. 26. April. 33, 34.
5. A. Einstein. On the principle of relativity and its consequences. CSW. v. (p.
65). Nauka, M. 1965. (in Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein. ber das
Relativittsprinzip und die denselben gezogenen Folgerungen Jharb. d. Radioaktivitt
u. Elektronik. 1907. 4, 41 1-462.
6. A. Einstein and L. Infeld. Evolution of physics. Article in CSW v. V p. 357.
Nauka, M. 1967(in Russian)
7. A. Einstein. On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. CSW. v. (p. 7).
Nauka, M. 1965 (in Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein. Zur Elektrodinamik der
bewegtes Krper. Ann. Phys. 1905, 17, 891-921.
8. A. Einstein. Theory of Relativity. SNT, Vol. I, p. 175, Nauka, Moscow, 1965
(in Russian). (Translated from: A. Einstein. Die U Relativittstheorie. Naturforsch.
Geselschaft, Viertel-Jahresschrift. 1 Zurich, Jahrg. 1911, 56, S. 1-14.)
9. A. Einstein. Autobiographical notes. CSW v. V (p. 259). Nauka, M. 1967 (in
Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein. Autobiographisches. From the book: Albert
Einstein - Philosopher -Scientist, edited by P. A. Schlipp. Evanston (Illinois) 1945, 1-
95
10. A. Einstein. Relativity: Essence of the Theory of Relativity. CSW. . (p.
657). Nauka, M. 1966 (in Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein. Relativity: Essence
of the Theory of Relativity. Amez. People Encycl., 1949. XVI, Chicago.
11. A. Einstein. The Unitary theory of physical filed. CSW v. (p. 286). Nauka,
M. 1966 (in Russian) Translated from French: A. Einstein. Theorie unitaire de shamp
physiquue. Ann. Inst. H. Poincare, 1930, 1, 1-24.
12. A. Einstein. Generalisation of Theory of Gravitation. CSW v. (p. 762). Nauka,
M. 1966 (in Russian) Translated from A. Einstein. Generalisation of Theory of
Gravitation. The Meaning of Relativity, fourth edition. Priston. 1053.
13. A. Einstein. On the theory of relativity, CSW. v. , (p. 109), Nauka, M. 1966
(in Russian)
14. A. Einstein. Fundamental ideas and problems of the theory of relativity.
CSW. v. . (p. 120). Nauka, M. 1966 (in Russian) Translated from: A. Einstein.
Grundgedanken und Probleme der Relativittsthene. From the book: Nobelstiftelsen,
Les Prix Nobelen 1921-1922. Imprimerie Royale. Stocholm.1923.
15. A. Einstein. On the special and general theory of relativity. CSW. v. (p. 531).
Nauka, M., 1965 Translated from A. Einstein. ber die specielle und Algemeine
Relativittstheorie (Geomeinsamverstndlich). Drck und Verlag von Friedr. Viwege
Sohn. Braunschweig. 1920.
82
16. A. Einstein. On the Cosmologic problem. CSW. v. (p. 597). Nauka, M. 1966
(in Russian) Translated from A. Einstein. On the Cosmologic problem. The Meaning of
Relativity, 2
nd
Edition, Priston, 1945.
17. A. Einstein. Fundamentals of the general theory of relativity. CSW v. (p. 452).
Nauka, M. 1965 (in Russian) Translated from A. Einstein. Die Grundlage der
Allgemeinen Relativittstheorie. Ann. Phys. 1916, 49. 769-882.
18. A. Einstein. Relativity and gravitation. CSW. v. . (p. 217). (in Russian)
Translated from A. Einstein. Relativitt. und Gravitation Ervidaruny auf eine
Bemerkung von M. Abracham Ann. Phys. 1912. 38, 1956-1958.
19. A. Einstein. Velocity of light and statics of gravitational field. CSW. v. I. (in
Russian) Nauka, M., 1965. Translated from A. Einstein Lichtgeschwindigkeit und
Statik der Gravitationsfeldes. Ann. Phys. 1912. 38. 355-369.
20. Physical foundations of the theories of gravitation. CSW. v. I (p. 267). (in
Russian) Nauka, M., 1965. Translated from: A. Einsteim. Physikalische Grundlagen
einer gravitationstheorie. Naturforsch. Greselschaft. Zrich Virteljahrch. 1913, 58,
284-290.
83
Third blunder.
FLAWS IN QUANTUM MECHANICS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
It was N. Bohr who first used the term quantum mechanics in 1915. In fact,
however, these are the ideas considered as a general form of quantum mechanics:
1) Max Plancks theory on the radiation of the photon, which was associated with
Plancks constant-h of 1900 and with the preceding Stefan - Boltzmann law
2) N. Bohrs model of atom
3) De Broglies waves
4) Schrdingers equation
PART
ON N. BOHRS POSTULATES
1. ON THE MOMENT OF IMPULSE L
O
OF AN ELECTRON IN AN ATOM,
WHEN IT ABSORBS AND EMITS PHOTONS
In a closed system, such as is an electron in an atom, without any influence from
external fields, the electron is attracted by the electric field of the nucleus

by the
centripetal force
2
0
2
r
r .
r . 4
r . q . q
E . q F
0
0 e
e





;
0
e
4
.

q q

; (1-1)
For an electron to retain a stable orbital at distance
0
r r
it is necessary that its
velocity
0
v

be perpendicular to force
e
F

(1-1), since then the force does not

release energy to the electron, i. e.
0
2
cos . . . .
0 e e


dt v F r d F dW

, (1-2)
but only changes the direction of the velocity along the orbital which is a circle.
The kinetic
k0
W
and the potential
p0
W
energies of the electron along an
orbital with radius r
0
are
a)
2
.
2
0 e0
k0
v m
W
; b)
0
p0
r
W

+
; (1-3)
The full energy of the electron is
84
0
2
0 e0
p0 k0 0
r 2
v . m
W W W

+ +
= const ; (1-4)
where: is constant
The moment of impulse of the electron L
0
, which has dimensionality Joule by a
second [J.s] is equal to the dimensionality of Plancks constant-h, is
[ ] [ ] [ ] . const K v . r m p . r L
L 0 0 e0 0 0 0

; (1-5)
The derivative of L
0
towards the time is
a) [ ] 0 .
dt
e 0
0
M F r
L d

; b)
2
0
0 e0 e
e
r dt
) v . m ( d
dt
P d
F

;(1-6)
since in this case
0
r

and
e
F

are perpendicular.
And since there is no external influence
a)
.
k0
const W
; b)
.
p0
const W
; c) 0 M ; d)
.
0
const L
;
(1-7)
Two cases are possible, at which (1-7) is violated
Case . If the electron absorbs one photon from the outside (a quantity of
electromagnetic energy), which is the kinetic energy W
f
, its kinetic energy increases to
K0
e0
f
2
0 e0
f K0
'
K
W
v . m
W
2
v . m
W W W > + +
2
2
; (1-8)
I.e. the square of velocity
2
v
after absorption of the photon is
2
0
e0
f 2
0
2 '
m
. 2
v
W
v v > +
; (1-9)
Since the full energy (1-4) is constant, it follows that the potential energy of the
electron should change to
' f
0
f P0
'
p
r
W
r
W W W

+ +
; (1-10)
Or the radius of the orbital will increase to
0
0 f
0
'
r
r . W
r r >

,
`

.
|

; (1-11)
I. e. in absorption of a photon, the electron, according to the classical theory, moves to
a higher orbital.
Along with that, the moment of impulse increases to
[ ] [ ] [ ]
0
L v . r . m p . r L
' '
e0
' '
'

>
; (1-12)
Regardless of the classical approach, here (case ) a new quantity of kinetic
energy W
f
is added and that is why the moment of impulse at such processes is not
constant (const.) as it is in classical bodies, in which their kinetic energy is constant;
therefore L = const., too. I. e. it follows from the general definition of L that when
the kinetic energy of the body changes, then
85
. at a)
.
K
const W
; b) . const L ; (1-13)
. at a)
.
K
const W
; b) . const L ; (1-14)
Case . If the electron emits a photon with kinetic energy W
f
, then its kinetic
energy decreases to
K0
2 ' '
e0
f
2
0 e0
f K0
' '
K
2
.
2
.
W
v m
W
v m
W W W <
; (1-15)
I.e. after the emission of the photon, the velocity of the electron is
2
0
e0
f 2
0
2 ' '
m
. 2
v
W
v v <
; (1-16)
Since W
0
(1-4) is constant, the potential energy of the electron changes from W
p0
to
' '
f
0
f P0
' '
p
r
W
r
W W W

,
`

.
|
+ +
; (1-17)
or the radius of the electron decreases to
0
r
r . W
r r
0 f
0
' '
<

,
`

.
|
+

; (1-18)
I. e. with the emission of a photon, the electron, according to the classical theory,
moves to a lower orbital.
[ ] [ ]
0
L v . r . m p . r L
' ' ' '
e0
' ' ' ' ' '
<

; (1-19)
From the presented above, a new law is defined about the classical
electrodynamics and mechanics, which states: With the change of the kinetic
energy of the body (electric charge), the moment of impulse of the body changes
as well, i. e. the moment of impulse, with a variable kinetic energy of the body, is
variable it is not constant.
2. WAVE ENERGIES FOR A DETERMINED INTERVAL OF TIME
2.1. Introduction
In classical mechanics, wave energies W are described for moment values of time
t, i.e.
) t ( W t sin . W W
0 0

2
; (2.1)
The energy emitted from the atoma (the photon) is described for a finite time
equal to the time of emission t , by the formula
0 f
v . h W
(2.2)
Where:
0
W
is the amplitude of the emitted energy;
0 0
. 2 v
- circular
frequency; h - Plancks constant. In order to analyze the features of (2.1) and (2.2),
they have to be reduced to the same condition, i.e. (2.1) has to be processed for a
finite time
0
.T n t
(n is an integer,
0
T
- the period of one wave).
86
2.2. Wave energies for a finite time
0
.T n t
under various conditions
2.2.1. With oscillating movements of the mass m
0
a)
t r r
0 0
sin
; b)
dt t r dt v dr . . cos . . .
0 0 0 r

; (2.3)
the velocity
r
v
and acceleration
r
a
of the mass
0
m
are:
a)
t r v
0 0 0 r
cos . .
; b) t a t r a
0 0 0
2
0 0 r
sin . sin . . ;(2.4)
The force, which generates the movement of the mass
0
m
is:
a) t sin . F t sin . . r . m a . m F
0 0 0
2
0 0 v r 0
; b)
2
0 0 0 0
. . r m F ;
(2.5)
The energy of n waves for time
0 n
.T n
or along the segment
0
0
0 n
. .

v
n n r
(where
0 0 0
. v
is wave velocity) is:
0 n
0
2
0
2
0
4
0
0 0 0
0
n
.
2
. . . 4 .
. sin2. . . 2 .
n
n

H
n r m
dt a F dr F W
r


;
(2.6)
const
n r m
H
2
. . 4 .
2
0
2
0
n

; (2.7)
for a specific case with assigned constant values to:
0
m
,
0
r
and n.
2.2.2. With waves in elastic medium
Under the action of force
t F F
0 0
sin .
, on the beginning of a rod with a
module of elasticity (by Jung)
0
E
, density of mass

and cross-section
2
1m S
,
a deformation

and compactness

are generated, as follows:

a)
t
E S
F
0 0
0
sin .
.

; b)
t
0 0
sin .
; c)
0
0
0
S.E
F

;
d)
0 0 0
.
; (2.8)
The compactness propagates at wave velocity
a)
2
1
2
1

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

0
0
0 0
0
0
0
w
.
E
v

; b)
0
0
2
0

w
v
; (2.9)
And along the amplitude
0
r
, according to the law
a)
t r r
0 0
sin .
; b)
dt . t cos . . r dr
0 0 0

;
Applying the same approach as before, in point 2.2.1., for the energy of n waves,
or pathway
.
n
n r
, or time
0 n
.T n
we obtain the sum of the energies W of n
waves equal to
87
a)
0 n 0
2 2
0 0 0
. . 2 . . . h r W ; b)
0 n B n
. . H V w W
;(2.10)
where:
a)
2
2 . r . . h
2
0 0 0 n
; b) const V . . r . . V . h H
2
0 0 0 n n

2
2 ;
(2.11)
where the constant
n
H
is specific for the specific conditions and volume V of the
wave process.
2.2.3. With normal electromagnetic waves
The solution is with flat waves, for convenience, but the inferences are of general
character, holding true for non-flat waves as well.
The electric field of the waves is:
a)
t E E . sin .
0 0

; b)
0 0
2
; (2.12)
Since the quantities
0
E
and
0

are connected into one whole, they can be

described interdependent in this form:
a)
0
0
E

E
K
; b)
0 E 0
. K E
; c)
E
K
dimensionality [ ]
1 2
. .

I T M L ;
(2.13)
The density of the energy of one flat wave is:
a) t w t K t E w
0
2
0 0
2 2
0
2
E 0 0
2
0 0
sin . sin . . sin . . ;
b)
2
0
2
E 0 0
. . K w ; (2.14)
The sum of the densities of the energies w of n waves is determined by
integrating for time
0 n
.T n
and we have:
a)
0 n
0
2
E 0
n 0
.
2
. . .
.

h
n K
w W
; b)
0 n n n
. . H V w W
;(2.15)
where:
a)
const
n K
h
2
. .
2
E 0
n

; b)
. .
n n
c o n s t V h H
volume;(2.16)
where:
n
h
and
n
H
are constants for the specific case of (2.12) and at constant
volume V.
2.2.4. With emission from the atom, according to Bohrs planetary model
Here the specific case is the firm condition with Bohrs model for the
hydrogenous atom. In it, an electron of charge
e
q
moves in the electric field of the
nucleus

E
, whose charge is equal in value and opposite by sign to the charge of the
electron. The moment values, according to classical electrodynamics, of force
e
F
,
which acts upon the electron and of its energy
e
W
at distance r of the electron from
the nucleus, and by assigning
0
2
.r n r (n = integer 1, 2, 3, ,
0
r
is the minimal
radius), these formulae are obtained:
88
a)
2
0
2
e
e e
4
.
r
q
E q F


; b)

2
0 0
2
e
0
2
e
e
4 4
.
n r
q
r
q
dr F W

;
(2.17)
When moving from an orbital of radius
n1
r
to an orbital radius
1
2n r
n2
<

since the electron moves with acceleration, it emits energy (photon) equal to

.
1 1
4
1 1
4
2
2
2
1 0 0
2
e
n2 n1 0
2
e
en2 en1 e
h
n n r
q
r r
q
W W W

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

;(2.18)
Since N. Bohr in The Spectra of Hydrogen and Helium Nature. 1915,95,6,7
gave for the hydrogen a summarized experiment for the frequency with Plancks
formula, it follows that the frequency is
a)

,
`

.
|

2
2
2
1
1 1
n n
K
;
( )
K
n n
n n
b

,
`

.
|

2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 1
; (2.19)
On replacing, in the solution (2-18) of electrodynamics, the cited by Bohr
summarized experiment of 1890-1900 (2.19)a, Plancks formula is obtained:
.
e
h W
; (2.20)
where:
.
. . 4
0 0
2
e
const
K r
q
h

is Plancks constant. (2.21)

With solutions for more than one electron, for example, for n electrons,
electrodynamics requires that the energies from the interaction of each electron with
the rest (n-1) electrons should be taken into account. But for the time being, this
problem in physics has no solution. In general, the problem of interaction between
three bodies has no complete solution in physics. That is why there is no solution
to Bohrs model for more than one electron, either.
In this regard, Bohrs model is adequate to reality, but it has a solution for
only one electron.
2.2.5. Emission by atoms of substance at deformation
The electromagnetic forces of cohesion between atoms (molecules) of substance
are given as derivatives of Lenard-Jones potential. In a significantly simplified model
of the forces of cohesion as forces between the electron in an atom and the nucleus of
the atom, as in case 2.2.4. where in normal state the orbital of the electron has radius
r and r
0
, and at deformation

(see

in case 2.2.2) the radius is

( ) t 1
0
r r
. At
these distances, force

F
and the energy

W
are
a)
( )
2
2
0 0
2
e
1 4

r
q
F
; b)
( )

1 4
0 0
2
e
r
q
W
; (2.22)
In the process of deformation the atom emits energy
89
( )
( )
0 0
2
e
2
0 0
2
e
0 f
4
. 1
1 4
r
q
r
q
W W W

t

; (2.23)
Since at
1 <<

( ) ( ) +

1 1
1
;
( ) ( ) +

1 1
1
;
The thermal energy released in the form of photons is proportional to
f
W
(2.23) inside and outside the substance and it heats the substance, as it is in
thermal emission according to Max Planck.
Energy losses and heating of rubbing surfaces should be treated similarly. Because
the surfaces always have roughnesses, sometimes as small as the size of a few molecules,
then at friction, part of these roughnesses get deformed or break down. For a process of a
qualitative model like this one, it is possible to explain qualitatively energy losses or heat
released during friction.
Emphasis. Every mechanical force interaction on a substance (push, pull,
bending, twisting, or in liquids and gases moving stirring or flowing) results in
deformation of the orbitals of electrons in its atoms (molecules).
Due to these mechanical processes inside or on the surface of a substance, inside or
outside of it, photons (electromagnetic waves) are emitted. Their quantity (the density)
depends on:
size of deformations of the orbitals;
number of deformed atoms (molecules);
kind of substance: a solid body or liquid;
temperature of the substance.
2.2.6. Oscillating current mesh of capacitance
0
C
and inductivity L
0
The wave equation of an oscillating current mesh of capacitance
0
C
,
inductivity
0
0
L
and resistance R = 0 is
0
1
2
2
2
2
+ + Q .
dt
Q d
Q .
C . L
dt
Q d
2
0
0 0

; (2.24)
where: the electric charge Q of C
0
and circular frequency
0

are
a)
( )
0 0 0
. sin . y t Q Q +
; b)
2
0
0 0
o
C . L

2 2
4
1

;
c)
( )
1
2
4

C . L
0
2
0

; (2.25)
The current i and the voltage are
a)
dt
dQ
i
; b)
0 0 0
. Q i
; c)
0
0
C
Q
dt
di
. L U
; (2.26)
The full energy of the mesh is
L E 0
W W W
, i.e.
90
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0 0
0
2
0
0
Q . . L
2
i L
2.C
Q
W


; (2.27)
On condition that the length of mesh
0
l
is much shorter than the length of wave
0

, i. e.
0
0 0

c
l <<
; (2.28)
the energy of one wave with length
0

is
a)
0 0
2
0
2
0 0 0
. . . . . 2 . . H Q L W W ; b)
. . . . . 2
0
2
0
const c Q L H ; (2.29)
where: c is the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic energy in the mesh
0
l
.
For time
0
.T n
or distance
0
. n r
the wave energy is
a)
0 n n
. . H W n W
; b)
n
.H n H
; (2.30)
2.2.7. Peculiar features of de Broglies waves
This presentation of de Broglies hypothesis is according to Wichmanns book
1)
1
, chapter V. According to this hypothesis, every body of mass
0
m
at rest (v = 0),
is a wave package with group velocity v, where v is the velocity of motion of the
body, having momentum , mass m and length of wave

of de Broglie, as
follows:
a) v m P . ; b)
2
1
2
2
0
1 .

,
`

.
|

c
v
m m
; c)
v m
h
p
h
.
B

; (2.31)
where: h is Plancks constant
From

and the velocity v we determine frequency

B
v
of de Broglies waves
and the energy of
B
W
, as follows
a)
h
m v
2
B
B
.

; b)
2
B B
. . v m h W ; (2.32)
The real value of the energy
R
W
of a body with mass
0
m
at velocity v,
according to modern physics is:
2
1
2
2
2
0
2
R
1 . .

,
`

.
|

c
v
c m c m W
; (2.33)
Apparently, the relationship of
B
W
and
R
W
is:
a)
1
.
.
W
2
2
2
2
R
B
B
<<
c
v
c m
v m W
k
; b)
R B
W W <<
; (2.34)
1
E. H. Wichmann. Berkeley Physics course, Quantum Physics, volume IV. Mc. Graw, Hill Rook
company. 1967.
91
Therefore the energy
R
W
of de Broglies waves of the body is incompatible with
the law energy conservation, because their energy is much less than the actual energy of
the body
R
W
. Or the law for energy conservation disproves any possibility for de
Broglies possibility to actually exist, i. e. de Broglies hypothesis is unreal.
If the energy of de Broglies waves is computed for one electron of the orbital of
an atom, which has mass
31
e0
10 . 1 . 9

m kg and velocity of the order of
10
6
m/s
J v m W
19 12 31
e e0 BE
10 . 1 , 9 10 . 10 . 1 , 9 .

; (2.35)
Its relation to its real energy
Re
W
is
a)
Re
5
18
12
2
e
2
e0
2
e e0
Re
Be
B
10 . 1 , 1
10 . 9
10
c . m
.
W
W
v
c
m W
k



;
b)
RE
5
BE
10 . 1 , 1 W W

; (2.36)
When an electron
-
0
e and a positron
+
0
e annihilate, two photons

are
generated, the energy of the photon being

. h W
, i. e.
a)
+
+
0
-
0
e e 2. ; b)
J c m h W
14 2
e0 f
10 . 19 , 8 . .


; (2.37)
Here the frequency of the photon

and its relevant length coincide with

these in Comptons effect.
a) m
12

10 . 42 , 2

;
b)
Hz
c
20
12
8
k
k
10 . 23 , 1
10 . 42 . 2
10 . 3

(2.38)
The energy of de Broglies waves of the electron J W
19
Be
10 . 1 , 9

(2.35) and
the energy emitted as a photon
J W
14
f
10 . 19 , 8

(2.37) confirm the unreality of de

Broglies waves, since it is impossible for an electron with energy of de Broglies waves
J
19
10 . 1 , 9

to emit a hundred thousand times larger energy (
J W
14
f
10 . 19 , 8

).
This obvious fact calls in question the quantum mechanics, too, which treats
the energy of electrons in the atom as energy of de Broglies waves
2.2.8. Commentary on the cases 2.2.1 through 2.2.7
The above theoretical inferences are experimentally validated. These facts, as a
summary, should be interpreted as a logical physical principle, which states:
The energies of all wave and oscillatory processes for a determined, finite
interval of time are equal to the product of one constant by the frequency of the
process.
This principle is a universal model, regardless of the consequences, which it
imposes on the development of physics. And this universal principle rejects the claims
in the book Quantum Physics - Berkeley Physics volume IV. by Eyvind H.
Wichmann. Mc. Graw-Hill. Book company, 1967, where in chapter 1, paragraph 46 is
92
written: It will further become clear that the formula . h W expresses the
fundamental principle of quantum physics, namely, the universal character of this
relation between the energy W and the frequency

. This dependency is absolutely

alien to classical physics. And the mysterious constant h is a manifestation of the
secrets of nature still to be revealed.
With these facts it is evident that scientists dealing with the quantum mechanics
(physics), because of the euphoria, which has overwhelmed them, and without
making a profound enough theoretical and experimental analysis, have created one of
the myths of quantum mechanics, that the equation of wave energy for a certain
interval of time
0
.T m t
in the form of (2.6) holds true only for the photons
emitted by the atoms. The evidence presented in the preceding paragraphs
unconditionally and most categorically disproves incorrect ideas and frees the
fundaments of physics from this incorrect idea which has turned into a myth and
returns to classical physics a right which was taken away from it.
With the atom, the wave energy for time nT is equal to a constant by the
frequency (2.2), since constructive system of the transmitter (the atom) is the same - a
nucleus with electrons in orbitala - where parameters change only quantitatively. The
constant H = h retains its value, regardless of the quantitative alteration of the nucleus
or the number of the electrons and their distance to the nucleus.
Therefore the formula (2.2) is not unique only for the atoma as a transmitter
of photons, but this fact gives us reason to state that the theory of emission of the
atom is only one specific, and not at all universal, case with its particularities for
the transmitter.
2.3. Conclusion
As a summary of the presented above, the classical law for the emitted wave
energy is formed, which states: The emitted wave energy W
f
for time

n
T n . ,
i.e. for time

, which is n times the time of one period of the monochromatic wave

(T.

= 1) is equal to the product of one constant , with dimensionality [J.s] - Joule

by second, by the frequency

of the wave process, i.e.

. H W
; (2.44)
3. MODEL OF THE CLASSICAL MECHANISM OF EMISSION AND
ABSORPTION OF PHOTONS BY ATOMS
3.1. Initial conditions
3.1.1.The simplest atomic structure of the hydrogen atom is used as a model
in the analysis. The hydrogen atom has the main features of emission of
electromagnetic waves, in the form of photons, what are in all atoms; here,
however, no other electrons exert influence on them.
Here the electric charges of the nucleus - q

and of the electron q

e
have equal
values and opposite signs (
e
q q
).
93
We proceed from the electromagnetic laws. First. When an electric charge (q
e
)
moves, a magnetic field () in induced around it proportional to its velocity (v), and the
magnetic energy (W
H
) is proportionate to the square of and of v (
2 2
H
v H W ).
Second. When an electric charge moves at acceleration ( a

), it emits electromagnetic
energy (wave) with power N, which is proportionate to the square of ( )
2
a N a

.
The electron moves in a circular orbital with radius r and n revolutions per
second at velocity
a) r n v . . . 2 ; b)
n
r
. . 2

; (3-1)
3.1.2. In this model, the electron is characterized by:
3.1.2.1. The electric field
e
E

with density of the electrostatic energy w

e
, the
electrostatic energy W
E
and mass m
e0
at rest of the electron, which are
respectively:
a)
2
0
0 e

4
.
r
r q

; b)
( )
2
2
0
2
e
2
e 0
E
4 2.
2
.
r
q E
w

; (3-2)
a) e
2
e
e0 0
2
e 2
e e E
.
. 4
4 . .
e0 e0
k q
r
q
dr r w dV w W
r r

; b)
( )
1
e0 0 e
. 4

r k ; (3-3)
a)
m
2
e
2
E
e0
.
c
k q
W
m ; b)
( )
1
2
e0 0 m
. . 4

c r k
; (3-4)
3.1.2.2. The magnetic field
0
H

, density of the magnetic energy w

H
and the
magnetic energy of the electron W
He
are
a) [ ]
2
e
e
4
.
.
r
i v q
E v H

; b) [ ]
0 0
.r v i

; c)
v
v
v

.
0 ; (3-5)
( ) ( )
2
0
2
2
2 2
e
2
2
2 2
e 0
2
0
H
. . 4 2 2 2
.
2
.
c r
v q
r
v q H
w



; b)
2
0
0
.
1
c

; (3-6)



e0 e0
2
.
2 . . . 4
.
.
. 8
.
.
2
e0
2
e0 0
2 2
e
2 2
0
2 2
e
H HE
r r
v m
c r
v q
r
dr
c
v q
dV w W

;(3-7)
This law (3-5) has also been experimentally validated for the electrons in the
atoms of wires through which runs electric current, which is a flux of electric charges
(electrons from the atoms of the electric wire or electronic flux at the transmitter of
electrons), independently of their treatment as de Broglies waves in quantum
94
mechanics.
where:
0

is magnetic constant of vacuuma;

e0
r
- the computational radius of the
electron.
( ) ( )
2
0
2
2
2 2
e
2
2
2 2
e 0
2
0
H
. . 4 2 2 2
.
2
.
c r
v q
r
v q H
w



3.1.2.3. The electric field of the nucleus

, which generates attractive

force of the electrons toward the nucleus, which is the centripetal force with
numerical value
on accelerati mass a m
c r
c r
r
r q
r
r q
E q F
c e0
2
e0
2
e0
2
0
0
2
e
2
0
0
2
e
e c
.
.
.
.
. 4
.
. 4
.
.




;
r
r
r

0 ; (3-8)
a)
2
e0 0
2
e
2
E
e0
. . 4 c c r
q W
m


; b) ( )
e0
c
2
0
2
e0
2
2
c
m r
. .
. 2
F r c r
r n
r
v
a

;
[ ]
2
.

s m ; (3-9)
where: m
e0
is the mass of the electron at rest (v = 0);
c
a

- centripetal acceleration of
the mass of the electron, which moves at velocity v along circular orbital; r
e0
- the
classical radius of the electron; - the velocity of electromagnetic waves (light) in
vacuum;
0

- the dielectric constant of the vacuum.

4. EMISSION OF PHOTONS ACCORDING TO CLASSICAL
ELECTRODYNAMICS
For the purposes of the analysis, because of the relatively small differences
between the radiuses r and the revolutions n of the orbitals i and k, for convenience it
is assumed that they are constant, since this condition will not alter the essence of the
inferences. In radial movement of the electron at acceleration
c
a

from the orbital

with radius
i
r r <
k
to a lower orbital with radius along distance r d

, its magnetic
energy decreases by
( )
2
0
2
e
2
e0 c r
. 4
. .
. . 2 .
r
r d r q
r d r n m r d F dW

; (4-1)
Or since after the movement at r d

to an orbital of a smaller radius

dr r r
'
and
95
lower velocity
( ) ( ) r n v r n v . 2 . 2
2
'
2
'

with taking into account (3-1), it follows that (4-1)
can be written in the form
( ) ( )
( )
v d v m
n
v d v
n m r d r n m dW
r



e0
2
2
e0
2
0
2
2 . . 2

; (4-2)
This decrease of the magnetic energy of the electron as a result of the decreased
velocity is a fact based on the electromagnetic theory, according to which, during
accelerated motion, the electric charge emits electromagnetic energy in the form of
electromagnetic waves (photons).
The emitted electromagnetic energy of the electron during its motion from the
orbital with radius
i
r
to the orbital with radius
i k
r r <
is:
( ) ( ) ( )
f rk ri
2
k
2
i
e0
r
2
k
2
i
2
e0
r rik
2
2
2
dW
k
i
W W W v v
m
r r n
m
W
r

; (4-3)
This electromagnetic energy is electroenergy momentum, called photon with
energies
rik f
W W
, mass m
f
and momentum
f
p

.
a)
v h W W .
rik f

; b)
2
f
f
c
W
m
; c)
0
f
f f
c
. c
W
c m p


;
c
c
c

0 ;
(4-4)
or proceeding from the last part of (4-1) and by assigning
a)
2
i 0 i
r n r ; b)
2
k 0 k
r n r ; c)
... , 2 , 1
i
n
;
... , 3 , 2 , 1 .
k i
n n
;(4-5)
and by applying the classical electrodynamics law (2-8) in (4-3) for W
rik
, the result is:

,
`

.
|

,
`

.
|

k
i
r
2
i
2
k 0 0
2
e
i k 0
2
e
r rik
.
1 1
4
1 1
4
dW
r
v h
n n r
q
r r
q
W

; (4-6)
With taking into account the experimental law, known even before 1880, for the
frequency of the photon through the constant of Rydberg R
a)

,
`

.
|

2
i
2
0
1 1
n n r
R
v
k
; b)
v h
n n r R
v
k
.
1 1 1
2
i
2
0

,
`

.
|

; (4-7)
it follows from (4-6) that Plancks constant is
( ) . 4
1
0 0
2
e
const R r q h

; (4-8)
These conclusions follow from the description of J. C. Maxwell in 1873 in
paragraph 638 of Treatise on electricity and magnetism, where he wrote: We must
consider both magnetic and electromagnetic energies as kinetic energies.
In paragraph 636 Maxwell wriote: kinetic energy is available wherever there
is magnetic force, i. e. it is in all parts of the magnetic field... The only question
96
is where it is located. According to our theory, it is located in the electromagnetic
field in space which surrounds the electrified and the magnetized bodies, as well as
inside the bodies. And it is manifested in two different forms of magnetic and electric
polarization.
5. ABSORPTION OF PHOTONS ACCORDING TO CLASSICAL
ELECTRODYNAMICS
If an electron from an atom with mass m
e0
and velocity v
0
absorbs a photon with
energy
.
f
h W
, then the magnetic (the kinetic) energy W
ri
of the electron
increases by the energy of the photon W
f
and becomes
ri
2
k e0
f
2
c e0
f ri ik
2
.
2
.
W
v m
W
v m
W W W > + + ; (5-1)
where:
a)
( )
0 f f 0
e0
f 2
k
v . v . v v
m
W
v v 2
2
2 2
0
+ +
; b)
2
1
e0
f
f
m
2

,
`

.
|

W
v
;
(5-2)
or
2
1
e0
f
0 f 0 k
m
2

,
`

.
|
+ +
W
v v v v
; (5-3)
and
( )
ri
2
k e0
0 f e0
2
f 0
e0
ik
2
.
. .
2
W
v m
v v m v v
m
W > + ; (5-4)
6. EMPHASIS
6.1. Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrate and motivate the fact that the atoms
(molecules), when they absorb a photon, the state of their valent electrons alters, and
consequently, their magnetic (kinetic) energy increases. Here it is essential to note
that the velocities of the electrons in the atoms and the molecules
c v <<
c
are much
smaller than the velocity of the electromagnetic waves (light) in the vacuum. That is
why the computations are made at constant masses
.
e0
const m
of the electrons
and respectively with kinetic energy according to Newtons theory.
6.2. These processes are governed by the regularities of classical electrodynamics
motivated in this study, as follows
6.2.1. The kinetic energy is magnetic energy, or al forms of manifestation of
the kinetic energies are electromagnetic energies.
6.2.2. The kinetic energy is transported from one object to another in the form
of electromagnetic waves (photons).
6.3. Interpretations of the consequences from the laws 6.2.1 and 6.2.2
6.3.1. The idea that the kinetic energy is magnetic and that part of it is converted
into photons explains the unity (homogeneity) of the kinetic and photon energy and
the cause (the mechanical kinetic energy) and result (the electromagnetic energy of
97
the photon), and vice versa. And the fact that the electromagnetic theory of Maxwell
holds true for the atom too, according to which theory any alteration of the time of the
magnetic flux generates electric field, and any alteration of the electric flux generates
a magnetic field. I. e. the alteration of the two fluxes is a law proceeding from
Maxwells theory, which is part of the classical physics.
6.3.2. The laws for emission and absorption of photons by the atoms and the
molecules result from a law, which is in the foundations of classical electrodynamics
and in the principal, i.e. this law is also a law of classical physics. I.e. the magnetic
energy of the electrons in atoma during emission of photons, as a result of their
centripetal acceleration when moving from a higher to a lower orbital, is transformed
into an emitted momentum of electromagnetic waves, called a photon. And the
absorption of a photon by the electron of an atom (molecule) increases its kinetic
energy or, in essence, increases its velocity v, and along with it increases the
centrifugal acceleration of the electron

,
`

.
|

r
v
a
2
e
, because of which, under the
centrifugal
c e0 c
.a m F

the electron moves to a higher (outer) orbital at distance

2
c c
a t r ( ) s t
8
c
10

. This is in fact the mechanism of emission and

absorption of photons (momentums of electromagnetic waves), which last time
~t
c
and move in vacuum at velocity , i. e. the length of the photon is
c f
.t c l
,
therefore, the photons are not points, but have a length and a cross section
2
f
1 0 mm S << < .
6.3.2. The emission and absorption of photons by the atoms and the molecules is
according to the classical electrodynamics. I. e. the magnetic energy of the electrons
in the atom during emission of photons, is a result of their centripetal acceleration
when moving from a higher to a lower orbital, is transformed into an momentum of
electromagnetic waves, called photon. And the absorption of a photon by the electron
of an atom (molecule) increases its kinetic energy or, in essence, increases its velocity
v, and along with it increases the centrifugal acceleration of the electron

,
`

.
|

r
v
a
2
e
,
because of which the electron is moved to a higher orbital of distance
2
c c
a t r
( ) s t
8
c
10

by the centrifugal force

c e0 c
.a m F

. This is the mechanism of

emission and absorption of photons (momentums of electromagnetic waves),
which last time ~t
c
and move in vacuum at velocity , i. e. the length of the
photon is
c f
.t c l
, therefore, the photons are not points, but have a length and
a cross section
2
f
1 0 mm S << < .
7. NIELS BOHR AND THE ATOM MODEL
1. In his article

On the building of atoms and molecules of 1913, Bohr

finishes with the paragraph Conclusive notes, where the Main suppositions are as

On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. Phil. Mag. 1913, 26, P. 1-25 (Part ), P. 857-875
(Part ).
98
follows:
1.1. The emission (or absorption) of energies does not take place all the time, as
it is understood by the standard electrodynamics, but only when the systems undergo
transition from one into another stationary state.
1.2. The dynamic balance of the systems in stationary states is determined by
the standard laws of mechanics, whereas during the transition of the systems between
the different stationary states these laws are not valid.
1.3. The energy of the monochromatic emission, during the transition of the
systems from one into another stationary state with frequency

is . h W ,
where h is Plancks constant.
2. In the article

On the application of the quantum theory to the atom structure, in

section Fundamental postulates of the quantum theory, in Chapter , -1, First
fundamental postulate he wrote The first postulate of the quantum theory about closed
atomic systems states that between the possible relative motions of the particles of the
atom, there must exist so-called stationary states, which are distinguished by a peculiar
stability.
In Chapter . 1. Second fundamental postulate he wrote: The second postulate
states that the release of emission, which is associated with such a transition, is a
consecutive emission of purely harmonic waves, the frequency

of which is determined
by the so called condition of the frequency:
2 1
. W W h
; ()
where: W
1
and W
2
are the energies of the atom in the two stationary states This
postulate widens the gap between the new ideas and the classical electrodynamics,
which is outlined in the first postulate, too.
3. In his article The quantum theory of emission

in 1. Principles of the
quantum theory N. Bohr shows a tendency toward accession between the classical
(Maxwells) electrodynamics and his ideas about quantum mechanics, before the
appearance of Schrdingers equation and de Broglies waves, by writing:
The general description of the phenomena of emission, absorption, diffraction
and dispersion of the light can be made on the basis of the supposition that the
atoms contain electrically charged particles, which can perform harmonic
oscillations around the position of stable balance and which can exchange
energies and momentums with the emitting field, according to the laws of
the classical electrodynamics.
Proceeding from the classical concept of the emission and absorption of
particles, which perform harmonic oscillations, Planck ascertained that, in
order to achieve accord with experiments on thermal radiation, it is necessary
that an additional prerequisite be introduced that in the statistical distribution
only certain oscillations of particles should be taken into account.

ber die Anwendung der Quantheorie auf den Atombau. Grundpostilate der Quartertheorie. Zs.
f. Phys. 1923, 13, 117-165.

The quantum Theory of Radiation (With H. Kramers and J. Slater) Phil. Mag. 1924, 47, 785-
800.
99
Regardless of the fundamental difference of the quantum theory of the
atomic processes from the theory based on the standard electrodynamics,
it in a certain sense should be a natural generalization of the latter.
****

Emphasis. The three citations express the tendency in the quantum theory to
unite with the classical electrodynamics.
Here I. Newtons view, given in 1704, should also be added, which reduces to the
statements (presented here in a synthesized form).
Light consists of tiny bodies - particles.
All bodies emit and absorb light, the light converts into bodies, and bodies
convert into light. These are normal natural processes.
In this sense is also
4. Principle of consistency with Bohrs model
This principle states: The application of Bohrs model (which explains the
phenomena in the microworld) to problems from the macroworld gives (leads to)
results, which are obtainable by classical methods.
In this respect, Bohrs postulates result from the classical electrodynamics, as
follows.
The first postulate. From -1. On the moment of impulse proves that when
the kinetic energy of the electron in the atom does not change, its moment of
impulse is constant and it moves along a stationary orbital. This circumstance
reveals that N. Bohr intuitively reflected the above classical law.
The second postulate. From -1. On the moment of impulse cases and B
make it evident that the orbitals of the electron change when its kinetic energy
changes in absorption and emission of kinetic energy in the form of a photon.
And this is a result of classical physics (mechanics and electrodynamics).
Another result, directly from the classical electrodynamics, as a proof that the second
postulate is an expression of the classical laws is the presented in -3. Model of the
classical in receiving the energy emitted by the electron, i. e. that the electron must
move from one to another orbital. In result of which its kinetic energy changes,
respectively the radiuses of the orbitals and the velocities of the electron change.
In the literature about Bohrs model of atom, there are sometimes 4 postulates cited,
but in Bohrs articles there are only two postulates, as given above.
8. CONCLUSION TO PART
The processes of emission and absorption of photons (kinetic energies) by the
electrons in the atoms can be described only by the laws of classical physics and
therefore they should be interpreted only as classical processes, as a further
development of the classical electrodynamics.
* ***
Italics by P.P.
100
PART
UNREALITY OF DE BROGLIES WAVES
1. GENERAL FORMULATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF THE LAWS OF DE
BROGLIES WAVES
On the essence of de Broglies waves, set fourth in the book Quantum Physics,
Berkeley Physics course. Vol. IV by E. H. Wichmann, McGraw-Hill book company,
1967.
1. In -1. he wrote: Material particles have wave properties. This simple
experimental fact is widely known.
2. In -35. he wrote: De Broglies waves are not waves, which move along with the
classical particle leading it. De Broglies waves are in fact the particle itself - this is the
same object. And there is nothing else. The reality is that the particles are a natural fact
and have the properties of waves.
3. In -29. he wrote: The electrons have wave properties, but they are not waves
in the classical sense, because the electronic wave package cannot be split, in contrast
to the classical wave packet.
4. In -4. he wrote: It is sensible that the velocity of a particle with mass m be
identified with the group velocity.
5. In -5. he wrote: We assume that the relationship
.
0
W
, which holds
true for the photon, holds true for the material particles as well. Then
2
1
2
2
2
0
1
.
.
]
]
]

,
`

.
|

c
v
c m
W
; (1-1)
whence at
a)
dw
dk
v

1
; or b)
dk
dv
dv
dw
v .
; (1-2)
from (1-1) we have
a)
( )
p
c
v
v m
k
]
]
]

2
1
2
1
.
.
; (1-3)a
or in a vector kind
p k

. ; (1-3)b
where:
2 h
- is Plancks constant: . . 2 - the circular;

- the
frequency; the wave vector; - the momentum; - the velocity of light in
vacuum.
This is exactly the expression proposed by de Broglie.
6. In -7. he proved that from the wave equation and Lorentz transformations it
follows that
101
a)
( )
( )
2
1
2
2
B
1
/
]
]
]

c
v
mc

; b)
( )
( )
2
1
2
B
1
/
]
]
]

c
v
mv
k
; (1.4)
and it follows from (1-4) that
a)
( )
2
1
2
2
B 0
1
.
.
]
]
]

c
v
c m
W
; b)
( )
2
1
2
B
1
.
.
]
]
]

c
v
v m
k h p
;(1-5)
where: W
0
is the full energy of the particle with value
2
.
.
2
2
0
v m
c m W + ; (1-6)
7. In -9 it was proved that
At a)
2
2
.
2
c m
mv
<< ; b)
p
h
v m
h

.
B

; (1-7)
8. From the presented above, it follows that the frequency of de Broglies waves
in a nonrelativist form is
h
p v
h
v m v . .
2
B
B

; (1-8)
9. In a systematized form the quantities of de Broglies waves according to E. H.
Wichmann are:
a)
v m
h
.
B
; b)
h
v m
2
B
.
; c)
h
v m
v
k
. . 2
B
B

; d)
2
0
. . v m h W
B
; (1-9)
10. The following values in Table 1 below, computed by the author of this book
according to the presented above by Wichmann about the electron, are given for
orientation about what the parameters are of electromagnetic waves associated with
the electron and the analogous parameters of de Broglies waves also associated with
the electron.
Table
. Electromagnetic waves . De Broglies waves
1. Length of the waves
a)
.
. .
.
e0
2
e0
const
c m
h
c m
c h

;
b)
.
.
e0
B
const
v m
h

; (2-1)
2. Frequency of the waves
102
a)
.
.
2
e0
const
h
c m c

;
b) . const
h
v . m
v
e0
B
B

2

; (2-2)
3. Wave energies
a)
. . .
2
e0 e
const c m h W
;
b)
. const
2
v . m
2 W 2 v . m . h W
2
e0
k
2
e0 B eB

,
`

.
|

;
(2-3)
Here the relationship of the energies non-relativist conditions is
a) 1
W
2
2
e
eB
w
<<
c
v W
k ; b) c v << ; (2-4)
it is apparent that only a small part of the full energy of the electron, which is
2
1
2
2
2
eo
2
e0 2
e0 0
)
c
v
1 ( c m
2
v . m
c . m W

+
; (1-10)
is transformed into the presumed de Broglies waves. Since in de Broglies waves
the internal energy of the bodies does not take part as an energy parameter according
to equation (1-9)d. in -35., the emphasis is on the text: De Broglies waves are in fact
the particle itself - this is the same object, moreover, regardless of the fact (2-4) that,
according to de Broglies formulae, the wave energy of these waves
e eB
W W <<
(2-
3) and (2-4), which unfortunately nobody has computed, in the literature on
quantum mechanics (without exception) all scientists maintain and use the
flawed formulation that the energy of de Broglies waves W
0
(1-5)a and their
momentum (1-5)b are according to these formulae, while in reality for the full
wave energy of de Broglies waves the equation (2-3)b and the relationship (2-4)
from Table 1 hold true. This fact SHOWS THAT THE LAW OF ENERGY
CONSERVATION DISPROVES DE BROGLIES WAVES. And thus citation 5. in
-5, is also disproved, where he wrote: We assume that the relationship
.
0
W
,
which holds true for the photon (he meant the photon into which the electron converts
and which has energy
2
e0 0
. . c m W (P. P.s note)), holds true for the material
particles as well. Then
2
1
2
2
0
0
c
v
1
.
.
]
]
]
]

,
`

.
|
+

c m
W
; (1-11)
In real fact, (1-3)b and (1-4) hold true, by which fact the real existence of de
Broglies waves is disproved.
Another example with an electron in the atom at velocity v = 10
6
m/s (v << c)
The electron has full energies by Maxwell W
0
and by de Broglie W
oB
103
+ +

2
10 . 10 . 1 , 9
10 . 9 . 10 . 1 , 9
2
.
.
12 31
18 31
2
e0 2
e0 0
v m
c m W
J
14 20 14
10 . 19 , 8 10 . 5 , 4 10 . 19 , 8

+
19 12 31 2
e0 B 0B
10 . 1 , 9 10 . 10 . 1 , 9 .

v m W W ;
The relationship is
5
14
19
0
B
W
10 . 1 , 1
10 . 19 , 8
10 . 1 , 9
W

W
k
or according to (2-4) from Table 1.
5
16
12
2
2
2
e0
2
e0
W
10 . 1 , 1
10 . 9
10
c
v
.
.


c m
v m
k
For de Broglies waves, these relashionships hold true
a)
v m
h
.
B

; b)
h
v m
2
B
.
; c)
2
. 2 2 .
2
k
2
B
mv
W v m W ;(1-12)
Wichmann gave prof in Chapter 5. -13 that de Broglies waves exist by writing:
We adduce typical experimental data:
eV W 54
0

, the maximum of the intensity
is observed at 50 . For n = 1 the observable meaning of corresponds to the
length of the wave
65 , 1
, and the length of the wave (of de Broglie P. P.s
note) computed by the formula (11a) is equal to
67 , 1
; this is a good
consistency, if we take into consideration the errors during the measurement.
Devidson observed a maximum of a higher order, which corresponds to n > 1 and
their results proved to be consistent with the results predicted by the theory.
It is necessary to emphasize that the above evidence for the existence of de
Broglies waves is based only on identical lengths of waves, where one wave (of the
roentgen rays - this was pointed out above in -13) is measured, and the other of de
Broglies waves, is only computed. But this is not sufficient, since the full
characterization of identity requires that the waves should have identical velocities,
frequencies and energies.
Here is how things really are.
A. For
65 , 1
, according to the text in -13. from Chapter 5, the length of
the wave of roentgen rays is measured, i. e. rays, which have velocity c.
The frequency of the waves is
Hz
c
18
10
8
10 . 8 , 1
10 . 65 , 1
10 . 3

.
The energy of the photon of the roentgen rays is
J h W
15 18 34
f
10 . 2 , 1 10 . 8 , 1 . 10 . 62 , 6 .


. for
67 , 1
.
The velocity of the electron is
s m
m
h
v
6
10 31
34
B 0
e
10 . 3 , 4
10 . 67 , 1 . 10 . 1 , 9
10 . 62 , 6
.

104
the frequency of de Broglies waves is
Hz
v
v
6
10
6
B
B
B
10 . 57 , 2
10 . 67 , 1
10 . 3 , 4

the energy of de Broglies waves is

J h W
17 16 34
B B
10 . 7 , 1 10 . 57 , 2 . 10 . 62 , 6 .


It follows from the above data that the energy of de Broglies waves in
percentage in relation to the roentgen waves is
( ) % 4 , 1 100 .
10 . 120
10 . 7 , 1 100 .
%
17
17
f
B
B

W
W
W
i.e. only 1.4%
This fact reveals that the inference thus made about the identity of the two
kinds of waves based only on the length of the waves, is entirely ungrounded and
precipitate.
Moreover, the electrons in the atom at velocity v = 5.10
6
m/s, have length of the
wave
B

, frequency
B

and energy W
B
respectively equal to
a)
m . ,
. . . ,
. ,
v . m
h
0
B
8
6 31
34
10 27 4
10 5 10 1 9
10 62 6

;
b)
Hz . ,
. ,
. v
v
B
B
14
8
6
10 17 1
10 27 4
10 5

;
c) J . , . , . . , . h W
B Be
20 14 34
10 75 7 10 17 1 10 62 6

;
Can an electron, at this energy J . , W
Be
20
10 25 7

of de Broglies waves,
emit a photon with energy J W
15
f
10 . 2 , 1


e
W >>
? That is impossible, of
course. This is the proof that the electrons in the atom cannot be considered as de
Broglies waves, and it follows from this fact that Schrdingers equation does
not reflect a physical reality.
The usage of Schrdingers equation to obtain some reliable truths is a
consequence of the unreal properties ascribed to de Broglies waves. For example, W.
Pauli in his article Die allgemeinen Prinzipen - der Wellenmechanik-In& Handbuch
der Physik. Bd.24. Teil 1.1933 , in -1. wrote:
The recent crucial turn in quantum theory occurred thanks to the discovery of
de Broglies waves of matter, the advancement in Heisenbergs matrix mechanics and
the appearance of the general wave-mechanic differential equation of Schrdinger,
which made it possible to connect these two circles of ideas.
The notion of light quanta was introduced to enable the computation of the
exchange of the energy of momentum between light and substance. The laws
for conservation of energy and momentum are strictly observed. If for the
light quantum is determined the momentum
c
p
.

, and the energy is

,
`

.
|

2
h

. Proceeding from the vector

c
k

, it can be written:
105
K p

;
. W
()
that ordinary matter has wave properties, too, moreover, here the wave
vector and the frequency of the waves are determined by the correlations (), which
are now considered to be universal (P. P.s italics). The existence of the wave-particle
dualism and the reliability of the correlation () for matter as well - this is the actual
content of de Broglie s hypothesis about the waves of matter.
However, there is a discrepancy between science and reality here, since with
electromagnetic waves the energy is
2
c . m . h W
c

; ()
and with de Broglies waves the energy is
c k B B
W
mv
W v . m . h W <<

,
`

.
|

2
2 2
2
2

; ()
i.e. the correlations () do not hold true for de Broglies waves. They could hold true if
velocity was v = c. And when only the length of the wave is used for comparison, the
inreality is obvious.
Moreover, it has not been proved that de Broglies waves can be
attracted by the atomic nucleus so as to move around it and within the volume of
the atom.
Schrdinger in his first publication in Amn. Physic. 1926. 79.361. as well as later in
the article The wave theory of the mechanics of atoms and molecules in Phys.
Rev.1926.28.1049. l -1, wrote: The theory, which is set fourth on the following pages is
based on the very interesting and profound research of L. de Broglie on the so called
phase waves and is applicable to the motion of the material particles, in particular to
the electron and the proton.
E. H. Wichmann

in Chapter 7 Schrdingers wave mechanics, -7., wrote:

Schrdingers theory is based on the wave equation, which is known under the
name of Schrdingers equation. His solution is de Broglies wave bound with
the particle.
Wichmann in Chapter 9. Elementary particles and their interactions under the title
Basic ideas of the quantum theory of field, in -32, wrote: The classical idea of two
particles interacting with forces corresponds to the quantum mechanical idea of
interaction between de Broglies waves. This means that de Broglies waves of one
particle exert influence on the propagation of de Broglies waves of the other particle. In
-40, he wrote: If the interaction between the particles takes place in a field, this field
must be in the form of freely propagating and energy-carrying waves. And in -41, he
wrote: In quantum physics, we formulate a theory of the field which in essence is de
Broglies waves of the particles.
2. CONCLUSION
Since the essence of the theory of the wave, quantum mechanics, depends on de
Broglies waves, while their existence is questionable, this theory should be given a
second thought in the spirit of actual facts, the most fundamental of which are the

E. H. Wichmann, Quantum Physics. Berkeley Physics course. Vol. IV. McGraw-Hill Book company.
106
theories of Max Planck and Niels Bohr.
P.S. The theory of de Broglies waves is just a fragment on the path of history of
physics.
PART
ON HEISENBERGS INEQUALITY
This inequation states: The impreciseness in the definition of the coordinate in
x
microphysics is connected with the impreciseness in the definition of the
momentum
p
of the particle, or the impreciseness in the definition of its energies
W
is function of the impreciseness of the time
t
, and two variants are given a)
and b) of Heisenbergs inequation.
a)
h x p .
; b) h t W . ; (1)
But considering the fact that at wave processes the frequency

is equal to
t
1
, i.e.
1 . t
and applying it to (1)a it follows that
a)
h t v p x p . . .
; b)

. h
t
h
W v . p
;
h t W ) c >
; (2)
but the expression (2)b when using only the equation (=) is equal to
a)
. h W
; b)
.
f
h W
; (3)
i. e. this is a notation of the law of the energy of the photon - W
f
and at the same time
is a notation of the law for conservation of the energy of the photon.
In this sense, so that W
f
can increase, according to (2)b, additional energy
f
W
is needed, a fact which is disproved by the law for conservation of
energy. That is why if such data are obtained in measurement, they are
considered invalid
*
, as it is in macrophysics as well.
It is well known that N. Bohr's model gives sufficient results with the analysis of the
hydrogen atom, where there is interaction between two bodies.
With more than two bodies, say 3, 4, , n, this model still holds true, but there
is no solution for atoms with 2, 3, , n electrons. THE REASON IS THAT THE
PROBLEM OF INTERACTION BETWEEN 3 OR MORE BODIES IN PHYSICS
DOES NOT HAVE A SOLUTION FOR THE TIME BEING.
It is essential to emphasize the fact that so far there has not been a single
experimental validation of Heisenbergs inequation. Without such a validation,
however, there is no reason to claim that it is a physical law.
PART V
EMPHASIS. ON SCHROEDINGERS EQUATION
. The use of Schrdingers equation to obtain real, specific numerical values of
probabilities for the state of the electrons in the atom, with features of real physical
quantities is impossible. This statement is grounded on the following facts:
1. In principle, it is impossible to give real boundary conditions for the quantities
associated with the states of the electrons, such as: a) the radius; b) the potential and
*
Based on this, E. Ferma discovered the neutrino.
107
) the kinetic energy. And they are components of Schrdingers equation without
which no specific, real solution can be obtained.
2. In principle, there is no real method for measuring the specific real numerical
values of the probabilities.
3. There are no known experimental data, validating that this equation describes
real phenomena, referring to the electrons in the atom or a specific comparison of
obtained specific experimental numerical values for specific boundary conditions
with experimental data on the same conditions, as it is done for all real physical laws
and theories.
4. There is no experimental validation of the formulations, which are used in
this equation, such as:
4.1. that the electrons in the atom are in the form of de Broglies waves and that
they, being waves, move in the closed space of the atom around its nucleus and that
the electrons do not have a trajectory because they are waves.
4.2. How could it be explained why, in Schrdingers equation, there is a radius
with the nucleus as its center since the claim is that the electrons do not have
trajectories; the availability of this radius speaks exactly of the opposite.
4.3. That, for a short time, the energy of the electrons as waves can have
values greater than those determined by the law of energy conservation. And
there are no experimental data proving that for the electrons, as de Broglies
waves, the law of energy conservation does not hold true.
. Inferences
1. Schrdingers equation does not describe real physical phenomena (facts) in
the atom; that is why there are not any specific experimental data validating it.
2. It is a serious physical error to claim that the law of energy conservation is
not obligatory for a short time for Schrdingers equation, a claim motivated through
Heisenbergs inequation, because there are no experimental data validating this
equation.
. Conclusion
1. With the present situation of interpretation of Schrdingers equation, there
is no reason to assume that this equation reflects real physical facts (phenomena in
the atom). That is why it should not be used as a physical law, but should be
dropped off from quantum mechanics, because this is a logically unsustainable and
experimentally invalidated theory.
2. Since quantum mechanics (Schroedingers equation) claims that the emission of
photons by atoms is a probabilistic process, then this question arises: why Stefan
Boltzmann law = .
4
is determinated (with small fluctuations), although it describes
the sum of photons. This law, which is experimentally validated, disproves the thesis of a
probabilistic character of the emission of photons.
PART V
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
First
The reliable part of the present-day quantum
*
mechanics is a further
108
development to classical electrodynamics for atomic phenomena. This actual,
reliable part cannot include de Broglies waves, Schroedingers equation and
Heisenbergs inequality.
Thereforeby assuming that M. Plancks theory is a continuation (further
development) of the theory of Maxwell and Faraday and that the quantizing of the
energy in the form of photons is a result of the classical electrodynamics, where the
electron is a quant
*
of energy and a quantum of mass, it follows that the real theory of
quantum electromagnetic processes, which has experimental confirmation, its
grounds only in classical physics, respectively in classical electrodynamics.
Second
There is no reason to claim that quantum mechanics is a general science
(theory) about the natural phenomena, because:
a) it interprets only microphenomena of individual objects out of a whole ensemble
of objects and most often describes their one-moment manifestations by means of
probabilistic laws, but it does not give their laws for a prolonged interval of time,
when the laws, according to experiment are deterministic, not probabilistic, such as
is Stefan-Boltzmann law.
b) It does not interpret the integral laws of the ensembles of phenomena of
microobjects, either, where the microobjects are structural elements of the
structure of the ensembles, whose laws are deterministic and are a result
(function) of the manifestations of microobjects.
c) Moreover, the laws of the ensembles, as a unitary structure are deterministic
by ignorable (inconsiderable) fluctuations.
Third
Essentially, quantum mechanics interprets only microelectromagnetic
manifestations of the electromagnetic matter; but not macromanifestations.
Fourth blunder
FLAWS IN THERMODYNAMICS
1. INTRODUCTION: NOTES AND CONCLUSIONS
The beginning of the studies of thermal manifestations of electromagnetic energy
was in times, long before electromagnetic energy was discovered and used in practice.
This circumstance justifies the development of a science dedicated to thermal
processes and named thermodynamics. More specifically, the term thermodynamics
was introduced by W. Thomson in 1854, who changed the original name of this
section of physics, which had been called mechanical theory of the heat. In general,
the development of modern equilibrium thermodynamics was started in 1824 with
Reflections on the moving force of fire by S. Carnot, where he proposed Carnots
cycle.
*
quantum means (has a meaning of) a quantity (a quantity of energy - a portion of energy, a
quantity of mass - a portion of mass. In physics, all formulae are only with quantized quantities
(limited quantities). Unlimited (unquantized) quantities are not used. I.e. the whole physics is
quantized - it is a quantum physics.
109
On the development and the archaisms in thermodynamics, Prof. N. A.
Kvasnikov

wrote in 2002: For historical reasons thermodynamics was created not

by one generation of scientists, but by several generations, so there are a lot of
viewpoints in it, various approaches, different formulations of the same qustions,
variety of designations, etc. This accounts for certain heterogeny of material and
furher (on p. 35) he writes: Thermodynamics is not a unitary and universal
theory. Its sphere of application and its capacities are limited. On p. 192 he also
writes: The problems of thermodynamics can be solved without the notion of
entropy and so forth, by using only immediately measurable quantities.
By the beginning of 20
th
c. it had become clear that the thermal energy is
electromagnetic wave (radiation) energy in the form of an ensemble of electromagnetic
elementary particles, called photons, and their ensemble is called photon gas. This fact is
evident in the publications of G. Kirchhoff in 1860, L. Boltzmann in 1884, Max Planck in
1900, J. C. Maxwell in 1873 and in the experimental results of P. Lebedev in 1900, who
proved Maxwells

thesis that the photons

generate momentum
f
p

, respectively
pressure p = w (where w is the density of electromagnetic energy) and that is why photons
can do work, i. e. for the electromagnetic energy, Maxwells pressures hold true, which
lead to the inferences that:
The electromagnetic (thermal) energy W moves from places of higher
pressure p
1
(higher density of the energy
1
w
) to places of lower pressure
1 2
p p <
(lower density of the energy
1 2
w w <
) at distance
12
r
:
I. e. the quantity
Q
of electromagnetic (thermal) energy, in the form of an
ensemble of photons (photon gas), which moves from point 1 with pressure
p
1

( )
1
w
at distance
12
r
to point 2 with pressure p
2

( )
2
w
through cross
section s for time t , which is proportional to the difference
2 1 12
w w w
, and where applicable is the law
t s
w k
Q

. .
r
.
12
12
; (1-1)
This law differential form is
dt dS
dr
dw
k dQ . .
; (1-2)
where: the sign is minus because the thermal energy moves from higher densities of
the energy to lower ones; k - physical coefficient of proportionality.
This is Fouriers law and it is a consequence of the theory of Maxwells pressures
of 1873 which was validated by P. Lebedev in 1900.
In paragraph 792, Maxwell wrote: In a medium where electromagnetic waves

N. A. Kvasnikov. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics. v. 1. Theory of Equilibrium Systems.

Thermodynamics. (in Russian) Publ. Editorial URSS. Moscow. 2002. (p. 13).

Maxwell. Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 792, 1873

The notion of photon was introduced in 1926
110
propagate, pressure is generated in direction of the waves, which is numerically equal
to the quantity of energy in a unit of volume.
And the energy in a unit of volume has energy density
w
. The mathematical
notation of Maxwells pressure is
a)
( ) w c c c p
2
. . .
; b)
2
c
w

; c)

w
c
2
; (1-3)
where:

is the density of the mass of the electromagnetic waves; their velocity;

w the density of their energy.
The pressure p on surface 1 S , to which corresponds volume V = S.1, is
a)
c
W
c . m c . V . l . S . p
; b)
2
c
W
m
; c)
2
.c m W ;(1-4)
here
a)
V
m

; b)
V
W
w
; (1-5)
Proceeding from the formulae for the coefficients of thermal content c
p
and c
o
at
constant pressure or volume
a)
p
dT
dQ
c
,
`

.
|

p
; b)
v
dT
dQ
c
,
`

.
|

v ; (1-6)
written for the density of the thermal energy
a)
p
dT
dw
c
,
`

.
|

p
; b)
v
dT
dw
c
,
`

.
|

v ; (1-7)
for the differential of the density of the thermal energy we have:
a)
dT c dw .
p

; b)
dT . c dw
v

; (`1-8)
Replacing
dw
from (1-8) in the equation (1-2), we have
dt dS
dr
dT
dQ . . .
; (1-9)
This is the experimentally defined Fouriers law of 1822, which is a direct
consequence of the law of Maxwells pressures of 1873 and was experimentally
validated by Lebedev in 1900. Here the coefficient of proportionality is and is
called thermal conductivity with dimensionality [
K m S J . . .
1
].
Fouriers law (1-9) is the embryo out of which developed the non-
equilibrium (dynamic) thermodynamics, in which at t = 1 = const. can be
described the equilibrium states of the thermal phenomena.
For example, when applying the correlation (1-4)c
2
.c m W
of Maxwells
law to Fouriers law (1-9), the result is Ficks law
dt dS
dr
dm
dm . . .
; (1-10)
which was experimentally established by Fick in 1855.
The laws of electrodynamics, set forth above, which hold true for the
thermal processes, too, entail some regularities, which are essential, even
111
fundamental, initial formulations (laws) for the equilibrium thermodynamics.
2. ON CARNOTS CYCLE (1824) AND CLAUSIUSS ENTHROPY (1854 )
Here, after Carnots cycle is accepted ad hoc, which is in contradiction with the
initial assumption of equilibrium state of the gas, it is assumed that there is motion
(alteration) - very weak, so that there are no losses and the processes can be called
reversible, which means that there is no motion, although a state of equilibrium
(immovability) of the system is considered. However, without motion work cannot be
performed, which is r d . F dA

, without r d

there is no work 0 0 . F dA

.
And slight as the alteration may be (at a low velocity), it always has a velocity v > 0
and losses of energy since they are
0 . > v k Q
. But although, in general, the
arrangement of Carnots cycle is not feasible (it does not exist - it is a fiction, because
it refers to a non-existing ideal gas), i.e. it is incorrect, the conclusions for Carnots
(2-1)a, and for the efficiency factor (2-1)b are correct.
a)
0
T T
2
2
1
1

Q Q
; b)
1
2
1
2 1
T
1
T
T T T

; (2-1)
The reason for them to be correct is the circumstance that they are a consequence
of more general laws, which are experimentally validated, such as:
a) The definition of the coefficients of thermal content
p
and
V
(1-6) and
b) The universal definition of the efficiency factor

, which states:
The efficiency factor is the correlation of the difference between the incoming
energy
1 1
Q W
and the remaining energy (after work has been performed (A = F.r))
2
Q W
2

, to the incoming
1 1
Q W
energy, i.e.
a)
2
2
p
1
1
T T
Q
c
Q

;
0
T T
2
2
1
1

Q Q
b)
1
2
1
2 1
p
2 p 1 p
1
2 1
T
1
T c Q
T T T
T c T c
Q Q

; (2-2)
where: T
1
and T
2
are intial and final temperatures in degrees Kelvin, .
It is evident that we do not need the unreal Carnots cycle to derive the laws
(2-2), since in essence this cycle can really never be conducted. On the other
hand, according to the principle of simplicity (Occams razor), the fewer and the
simpler the initial principles of a theory are, the more reliable and perfect that
theory is. Therefore, Carnots cycle from the theory of the thermal processes should
be dropped off and the above proof, from the conclusion (2-2), has to be applied.
The material set forth above (2-2) enforces a few evident theses (truths).
First. The laws of thermal energy are not probabilistic, a deterministic.
Second. The thermal (electromagnetic) energy moves from places of higher
energy density (of higher temperatures) to places of smaller energy densities (of
lower temperatures), according to the dynamic Fouriers law.
Third. Carnots cycle is not needed in thermodynamics.
112
3. ON THE NOTION OF ENTHROPY
So that a notion can be recognized as a physical quantity, according to the
fundamental methodological principle of a physical reality (truth), it is required that:
a) the notion should have a unit of quantitative measurement for determining of
its numerical value; b) the notion should have a strictly defined, feasible method
of measurement, which method is to be applied by using a measuring device.
Since entropy does not fulfil this fundamental principl, it is a flawed notion. This
fact disproves it most convincingly, i. e. it is not a real physical quantity and it has
no place in physics. But there is another flaw, introduced by L. Boltzmann, who
defined it without any grounds as probabilistic quantity, despite Fouriers law and the
statistical physics, as follows:
First. Entropy was introduced into thermodynamics by R. Clausius

in 1854
when he wrote: For all reversible processes, as a mathematical description of the
second principle of the mechanical theory of heat is the equation (2-3)a and later
the equation (2-3)b
a)

0
T
dQ
S ; b) 0
T
dQ
dS ; (2-3)
This second principle of thermodynamics is for externally isolated
thermodynamic systems, where (inside them) run processes by themselves without
external interference. Gelfer

wrote on p. 237: There is no use of these inequations

(2-3) for the specific computations of thermal processes because
First. They are inequations.
Second. There are no indications in them for the velocity of the process.
Moreover, we can add that there is no method as well of measuring the
entropy, and therefore, there is no reason to use it and least of all, to use it as a
second principle (law) for a principle must have experimental validation, a
method and the measuring device.
4. ON THE STATISTICAL METHOD IN EQUILIBRIUM AND REVERSIBLE
THERMODYNAMICS
Equilibrium and reversible thermodynamics is modern thermodynamics, which
we shall call here orthodox thermodynamics.
Two laws for studying the thermal processes are used in it, as follows, according
to F. Reif

, paragraph 7.4. Fundamental principles of statistical thermodynamics

where he wrote:
First law of thermodynamics,

Clausius R. Abhandlccngen ???ber die mechanische W???ran. theorie. Abt. 1. Braunschweig.

1854.

Gelfer, J. M. History and Methodology of Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics. Publ. V. .
Moscow, 1981.

F. Reif. Berkeley. Physics course. Statistical Physics. Vol. 5. McGraw-Hill. Book Company.
(Translated into Russian and publ. by Nauka. Moscow, 1972)
113
The equilibrium macrostate of an isolated thermal system is characterized by
constant internal energy, temperature, pressure and volume.
a)
.
c
const W
; b)
. const T
; c)
. const p
; d)
. const V
;(2-4)
****
Second law of thermodynamics.
When a thermal system absorbs thermal energy dQ, its entropy changes by
T
dQ
dS
' '
;
4.1. Statistical aspect
This aspect uses the assumption that in a equilibrium state of the system, its
thermal energy W
c
is distributed uniformly among all N
0
particles (molecules,
atoms). The mean thermal energy of one particle is equal to the ratio of the full
thermal energy W
c
to the number of the particles
T . k
2
v . m
N
W
W
B
2
i i
0
c
i
2
1

; (2-5)
where: m
i
is the mass of the particle;
2
i
v - the root mean square velocity of
oscillation of the particle;
B
k
- Boltzmanns coefficient.
Emphasis: F. Reif wrote in paragraph Problems at the end of chapter , in
problem 1.9.: This result shows that the mean energy of the atoms (of the
particles P. P.s note), in a system in equilibrium, is the same, even if the masses
of the atoms are different.
From the law (2-5), which is experimentally validated for the energies of the
particles of an equilibrium system the following detail laws also hold true:
a)
'
T
0 . dT c Q d W d
; b)
0 dT
; c)
. .
c
i 0
const
V
W
W n w
;
(2-6)
a)
. const T
k . N
W
T
min
B 0
c

; b)
. const T . k W
B i i

2
1

;(2-7)
where: c
T
- common symbol of the coefficient of thermal content;
w
- density
of the energy;
0
n
- concentration of particles in a system of constant volume - V;
i

- the energy of one particle.

4.2. Probabilistic aspect
According to Maxwell-Boltzmann law, the probability of the number N
i
of
particles N
0
of the system, which have energy in the interval (
i

to
1
i
+
) is

,
`

.
|

T
N N

i
0 i
k
. exp

; (2-8)
* ***
Carnots cycle contradicts the conditions (2-4).
114
Here the relationship
T . k
B
i

is the interval of energy in units of

T . k
B
. This
eq. (2-8) is not about the mean value of the energy (2-5), which is in equilibrium state
and so is not a probabilistic quantity, but is a strictly defined quantity of the full
energy of the system W
c
and the number of particles N
0
0
c
N
W
W
; (2-9)
Since in equilibrium state the energy

is not a probabilistic quantity, the

correlation (2-8) cannot be used, i.e. it is incorrect to use it, for statistical
regularities as (2-5), i. e. in equilibrium states.
In spite of this, however, it is used in modern orthodox thermodynamics, and this
flaw is justified by the very slow motions (velocities), despite conditon (2-6). But in
physics, in such cases dynamics at low velocities is discussed, not statics at low
velocities. Moreover, such a flaw is to be found in Carnots cycle as well, which is the
core principle of the proof that heat can do work, and Fouriers law is never mentioned at
all.
The development of the notion of entropy as a probabilistic quantity in
equilibrium state is also flawed as an approach and as a real description because:
a) in equilibrium state dQ = 0 and dT = 0, therefore:
a)
0 .
T
dT c
T
dQ
dS
; b)

0 dS S
; (2-10)
i.e. there is no entropy in equilibrium state.
b) the definition of entropy involves the coefficients of thermal content c
T
,
respectively at constant pressure
p
c c
T
or at constant volume
v
c c
T
, and the
formula given by Boltzmann is the one specified for mols by M. Planck by the
coefficient k
B
introduced by Planck.
a)
P k
B
ln S
; b) 1 P ; c) S > 0; (2-11)
where: k
B
is Boltzmanns coefficient; - the notion of thermodynamic probability, a
new term, incompatible with the notion of probability, which is 1 P , since the
mathematical probability, by definition, is always smaller or equal to one, i.e. (
1 P ).
5. CONCLUSIONS
It is evident from the arguments on the notion of entropy set forth above that core
methodological principles in science are not fulfilled, such as:
1. The principle of veracity a criterion of truthfulness is the empirical
validation of a scientific claim (quantity or theory). Or, as Aristotle put it, the claim
(idea) must have its counterpart in nature.
There is no way to measure entropy, nor a unit of measurement to determine its
numerical value during a process. Moreover, there is no proof, either, of the
equivalence of computation through deterministic computation according to formula
(2-3) and formula (2-11). Last but not least, there is not any sufficient experimental
validation.
115
Therefore, according to this principle of veracity, it has not been proved that
entropy is a reality, on the contrary, it is evidently a fiction.
2. The principle of simplicity (Occams razor), which states that out of a few theories,
which seemingly equally reliably explain the same phenomenon, the most perfect is that
theory, which uses the least initial assumptions.
Here a question arises as to why Fouriers law, which could offer much more
reliable and simpler solutions, is ignored? Thermodynamics is made unnecessary
complicated through introducing enthropy and Carnots cycle.
The question, is thermodynamics feasible without the notion of entropy, was
answered by Prof. Kvasnikov in his book

, paragraph 9 Non-entropic methods in

thermodynamics where he wrote on p. 192: We have shown that thermodynamic
problems can be solved without using the notion of entropy, but operating only by
immediately measurable macroscopic quantities., i.e. the principle of simplicity
denies entropy, since only macroscopic quantities are used in thermodynamics.
3. The principle of recognition of the knowledge gained over centuries of
scientific studies is not observed, because the laws of Fourier and Fick are
disregarded. These laws clearly and unequivocally prove that: a) thermal energy
moves from a place of higher temperature to a place of lower temperature; b) this
process is strictly deterministic and unambiguous, not a probabilistic one; and )
thermal energy (heat) is something material, because there cannot exist gradient (
dr
dT
) for something which is not real - is not material.
For the proven flaws above, the notion of entropy is used as a second principle
(law) of thermodynamics, although thermodynamics can exist without it. This is a
real dead-end situation for thermodynamics, a huge and burdensome load of laws on
entropy, without which thermodynamics would be considerably more perfectly and
unequivocally determined as well as shorter and universal for continuous
(irreversible) and equilibrium processes.
6. CONCLUSION
Thermodynamics must be liberated from the notion of entropy, which is
nothing else but a fiction and should be developed on the basis of experimental
regularities, such as:
1. Thermal energy is electromagnetic with a structure of a photon gas.
2. The laws of thermodynamics are specifically electromagnetic laws, which
reflect photonic processes proceeding from Fouriers law, which is a consequence of
Maxwells law for Maxwells pressures in electrodynamics.
3. By observing the above two regularities, which hold true for non-
equilibrium and equilibrium (irreversible and reversible) processes, we can
arrive at a unitary theory of thermal phenomena, which are electromagnetic
phenomena.

I. A. Kvasnikov. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics. V. 1. Theory of Equilibrium Systems.

Thermodynamics. (in Russian) Editornal URRS. Moscow, 2002.
116
Chapter Three
SOME INCORRECT REGULARITIES
1. UNREALITY OF HUBBLES EFFECT
In N. S. Hetherington
*
article Hubbles Cosmology in the magazine The world
of Physics, book 3 of 2002, published by the Union of Physicists in Bulgaria, it is
written: However, the philosophical principles made Hubble choose Lemerre model
for a relativistic, expanding and homogenous Universe. Although his initial data
suited better to Zwickys model. And about Franz Zwicky it is written: Zwicky
suggests that Universe does not expand and that the observed redshift is the result of
interaction between light quanta and substance in space. Therefore, it is not a sign of
real motion. The gravitational delay of light could explain the observed relationship
velocity-distance, as it leads to a greater effect upon light with more distant objects
and further on: Franz Zwickys models are logically compatible, but each of them
contradicts Hubbles ideas of fundamentality. The stationary model of Zwicky is also
inacceptable for Hubble on a philosophical basis. Hubble assumes that on a
sufficiently large scale, Universe looks the same, as seen from each of its points -
homegenous and isotropic, without a center or boundaries. .. The new Hubble data
show a linear relationship between velocity and distance of cosmic objects ...With a
firmly established relationship between velocity and distance, Hubble goes on to a
theoretical interpretation of the empirical data.
Conclusions from Hubbles assumptions
First. Hubble claims that the velocity of motion of each cosmic object,
H
v
, as
seen from whichever point of Universe is proportional to a constant (Hubbles
constant, ), multiplied by the distance from the point of observation to the object,
since Universe is homegenous and isotropic and has no center or boundaries.
Second. A question arises here as to what the motive natural forces are and from
where the relevant energy is drawn, and what in essence this huge energy is, so that
the forces generating the velocity
H
v
, which is called here Hubbles velocity, could
be generated.
Let us illustrate thse questions through physical laws.
1. Hubbles velocity is:
r . H v
H

; (1-1)
where: r is distance from a point (the referential system) in Universe to the observed
body, which moves at velocity
H
v
.
2. At this velocity
H
v
, the kinetic energy of the cosmic body with mass
T
m

is:
*
Norris, S. Hetherington. Hubbles Cosmology. American Scientist. March-April 1990, 78, pp (142-151)
117
2 2
2 2 2
r . H . m v . m
W
T H T
KH

; (1-2)
3. Force
H
F
, which accelerates the mass
T
m
to velocity
H
v
, i.e. which
generates Hubbles effect is:
( )
r . H . m r
dr
r d
.
H . m
r
dr
dW
F
T
T KH
*
H
2
0
2 2
0
2

*
; (1-3)
i.e. the force, needed to generate velocity
H
v
, or Hubbles effect, is proportional
to the distance at which the body is form the place of the referential system (the
observer).
Moreover, these forces and energies exist towards any point of space in Universe.
Until present day, physics does not know any fields or forces, which can
increase with the increase of distance. Hubble does not clarify this problem, but
not until the force and energy problems of this dynamics in Space have been
clarified, can we think of Hubbles effect.
It is surprising that prominent physicists have rejected the experimentally well
grounded, regarding both forces and energies, model of Franz Zwicky, only to accept
a model, which is in complete variance with the law for conservation of energy
and mass, what is this model of Hubbles.
Conclusion
There is not and cannot be any real effect, called Hubbles effect, according to
present-day realities about natural forces and energies ,i.e. Hubbles effect does not
exists - it is a fiction.
2. THE BLUNDER THAT SECTOR VELOCITY IS CONSTANT: THE
INCORRECTNESS OF KEPLERS SECOND LAW
The sector velocity

is equal to the alteration of the surface, which describes

the radius-vector of a moving point-like object for time dt , towards reference
system with a begining 0 (fig. 2.1). The material point moves from point with
radius-vector
r

for time dt (angle d ) to point C with radius-vector

r d r r
`

+
.
The surface , which describes the
radius-vector for time dt is
ABC AB dS dS dS
`` `
+ + 0
(2.2-39)
or
*
here we use the expression for force:
dt
P d
dt . v
P d . v
r
dr
dW
F

0
i.e. the derivative of the energy W toeards distance dr is equal to the derivative of the momentum
towards time.
Fig. 2.1.
118
dr . d . r . rd . r . dS
2
1
2
1
+
(2-1)
Only the surface between the trajectory l and accretion dr of the radius-
vector remains not included.
Bearing in mind that:
a)
( ) t . r f
dt
dr
`

;
b) ( )dt t . r f dr
`
; (2-2)
it follows that the sector velocity is
( ) ( ) [ ] dt t . r f r d . r . d . t . r f . d . r .
dt
dS
` `
+ +
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
;(2-3)
Only with a trajectory in the form of a circle
( ) 0 t . r f
dt
dr
`
(2-4)
therefore, only with a cicle the sector velocity is
. const d . r .
dt
dS

2
2
1
; (2-5)
With all other curves l the sector velocity is (2-3), therefore, (2-5) can be used
as a first approximation.
This fact is one of the reasons for the orbits of the planets not to be closed
curves, but open rosettes.
This is what the necessary correction of the second the law of Kepler consists in.
3. THE MOMENT OF IMPULSE IN ELECTRODYNAMICS IS NOT
CONSTANT
The alteration of the moment of impulse of an electron during its transition from
one orbital n, which is L
n
with radius r
n
to another orbital L
k
with radius r
k
<r
n
for time
t is:
( ) const r . t f
r 4
r t q
r 4
r t q r
t . M . r L
0
0
2
e
0
0
2
e

1
2

; (3-1)
Where the relationship of
n
L
to L
k
=L
n
- L, i.e.
a)
1
n
k
k
n
r
r
L
L
; b) L
k
L
n
; c) L const; (3-2)
That is why Bohr, in the atom model, postulated the quantum variable moment of
impulse
a) L = n . h; b) n = 1; 2; 3 - integers (3-3)
Since in mechanics it is assumed that bodies, neutral with regard to their electric
charge, do not emit energy W
L
, and the moment of impulse L is a consequence of the
law for conservation of kinetic energy W
ko
, for time

, and distance is
t v r .
, at
119
t
.
a)
const . W . .
v . m
r . v . m L
k M
2 2
2
2
;
b)
2
L
W
M
k
;
const W
k

; (3-4)
In electrodynamics, bodies can emit energy W
L
, and, as a consequence of W
L
, their
initial kinetic energy
k0
W
decreases by W
L
(t), which is a function of the acceleration
and the time. Because of this, the moment of impulse in electrodynamics is:
( ) ( ) const . t W W L
L ko e
2 ; (3-5)
The result (3-4) is a special case of (3-5), when there is no emission of energy by
a body with mass m. This case is characteristic of classical mechanics, where
emission is so small that it can be igniored. A detailed presentation of this fact in
classical mechanics will be given in another book.
120
AFTERWORD
1. THE ROAD OF THE NEW IN SCIENCE
In [1] (on p. 7) we can read: In the history of science, it has been not a rare
occasion for scientists to fail to recognize a new breakthrough, (as is the case, for
instance, with Newtons Opticks in 1704 P. P.s note) even when it emerges before
their eyes. This may happen because of the observers theoretical unpreparedness or
for lack of a sufficiently developed theory in the store of collective knowledge, which
will be able to assimilate the new observations. (All italics in this afterword is P.P.s).
Further, in [2] (p. 129) we read: The carriers of old ideas and theoretical
assuptions will not surrender without fight. That is why new idea only succeed in
establishing themselves in decates or even centuries. The famous physicist Max
Planck wrote: In the 80s and 90s of last century (referring to 19
th
century P. P.s
note), I realized how frustrating it feels when a researcher arrives at ideas superior to
the dominant ones, for his voice is too weak to make the scientific society listen to
him... The old routines, ideas and assumptions in science, running counter to the
new scientific data, are very viable. They will hardly succumb to re-consideration;
this is so because, more often than not, they are bound to a chain of other scientific
assumptions. The process of demolition of outdated scientific views affects the
interests and prestige of a wide circle of scientists, WHO WILL RESIST IN ANY
WAY AGAINST THE INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW. Even inadmissible
contrivances, very remote from scientific style, may be used sometimes, such as
humiliation or public exposure of the carriers of new ideas. It is well known that
Newtons theory faced the opposition of so authoritative scholars in their times as
Huygens, Leibnitz, Bernoulli, Euler, and others.
According to Immanuel Kant, ONE OF THE HARDEST REFORMS IS THE
ONE IN HUMAN THOUGHT.
2. EPILOGUE
The author of this book does not believe that the ideas and solutions proposed by
him in the book will be readily accepted by the society of physicists, irrespective of
the fact that sufficient number of validating experimental (scientific experiments) are
presented in support. The author, however, hopes that sooner or later, in one or
another form, these ideas will cut a road through the official academic physical
science. This hope is based on the circumstance that science is a self-adjusting
system, which pursues the truth.
As regards the second blunder, probably most experts in TR would look down
upon the author from the tower of the artificially exalted image of Einstein as an
infallible creator of a theory of genius. Or, they might feel sympathy to the author
(me, P.P.s note), as to a man in a pitiful plight with respect to something in his head.
What could be done with this author in a pitiful plight? But even the most
121
authoritative ideas will eventually be swept by the irresistible force of experimentally
validated facts,
BEFORE WHICH EVEN SCIENTIFIC GENII, AS WELL AS GODS, WILL
YIELD!! - this is what the author of this book believes in, the author in a pitiful
plight.
The author is convinced that his view upon the science of physics, sooner or
later, will be accepted by the scientific comminuty.
This conviction is based on the circumstance that science is a self-regulating
system with an unconditional criterion of veracity: the experimental facts.
Literature
1. Methodological Principles of Physics. Academy of USSR, Science, Moscow,
1975 (in Russian)
2. I. D. Andreev. The theory as a Form of Scientific Knowledge Organization,
Science, Moscow, 1979 (in Russian)
3. M. Klein. Mathematics and the Search for Knowledge, Oxford University
Press, 1975, Mir, Moscow, 1988 (in Russian)
122
THE GREAT BLUNDERS
IN MODERN ACADEMIC PHYSICS
Author: Prof. P. R. Penchev
Bulgarian
First edition
Format: 6084/16
Printrs sheets: 8
ISBN 978-954-323-466-0
Publisher: Avangard Prima
Sofia, Acad. Stefan Mladenov St, parter
Sofia, 2008