LIME - A PERSPECTIVE

Ar. Vaishali Latkar For Hands on -Lime workshop organised by NIASA and coordinated by Ar. Vaishali Latkar from 6th Sept10 10th Sept.10

LIME IN EVERYDAY LIFE

LIME IN MEDICAL FIELD

EVERYDAY

IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

GLASS INDUSTRY

VERSATALITY OF LIME

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE WATER TREATMENT SLUDGE TREATMENT MEDICAL SECTOR SOIL STABILIZATION

LIME AS A MATERIAL CALCITE Calcium Carbonate CaCo 3 + heat Cao+Co 2 Lime is an extremely caustic material when wet, with a pH of 12. The high pH provided by lime will kill unwanted bacteria. Lime will react with many soluble substances to form insoluble substances. limestone Heat generated in the formation of quick lime can be used for drying, setting or killing organism

PROPERTIES OF LIME AS A BUILDING MATERIAL Slow hardening Low durability

Addition of Pozzolanic materials ( non hydraulic lime made

into hydraulic by addition of material that will react with burnt lime and produce the silicate products with bnding ability leading to early strength)

Non-hydraulic lime can only set through carbonation (re-absorption of CO2). Hydraulic lime sets under water

Polymers Active clay responsible for strength In India, fine brick dust (below 50 microns) called surkhi had been the pozzolonic addition to lime

SETTING FOR STRENGTHENING Pozzolonic additions Clay Jaggery

PLASTICISER Urad/ Cereals

RETARDER LIME PROPERTIES ALTERED BY ADDITIONS OF Gum

AS REINFORCEMENT SOFT FINISHING Jute fibres Curd Horse hair straw BETTER BONDING Eggs Raw sugar

WHY SHOULD WE USE LIME SUSTAINABILITY Totally recyclable BREATHABALITY Due to porosity ENERGY EFFICIENCY Consumes less energy in making LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY Keeps interiors cool in warmer climates and warm in cooler climates WATER PROOFING Lime mortars permeable, allow for evaporation of moisture A NATURAL ANTISEPTIC Due to high pH, reduces air pollutants STRUCTURAL OR SEASONAL MOVEMENTS Allow for movement without significant damage SELF HEALING Finer cracks allow water penetration, dissolve free lime and bring it to the surface, after evaporation cracks are filled DURABILITY Many historic monuments are the proofs. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Releases water vapour when exposed to fire acting as fire retarder

TYPES OF LIME IN BUILDING USE

Bureau of Indian standards( BIS) classifies lime for construction purposes ( IS: 712 1984) as , Class A Eminently Hydraulic Lime Less volume increase Sets in water Greater clay impurity, faster setting time Stronger than fat lime Used for structural purposes Class B Used for masonry mortars, lime concrete, plaster undercoat Class C fat lime for finishing plaster coat, whitewashing, composite mortars, with puzzolona for masonry mortar Class DMagnesium/ dolomitic lime used for finishing plaster coat Class E Kankar Lime for masonry mortar Class F silicious dolomitic lime for undercoat and finishing plaster coat.

When used as binder in the mortar, classification as per Vicat( 1828), Non hydraulic or rich lime- ( fat lime)10%foreign material, 90% lime Hydraulic lime 10-30% clay, 40-60 % lime Cement 40-60%clay and 60-40% lime Pozzolonic cement 70-90% clay 3010% lime

USES OF LIME IN BUILDING

Lime washes It is dispersion of calcium hydroxide particles in an aqueous solution of approx. 1g/l Ca(OH). Lime putty stored for a long time with a water content of 52% by mass can be used as lime wash Lime plaster With numerous additives and admixtures Lime Mortar By mixing and grinding lime, sand and pozzolonic materials, additives and water Lime Concrete Mixture of sand, larger aggregates with hydraulic limes, pozzolanic materials, additives and water

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH LIME Leaching Atmospheric pollution Crystalisation of soluble salts Volume Changes Biological Causes

TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS Petrographic study Non Invasive Techniques Light Microscopy Wet Chemical Analysis Scanning Electron Microscopy X-ray diffraction Physical Testing Mechanical Testing Dating technology

LIME IN HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE A WORLD PERSPECTIVE CAVEMAN The Lascaux caves in France are frescoed of natural iron oxide pigments applied onto damp cave walls of high calcium content (Lime stone), dating back as far as 16,000 years. These paintings are often considered to be among the first true frescoes made by man. EGYPTIAN The Egyptians, about 6,000 years ago, they used lime to plaster the pyramids at Giza. In addition, incorporated various limes into their religious temples as well as their homes. Lime plaster + stucco Lime gypsum (CaSO4, 2 H2O), plaster Decorative fine plaster workat tel-el amarna 1 thk lime stucco finished with 1/8 thick lime

GREEK AND ROMAN Mycenae temples at homers time show lime stucco for marble surfaces Lime used in stucco Lime mortars unknown till Romans Pliny the younger stated no builder should employ lime which had not been slaked atleast three years Vitruvius, in his ten books on Architecture (40 B.C.), devoted a total chapter on lime Talks about the choice and the use of lime, sand, puzzolona and other materials on mortar. Gives details for the application of fine six coat marble dust and lime stucco on reed laths for internal decoration

Classical Roman Period Public structures stone and hydraulic lime mortar with additions of pozzolanic sands. Aqueducts were watrerproofed using hydraulic mortars. Dark period Loss of technical know how Buildings with soft lime mortar Use of mud for plastering purposes Lime was finally re-introduced when the Normans arrived and used lime for the construction of a number of religious buildings.

CHRISTIAN - UPTO RENAISSANCE In southeast England in the 14th century, artisans, using trowels, applied decorative lime plaster to the exterior of timber-framed structures. Throughout, lime was widely used for molded and ornamental plaster work. During the Renaissance, lime made an explosive revival in the plastering and painting arts. In the mid-15th century, artisans from Venice created a new type of external facing called Marmorino, made by applying lime directly onto terra cotta brick and lime-mortar bases. Also known as Venetian Lime Plaster

TEMPERAS AND FRESCOES FRESCO Buon fresco (Italian for true fresco) is painting technique in which water colours are applied to lime plaster when it is still wet, Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a binder is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the intonaco( plaster coat), which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. The pigment is absorbed by the plaster; after a number of hours, plaster dries and reacts with the air: this chemical reaction which fixes pigment particles in the plaster wet the it is the Sistine chapel ceiling by Michelangelo Renaissance paintings Aided by climate Colours comparatively dull

TEMPERAS Secco Fresco technique in which water colours are applied to dry plaster that has been moistened to simulate fresh plaster The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg tempera, glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall. less durable Examples Indian wall paintings Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinchi

Baroque and rococo, neoclassical

19th century 1824 cement by Aspadin Colonial architecture developed all over the world Use of lime in combination with cement

Stucco works

Great Wall of China used lime mortar in its construction

INDIAN PERSPECTIVE Earliest references in Bhimbetka paintings

SACRED TEXT DESCRIBING LIME IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE Vishnudharmottar purana 4-5th A.D. by Kshemraj Shrikrishnaraj Lime in plaster Samarangana Sutradhar 10th Cent. A.D. by King Bhoja Lime in plaster Abhilashitartha Chintamani 12th Cent. A.D. by King Someshwara Lime plaster Shilparatna 16th Cent. A.D. by shrikumara Lime plaster

References of lime use in Harappan civilization found in the form of lime mortar with mud bricks

VAJRALEP Mythological books talk of vajralep - Special plasters by mixing organics in the mud, mud-lime mixture together with sand, small crushed pieces of burnt clay. Strengthened by using the fibres from coconut, cotton, stems of cereals

Types as per Vishnu dharmottar purana

Kalk samanya vajralep

vajralep

Vajratal lep for floor

Vajrasanthal lep Metal additions riti(iron rust), kansa(lead)

For finishing, lime wash is given

USE OF LIME IN DIFFERENT FORMS IN DIFFERENT SETTINGS

Maharashtra /Hindu Temples

Andhra Pradesh / Public architecture

Kerala /Palacial residential architecture

Rajastan / Palacial residential archiecture

INDIAN ART

Tanjavur temple paintings Chola (985-1014AD)

Ajanta paintings

SOURCES OF LIME LIMESTONE Classification as per Dixey

ORIGIN Marl, chalk, fossiliferous limestone (shell limestone, Coral limestone)

COMPOSITION Argillaceous, sandy siliceous, ferruginous, Phosphatic,magneium, dolomite

TEXTURE Compact limestone, Earthy limestone, conglomeratic limestone, modular limestone, crystalline lime stone, unconsolidated limestone

Compact chemicalslimestone, marble, stalagmite, stalactite, Kankar, oolite

DISTRIBUTION OF LIMESTONE IN INDIA Limestone

Calcium Carbonate or double carbonates of calcium and magnesium With small quantities of silica, alumina, iron oxides, phosphorus and sulphur

Consumption
Cement Industry 75% Iron and Steel Industry 16% Chemical Industry 4% Others 5%

PRODUCTION OF LIMESTONE IN INDIA 75% Of total limestone produced by six states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat, Chattisgarh and Tamil nadu M.p. All states produce small quantities of limestones Year 1951 1961 147.55 1971 150.79 1981 324.41 1991 683.76 2001 1273.38 2003 1455.52

Productio 29.65 n in Lakhs tons Value in rupees crores 1

7.4

24.6

88.4

308.4

1347.4

1524.9

Source Indian Bureau of Mines &, statistical abstract 2003, p.78

Lime from Katni, marble city of Madhya pradesh and Rajasthan most sought after for building woks. south side limestone of cement grade

STATES AND PLACES PRODUCING LIMESTONE

MADHYA PRADESH Jabalpur, Satna,Betul, Sagar, Damoh,Rewa RAJASTHAN Jhunjhunu, Banswara, Jodhpur, Sirohi, Bundi, Ajmer, Bikaner, Dungarpur, Kota, Tonk, Alwar, Sawai Madhopur, Chittorgarh, Nagaur, Udaipur and Pali ANDHRAPRADESH Cuddapah, Kurnool, Guntur, Krishna, Nalgonda, Adilabad, Warangal, Mahabubnagar and Karimnagar GUJRAT Banaskantha, Amreli, Kachchh,Surat, Junagarh, Kheda and Panchmahala CHHATTISGARH Bastar, Bilaspur,Raipur, Raigarh and Durg TAMILNADU Ramanathpuram, Tirunelveli,,Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Coimbatore, Madurai and Thanjavur KARNATAKA Gulbarga, Chitrdurg, Tumkur, Belgaum, Mysore and Shimoga MAHARASHTRA Yavatmal, Chandrapur, Nanded, Ahmednagar ORISSA Sundargarh, Smbalpur,Kalahandi JHARKHAND Palamu, Hazaribaug, Ranchi, Singhbhum HIMACHAL PRADESH Bilaspur, Kangra and Chamba HARYANA Mahendrapur, Ambala UTTAR PRADESH Mirzapur, Lucknow and Unnao UTTARANCHAL Dehradun, Mussoorie WEST BENGAL Darjiling, Jalpaiguri JAMMU AND KASHMIR Anantnag and Jammu ASSAM AND MEGHALAYA Nagaon, Sibsagar, Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills

TRADITIONAL PREPARATION OF LIME Should be on plain ground On higher level in the site Dia 3.1 m ext. 2.4 int. Channel width -70 cm Consolidation required Grounding wheel dia - 75 cm Of quartz or slate Wooden member dia 15 cm Pivoted by metal clamp. Traditional Chakki Manually in pit of appropriate size depending on quantum Idli grinder can be used for smaller quantities

COMPARISION TO CEMENT
LIME Permeable Flexible Soft Weatherproof and not waterproof Do not attract water Deal with moisture effectively Reduces green house effect CEMENT Not permeable Rigid Hard Waterproof Attract water Condensation problem Causes green house gas effect

ORGANISATIONS WORKING IN LIME RESEARCH IN INDIA CENTRAL BUILDING INSTITUTE,ROORKEE RESEARCH

NEW PRODUCTS

Limecrete Limecrete is a mixture of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) and aggregate that can be used to create breathable floors. It offers increased vapour permeability and is often used in combination with breathable membranes. Sand Lime/ Calcium Silicate Bricks

Waterproofing in roof with lime concrete terracing Tamping machine for tamping lime concrete on roof Improved design for brick kiln and lime kiln

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE, MADRAS

Lime fly ash cellular slab for roofing

RESERAC

CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, DELHI Lime/ clay burnt pozzolona NEYVELI LIGNITE CORPORATION, NEYVELI Fly ash lime gypsum brick for masonry

WORLD SCENARIO Already assumed a proportion of movement http://www.sustainablebuild.co.uk/ http://www.eula.be/- European lime organisation http://www.internationallime.org/ http://www.lime.org/- US and Canadian organization hwww.britishlime.org/ http://www.biolime.com/ Standards for lime working in place for America African Countries Europe India Austrelia Japan China