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EXPECTATIONS: A 3.1, 3.2 Represent a line in two-space using a vector equation and parametric equation (r = ro + tm) Recognize a scalar equation for a line in two-space of the form Ax + By + C = 0 Represent a line in three-space using vector and parametric equations
TEXT REFERENCE: Geometry & Discrete Mathematics (Harcourt) 6.1; 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 Algebra & Geometry (HRW) 2.1; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 Worked Examples (Alice & George) 3.5, 3.6
ASEESSMENT / EVALUATION ACTIVITY Linear Combinations Vector & Parametric Equations Scalar Equations Equation of a Line in Three-Space Intersection of Two Lines Practice Test Seminar Tests (study for and write) Total estimated time (in school and KTCA T T T T T T T T at home) TIME 1h 2h 2h 2h 2h 2h 1h 6h 18 h +
A B C D E D
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x = au
Example 1
Given
x = 3i 6j u=4i8j
Determine whether the two vectors are collinear? Assume they are so, therefore Then (3,-6) = a(4,-8) Equate corresponding components to get 3 = a4 a = 3/4 -6 = -8a a = 3/4 The value of a is the same in both cases Therefore x and u are collinear. We can produce a combination of any number of vectors to produce a single vector. x = au
Example 2
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For the vectors shown in the diagram below, write a) v as a linear combination of u and x b) v as a linear combination of u, w and y. c) u as a linear combination of v, w and y. u v . . x y w Solution a) v = 3u + (-x) = 3u x b) v = 3u + y + (-2w) = 3u + y 2w From the solution to part (b) above we have: 3u = v-y+2w or, u = 1/3 v 1/3y + 2/3w
We can extend these concepts to 3 dimensions. If 3 vectors lie in the same plane, then it is always possible to express one of the vectors as the sum of the other two, and the vectors are said to be coplanar.
x = au +bv
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Assignment A. LINEAR COMBINATIONS Geometry & Discrete Mathematics Read p 204 - 205
Copy out rules & definitions in brown boxes
Algebra & Geometry Read 2.4, p 55 - 59 Copy rules in green boxes Ex 2.4 1; 2
au + bv = 0 au + bv + cw = 0
In each case the converse would be that the vectors are linearly independent (meaning that the equations above are not satisfied.)
Example 1 Show whether the vectors u = (3,-1, 0), v = (0, 2, 1) and w = (0,0,2) are linearly dependent or linearly independent.
Solution
We have a(3,-1,0) + b(0,2,1)+c(0,0,2) = (0,0,0) (3a,-a + 2b, b+2c) = (0, 0, 0) Therefore, 3a = 0, -a + 2b = 0, and b + 2c = 0.
Therefore a = 0, b = 0 and c = 0. This implies that u,v, and w are linearly independent vectors.
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The Vector Equation of the Line through the point with position vector r1, in the direction m, is of the form r = r1 + tm, where t R Example 1 Find a vector equation of a line passing through P1 (-5, 4) and having direction vector m = (7, 9). Solution r = (-5, 4) + t (7, 9), t
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
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In example 1 above we could re-write the vector equation in 2-space in term of vector co-ordinates as: [x,y] = [-5,4] + t[7,9] [x,y] = [-5,4] +[7t, 9t] [x,y] = [-5+7t, 4+9t]
Since the vectors are equal, the corresponding components are equal. x = -5 + 7t y = 4 + 9t or (x,y) = (-5 + 7t, 4 + 9t)
These equations are called parametric equations of a line. The constant terms on the right side are the coordinates of a point on the line The coefficients of t are the components of a directions vector of the line
Assignment B.VECTOR & PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS Geometry & Discrete Algebra & Geometry Worked Examples Mathematics Sketch this line using your graphing Read p 240 244 Read 3.1 Read p 8 calculator. Copy out rules &MODE definitions in brown boxes the function to parametric : Par Change Copy rules in green boxes Make notes Do p245 Then enter for the x and the y values Ex 3.1: 1 6 # 2, 4, 5, 8 a, 9 ,10, 13, 16 4.1 : 1 6; 9 GRAPH Play around with the WINDOW settings for T Dont you feel clever?
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nP1P = 0
n = (A,B)
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If r is the position of P, and if r1 is the position vector of P1, then P1P = r r1, and n (r r1) = 0 Remember: the dot product of two perpendicular vectors is zero! Hence (A, B) (x x1, y-y1) = 0 A(x x1) +B(y-y1) = 0 Ax +By + (-Ax1 By1) = 0 If we denote the constant term (-Ax1 By1) by C, we get the following equation of the line
The Cartesian or Scalar Equation of the Line in 2 space with normal (A,B) is of the form Ax + By + C = 0 Example 1 Find the Cartesian equation of the line passing through P1(8,2) and having the normal vector n = (3,-5) Solution Method 1 If P(x, y) is any point on the line, then it satisfies nP1P = 0, and (3,-5) (x-8, y-2) = 0 3x 24 5y + 10 = 0 Thus the Cartesian equation of the line is 3 x 5y 14 = 0 Here is an alternate solution:
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Method 2: Since the Cartesian equation of a line is Ax + By + C = 0, where the normal vector n = (A, B), we have n = (3, -5) P1 (8, 2) C = -14 3x 5y + C = 0 3(8) 5(2) + C = 0 24 10 + C = 0 C = -14 x - 5y 14 = 0
Recall from your earlier studies in Analytic Geometry that when two lines are perpendicular, then their slopes are negative reciprocals: m1 m2 = -1 For example if m1 = 3, then m2 = - We did two things: a) switch the numerator and denominator b) add a negative sign after the switch What worked in Analytic Geometry can work in Vector Geometry. If we have the direction vector m = (3,1), then the normal vector is n = (1,3). m n = 0 (3,1) (-1,3) = -3 + 3 = 0
Example 2 For the line 4x + 3y 12 = 0, find a) a normal vector, b) a direction vector, c) a point on the line, d) the vector equation of the line. Solution a) n = (4, 3) b) m = (-3,4)
Mary Ward C S S 2007 Author : H. Kopach
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12 P(0,4) =
c) A point on the line could be the y-intercept (x = 0) r1 d) Since r = r1 + t m then r = (0,4) + t (-3,4)
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Algebra & Geometry Read 3.2 Copy rules in green boxes Ex 3.2: 1 7
Worked Examples
Do p 251 #2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11
n/a
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Worked Examples
4.2 : 1 - 4
3. Infinite number of solutions which meant that the two lines were coincident. In 3 D, there are three intersection possibilities for two distinct lines. z y x L1 x
Mary Ward C S S 2007 Author : H. Kopach
L1 y L1
L2 z y x L2
L1 z y
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Lines may neither intersect nor be parallel These are called skew lines
Example1 Equations of two lines are given. Show that the lines are parallel. L1 Solution A direction vector of L1 is [1, 2,-3] and of L2 is [-2,-4, 6]. These are collinear since [-2,-4, 6] = -2[1, 2,-3]. x=2+t y = -3 + 2t z = 4 - 3t L2 x = -1 2s y = 5 4s z = 6s
Therefore, the lines are either parallel or they coincide. To show that they do not coincide, show that a point on one of the lines is not on the other. From the parametric equations, the coordinates of a point on L1 are (2, -3, 4). Substitute these coordinates into the expressions of the equations of L2:
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2=1 2 s 3=2 s s= 3 2
3 4 s =5 8 4 s = s =2
4= s 6 s= 2 3
For the point to lie on L2, and for both lines to coincide, all these results must be equal. Since they are not, L1 and L2 are parallel The scalar equation of a line is an example of a linear equation A linear equation is an equation of the form a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3 + = k where ai and k are constants
A linear system is said to be consistent if it has at lest one solution, otherwise it is inconsistent.
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Assignment E. INTERSECTION OF TWO LINE S Geometry & Discrete Mathematics Read p 259 262
Copy out rules & definitions in brown boxes
Worked Examples
p 112 # 8
Ex 4.4
1; 2
Lines are given in symmetric form; must be converted to parametric form first.
Assignment F. PRACTICE TEST Geometry & Discrete Mathematics Review questions p230 1, 2b Chapter test p233 1 Review exercise p 266# 2, 3, 6, 7, 8a,b, 13 Chapter test p 270 # 1 -7 * * * Algebra & Geometry Worked Examples