Review of Urban Growth Pattern of Mashhad

C2-Managing Urban Growth

Barcelona-October 2010

Content
Introduction Urban Growth Pattern P tt Main Factors Outcomes Future Strategies

Content

Introduction
Second largest city in Iran Located in Khorasan-e-Razavi Province 2.4 million citizens 294 km Northeast of Iran Close to the borders of Afghanistan and Turkmienistan In the valley of the Kashaf River Between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-Masjed

Turkmienistan

Mashhad Tehran
Afghanistan

Introduction

Most significant religious city of Iran Hosts nearly 20 million travelers and pilgrims annually The second religious metropolis in the world

In A bi I Arabic means place of martyrdom l f t d One of the 163 most populated cities of the world Holds 64.76% of Khorasan e Razavi provinces population Khorasan-e-Razavi province s
Introduction

Introduction

Urban Growth of Mashhad

The city population grew from 45,000 in 1891 to nearly 176,000 176 000 people in 1940 and 241 000 in 1956 241,000 1956. Between 1976 and 1986 Mashhad has encountered the largest rate of population growth in Iran (8.16%). The population reached 2,400,000 in 2006. Within the past 50 years, the city has grown ten-fold.

Urban Growth of Mashhad

The change of city population and area (1956-2006)

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Mashhad population and growth rate in different periods

Year Population p Growth Rate (%)

1956 241989 2

1966 409616 5.39

1976 667770 5.01

1986 1463508 8.16

1996 1887405 2.58

2006 2430800 2.56

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Mashhad Historical Development

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Density

During 1956 to 1986 there was a significant decrease in rate of density, from about 151 to 66 people per hectare, reversely after 1986 the rate of density slightly increased until 2006, from 66 to 83 people p hectare. , p p per
Urban Growth of Mashhad

Density values in 13 Mashhad zones in 2006

Area (Hectar) ( ) Degree of Density 1996 Very low (1-50 PPH) Low (51-100 PPH) Medium (101-200 PPH) High (more than 2o1PPH) 13314 3401 6589 882 2006 2282 21079 6016 -

Zones (No.) ( ) 1996 7,9,10,11 1,8 2,3,5,6 4 2006 12 1 2 5 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 6 Samen -

Total Zones 1996 4 2 4 1 2006 1 8 4 -

Urban Growth of Mashhad

 79.5% of the city area in 2006 is in the low and very low density areas Overall average was less than 100 people per hectare (83 people/hectare) in 2006. Older zones of the city have higher density, while new zones have lower density In the old fabric of the city, the population is more y, p p condensed than surrounding areas, and the population density declines near the suburbs In the suburbs, more land is assigned to construction, resulting in urban sprawl
Urban Growth of Mashhad

Population density in Mashhad metropolis statistical regions

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Metropolitan Size Th amount of land usage i each period with The fl d in h i d ih respect to the population of city growth is high in comparison with th t of th previous period. i ith that f the i i d The city area has grown from 16 km in 1956 to 294 km in 2006. , y, , p g In addition, discontinuity, tainted, and leapfrog development are the most important sprawl features clearly observed in the growth of y g Mashhad in all periods, especially in the citys p y physical expansion from 1985 onwards. p
Urban Growth of Mashhad

Discontinuity, tainted, and leapfrog development of the city in different period

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Based on the Holdren equation during 1956-2006: 79% of city growth of the area is associated with population growth and 21% is related to sprawl. Therefore, nearly one-fourth of the city area is associated with sprawl and not population growth.

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Degree of Equal Distribution

Inconsistency is evident in population distribution

Coefficient / Year Entropy Gini

1996 0.94 0.26

2006 0.99 0.13

A According to Gi i and E di Gini d Entropy coefficients, i ffi i in 1996, the population had been unfairly distributed; d in 2006, h di ib d and i 2006 there h b has been a movement to a more similar and fair population distribution di t ib ti
Urban Growth of Mashhad

Degree of Cl t i D f Clustering
Coefficient / Year Moran Adjusted Geary

1996 -0.13 -0.12

2006 0.16 0.07

Based on Geary and Moran coefficients, urban growth of Mashhad has:

a predominantly random pattern and no special center can be considered; However, the comparison of the two different periods shows the movement towards a more clustering pattern.

Urban Growth of Mashhad

So, So it can be concluded that

in the past, the urban growth pattern of Mashhad shows a sprawl form, but in the form last two decades (1986-2006), it has moved slightly toward a compact form.

Urban Growth of Mashhad

Mashhad Master Plans First Master Plan (19661991)

began in 1967 the sketch was initially approved in 1970 imparted t the municipality after fi l approval b th A hit t l i t d to th i i lit ft final l by the Architectural and Urbanization High Council in 1973 the comprehensive p p plan of Mashhad was codified and finalized in 1981

Second Master Plan (1991-2016 ) (

approved by the Provincial Urbanity Council meeting in 1991

Master Plans

Main Urban Growth Factors

Accessibility, political, and religious position

Largest city in the eastern part of the country Highest rate of inhabitability in the province Highest share of tourism in the country Situated on the crossroad between Central Asia and the West Historic background, and religious and pilgrimage role

Migration
Influx of Afghan refugees g g Financial poverty of the rural areas in the region Lack of water and agricultural land in rural areas of the region Seeking for better jobs and employment Natural disasters such as draughts in the region Mashhad metropolis is an important destination for migrants to such an extent that from 1955 to 1995 the migrants, annual rate of population growth was 5.3% (2.6 times more than Tehran)

Lack of Integrated Urban Management Inner and outer urban transportation improvement / Public transportation Security Natural location Presence of sufficient land for construction Land and housing release policies after the Islamic revolution The Increase of automobile ownership Movement of the wealthy from downtown to outer regions The merging of villages and surrounding cities into the city fabric

Urban Growth Factors

Outcomes of the Urban Growth Pattern of Mashhad

Destruction of permanent urban water resources

currently only 1 out of 14 springs i th city range provides tl l t f i in the it id permanent water supplies (9 months a year).

During the p g past 50 years suburban agricultural lands y g have been replaced by city constructions
Area (Hectare) City 1956 2006 GradeQuality (Class) I III IV VI LandArea Hectare 10288 6233 9089 2147 27757 Percentage 37 22 33 8 100

Mashhad Total

1600

29377

Outcomes of Urban Growth

Mashhad stands second as the most polluted city after Tehran Informal settlements Social and economical inequities Mass traffic Destruction of some cultural heritage sites Decrease of urban id i D f b identity Urban environmental challenges Lack of balanced urban development Producing nearly 5000 tons of construction waste daily Imbalance in the hierarchical structure of the cities of Khorasan-eRazavi province Increased crime Lack of sustainable municipal finance Informal employment p y

Outcomes of Urban Growth

The Citys Most Important Strategic Challenge y p g g

How to overcome the fast and irregular g physical growth and social, economical and cultural inequities

Strategic Challenge

Future Proposed Strategies

Fixation of city range and creating spatial discipline within it with a compact city approach p Small cities empowerment
Expanding services and facilities to the Mashhad metropolitan suburbs Giving emphasis to middle and small cities development Creating development plans for the capable rural areas Increasing job opportunities in rural areas

Preserving open spaces, farmlands, natural beauties and critical environmental areas
Systematic supervision of environment protection Conservation of precious natural fields as open spaces and green lands in physical-spatial plans Providing the protective borders with green rings around the city Creation and development of open spaces and green lands around the city

Mixed-use development Take advantage of compact building designs Providing variety of public transportation choices Spatial di t ib ti S ti l distribution of developmental opportunities (facilities, spaces and special areas of fd l t l t iti (f iliti d i l f activity)
Redistribution of population and settlements around the conurbation and determining the population capacity of Mashhad

Promotion of the urban management role in coordinating all responsible and involved organizations in urban services

Future Strategies