2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

Assessment of Voltage Stability with NEW NRS

Mostafa Eidiani *
*

Bojnourd Campus of Islamic Azad University, Bojnourd, Iran. Email: info@eidiani.com

Abstract This paper presents a Fast and Accurate Static method of assessment of Voltage Stability and Static ATC. NRS (Newton Raphson Seydel) is an old method but is fast and accurate. This paper expands NRS method. The idea is applied on 220 buses of Khorasans network in IRAN. Keywords Voltage Stability, Static ATC, NRS method, MATLAB Toolbox, DIgSILENT Power Factory Software

calculate the bifurcation points in single-parameter nonlinear algebraic equations is proven to be the remarkably effective in power system applications [4-8]. When we study the bifurcation of load flow equations, node injections are the parameters and a search is conducted in the direction of the changing parameter. Thus the power flow equation f(x) is extended to look like [7],

I. INTRODUCTION Voltage instability and voltage collapse has been the subject of an increasing study over the past few years [1][5]. With the development of bifurcation theory of nonlinear systems, several types of bifurcation were studied in AC power systems [6-8]. For the steady state of power system model, saddle node bifurcation phenomenon was identified characterizing the static point of voltage collapse of the power network [1, 2]. To locate the saddle node bifurcation point, the continuation method and the Newton-Raphson-Seydel (or point of collapse) method have originally been developed and applied to the conventional AC system analysis [1, 2].The determinant of Jacobian matrix may exhibit large discontinuities, therefore, the Jacobian determinant method is inadequate in predicting the critical point. In [3], the Estimation of the Determinant of Jacobian matrix (EDOJ) is used in computing VSA (Voltage Stability Analysis) index. In [48], the NRS method was extended to HVDC systems and was compared with the continuation method. It was shown in [4] that the NRS method is computationally feasible as a means of determining the saddle node bifurcation point in AC/DC systems. In this paper, we present an expanded NRS method. This method is more accurate than NRS method used in [4-8]. In [3], EDOJ method uses the voltage stability constraint as the upper limit of transient stability, in other words, static ATC is used as the upper limit of dynamic ATC. In section 2, we briefly discuss the numerical implications of the NRS method which is used in calculating the saddle node bifurcation point for both of the rectifier bus methods. In section 3, we present an expanded NRS method. In section 4, voltage stability and static ATC are calculated on 220 (Khorasan) bus network in IRAN. We present our calculations in section 5. II. THE NRS METHOD [4-8]

f ( x ) y0 p = 0 f ( I )v = 0 x v =1

(1)

In which x(n1) stands for system variables (voltage magnitude and phase angle), y0 is the initial node injection, J is the power flow Jacobian, is any eigenvalue of J ,and is the eigenvector associated with [7]. P stands for the search direction and is the scaled search parameter. When is changed, it is equivalent that the node injection being changed. The so-called NewtonRaphson-Seydel method applies the Newton-Raphson method to eqs. (1) for values of [ 1, 2] with 1, 2>0, in which =0 corresponds to the saddle bifurcation points [48]. It is clear that the Jacobian matrix of eq. (1) includes the first and second order derivatives of f(x), i.e. the Jacobian and Hessian matrix of f(x). There are 2n equations in eq. (1) and the same number of unknown variables. With the unknown variables being noted as X=[x, , ] and F(X) denoting eq. (1). Now through Newton method we have: X ( r +1) = X ( r ) + X ( r ) in a way that:
X ( r ) = [ F X ( X ( r ) )] 1 .F ( X ( r ) )

(2)

(3)

FX(X), the new Jacobian matrix is computed as [7]:

FX (X) = f 0 x 2 f diag(v ,v ,...,v ) f I 1 2 n x 2 x v 0 v p 0 0 (4)

The Newton-Raphson method, which requires the inversion of the load flow Jacobian, diverges numerically close to the saddle node bifurcation point because the Jacobian matrix becomes singular [3]. So this method must be modified in order to obtain reliable results close to this point. The direct method proposed by Seydel [9] to

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2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

Here

is evaluated with Euclidean norm and

2 f
2

H ij =

x 2 f1 2 f1 vn 2 v1 ... 2 xn x1 ... ... ... 2 f 2 fn n v vn 1 ... 2 2 x1 xn

diag (v1, v2 ,..., vn ) =

g i = x j

k =1

J ik vk = x j J ik = fi xk

k =1

2 fi vk x j x k

(9)

(10)

With (7)-(10), we have:

(5)
H ij = = J i1 J J v1 + i 2 v2 + ... + in vn x j x j x j

The eq. (4) is approximate and is calculated accurately in section 3. III. THE EXPANDED NRS METHOD In this section, we correct eq. (4). We use a symbolic computational tool, Maple 10, to determine the secondorder derivatives in a symbolic form. If eq. (4) can be written as:
J FX ( X ) = H 0 We have:
H= (( J I ) v) = ( J v) x x

(J i 0 ) v x j

(11)

Such that:
J i 0 = [J i1 Then:
H= x (J10 ) v 1 (J ) v x1 20 ... (J n 0 ) v x1 (J10 ) v ... x2 ... ... ... (J10 ) v xn ... ... ... ... ... (J n 0 ) v xn n n

J i 2 ... J in ]1n

(12)

0 J I v v

p 0 0

(6)

(13)

J 11 = ( ... x J n1

... J 1n v1 ... ... ... ) = ... J nn v n

Or:

H = ( J ) v ... ( J ) v xn x1 nn

(14)

J 11*v1 + J 12 v 2 + ... + J 1n v n ) ( ... x J n1*v1 + J n 2 v 2 + ... + J nn v n

This matrix is accurate. With this H, the NRS method is converted to the Expanded NRS. We use this method (Expanded NRS) in the next section.

(7)

n g1 J1k vk g1 x k =1 1 = ... = ... = ... n x g x gn n J nk vk x 1 k =1

g1 xn ... ... g n ... xn ...

Such that:
gi =

ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE STABILITY AND STATIC ATC The proposed formulation was implemented in the ATCT (ATC Toolbox with Matlab) and tested on 220 buses of the system (Khorasan in IRAN). See Fig. 1. The voltage bifurcation surface when P100 is increasing, is shown in Fig. (2). In table (1) and (2), voltage stability and static ATC are calculated in Khorasan region. This result is obtained by means of two methods, Expanded NRS and continuation power flow. Continuation power flow is used with DIgSILENT Power Factory (DPF) software [10]. The expanded NRS is much faster than DPF. V. CONCLUSION In this paper we proposed an expanded NRS for assessment of the voltage stability and the static ATC. Multiple (continuation) power flow solutions are found for a 220-bus test of DIgSILENT Power Factory. The expanded NRS is accurate and fast. Future work will

IV.

J ik vk
k =1

(8)

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2nd IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 08), December 1-3, 2008, Johor Baharu, Malaysia

focus on the dynamic analysis which makes use of Dynamic ATC. REFERENCES
[1] E.G. Carpaneto, G. Chicco, R. Napoli and F. Piglion, "A NewtonRaphson Method for Steady State Voltage Stability Assessment", Proc. Bulk Power Sys. Voltage Phenomenon Voltage Stability and Security, Deep Creek Lake, pp. 341-345, MD: 1991. K. Iba, H. Suzuki, M. Egawa and T. Watanabe, "Calculation of Critical Loading with Nose Curve Using Homotopy Continuation Method", IEEE Trans. On Power Sys., Vol. 6, pp. 584-590, 1991. M. Eidiani and M.H.M. Shanechi, "FAD-ATC, A New Method for Computing Dynamic ATC", International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol. 28, Issue 2 , Feb. 2006, PP: 109118. C.A. Canizares, F.L. Alvarado, C.L. DeMarco, I. Dobson and W.F. Long, "Point of Collapse Methods Applied to AC/DC Power System", IEEE Trans. On Power Sys., Vol. 7, No. 2, May 1992, pp. 673-683. C.A. Canizares and F.L. Alvarado, "Point of Collapse and Continuation Methods for Large AC/DC System", IEEE Trans. On Power Sys., Vol. 8, No. 1, Feb 1993, pp. 673-683. S. Ayasun, C.O. Nwankpa and H.G. Kwanty, "Numerical Issues in the Location of Singularity-Induced Bifurcation Points", Proceedings of IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York City, New York, February 1999, pp. 707-712. Y.K. Fan, D. Niebur, and C.O. Nwankpa, "Saddle-Node Bifurcation of Voltage Profile of Small Integrated AC/DC Power System", Proceedings of the IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Seattle, July 16-21, 2000, pp. 614-619.

[8]

S. Ayasun, C.O. Nwankpa and H.G. Kwanty, "A Novel Method to Compute Singular Points of Differential-Algebraic Power System Model", Proceedings Of the American Conf. Arlington, VA June 25-27, 2001, pp. 3563-3564. [9] R. Seydel, "Numerical Computation of Branch Points in Nonlinear Equations", Numerische Mathematic, Vol. 33, 1979, pp. 339-352. [10] DIgSILENT Company, www.digsilent.de [11] www.IGMC.ir

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

TABLE I. ASSESSING VOLTAGE STABILITY IN KHORASAN REGION IN IRAN (220 BUS) Bus Chenaran Shomal Park AboBarg Darvazeh Gochan Khalil Momen Abad Khiam Azadvar Dizbad Daneshgah Rezvan Silo Torbat jam Bojnourd Torog Sabzevar EmamReza Bazarreza Voltage kv 63 63 63 63 132 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 132 132 63 132 63 63 Scaling Factor convergence divergence 1.7 1.8 1.8 2 2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.8 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.9 Figure 1. Khorasan Region, Sarasary Iran and Turkmenistan Network [11]

Figure 2. ATC Toolbox, Static ATC Analysis with Matlab

TABLE II. ASSESSMENT OF STATIC ATC IN KHORASAN REGION IN IRAN (220 BUS) A: Total generation in Turkmenistan Bus B: Total demand in Sarasary Region (Iran) C= B-A D=Ploss Analysis A B C No buy 0 183 183 Steady State 92 264 172 150 307 157 200 340 140 250 366 116 Maximum 286 367 81

D 82 93 108 125 148 183

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