Part 2: Materials technology

Standards and specications 63

64

Materials technology

Standards and specications

Standards and specications 65

Contents
Cementitious materials Concrete Aggregate 67 71 73

Standards and specications 66

Cementitious materials

The national cement specication is a performancebased specication where the early and 28-day strength of the cement are dened. This has resulted in a signicantly more consistent product than previous specications enforced.

National cement specication

All common cement products produced and sold in South Africa are obliged by law to comply with SANS 50197-1:2000[1]. This assures the customer that: The performance of the cement is controlled That the product complies with the specied performance requirements An acceptable manufacturing quality control system is in place All cements produced by Holcim comply with SANS 50197-1:2000 and bear the SABS mark.

Figure 1: Permitted percentages of mineral component [1]

Description
Portland cement Portland composite cement
CEM I
0
6

Composition, %
GGBS Clinker
20

100

Limestone Fly ash

35

CEM II B-M

CEM III A

Blastfurnace cement

65

CEM III B
80

Descriptions and requirements of cement complying with the national specication

CEM III C
11

Requirements for the composition, 28-day strength, rate of early strength gain and other physical and chemical properties are dened by the specication for each type and strength class of cement. The full description of the cement communicates the type and composition, 28-day strength class and rate of early strength gain of the cement to the user, eg.
CEM II A-M (S) 42,5 N

Pozzolanic cement Composite cement

CEM IV A
35

CEM IV B
18 18

55

95

CEM V A
0 30 30 100

(Adapted from Memento Cement Beton[2]) In practice the quantities of GGBS (S), limestone (L) and y ash (V) are generally xed within the limits of the specication. Therefore the quantities of the mineral components do not vary signicantly between different batches of cement but tend to receive small adjustments over time to ensure consistency of performance.

See also Holcim Cement, Figure 1, p15.

Standards and specications 67

Technological advances in the production of cement, such as admixtures, plant control systems and alternative fuels, have given the cement producer the exibility to use a wider range of mineral components, such as GGBS, y ash and limestone, and produce cement with better technically acceptable properties. However a specication was needed to standardise the performance of cement allowing for these innovations and technological advances.

Cement types available in South Africa

CEM I CEM II

Portland cement Portland GGBS, limestone, y ash or composite cement CEM III Blastfurnace cement CEM I V Pozzolanic cement CEM V Composite cement

Composition

The range of proportions of each constituent material is specied for each cement type eg. CEM II A-M (S) consists of clinker with 6 to 20% ground granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBS). Included in the range of permitted mineral components may be additional constituents of up to 5%. Figure 1 shows percentages of different mineral components permitted in each cement type.

Strength class

Cement is produced in three different strength classes, denoted by 32,5; 42,5 and 52,5 in the cement description. Standard strength tests are routinely conducted on mortar samples made with a standard sand and xed water:cement ratio, to dene and verify the performance of different strength classes of cement in terms of mortar strength (see Figure 2), setting time and expansion (soundness). The cement in each strength class must meet the requirements given in Table 1. Figure 2: Mortar prism

Rapid Hard Cement requires a higher mortar prism compressive strength at 2 days (see Table 1 and Figure 3). Figure 3: Rate of strength gain for Normal and Rapid cements
In spec Out of spec

Standards and specications

68

(Adapted from Memento Cement Beton[2])

Chemical requirements
Table 2: Chemical requirements for cements in general use in South Africa
Property Cement type Strength class 32,5 N Sulphate content CEM I CEM II 42,5 N 52,5 N 52,5 R All classes All classes All classes All classes 3% 5% 0,10% 42,5 R 32,5 R Requirements

3,5%

Table 1: Strength requirements

All Purpose Cement High Strength Cement Rapid Hard Cement Not currently available in the Holcim Cement range Initial setting time, minutes Soundness (expansion), mm

(expressed as SO3)

CEM V

4%

CEM III Loss on ignition Insoluble residue Chloride content CEM I CEM I CEM III CEM III All types

Compressive mortar strength, MPa Strength class 2 day 32,5 N 32,5 R 42,5 N 42,5 R 52,5 N 52,5 R 10 10 20 20 30

Early 7 day 16

Standard 28 day 32,5 32,5 42,5 42,5 52,5 52,5 62,5 62,5 52,5 52,5

75 75 60 60 45

10 10 10 10 10 10

Note: Cement type CEM III may contain more than 0,10% chloride but in that case the maximum chloride content must be stated on the packaging and/ or the delivery note.

Selecting the appropriate cement

Early strength

The sufx N or R at the end of the description of a cement type indicates rate of early strength gain: Normal or Rapid.

The proportions of different mineral components impart different properties to the cements and consequently to the concrete (or other applications) made with these cements.

In addition, prior to specifying any cement and entering into contractual negotiations, on-site trials using the specied aggregate and admixtures must be carried out to verify that the actual concrete, mortar or plaster made with the cement performs in practice. Our sales consultants can advise you, and will arrange to supply samples of the cements available in the different geographical areas.

Where sulphate attack, chloride ingress, permeability or alkali aggregate reaction are of concern, the use of composite cement containing GGBS or y ash is recommended. See also Compressive strength, p141 and Durability, p160.

Cement for soil stabilisation

Cement for concrete

It has been proven that with the correct concrete mix proportions, an early or 28-day specied strength can be achieved with any cement type, depending on w:c ratio, see Figure 4. See also strength gain curves, p144. Figure 4. Same nal concrete strength, different cements
35 30 25 20 15 10
MPa
CEM V A(S-V) 32,5 N; w:c ratio = 0,67 CEM II A-M(V) 42,5 N; w:c ratio = 0,67 CEM II A-L 32,5 N; w:c ratio = 0,67 CEM II A-M(S) 42,5 N; w:c ratio = 0,83

Cement with extended setting times, such as a mineral component cement in the 32,5 strength class, is more suitable for soil stabilisation applications because of the longer working times required to place and compact the material. The selection of a cement type and content is based on laboratory testing with the granular materials and two to three cement types available in the area of construction. See Stabilisation, p117 for detailed recommendations.

Cement for plaster and mortar

Days

28

We recently conducted a test programme to assess the performance of different cement types and plaster sands. The test programme consisted of plastering 3 m-wide panels of a 120 m-long wall with 14 types of cement, and sand from two different sources, and assessing surface nish, drying shrinkage cracking and strength at 14 and 28 days.

Standards and specications 69

When selecting the most advantageous cementitious product for a specic application, the specier, engineer or architect should: Understand what SANS 50197-1:2000[1] means in terms of specied physical requirements in the nal product. Understand how these properties affect the properties of the fresh and hardened concrete (or other product) required for the project. Apply this knowledge to the cements available from specic producers and suppliers in different geographical areas. Factor in additional savings gained by using alternative cement and/or aggregate types, or using chemical admixtures.

However, economics and logistics govern the selection of the cement type. Any special requirements such as early strength or durability must be indicated in the specication to ensure that the mix design takes these requirements into account. The early rate of strength gain varies with different types of cement. If early strength is of importance, eg. for early stripping of formwork or precast moulds, the concrete specication must indicate a minimum early strength gain requirement, eg. 18 MPa at three days. Specifying concrete to achieve long-term durability in aggressive environments, eg. marine wharfs, requires special attention in the mix design.

The results of this project indicated that the quality of the plaster is far more dependent on the quality of the sand, and the type of mixing (hand vs machine mixing) than on the cement type. In general, All Purpose Cement gave high quality, workable plaster with excellent nishability when used with the plaster sands evaluated. In general, Holcim All Purpose Cement is recommended for all general construction work including foundations, slabs or oors on the ground, mortar and plaster, and also for mass concrete elements. In addition, this cement is highly recommended for soil stabilisation of sub-bases and base courses of asphalt or concrete-surfaced roads.

Holcim High Strength Cement should be specied for industrial oors on the ground, columns and suspended slabs, especially in high-rise buildings, factories, warehouses, and shopping centres, and for pre-cast concrete elements. Holcim Rapid Hard Cement is particularly useful where very high early strengths are required, eg. in pre-cast work. See also Applications, p109.

Standards and specications 70

Testing the chemical composition of cement samples

Concrete

The quality of readymix concrete is controlled by compliance with SANS 878:2004[3]. The quality of both product and service is controlled by compliance with ISO 9001:2000[4]. All Holcim Readymix plants are certied as ISO 9001:2000 compliant. Holcim Readymix is a member of SARMA, the South African Readymix Association. One of the requirements for SARMA membership is veried compliance with SANS 878:2004. See Useful references, p185. In order to comply with the above specications, Holcim Readymix ensures that the following factors are in place.

Cementitious materials are batched cumulatively by mass to within 2% Aggregate is batched to within 3% Admixtures are batched to within 2% or 50 ml Water is batched to within 2%

Batching tolerances

Plant and equipment

Contract

Types of concrete mixes, whether designed, prescribed, or designed with special requirements (such as minimum cement content or maximum water:cement ratio) together with the minimum required information are supplied by both purchaser and supplier to ensure that quotations accurately reect requirements.

Production and delivery

Materials

Solid materials are batched by mass, liquids by mass or volume Appropriate adjustments are made for moisture in aggregate Control of water is done by measurement and maintenance of slump within specied tolerances Concrete is delivered with sufcient workability for placement and compaction

Cementitious materials used comply with SANS 50197-1:2000[1] Mineral components - y ash, silica fume and GGBS - comply with SANS 1491:2005[5] Aggregate complies with SANS 1083:2002[6], or has a proven record of satisfactory use in concrete Chemical admixtures comply with International standards Water is tested if the quality is in doubt. Where wash-out water is used in concrete to minimise disposal problems and thus reduce impact on the environment, density is closely monitored to restrict solids content.

Sampling and testing of freshly mixed concrete

Sampling and testing are carried out strictly in accordance with standard test methods for: Sampling freshly mixed concrete[7] Making and curing test specimens[8] Consistence of freshly-mixed concrete Slump[9] Compressive strength of concrete[10]

Standards and specications 71

Storage of raw materials is designed to minimise segregation, contamination or deterioration Weighing equipment is regularly calibrated and checked, and monitoring devices are clearly visible to the operator Mixers, whether stationary or truck mounted, are kept in good repair and are able to fully mix concrete within the required time

Tolerances in slump

Concrete should be within the specied range for a period of 30 minutes from arrival on site. Table 3: Tolerances
Specied slump 50 mm and less 50 to 100 mm >100 mm Standards and specications Tolerance - 15 to + 25 mm 25 mm 40 mm

In the event of acceptance control values not being met, SANS 878:2004[3] and SANS 10100-2:1992 (amended 1994)[11] specify the procedure for taking and analyzing core test results.

Admixtures

In 2002, the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) issued EN 934-2 2000[12]. Part 2 relates to concrete admixtures, denitions and requirements. American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM C 494/C 494 M-1992[13], ASTM C 494 C 1017/1017 M-98[14] and American Cement Institute, ACI 212-4 R-93[15] cover the use of superplasticisers in concrete in America. The new Japanese Industrial Standard for Superplasticisers is JIS A 6204[16], issued in 1995. See also Production of concrete, p83 and Handling concrete, p98.

Compressive strength

72

Process control testing is carried out by Holcim Readymix laboratories for their own quality control purposes to ensure that: No individual result falls below the characteristic strength minus 3 MPa, and The average of 30 valid cube results exceeds the specied strength by at least 1,64 times the current standard deviation Acceptance control is carried out by the customer on site to verify process control, and to ensure that: No individual result falls below the characteristic strength minus 3 MPa, and The average of three consecutive and overlapping results are at least equal to the specied strength plus 2 MPa

Investec corporate ofce, Cape Town

Aggregate

Aggregate products should comply with the following specications: SANS 1083:2002[6] (coarse and ne aggregate for concrete) SANS 1090:2002[17] (ne aggregate for mortar and plaster) SANS 1200-M:1982[18] and COLTO, 1998[19]* (for roadstone, base, subbase and pavement layers

Table 6 gives the specied requirements for sands used in the production of mortars and plasters. Table 6: Requirements for mortar and plaster sand[17]
Property Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm 4,750 2,360 1,180 0,600 0,300 0,15000 Dust content,** % (m/m) max Methylene blue adsorption value Clay content,*** max Drying shrinkage of mix, %, max 0,10 SABS requirements Plaster Mortar

Table 4 gives the specied requirements for coarse aggregate (stone) used in the production of both readymix and site-batched concrete. Table 4: Requirements for coarse aggregate[6]
Property Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm Requirements Nominal aggregate size, mm 75,0 53,0 37,5 26,5 19,0 13,2 9,5 6,7

7,5 0,7 2,0

12,5

0,12

Flakiness index, %, max 10% FACT, kN, min

75,0 100 100 53,0 0 - 50 85 - 100 100 37,5 0 - 25 0 - 50 85 - 100 100 26,5 0 -5 0 - 25 0 - 50 85 - 100 100 19,0 0 -5 0 - 25 0 - 50 85 - 100 100 13,2 0 - 25 0 - 50 85 - 100 100 0 -5 9,5 0 - 25 0 - 55 85 - 100 100 0 -5 6,7 0 -5 0 - 25 0 - 55 85 - 100 4,75 0 -5 0 - 25 0 - 55 2,36 0 -5 0 - 25 1 ,18 0 -5 Dust content**, 2,0 % (m/m), max 35
110 for aggregates used in concrete subject to surface abrasion, and for structural elements of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete 70 for aggregates used in concrete not subject to surface abrasion

If the sand complies with the requirements for methylene blue adsorption or clay content, the limits for dust content may be increased to 12,5% for plaster and 17,5% for mortar sands.
Note: If the dust content exceeds the limits, carry out a methylene blue adsorption test. determine the clay content. the sand.

If the adsorption value exceeds the limits, If the clay content exceeds the limits, reject For mild exposure conditions or if the sand has been used safely in the past, drying shrinkage limits may be increased to 0,12% for plaster and 0,14% for mortar sands. The strength of mortar or plaster may be affected by: Solid deleterious impurities. The strength of mortar specimens should be at least 85% of the strength of washed sand mortar specimens. Organic impurities. The colour of the liquid above the sand should not be darker than the reference sample, except where requirements for solid deleterious impurities have been met.
* ASPASA / COLTO exclusion clauses, p54 to 55. ** Material passing 0,075 mm sieve *** Material smaller than 5 m

Aggregate crushing value, %, max

29

Table 5 gives the specied requirements for ne aggregate (sand) used in the production of both readymix and site-batched concrete. Table 5: Requirements for ne aggregate[17]
Property Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm 4,75 0,1 50 Methylene blue absorption value, max Clay content*** , % m/m, max Dust content**, % m/m, max Fineness modulus 5 1,2 - 3,5 Requirements Natural sand 90 - 100 5 - 25 0,7 2,0 10 Crushed sand

Standards and specications 73

Aggregate for concrete

100 90 100 70 100 40 900 5 65 5 20

100 90 100 70 100 40 100 5 85 5 35

Road layer works material

Material specications require that aggregate for crushed-stone base or subbase is derived from hard, sound and durable rock. Table 7: G1 to G7 classication[19]
Use Material
G1
Base and subbase

Table 9: Grading requirements on approved target for G4 material[19]

Percentage passing through sieve by map Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm 53,0 37,5 26,5 19,0 13,2 4,75 2,00 0,425 0,075 100 84 - 94 71 - 84 59 - 75 36 - 53 23 - 40 11 - 24 4 - 12 100 85 - 95 71 - 84 42 - 60 27 - 45 13 - 27 5 - 12 30 - 65 20 - 50 10 - 30 5 - 15 60 - 90 Crushed materials Nominal maximum size 37,5 mm Nominal maximum size 26,5 mm Uncrushed materials 53,0 mm 100 85 - 100

Nominal maximum size, mm

37,5 37,5 or 26,5
Crushed: 37,5 and 26,5 Uncrushed: 53 Crushed: 53

Additional fines allowed

Only from parent rock Up to 10% natural fines* Up to 15% natural fines*

G2 G3 G4 G5

Standards and specications

Pavement layers

Uncrushed: 63 Crushed: 53 Uncrushed: 2/3 of compacted layer thickness Crushed: 75 Uncrushed: 2/3 of compacted layer thickness

Natural materials

G6

G7

N/A

Aggregate for G5 to G7 materials Gradings on these materials are mainly determined by a grading modulus as prescibed by COLTO.* Hardness Table 10: 10% FACT (ne aggregate crushing value)[19]
Rock type Matrix Non-siliceous cementing material Siliceous cementing material Dry, min 140 kN Wet, min Wet/dry relationship, min 75%

74

Holcim aggregate complies with the following specications except where amended by ASPASA*. Requirements for approved target grading and tolerances For base and subbase, the mean grading (a minimum of six results) of the trial section (prior to compaction) meeting the grading limits and the requirements for approved target grading is determined. A smooth grading curve is then classied as the approved target grading for a specic project. All future gradings are evaluated against the target grading in accordance with specied tolerances. Table 8: Grading tolerances for G1 to G3 materials[19]
Property Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm 53,0 37,5 26,5 19,0 13,2 4,75 2,00 0,425 0,075 100 84 - 94 71 - 84 59 - 75 36 - 53 23 - 40 11 - 24 4 - 12 100 85 - 95 71 - 84 42 - 60 27 - 45 13 - 27 5 - 12 37,5 mm G1 - G3 Requirements 26,5 mm G3

Arenaceous rocks Diamictites (tillite) Argillaceous rocks Other rock types

110 kN 200 kN 180 kN 110 kN 125 kN

75% 70%

75%

Table 11: Aggregate crushing value[19]

Rock type Arenaceous rocks: without siliceous cementing matrix Arenaceous rocks: with siliceous cementing matrix Diamictites (tillite) Argillaceous rocks Other rock types ACV, max 27% 29% 21% 24% 29%

ASPASA / COLTO exclusion clauses, p54 to 55.

Particle shape Table 12: Flakiness index[19]

Property Flakiness index, % maximum (-26,5 + 19,0) and (-19 + 13,2) mm fractions Requirements 35 (All faces fractured for G1; at least one fractured face on half of stone particles for G2 and G3)

Hardness When tested in accordance with TMH1 method B1, the aggregate crushing value must not exceed 21 and when tested in accordance with TMH1 method B2 the 10% FACT value (dry) must be at least 210 kN. The wet:dry ratio should be at least 75%. The polished stone value (PSV) should be at least 50 unless otherwise specied or approved by the engineer. Shape The maximum akiness index, when tested in accordance with TMH1 method B3, should comply with the following requirement. Table 15: Flakiness index[19]
Nominal size of aggregate, mm 19,0 13,2 9,5 6,7 Flakiness index,% max Grade 1 25 25 30 30 Grade 2 and 3 30 30 35 35

Aggregate for asphalt

Table 13: Additional grading requirements[6, 17]

Property Grading limits, % (by mass) of material passing sieve sizes, mm 19,0 13,2 9,5 6,7 0,425 19,0 mm 100 0 - 20 0 - 5 0 - 1 0,5 max Requirement 13,2 mm 100 0 - 20 0-5 0,5 max

Aggregate for surfacing

Aggregate for surfacing should comply with the following requirements. Table 14: Properties and requirements for singlesized crushed aggregate grades 1, 2 and 3[19]
Property Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm 37,50 26,50 19,00 13,20 9,50 6,50 4,7 5 3,3 5 2,36 Grade
26,5 19,0

If required for special purposes, the average least dimension (ALD) should be indicated in the project specications. Sand grading limits and sand equivalent for sand for slurry Sand for slurry should be an approved crusher sand obtained from parent rock with an aggregate crushing value not exceeding 30 or a mixture of crusher sand and clean natural sand, where the mixture does not contain more than 25% of natural sand. The sand should be clean, tough, durable and angular in shape.

Requirements Nominal aggregate size, mm

13,2 9,5 6,7 4,75 2,36

100 85 - 100 0 - 30 Grades 0 - 5 -1 1 and 2 -1 0 -1 -1 -1

- 100 100 85 - 100 0 - 301 0 -5 1 0 -1 -1 -1

- 100 -1 -1 -1 -1 100 0 -1 0 -1 85 - 100 100 85 - 100 100 -1 0 - 30*1 10 - 5**1 0 - 30* 85 - 100 100 0 - 5** 0 - 30* 85 - 100 100 0 -1 -1 -1 0 - 301 0 - 5** 0 - 5 0 - 100 -1 -1

Fines content: Grade 1 Material passing Grade 2 a 0,425 mm sieve (max) Dust content: Grade 1 Material passing Grade 2 a 0,075 mm sieve (max)

Grade 3 exceptions: * 0 - 50 ** 0 - 1 0 0,5 1,5 N/A N/A 0,5 N/A 0,5 1,5 N/A N/A 0,5 N/A

Grading shall comply with the requirements for grades 1 and 2 with the following

0,5 1,5 2,0 N/A 0,5 1,5

0,5 1,5 2,0 N/A 0,5 1,5

0,5 2,0 3,0 N/A 1,0 1,5

1,0 2,5 3,5 N/A 1,0 1,5

15,0 15,0 15,0 2,0 2,0 2,0

Grade 3

Grade 3

Standards and specications 75

Coarse aggregate for asphalt should comply with SANS 1083:2002 and ne aggregate should comply with SANS 1090:1994. Table 13 gives additional requirements for rolled-in chips.

Table 16: Grading and sand equivalent for ne aggregate for slurry seals[17, 19]
Property Grading limits, % (m/m) passing sieve sizes, mm 13,2 9,5 6,7 4,7 5 2,36 1 ,1 8 0,600 0,300 0,1 00 0,075 Fine slurry
Fine grade Medium grade Coarse grade

Requirements Coarse slurry

Type 1 Type 2

Standards and specications

Sand equivalent, min

100 90 - 100 65 - 95 42 - 72 23 - 48 10 - 27 04 - 12

100 100 82 - 100 70 - 90 56 - 95 45 - 70 82 - 75 28 - 50 22 - 50 19 - 34 15 - 37 12 - 25 10 - 20 0 7 - 18 02 - 8 04 - 12 35

100 82 - 100 70 - 90 45 - 70 25 - 45 15 - 30 0 10 - 20 06 - 15 4 - 10

100 85 - 100 70 - 90 60 - 80 40 - 60 25- 45 15 - 30 0 10 - 20 06 - 15 4 - 10

For stabilised material: Use the material if the pH is 6,0, the EC is < 0,02 Sm-1 and sulphates are not a problem. If not, analyse the material in accordance with the customers instructions, and submit proposals for use to the customer for approval. Where the salinity of water added for compaction causes the salinity of the material to increase, determine soluble salinity within 24 hours of compaction, before prime coat is applied.

Standard test methods

Sand seal

Fine aggregate must comply with project specications and may be crusher sand complying with COLTO, or natural sand. The sand equivalent should be at least 35.

To assist in selecting aggregate for specic applications and ensure that the material complies with specied requirements, other tests may be carried out. See Table 17 for appropriate titles and standard test method numbers.

76

Special requirements[19] for quartzite, tillite, shale and G1 to G4 materials

Flakiness index The requirement for akiness index is a maximum of 35% for (-26,5+19,0 mm) and (-19+13,2 mm) fractions. For G1 material, all faces should be fractured. G2 and G3 material should have at least one fractured face on half of the stone particles. Soluble salts The soluble salts content is measured against pH or electrical conductivity. Use the material if: The pH >10 after treatment at the crushing plant, and subsequently remains 8,0. If the pH is < 6,0 treat with lime until the pH 10,0 before use. For natural gravel and other crushed aggregate: Use the material if the electrical conductivity (EC) is < 0,15 S m-1. Pay special attention to design and construction if the pH is 6,0.

Large rock particles for primary crushing

Table 17: Standard test methods

Aggregate Preparation of test samples of aggregates Sieve analysis, nes content and dust content of aggregates Chloride content of aggregates Organic impurities in ne aggregates (limit test) Detection of sugar in ne aggregates Soluble deleterious impurities in ne aggregate (limit test) Estimation of the effect of ne aggregate on the water requirement of concrete Effect of ne and coarse aggregate on the shrinkage and expansion of cement: aggregate mixes (mortar prism method) Low density materials content of aggregates Sand equivalent value of ne aggregates Soundness of aggregates (magnesium sulfate method) Shell content of ne aggregate Aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregates FACT value (10% nes aggregate crushing value) of coarse aggregates Water absorption of aggregates Particle and relative densities of aggregates Bulk densities and voids content of aggregates Abrasion resistance of coarse (Los Angeles machine method) Flakiness index of coarse aggregates Polished-stone value of aggregates Water soluble in aggregates Liquid limit base-courses of salts contents of nes aggregates SANS test methods 197:1994 201:2002 202:1976 5832:1976 5833:1994 5834:1994 5835:1994 Road construction materials Atterberg limits Field dry density Electrical conductivity Aggregate crushing value 10% nes aggregate crushing test value Flakiness index Water absorption Sand equivalent Immersion index (adhesion) Determining the apparent density of crushed-stone materials pH Acid- and water- soluble sulphate content Acid insolubility of sand Accelerated test for determining potential AAR Standard test method TMH1 A2 and A3 TMH1 A10C TMH1 A21T TMH1 B1 TMH1 B2 TMH1 B3 TMH1 B19 TMH1 C5 Clause 8108 NITRR method CA 21 BS 1377-9:1990 COLTO 8105 (b) ASTM C 227-90 TMH1 B14 and B15

5836:2002 5837:2002 5838:1976 5839:2002 5840:2002 5841:1994 5842:1994 5843:2002 5844:1994 5845:1994 5846:1976 5847:2002 5848:2002 5849:2002 5850-2:2002

Acid-soluble sulfates in nes in aggregates nes in aggregates for

5851:2002 5852:1976 5853:1976 5854:1976 6085:2001 6239:2002 6240:2002

Plastic limit and plasticity index of nes in aggregates for base-courses Linear shrinkage of nes in aggregates for base-courses pH Value of nes in aggregates for base-courses Concrete tests - Initial drying shrinkage and wetting expansion of concrete Aggregate impact value of coarse aggregate Electric conductivity of ne aggregate Particle size distribution of material of diameter smaller than 75 m in ne aggregate (Hydrometer method) Acid insolubility of aggregates Deleterious clay content of the nes in aggregate (methylene blue adsorption indicator test) Particles of diameter not exceeding 20 m and not exceeding 5 m and smaller, respectively, in ne aggregate (pipette method) Potential reactivity of aggregates with alkalis (accelerated mortar prism method) Treton impact value of aggregates

6241:2002 6242:2002 6243:2003

6244:1994 6245:2002 6246:2002

Standards and specications 77

References
1. SANS 50197-1:2000, Cement Part 1: Composition, specications and conformity criteria for common cements, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 2000. 2. Huberty, JM. (ed), Memento Cement Beton, Brussels: Latteur, Federatie van de Belgische Cementnijwerheid. 3. SANS 878:2004, Ready-mixed concrete, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 2003. 4. ISO 9001:2000, Quality management systems - Requirements, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 2000. 5. SANS 1491:2005, Portland cement extenders. Part 1: Ground granulated blastfurnace slag, Part 2: Fly ash, Part 3: Condensed silica fume, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1989. 6. SANS 1083:2002, Aggregates from natural sources - Aggregates for concrete, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 2002. 7. SANS 5861-2:1994, Concrete tests - Sampling of freshly mixed concrete, 1st rev, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1994. 8. SANS 5861-3:1994, Concrete tests - Making and curing of test specimens, 1st rev, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1994. 9. SANS 5862:1994, Concrete tests - Consistence of freshly mixed concrete. Part 1: Slump test, Part 2: Flow test, Part 3: Vebe test, Part 4: Compacting factor and compaction index, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1994. 10. SANS 5863:1994, Concrete tests - Compressive strength of hardened concrete, 1st rev, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1994. 11. SANS 10100-2:1992 (amended 1994), The structural use of concrete Part 2: Materials and execution of work, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1994. 12. EN 934-2 2000, Standards for admixtures for concrete, mortar and aggregate, Brussels: European Committee for Standardisation, 2002. 13. ASTM C 494/C 494 M-1992, Chemical admixtures for concrete, West Conshohoken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992. 14. ASTM C 494 C 1017/1017 M-98, Chemical admixtures for use in owing concrete, West Conshohoken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1998. 15. ACI 212-4 R-93, Guide for the use of High-range admixtures or superplasticisers in concrete, Michigan: American Cement Institute , 1993. 16. JIS A 6204, Superplasticisers, Tokyo, Japanese Standards Association, 1995. 17. SANS 1090:2002, Aggregates from natural sources - Fine aggregates for plaster and mortar, Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 2002. 18. SANS 1200-M:1982, Standardised specication for civil engineering construction. Section M: Roads (general), Pretoria: South African Bureau of Standards, 1982. 19. COLTO Standard Specications for Road and Bridgeworks for State Road Authorities, Johannesburg: 1998.

Standards and specications 78