,:ltlt:r1:
'.'i.';r;:ii.ii;iffi
Functions
:'
:.
'.::
RELATIOHS
,at-,
F.unctionnotafions
x' '-t t,
f,::'x+,3x'-tr
:r,i
1;iii!'Me
,...OJ.,r,:::i:
,flxf.=
$q-
C:1,1 e
I
$tlon,,','',,,r
,,lmage,
:(s)
sn,arrow,diapm;
&aErt:-vl!lv*!!r:
cdldthgr,ed r. . ,: '," , ,, fud"*epts in set X 'i;'1'"1i$ t:ai trt" rrfu*:u*..tld"r"*i"tt**t r,'' ,'* (eJ the set of irmegpq,is,ealtd,fu 1lpge. ' For example, ,.t ,' ': ' , .i*
(b) set tt ls
,,,.i
*e,aornatn.
r'
r*
,|1
,,',i,,j_{
',
i
r ,:
,,
T:'hearrorarnia,shows
. ::::: . :,
the relationfac-rorofbetrueed
:t -: : ::
:
II
r;\'gfl
X ,Wd
e.-a
!,:
:. .
tt
'
:l,r,i:t
Dsnrain={4,6,9} ,
Codomain = [2, 3,4,5J Range = [2,3,41 4 ir the: objeet of, images ?,arrd 4, 3 is the image of objects 6 and 9.
]]: :.: ]jl :14 :/|! ' :,:,,:r:ui i.1E : j,:: .rt.rie
]ll. :
' :
: , .,:t,
:
,: :. :tii
t\
F+iytlr##
X s{parc
twtol
t:
I'
t6
25
#
square root
,1tq,rolriA'rffiffie
Kr, z), tz,3), (4, 6), (s, 6). (7, 8)t The ordercd pairs above show a relation between set X
and set Y.
lo fs
le
r-=
of
::st
(a) List the domain. (b) List the range. (c) State the image of 2. (d) State the objects of 6. (e) State the type of relation.
l
-:si the
l
l
:*irrion
. : : .
(a) Domain = [1,2,4, S, 7] (b) Range = [2, 3,6, S] (c) The image of 2 is 3. {d) The objec* of 6 are 4 and (e) Ma1y.16-sns relation
Soliltiort
5.
3 il"iunction notation
A
l.
2.
L" lunctions
relaSon
A function is a special relation in r*'hich er object in the domain has onlv one image in
mnge.
;r 1, g, lr, elc. X' { tunction I which maps s in the domain onto r :he ange can be written as f : x -+ y.
r
in
tn,
p
timeszdnd
sdd 5
/lr-\
Pl.Q
inrage
of
under
and y is the
* is the obiect
/rA
2>
\"7
l(1) = 7
A
function
(many-to-one
relation)
i{?) =
f(r)=2r+5
1,,
-'--l
I
,, r: :.:), {?,4), (3,.6), (4, S)l .'' : : +), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)J
i ,- i:;ir i
*#*riolr
f.f EIAMPE w
i:i-:-= each of the ordered pairr trelor.v in function n<-,tation.
i
I i
i.
l:-.,-;-s,
:-.
the fuirclion is l{s) = 2r or /': x -+ lt. ,rnaqe is obtained by actding 3 to rhe object. -i . -'"- the funcl"ion isl(r) =-r + 3 orl':* -+"t 3.
:1.
o)
the hnagc undcr a functfun glven the oqect and vke vera
2.
To ftnd the image under a function ghen theobject, substitete the talue of Lhe object into the function. To fiad the object given the image, equate the
* *J---=t fiil+F
ri
! j'rr I
tt
Given thgtg : x 1nx - 6, {ind {a} the irnage of 2. (b) tlre object which has an image of 3. (c) the object which maps onto itself.
--+a
: + &'
3S
t'rl
the rrbj+t't +f
,ftd*r{an
Giveng:*-+xr-6.
(a)
Solalfan
-6 g(2)=a-6 -_t
ek)
= -r!
{{-1i = il .-!o+}*ll
itit = : s+&-J
.-14
= rr"r
* *.
f:x-+y.
ffi *ff,
--1
. -9
--1
(b)
e(*) = 3 -t'-b=-t
$rftxtituts s = -J iato
rt =
"t:=9
r=t{F
=t3
{b}
Maps onto itsIf meaBs that the image is the same es the
object-
Tlnuti.E=-]endl:=5-
,fu=l A*i
0.
(c)
(,9-3Xr+2i=0 x - 3 = 0 orr + 2 = 0
;r:=3
*r-6=.t ;r-r-6=0
s(*) = 'r
.l' = -2
,(
1*i-"-ji
sffi,
*e ill - F nf b*ulir=rrr
.
{al
{b}
I'ind
finqN
f{-l},
{s}
dntr.l,'thc
lix' l*le ctul-rlsitt $,lat* rhp rungrr *l lir:i fl'.rr g '=:, n t' i.
g.rrrSr}r 3
*rl=.*
"*..
'r.
i
f +.r r
F-=
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lyfd nf
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tbl
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.f=1
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ion
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iia:
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=I*3'
ue
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+ I I Ir: .- 1 r{ !
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ller
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ltu:
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tI
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&=
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flr''*s"ir = j-;radi = l.
G
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'..-
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r'1.
t'
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Tlrris- rl
i*l I
'{r}.
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3r * t,
ffifim}rss
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r.
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1 =
'_t:*
lttr{
:,1
'
I t -:-
{tllf
I
={.
l,,lt
'l = S*:r
! L:
r'. ll
b
15
Errfrtr"G
{;r}Jg',{.t1.
;t
{"-l + !:*rrl.l ,g(.r}
Tlrur. {sl'I
r }.t - 5. tjnd
3
'i..i-i "
},r
{i"!
-i
.1
f=--*-
{-{-{
f -\*'-\
= {Ef }
r.
-i
'{
*tu *m:rw eliagrr*rr. ll,lr r".nll *a\r {.lgr${y thr{ = t&,,1 t'.
=+i '_i
-h
t=:11':
"1.r"!$.ti
= 2tj
+l*i.ro
l-
'. ]e
le . -l'1
,='3
.r.-lJ
fi
*bethef rh* in*'el:,i,c *l e*ch firnr:ti*ilr he{uw iu funeticn, {ii*s * mrrsen }rx' r*rul a:$*hei:
f lJd
d : "r -* -t:l .: .[
::r.$f|&.dislr , :e,, fiitrn ,f{.ri
/ -]r
r,e..r,
1,':.ri
l,*;' 1;*,r,:irlucs
ll - glil + f]jl.
L*
; 7 - 5.r. v=?'-3"r
I:
J'{r}= ''" :l
.'"
is ;r
.,rr:.',
Th*e,
{ji,,,+,tt
$iir-16{rnr figr{i{rtr.
r $r o functirrn,
.t-,- , 4.
l.*t .,
*{.r'l r
' .
; .rl .: { rt*Yr4
r'
.$
r.f{;;T
6r'j'11
$!ll:-I!)-{litr llHlgiirrn,
lri n*rt x fir*cti*a:.
s-'{.r} =
:-r :' ilf: - li:g[fi +FlsJ JP; * l * {! + g}: * l f,n: -l*l.fprlrj-l ll:-l*il ,1 " ig;r- il=0 :-.!=* r.g p.l*O :, * 3 p = -l
{a} Gircn rhst .ry -+ {r + l, lhrd i"ti. Clven f{rl = & - 1* *nd $x} = fux + Ir, *,here s and F arr ({}n*ant$. th} lf rgtri - ri - 3x, fhrd the vrJuer ni rr and lr
. .
f lrl lirsl 6ft9 then *rrbsfiihjh elciti! i} g iet i l3] = :r. MnUs,
*$*3. r#hd
So*xt{sr
L.rT
4x+ Z= !
4N= |
IIfl- l
r=
r:t.31
fn
I **-*
lnstead ot r-eng frO c{ Etx! gruoa lgi*l sld l4ri. e rs es*ier tfu ****+ ts @ #*.{snfo6ii8 fUE&Af-rr lFlrl flant rlri and giri rhfifl,-ErnperG 4 to F+ given |alus d &lxl
k@ ii
Thtts,
g'
1*1 =
h= --L
-1
f and g,
f,:r*+3x-? g:,r-+6x*3
i':i',.:;*''.s
t'hbg
6l'iirl.
sf-u{x}- s{["+gf
.,:.. *f'ffi , *:. fir) = ]x - 7 and gtrt = Str - J, _{:. 1,mfr1i} *:i3: ;, f{H = x : l "Jt*?-x
u* ::.--I'| =
.}
{d''trt
sf!{d f*r
-r = 5ja
t li3
i l*.u,
=3x+4*1
y.,ia1* &3-L
*?r+l
Quadratic Equation's
#.ffi
ceaeial fsrm of a:quadratic eauation , .{
@ryry11#@t;\'i*d1*@# t-'
::
ax2+bx*c=0,o*0
'
-.." ..
...,
,:: ,
Determine whether a value is the root of a quadratic equation by
:
*..-i:
. subtihrtion
. .
factorisation
:,''rypqs,ofi,roots
,r T\,trs
*_K-t
:
',,If
-61^fF-uc
dlstinct reioB,
-,
.+b?-.4ds7g
. 'llrro equal roots
.+bz - Lac=o
NO
' .
;bz
roo-ts,:' : : *.,4cte'4:o':'
,
-+b2
oetermine the equation gven the roots
!1g,+ c = g,
'a
:., ., ..::
'.a. ': .
,; :
:.:
yZ-
gp
+ AP = A,
:.
wherea+fl--!*d*f=+
EXAfiIH,"E
ry. t=;J
(b)-t=s
(cl ,{
=
i I
Deteirnine which of the values o{-r below is a rr>ot of th" quadratic equation 3*: + l4x-5 = 0 b-vsubstitution.
ffi
values
By inspection, determine whether each of the following
(a),t=1
Satla,tiot
-5
(al"=*
:
(c),r=-7
Thus,.ru = 1 is not a root o[ the quadlatic equalion. (b) Substitute "r -i 3.t2 + 14* l 5=3(5)r'+14(5)-5, , ,,
=12
+,
3r
2=
,,1
,=75+?0',5 =140 O
equation.
'
5 = 3(-5): + l4(-5)
=75*70-5 '
=0
3r-2=3(;J-t =-:+0
1
I r\
equationj
uficnr=--f,
i::.:,:i:la, .:'
2.r
.ffuf= -f
+ r = r{-+) , ,: i, =Q
"
, :
uad;:aric equation x: - 1l* + 24 = 0 has irs lrt.t t =i = q and ? < :t' < 10. BY trial and ie:er.rnine lhe roofs of the equatioo.
&-.4. *
ih;r'equation a.tf
11 -,3' =: 6. 3=o
=$ :', *.:
: : 1,, 9:
"l*-i'-r{*Jo?
l6a=2
a=8 9
:
*a-*-3=0 to /,
-2r-3=0.
2x,
,l
=
,"
z(-{) .
: ,, :i t t
r,
l
i
::
=0
1J..
,'i:
'l:'
Soru
(a)2f-x-15=0
bfution
,
tfre
ffi"::'
:1
3
usuag.theq"rifirry.
:,;,
:,'
,
"',,,
r:t:: t::
:.':.',
Factorisation
If a quadratic equation can'be factorised, the equation c,an: Le'explrssei'in the form (a.t + b)(cx + d) =:0" ,
-i
g2
and
1l',,'
,yt=:6 ',
=0',or:, r
I)
=6
, ,, ,,,, . , ,, ,,
: ,
, , 1:
,, ,
:,
i,'
,:1 i,=-1,
' , :, i :
,, ,1
r:
2r:J:5i*12-A+,.
Remmbr to exprsss
r: ::rr:r :r r'r'r'!':: :': '":'i tuorfs ' ''r"''r':' l:,:,;,::i::;;+::*.::: ,,,, ,l.r.,,:,:,::,,::'::',,,:::,,,t, r,:.1;.,,j
j , : r. l ir,: r
:
-i;4
::l
(b)?-3x-3.t2=0
tt-q.
:-6x+(+i=r+(+)'
t:-6r+(-3)!=-7+(-3)z
(x-3)2 =2
+.7 =O.t'- OI = -,
^* {*Tfliir[ b
@!sids.
!::,0
l,r':-
,'X=3tl
.r-3=t
, = 4.414
or
,
1.586
_7iln =-4
.q+ = ---vi ----7--
t:
1r,l : comFbting$Sql.Ffe
of
lo
betorer
::
I,
::r ' ,:=2.'187 or Q.7:192.,r .r rlt ,::::r ;,. : :: I r: I ::: ,, : ,,: ,: ,t ., ' ,, , , Thug, the roots of the equation arc 2J81:and03192.
I :. : l : II
:
t'r-z) =zrG
5 .J33 x-4=t-TsrJ33 _ ---V'---33 t6
.:e=-3,5=-3,c=f ',
31,1e=:l{l)fi} ;..= ----l(:Jf-
3r2 = 0.
,:,
a 3+J9J
-6
3-"F
-6
iF, =,'l ,
14 = 2.686
S,hus,
:,r:::: :, _ 1;_:-- __.::
or
-:---:-;------l
I
-.6t
=-2.197
ot l.t(n
or
:l:
-0.1861
::. l.:_
l
'
.,,
I ,:,,,,,
:
,
:
r - -
the roots of the: equation are -0,1 861 and 2.686. :: ,_.,, :
glYen
ffi
$e. foUq!,ingt,uots
rcott
l(a).-3andz''(b)3and.}....'...
ir'r'
l ,, ' ,,ooo"r*, 2: Thus, a quadratic eguation can be written 12 - (sum of roots)r + product of rosts = 0. 3. Compare with the general form.
'
' , r;or
x2-(aa: B11+Ap=O
(x-a)(x'-F)=0 x2-o.,-ft+cp=g
Wtlon'
':"1""":l -21
l
: '
"'
I
',
,,',
x2-4x+(-21)=0
12-4x-21=0
as
l: t"''"' :' l-^ .r =' - and I 7 a$ thelroo15, :UAl:'':'': :: : ::'i.rt. thsn,,. .. :: I If -3 ' =
:
: ' *a
,b x-+-r(*9=o
product of roots is
axz+bx+c=0
.t'-7x+3x-21 =O :.
,'
(rt3X.r-7)=0
-.4x.:-21,=O
aflii',*
-.'-(3.*),-{*.*)=o
is
Multiw boft
dde6.by,6;
'
,,
, r, iltollHmrr*x
arc the roots, then,
6x2-7x+2
=O
)t lfr = -a and r = 7
-.
,
Given one
x1
of the roots of the quadratic equationl - {k + 8}r- + rt2 + 16: : Ois'twice the 66}is1'roo1. ;pind:l
=-,+E=rhe rools of the quadratic equation 3:(3r -,5) + p -=:=ie,*r and lr for rvhich nr = 4n. Find the value of p.
a+2u=irr=k+8
.O
and 4n
ax 2a = 2d = k'1+ 16 .... @ k = 3a. S ..., @ From @: Substitite @ into @. ,, lqz;:=(Js.8)?+16 :i: , r l :::: =9a2-484+64+ 16 7a1-48a+80=0 :,'
::l r:: ::
-5 :tl =T
' l: n=Z
{7r:-20)(a*4!=9,'',,', :,,',',
a= J I
20
or d=q
..,,i r, ,,0(*):+
:,',
,P=4
: ,'
$,t=':(fJ-I : i
60
,
i
,,7,1-,8"'
4,
I
,.
whenc=-1,t=3(4)-8
(b) when
"= +
#^,
?
and
40
* :.i
The:
.DIffE
ot'rnots,of quadratk,quatbns
TY,P-..G1S..:Of..,.f,O.OlfSi1,,'r,..:::.1.:.:,',;.,'..
;.ffi:.', '-..1'
'r,
, ',
,,t
, .'
'
:'
:,
belou:. r:
tipes,of roots oftquadratic equations can be determined bv the discriminant bz - lac. (a) When E - 4ac > 0, there are lwo disfinct roots. [U) Wh.n U - 4ac = 0, there ilre two equal roos. [c) When b2 - 4ac < 0, Lhere are no roots. [d) Wn.n b2 - 4ac > 0, there are two real roos.
I I
:' ,
:::
u=2,b=8,c=8 If-4ac=8:-4(2X8i
='0.
:
:',
I ' tI
NOTES
roots.
., -64-64:
=0
| . No aoqs means no real rools. | . f*o real roors rneans two aqunt ot two distinL:t
I
, ' The'equalior har trio "qoul r*>ts: (b) Given 3.r: -r + 9 = 0. : ,:l' .: e'= 3, b:=;-1, C =:9 ", b2 - 4*c = Fl): ::4(3X9) ' :, ., r,,: l:1'08 ' , .,107,(0 ,,:": ,,' = :
The equarion has no roots.
:
3rr- 4r + p
p for r+hich
= O has no roots,
(c)
tultion
For,no roots,
3x1-4x+p=0 b2 - 4ae.<
16
=1-21
'
:
=28>0
txo disrinct
roots.
,1
l
,t , , :
a=l,b=-l,c=-2 =l+8
=9>0
-t2-x-2 =0
t\D
Fomfif;r
I
S/cr O
,
%
*,$lai
{2
- k)x -
2k = 0
:,hat the equation lr(x2,+ 9)'= 5kx has,two equal $nd:the':ratio /r :: ft. Hence, lolve the quadtatic
(l ;
2),
lur-5,t.r+9ll=0
ir(;i: + 9) =
fu',>0.-,',',,,
,r ,t.'
:, : :,,,
25F = 36li
tK = 6h
(:r-r3Xr,- 3):= 0,
'.r:.-6r+9=0
p ind q. Civen thltthe equation has fwo equal rools' find ia),the values of,k.'
:31e.
.qqr1@nau.:*ae.J0
factors should be obtaiftd.
t!'l
.
furhttion
It is Saled ttrat the equatirln hm e$rai rools. By lactonsation, lhe two equal,
1fo)
*-4x+4:0. *-4x+4=0
-At L
(x-2Xx-2) =0
k2
,'
Thus,P=Q=7'
k=4 or k=8
, '
#-8x+16=0.
,f-8x+16=0,',
gP-ag*5.f tr+:g{t"es-rt9J!-"?}
pslm, the' quadratic equation which has the ,oot,
answer
-|
i. :tt!at-r
in the,form at' +
rtttsi,Signsl :tald,:.orlp{Er:,.41$$ :towr*e xlor.the,mi4ldlryj :.,Ftl!F1'!!!r ard '= 0l at the erxd ol Sre equatisr.
fheequationofaquadraticequationis
t'-(surn.of.roots)x+.product:_of:roots=:0.1.
Hence, the equation is
Solntion
, '
,'
,c-Ll++)x+(-1"+l=o t t \t \l
x'-,|x-6=o
'ai:f5:.
'
2x2-5x-12'0
Quadratic Functio'ns
rc
.rositions:ofgraPhs,artd,,E roG
fQ/J
a>
f(x) a<0
a<6
.L/_,r\
';.. a.i,O, a*it
,,
: . . ', :
-:: '.::::l:'.1,i.:i.
a i-r'ir::::rr:::iri:
::i:=::
::i:-:::i::'-l:-:=,:..11
Casg,Il: g
Pints
<
0
':'' q\
.lF
i.:At6--,pp+ q
/{x}.=,s-{x.-.PJz +
Maximum,pgint: {P. q}
grrpbs,,,, 1. If a table of values is given, choose a suitable scale and label borh in u Cu.r.ri* ot"*. ur"
the ordered pairs,from the table of .values to plot 'the points on the Carteiian plane. Join the points
"**
a0I23436 g,tts0-3-.4-30s
The table slrorvs the vajues of -r and /(,r) of the quadrari function f(:r) = rt - 6r' + 5. Using a t,ritubl. r*t*, a*, the graph of lh). Hence, state the (a),-r.intercept.
2.
3.
4,
r are given, use the values o[r to calculate the values of /(r). Construct a table o[ ralues and follorv the steps above to plot thi graph, The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called l a.ryraq9l3: a parabola. :,: ::rr , j All parabolas are symmetric with respect to a line I called the axis of
:r .l
(b) r-intercept.
, r ::.: , symmetry.
Solation
' 5. 6.
the maximum point or minimrm point. The value of -.r- rryherc the cur-re intersects thc ,r-axis is called the r-intercept., SimilarlS the val* oj,fl where the cune inierse.ts th",r,-a*i i.l"arui
the y-interrcept.
cn to 1 ir*it,'Z unlrs, 4:units 5 uairs,,10 units, ek:,A scale such as Z cm to'3 units 7 units; etc. is oot suitable since it is drfficult to plot
f{g :,111..9x+ $
i:
:7,
ca
, " (c) The a-riis of slmmerrr is -t '= 3. (d) The coordinares o[ the minimum point arc (3, -4t
b of the quadratic function l(r) = -x2 + 2t | *. From rh" goph, state the axis of symmetry
ary *rs
minimrrm point.
4
tintJicept
and:the coordinates,o{,the
-g
.:
:::::
::
r{r):=:+2r-,1
symrueFy
ii r
=:1.
is'1.
is:1.
tes of,the maxtmurn:point are {1, 0).
the x-axis.
(aj :$hen
'-l'
fir
shape
t@, !ya. points ' are the'rcots,of,tlie equation fli) =,0,, : I (b) When b'- fuc = O (two equ*t roots), the graph '-t
',
the
foints.,the :r.coordinates of
'
tt*l
(c) W'hEn F t
r ,i '
f(x): ,
Pt=..3x '2-r?
3,r qqg-,ha)O
r
:,
graph f(rJ - 4ac < O (ro roots)"the :: intersect'the r-axis' 'does not " ' 'j,'
'
eouation f(x) = 0.
=-?<0 is n-shaped
*-4ac<O
='4r'z-lzx+9 a=4>O
4.', Casg,II:,a:,< 0
it "
,ur;,n
it
et"Ph is u-shaPed'
:;i,ll,_ty;
--l+4x-4x2
is
*,
rrsha@'
ueltrrrurE if 're srsr!! of Determine * the graph v-each quadratic function interscts the r-axis.
ffirffi
r[i*[.]
belorv
F:
I
I
Stlltilt(r'
t'fffi':;Fit*#:t4' r [;
fdi =i (c)/(x)=2t:+r+5
+ 6x +
3
ra1s3.of P I lt+ t19 --t;i;'"- values ip * 4 is n"etio" ror ati :. 6t;;-' -of :t:h l!i: tt 115= ;t'i"= l; I
values of
't'
-4(3X3)
=7' a' - 4s = 36 =0
o' a'
the graph of ti /1,t ) is negatir e ior all the values of :r , funcrion is alu a1s belorv the -r-aris, that is h2 - 4ac <
If
a-
tb)ii.r,=2-ir-{r:
4ac
= (-3):-- 4(-4X2)
(6Pi: 36p:
- 42-
3Pi{-3P +
4l <
rr
=noJ 3to
<
32
,aL '72
t'g
ilj;Lrl='.lr-+r-5 '-'
*i:rr*"i.1
,a!
= o, a'
4ac
=I
=-39<0
-- -l(2X5)
L;-!.:-:';:.:;:=A,e:r
sirce the sraph of t|xi
=
i.* t-*",-.
I
imr,
Given the straight line 2y = 3 + 2x and the cunr ! = Lr2 + 4r. + k, shorv that the straight line does nc;
intclsect the cunc if
A'
\.
> 23 '8'
ti\
'\.
Spilution
2Y=3*2x 3+Lt
"" \:/
3+2x
2i
.r'=lt:+4r+/t. i
,:
that there is oniS The eraph touches rheli-axis implies 4a' = 0' "". fu"i, that is br_.{(2X4 + 7p) = o "n. '"""{;;-8),
64 - 32 - 56p = o ip' - 24p + 32 = o P''6P*q=9 (P.-2\b-+)=9 P-=2 or lt=4
If rhe straight line does not interseci the cut-ve, there ar, no roots tbr this guadratic equation.
Hence,
,'
36-32k
-fiI3"
,84 *t.12 .k>2+
tt
ffi:irnxlmum
A
AND Mtltlmum
=ri+8.{+4:-4:-5 =Lrt-l)r-21
> 0, l(t) has a minimum value. Jhe 6inimr-rm value of flx) is -21. iJ-rl is rninimum when -r + 4 = 0, that is x = -4.
Since a
1. The marimum clr minimum value ol a quadratic : function can be determined by completing tlre
squane.
3F-i-6-
2. Afier
completing the square, a quadratic function can be written in the form flx) = a(x - hjz + k. (a) When a
when x = /r. The minimum point is (iz, k). (b) When a < 0,1(.r) has a marimum value of when r = h.The maximum point is'(ft, ft).
-.21''-+.F#-F+I]-.-.-
Since a
<
0.
BTAUPTEm
Find the madmum or minimum vaiue lor each quadratic function trelorv. Then, state the corresponding value of .t for the maximum or minimurn value of /(r), (a) flT) = t' *_E- 5_. G] f(x) = -Ztj o 3.t * 6
i'- lft)
is mirxirnunrrt'hen."
_( \-., \r)
--Isf,TES
, Wtcn rlr
:I'
,--.mEcofEdaraasa@
cnetTrcier* of -rr is
r
rcfbr all the values of x. Hence, find the minimum cf i.,:l in terrns o[ /r.
r the: lunction l(.-) = rt + 2x + h2 + 3 is alwars
-4'
minirrum value ol
lie
f{x)
=;e 141-5
ExAfiIPtE
Sketch the graph of each quadratic function belorv.
has
lQ)=A-4x-Lr2
= -2(x'1+ 2t'
iAltrl=x2+4r-5
Determine the shape and the maximum or minimum point. :since a > ,0, the" gtapb is u-shaped 'and has :
On the r'-axis,
= 0.
minimum
point.
4'
Hence, the;'-intercepr is 6.
(0) = 6 -
4(0)
=6'
2(0)?
f(x)=.r'?+4.t-5
=(x+2\2-4-5 =(x+2\r-9 Q
on
nlna they-intercept.
the_y-a.ris,
=x2*4x+22-22-5
b2-kc=(-4):--+(-2X6)
The graph intersects the.t-aris at trvo diflerent poinis
::
=64>O
=16+48
x = 0:f(0) = ff + 4(0)-
l.
=-5'
@ rina
b2
the .r-intercepts.
- 4ac= 16 - 4(lX+)
(c)l(x)=3x2'3x+2
Since
:
a > 0, the graph is u-shaped and has ' minimumpoint. r : l,l ' , l{x)=3Jr*}r+: 2, ',
=
'
'
{$
r . . .
point. -qdd th..v-axis and tlre y-intercept. Add the r-axis and the r-intercepts. Uark the axis of symmetry, if required by the
quesdon.
(+,+)
3(0) + 2
on
the y-axis,
= 0./(0)
: t(0)'-
b2-4ac=g-24 =-15<0
Whenx=
,::Giveny:=
(a),Find.the values;of p'and q in ti*trl1 -of nr andlor n' for the graph oj.v, ,' (bi ,ii* = 4; state the ;ds'of ai;meuy ici,It is,also kno*m'that the straight line -v = 5'touches ' ::1, , , the'graph of -l = rit+,net,:tt'l ,' ,,1, i', ," , ,':'(i):rf,,api's55 n in'reilns of ti , : :r : :' : l , .iii1 rrgqce, skerch the graph:of tor =,,0, '
,
tt+tru
-x2
=p'{r+q):.',:,'.,
,,,
,m
,,,,,
(a)v=n+rllr--t:
Solation
l.-' .-... . I =-r'-"Lt+\ tn\2 -l-*\'f -. 2J -lJ,I*" ..i rrr\t n*+4n. =-f - 2J *- T= 71-,
:
t,
l:13
Thus,,the
sket
[r
:+.q)f
:, :-
:---:
',i
v.
+
,a: ,:i:
:': :: r.i ::: ''', (c) {i) ,the straight tne}:5'touches r!4 gr4ph, Hence, ' ::' :i *1o ma*imum *t relof the gmph is 5. l , - tl+4rt
:
,
:: =4,q =-2' : :
i..:
,:::4.
:::
,
t =
---:-;- I
(ii)When
m=4,n-24=rc-l P=r,q=-t ' ,, the equation'of,the graph is :,,,:,' y=1,i {a;72::,:; :' I ::,, l,',,y=5jG-:2)2::r r:l , lhimiximumpointris (2, 5). ,. The-];-intercept is',1, , :' On the r'axis,.y = 0. ,;r.'::,:,i : t:+4r)x:2:= fl l r::r' :; ::.:::
,
la?:4f
l::.0
:::
':,
;: r'
a = ----i:--:z
". '1*16
+4
II:a<0
to get the Use:ther-inlercepts to sketch the curve. are fn'o cases depending o* tl-rg valuesrof a.
r,,
f(r) > 0. rv]:,\" : vr .' Thus, for l(.r) < 0, r < lg.:r:e+"Ys) :.-i ].>,0,tt, d x.l xz:l1.iren'
r..hich means
r, ( x (
'
or
x> r, ""d ft
l
r,
( r, 91 1 )'rr,
;
:-*-'r.axjs which means fix),>,,0. *-hen rc,, < x < n2,,the qlrIe is belo* the .rr-axis -=*,hjch mearrs flrJ <,0, '" ,,1.,, ' '. j': : ' " u- for,/(4),>, g,';6 {,lr, or:r, },xr, and for -:,..=r],<0;, rj <.r. < *;.
:
F
ioilowing quadratic inequalities:-:. 1!l:-- 8 < 0 ,, (b) 12 - 5x:- 2r2 < 0
-=
:=-:=3-T:+10x-8.
-:':'$.f-8<0l
Find the range of values of p such that the quadrat equation x2 + px + 3 - p = 0 hzrs no rool.s.
-,
=:.:+, ,ihe,cur!'e
is u-shaped,
as
:
sketch, for 3r2 + 1&r - I < 0, that is,:for the .t*,be below:the *-axis, the range oJ values of x ==-1$ t : :,;.:::::::;:,,: I
;:.:#,:iie
P2-4(1X3.p)<0 :, ,i, , :, 'pt-12+4p<0 " , Pl, + 4P - 12 <,0':" , ", ,' (p+6Xp-2)<0 Lety=(p+6)(p-2). ,,, : ' ll, , When-r,=0,p=-4 lorp=2.
i
::,
4g < O.
,
,'
r-:'.r(*.
J J
ft)12-5x-2r!<0: ", Let _y = 12 - 5-r - 2.rr. ' On the,;u-axis, Y = 6. , ,' ' l2-5;;-2x.2=0 ' ,: :, (3-2x\(4+x)*O ,' ': I 1
' , a < 0, the curve is n-shaped-t={L or'.r=-4
From the stetch, for 12 - 5r - 2*r:< 0, that is, for the graph to be belo.ly the x-aiis' the range of values of *
isr<-4ott>f'
Given that l(:r) = r: + 2i ' 4, find 'the i"anges of Yalues of .r which satisfy '4 < /(x) < 4,
Given l{"r) = x} + 2,x When fl:r) > '4,,
i4
and
4.
+
I
,tplEFoRmATffi
Solutinn
-.
,, ,'
',,,':'.
'!
r=0orr=-2
When-t(,r + 2) ='0.
Given the slraight line.r" = ttt.t + 3 does not interc-ect'i cun'e lr = Lst i x + 5. Find the range of values of nl.
-r)0;
is r':< -2 or
I=rn-r+3
Substitute@ into
'
r:
{-r+4)ft'2)<0
-
Lrz+(l-m)-t+2=O
.r=14or:,t=2
2) = 0, l
no point-of conlact.
Fmm'the sketch, tlre range rif values of :: is -4 < x < 2. To find the ra[ges of- values o[ .r which satisfu both
',':
inequalities;usea.numbelline,
i,
I
. i:: .; 4'2A2
f..-.."_j_-..._t:
, , , :rt:,', i,----.i* ,,
:
r#::
r:
-3
nt
-4<,r<-2and0<*<2.
' ::,, ::
Basg';' :io$,tts'llder(
,," , ,,.
.'
i .'
tf iV,:
':
:-
:::-:_
::-'
'
i'r":':
'
q\,:- 6vga.;.1':g;g
F-'
. hC";'=bqrt-l;t
.loe .fl=iha x
.
i:,tnryitrE
re,b=d;,
;
lo's b
'luC"b.
lf,
express c
in terms'of a"a\db.
lf = ft, where ft is a constanl : Then, 3 = ft;, 5 = &6and 15 = ftF. 1+1-t 3x5=15 rrtabc le-xkT=k7 a+b =T f*l b=k.r ab fta Thus, = @I,et 3" = 5, =
ttt
(cj logr27
;-log (3 x 5)
= logr 3 + lqg,
5* - @"ry=tog,x+lq"y
'F..t.585 + 2.322
" a+b
=i{}.737 .e'27
tou,
3+=
bg"'o=
n log" x
;,-= x
1.585
=,4.755
\1
']
I
ffikpfiep*
ym
Yun
Padi
Find llle:equaligl! of thepel-i@d: area phnted with yam. Find lhe equation of lhe area
lvlsrpadir
' ,,
'
lird the values oI x and y. 20m m shows Encik Ali's rectangular plot of land which is planted with
yam. The yam is planted on the small rectangular section of the n the area planted with padi is 230 m2 and the perimeter of the area with yam is 38 m. Find the area of land planted with yam.
',,: equai'on,,@-ru.UO.*'1*s,.0!,
phnted wifr yam.
(20-ylm
m2
I
Padi
v"t
-10)m l0m
20m
...o
...@
m2
+f land planted with Padi = 230 - xy - 200 + 10y) = 230 ;..,r:r xy + 200 - 10y = 236 xy- 10y= 3g
....o
::.:,,9y+f'?-|Ay=39
:..,{9+)4-lOY=39
te @ into
y:
6.
O: x=9+6
r = 15 E: Area of land planted with yam = (x - 10X20 - )r) =(15-10X20-6) .',:' = 5(14) '-..r. ' :70 mZ
Claned SPilll
solve the simultaneous equations 4x+ y = *6 and
* + x- y= 4'
':
tumiou
From@:
Substitute
ol.:t,i!nb,.:.a,.:l!q ioear..,@@
su@
of th
=4 t'+x-Y=4
4x+Y
....o
$mpter.
lnx.::.
Use
...o
...o
Y=-6-4x
@ into @.
Sriu&itu-re"ti"i6li'.'6 ,'to:ryineqrndB&
:::: : .
[E
lotmula x =
rb:
b,lird:lhe iaks3,of x:
-s
r{25-m
2
hdb u:
C,dreqt|adratc
-5 t.JT7
-5
+./T7 vr22
or
-5
-.,I7
;$ ril
r:ll
= -0.438
-4.562
I=-6-4(-0.438)
=
iil
4.248
l
@.
rit
..j
Y=-6-4(4.562t
= 12.248
orre
,l
,.:ii
iiJ
i!:
f = 12,248'
.ii
SPM
simultaneous equations *
x+|l=
o
@ @
y2-3=3x *= t -+i
into @.
-yz-i=r(t
y?-3=3-y
+r)
y2+y-6=0
:..
WhenY=-3,x=1-*(-3)
=l
I
WhenY=2,x=l-+(2) J r1
3
solutions are
"J
x= 2, y = -3
and x =
*,
y = 2.
t'. lSobrton
p-
and pz
+2m= lg.
Give the
p2+2m=78
p-m=4 P-1fi=4
From@:
Substitute
m=p-4
o o
@
Using the formula,
lirsl degree.
Wer
of m into a
Ths" non-linear,
m
became
of
$u
Subslitule
in p.
'
n_ ,2 -z t,[4 -@l
t+2p-8=18 t+2p-26=0
=
-2 1{m5
2
@ into @. +2(p- 4) = 18
o --b 'Dqf
t'[FZTil
t'
"
-b!,{6F=Z;; F=---*-E,,[08
he-lp-
Set.lhe:'id(irhtortofix,
3 decimal places.
_ -2 +_{108
= 4.196
2-'2
or
or -z -6.196
m=4.196-4
l_.1
I I i
.j!
Itnur,_,n.:olutils
are p=4.196,
0\
Simultaneous Equations
j.
'Httr*s{llls
=:
'
j
With fractions
frf=12',,*
.
Identifylinearand
non-linear equations
Simple x+y=31
u+y=5
fi,;: ,}
Solvi4g equations
Solve simuttaneous equations
:i
I i
-+-=
3xy
21
common denominator
:,:,
Single equation
'*
-.$
',rl,i,fi
3x+2y=4ry*5y'=1
'
t
I
'tT
nonlinear
't.:-.!ii:.'::ir
/'.x
t I
fl
.**
-*:r.
--traight line x + y - 5 =0 intersects the curve Find the coordinates of these two points.
t'
+ x'
- xl = 7 at two
*noa r:
$:
X+y-5=0
Y2+x2-xY=7
.o
@
Y=5-x
5e=:ut. @ into @. (5-x)2+x2-x(5-xl=7 := li - iOx+x2 +x2- 5x+x2 = 7 :. 3x2-l5x+18=0 x2-5x*6=0 (x-3Xx-2)=0 x=3 or x=2
a::-
'
:,.:.
i*!G
1.
lVhenx=3,y=2. \Yhenx=2,y=3.
#
'::
rne coordinates of the two points are (3, 2) and (2' 3).
Cf
SPffi',QseSfion:rt
@rg Sre qtndq@ irequality, grqg.,:it ::jnte:,ll&.,.9.$.pr;q1:., ;f5|gf.! ,.::,.gf
Bebrg
:
,,-::iif+...,,1hi+.
c.:<, .:,.,-,:i;;|,r,:.;,..:,,-fi
;-,,:gyqid,fte:
.{r6)
..:,
adii.9r",.,,;
16
.;.iffi,,xAl$.:cr.,;,,*..=,'S'<:,,tr,,:i
-t,1:,.i.
<
-,,-r-i,r:t"t'att-..xt<,f
:::
:
4,
-2'< x < 8.
:.
,'
'::
r :
a ::
.::=
:
:a
:. Claneic SPm
The,diagram shows: the gtaph,of a function ,' i =,(x- k)? + 2, where k is:a: constant. Find,': (a) the value of k (b) the equation of the axis of symmetry. {c) the coordinates of,the minimum point, i l
::.ther@,.ihAl graph'F symlljetrical abort the axis symmetry, the value ol *between x=
:.
Afid.t
;.2,i9,,f,.,=:id.,,r':'rl.:,,.'1.r, :'r':"',,.,."
::r,J=r{0-k}2+2,,: , ': ;: ,: ,'. ,r ', J=l{+2 k2= I k=tl when k = 1, the function is y = (x - l), + 2. Substiiute x = 2 and /= 3 into the equation. ,:,, ',,,, ,', 3-i{2,:::IJ2 +2,,: : , :;:
::r.:: ::
:,',llgnee,: :,;
3=3
l=Ix-llz+2whenk=1.
,
,
,
* ll
:: : :
:: ':, ,,
:,
rr:,
:,r,,
,,', :
,:',
{c) ,From
the'funCtion;4 = (x
1)?
Given that rz = log, a and n = log, b, express the following in terms of m and n.
t.)
loer*
tuIution (a)2log,o5+log,o4
(b)
us.
64
log. 5oo
a2 + loe,
blution
{a) 2 loe,o 5 + log,o
: i::: ;;,..l;i_
= log,o 100
=z+2logrc+ lvrrgra
=Z+znt+|n
(c)
&)
log,o 102
I
=2
log,9 = .r.
Y-
.r, u
log. b
bg.64 - log,
56'9 = log,
= log. o7 =
--
l25
log.
5-3
=_3
i.F
q2
nrffi
(if)
ETIiI?tE
i
i
Express each of the follorving as a single logarithm. (a) log' 15 + log. 6 - lo& 18
Simplify the follorving expressions. (a) Iog. I50 + log,. 12-1og,,450 {b} log
p1
(b)3-log,35+2logr14
Solution
i I
I
2 log, pq + log"
.t
I
I
Splll,idion
= log: 5
, i150x12\ = t"e,,
450
rr,
(r#g)
= log- 700
= log"
i
Given that
53p
toA,?=
lo&
9.
=0
Solution
Given
5rP
9(3'1P).
a on both
sides
of
the
lo4 9 + 2P log.,
3p
log 3 *
p(3 log. 5
= log 9
log, 9) = log 9
, rcr,? = log, e
rT
L Ir
b=a, .....A
log" b =
Soltfu
(a)
IoS=
;' then
4p + log.
.....
=lqlra
+ bg, O _
c on both sides of
-2+lagr,
-?ry
f)
=Z + 2log,p
2(logr2 + log
log"b = xlog,a......O
Substitute
@ i"to @.
= 2log,2p
Or
a
IOe O=
Iog-b
lag"a
o) foc, 27f
-w-,.* ='"-r#:;^
3l
=
logrlTl" togrfi
##
T
-
*,on
27x6
2log.{T
or
los.b= = I ea logua
= loqv5
t^ffrlu
({i')'
, = rogr
.
blution
(a) rog,
+g
'd
Given that rz = log:r and in terms of m and n.
= log, 3r
l_
3x2
Evaluate the following using a scientific calculator. (a) log, 5 (b) Ioe,0.0562
r = logy, express
(b)
the following
"
l"c{t#
= 2.3219
ft)
G,y
bg,
=
{r'y
fog'J
logr 4
= _2.6204
fc*, olt
2
; :
{a) log"zl
(b)lo&3xlogr4xlog*8
Hution
(a)
Iogn
,, =Y;t+
caansetobass.
=l
2
=2(2+2n-m)
(b)log,3xlogr4xlogo8
= b, express
log 45 in
(32
5)
= log. 32 + log 5
=2log,3+log5
=
Ioo-3 =
logr3
logr5 logr5
logr3
log,o3
logro5
-i
-a
2l
2b+a
ab
rt$
b ntyfouer, ,""
.
Forexanpb,
'
'
futF v*ntnE
l7|*flrel"
qxsaver e
24{1.
F'ttF'r27'rtuirlv
E*E
**'
'/yodd
E]E@trtr p. n"
,t"*,
n*or*.
"rU
btufE bpffrns H bs. asag' prers I bg I foilowed by s.349 ano [J. lte answer is disprayed as o.Tal{az2ssl. r' hd d b tre 6| delree of accuracy. For instance, corecl to lour decimal places, tre ansrver b 0.72&'. 3 bftfnasogaifum ol given logadthms . fu srTh, ftrd tte vah6 of xirilog,o x .l.gg{!. =
ob
. **l oitt
frcrd
lo,lznoFlrorrowed
by trrelrog lkev.
rhe degay
'lGrhtregivenlogadhm,
1'6943andpr"""E.Thercquiredantibgbdftphyedo*.*. ,, ,
erre$,t=
"wl"1p@orl*1,
'
'
qry
and
ls .19_i$z
Formrpre
dsFayed
#5
shourd be
*n* n ;;;;
accuracy.
fte answer is
,r fuud d
6
to
2.3219A8095.
pedorr lhe
cahulafui
ov
fo9ro2
',,*"'
rurornea
El EJ tr
fCJ
EJ
11!.d
as 5.884949j99. ofi to the @s!@ dryree of accuracy S.BBS (conecr to toursignifiCqlt {guresJ.
El tr
tr EJ E E fj-J l-=rl,
"no
*'e
"ns,"o
3) =
l.
'gbgtriihmic lo dtah.an
.
boffiot
log, 2x
log, (x
2x
3) =
los,;ft_
x_
=,
l{
-J
::
:'a:::a a
::.
:aa
:.
-: :.::
:
a.: :l: :
d.51;5;
2x=5x-15 3x= lS
x=5
..::,:tiffi :..'
...:..,,
in terms of
Q.
base.
,Igg;:f:logn Q=
Aws.,d;hElarithms : lq
ryai$m
bm
to an index form,
P-19}3 =,
loSro=a
P2
ta
s2
teqied
2logrP-logrq=4
. l{ob H 81 is a perlect sgrrare, so its i: .:riod,:dr0qEle s*npBfFd, gr'*ndillol .-::let _aq,.Jti.' ', i,,t,.,,,,,,,, ,r,r'. t,-,.'-
a p2=8le F=9{O
i@ry.qnd-bo.H..qi@q'of.f g+tualirxr,
cannol:bee
ln lhe
terms on
in"iir.!t4,,
,to'
@r
process
ol siir;rfying
the
equation, 3
x logro 5 = (3x
3x log,o 3
,
2) log,o
x{3 log,o
qe.
A!e.
erihms.nt.,this.'i
UsitE,*'cakifAlot;,,,
log,o
3x+2
2. :,,;,l$ltE
tuIntion 3x+4-3x+2=2
{31(34}-{3"X3'?)=2
7213"'
8l(3")-9(3"1=2
Nde tlat 3. is common ln Oottr lerms so that lhe difierence ol the trvo ie.nns can be found.
::
e'=I -36
l0
on both sides of the equation.
. . .
$
$-
of
accuracy,
fuures.
x log,o 3 = log,o
sfficant
. x=-
,or,o
*-
Iog,o 3
= -.3.262
Use
6u *kn
he q{E ot.iggryilhlBs
to, e,otr?ss,]
foS" (A9C'J
in terms of h and
k.
he difiererce ol logarihms.
Note that log" a vafues of a.
= 1 for all
posftive
-2log"7+L-3log"5
=2k+l-3h
g@tfg__q*o#pr*ry,
5oltt
the equation
93x+4
.-s.
tl eqtaliryl,are po-ners.of.3. :$o; botr sides can be expessed in index lorm to the base 3.
:
27x+3.
tuIcf*n
9lr={ _
27x+3 (3r)x+3
3ltx
+
l) a. -' Exprs
tothe
basq 3 and
When bolh sides have tfre same base, just compare the indices in or&r to find ihe required solulion,
6x+8=3x+9 .*
CtonedSfJf
5olxfur
h,g. S.45 =
*Qg-e*s.fb.a*,
log,
5
= b, express
logn 0.45
in terms of a and
b.
All the logarithms are to the same base, so changing of bases is not
necessary.
loC.;o
enli8
tp
relalion tlett-rreen,the:given
S, and
numbers3and
in ttre question.
ihe,numk!t0.45
=;eg.
= log.
-J1
-*1P*fu;Y.,P
nhq$
.
m@tuur#.t.t
/xr+4 /r+Iz\
t3'21
erda
r-Gq*td,fonr
l+E lh ln
tlnnhr