Thermofluids

Thermofluids
Data Book
for Part I of the
Engineering Tripos
2004 Edition
Cambridge University Engineering Department
THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc
CONTENTS
Thermodynamic definitions & relationships................................................................................... 2
Ideal gas relationships ..................................................................................................................... 3
Perfect gas relationships.................................................................................................................. 3
Mixtures of perfect gases ................................................................................................................ 3
Non-dimensional groups ................................................................................................................. 4
Heat transfer.................................................................................................................................... 5
Equations for systems ..................................................................................................................... 6
Equations for control volumes ........................................................................................................ 7
Equations for streamlines................................................................................................................ 9
Incompressible viscous pipe flow ................................................................................................... 9
Equations of motion in differential form for viscous steady flow of a fluid................................... 9
Thermodynamic efficiencies......................................................................................................... 10
Combustion ................................................................................................................................... 11
Properties of perfect gases ............................................................................................................ 12
Molar enthalpies of common gases at low pressures ................................................................... 13
Thermochemical data for equilibrium reactions ........................................................................... 14
Data for steam ............................................................................................................................... 16
Triple point data for steam ............................................................................................................ 16
Critical point data for steam.......................................................................................................... 16
Properties of saturated water & steam: Temperatures from the triple point to the critical point. 17
Properties of saturated water & steam: Pressures from the triple point to the critical point........ 19
Specific enthalpy of water and steam............................................................................................ 23
Specific Entropy of water and steam ............................................................................................ 24
Density of water and steam ........................................................................................................... 25
Specific internal energy of water and steam ................................................................................. 26
Transport properties of saturated water & steam .......................................................................... 27
Transport properties of steam ....................................................................................................... 28
Transport properties of air............................................................................................................. 28
Transport properties of carbon dioxide......................................................................................... 29
Transport properties of hydrogen.................................................................................................. 29
Perfect gas relations for compressible flow for =1.4.................................................................. 30
Properties of gases at sea level conditions .................................................................................... 31
Properties of liquids at sea level conditions.................................................................................. 31
The International Standard Atmosphere ....................................................................................... 31
Properties of the International Standard Atmosphere at altitude .................................................. 32
Physical constants ......................................................................................................................... 33
Conversion of Non-SI to SI Units................................................................................................. 34
Conversion of Non-SI to SI Units cont......................................................................................... 35
Sources of Information.................................................................................................................. 36
Critical point data for Refrigerant R-134a (CH2FCF3) ................................................................. 36
Properties Table for Refrigerant R-134a (CH2FCF3).................................................................... 37
Properties Chart for Refrigerant R-134a (CH2FCF3).................................................................... 38
Properties of steam........................................................................................................................ 39
06/09/04
THERMODYNAMIC DEFINITIONS & RELATIONSHIPS

Specific enthalpy
h u + pv
Specific heat capacity at constant volume
u
cv
T v
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure
h
cp
T p
Ratio of specific heat capacities
Coefficient of volume expansion
Coefficient of compressibility
For a simple compressible substance, in the absence

of capillarity, electric and magnetic fields
Tds = du + pdv = dh vdp
06/09/04
cp
cv
1 v
v T p
1 v
v p T
IDEAL GAS RELATIONSHIPS
Equation of state
pV = nR T
pV = mRT
pv = RT
p = RT
Relationship between c p , cv and R
c p cv = R
Speed of sound
a = RT
PERFECT GAS RELATIONSHIPS

Change in specific internal energy
u2 u1 = cv (T2 T1 )
Change in specific enthalpy
h2 h1 = c p (T2 T1 )
Change in specific entropy
T2
v2
cv ln +R ln
T1
v1
p
T
s 2 s1=c p ln 2 R ln 2
p1
T1
p2
v
+c p ln 2
cv ln
p1
v1
pv = const.
Tv 1 = const.
T / p ( 1) = const.
For Isentropic changes
MIXTURES OF PERFECT GASES

For a mixture of N perfect gases where, for component -i, mi = mass, pi = partial pressure, hi
= hi(T) = partial specific enthalpy, si = si(T, pi) = partial specific entropy, ni = number of mols
and the overbar signifies a partial molar quantity:
pmixture =
Pressure of the mixture
H mixture =
Enthalpy of the mixture
S mixture =
Entropy of the mixture
06/09/04
i=N
pi
i =1
i=N
i=N
i =1
i =1
mi hi =
ni hi
i=N
i=N
i =1
i =1
mi si =
ni si
NON-DIMENSIONAL GROUPS
Reynolds Number
Re =
Vd Vd
=
Mach Number
M=
V
a
Froude Number
Fr =
Prandtl Number
Pr =
Drag Coefficient
CD =
Lift Coefficient
CL =
Skin Friction Coefficient
cf =
Friction Factor
f = 4c f
Discharge Coefficient
Cd =
Nusselt Number
Nu =
Grashof Number
Gr =
Stanton Number
St =
06/09/04
V
gz
c p
D
1
V 2 A
2
L
1
2
V 2 A
w
1
V 2
2
m actual
m ideal
hd
gd 3 T
2
Nu
h
=
RePr Vc p
HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Rate of heat transfer Q by convection from a body of surface area A
Q = hA Tbody Tsurroundings
Rate of heat transfer Q by conduction along a straight bar of cross-sectional area A

dT
Q = A
dx

Rate of heat transfer Q by conduction radially in a straight circular bar of length L
dT
Q = 2rL
dr
1

Rate of heat transfer Q by radiation from a grey body of surface area A and emissivity
Q = Q black = AT 4
where = 5.67x10-8 Wm-2K-4 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
Logarithmic-Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Tm =
T1 T2
ln (T1 T2 )
Convective heat transfer for fully developed flow in circular pipes of diameter d
Overall heat transfer for laminar flow with constant wall temperature
Nu d = 3.66
Red < 2300
0.1 < Pr
Overall heat transfer for turbulent flow with constant wall temperature
Nu d = 0.023Red0.8 Pr 0.4
2300 < Red < 10 7
0.5 < Pr < 120
Heat transfer due to natural convection from a vertical isothermal plate of height L
Overall heat transfer
Nu L = 0.52(GrPr )0.25
Pr 1
Reynolds Analogy
St =
cf
Note that the net rate of heat transfer will be less due to incident radiation
06/09/04
EQUATIONS FOR SYSTEMS

Definition of a system
A system is a fixed quantity of matter.
Conservation of mass applied to a system
The mass of a system is constant, i.e.
m = const.
1st Law of Thermodynamics applied to a system
When heat transfer to, and work done by, a system are defined as positive and the system is
undergoing a cyclic process
dQ = dW
When heat transfer to, and work done by, a system of mass m undergoing a process between
state 1 and state 2 are defined as positive and in the absence of capillarity, electric and magnetic
fields
Q W = E 2 E1 = (U 2 + 1 2 mV22 + mgz 2 ) (U1 + 1 2 mV12 + mgz1 )
2nd Law of Thermodynamics applied to a system

When heat transfer to a system undergoing a cyclic process is defined as positive, the Clausius
inequality is
dQ
0
T
When heat transfer to a system of mass m undergoing a process is defined as positive

dQ
+ mdsirrev
where dsirrev 0
T
where dsirrev is the entropy created per unit mass by irreversibilities.
mds =
pdv work for a system

When the surface of a system undergoes displacement between state 1 and state 2 and the
pressure causing the displacement is known over the entire surface that is displaced, the
displacement work done by the system during this process is
2
W = pdV
1
06/09/04
EQUATIONS FOR CONTROL VOLUMES

Definition of a control volume
A control volume is that region of space that is enclosed by a rigid control surface.
The requirements for steady flow within a control volume
For steady-flow, conditions within the control volume are not, on average, changing so that the
mass, momentum, energy and entropy within the control volume remain constant.
Conservation of mass applied to a control volume - the Continuity Equation
In general, this may be written in vector form as
d
dV + V dA = 0
dt
cv
cs
where dA is positive out of the control volume. It may also be written as

dmcv
+ m out m in = 0
dt
For steady flow, the above becomes
m out = m in
Momentum equations applied to a control volume, including the Steady Flow Momentum
Equation (SFME)
In general, this may be written in vector form as
d
V dV + V V dA = F p dA
dt
cv
cs
cs
where dA is positive out of the control volume and F is the sum of all the non-pressure forces
on the flow.
For steady flow, the above becomes the Steady Flow Momentum Equation (SFME)
V V dA = F pdA
cs
cs
and in x and y coordinates, the SFME is
m outVx,out m inVx,in = Fx ( pA)x

m outV y, out m inV y,in = Fy ( pA)y
where care is needed with respect to the sign of the Vx , V y and A terms.
06/09/04
1st Law of Thermodynamics applied to a control volume, including the Steady Flow Energy
Equation (SFEE)
In the absence of capillarity, electric and magnetic fields, the 1st Law becomes
dEcv
1 2
1
+ m out hout + Vout
+ gz out m in hin + Vin2 + gzin = Q W x
2
2
dt
where Ecv is the total energy within the control volume, Q is the rate of heat transfer to the
control volume and W is the rate of shaft work transferred from the control volume.
x
For steady flow, the above becomes the Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE)
2
+ gz out ) m in (hin + Vin2 + gzin ) = Q W x
m out (hout + 2 Vout
2
1
2nd Law of Thermodynamics applied to a control volume

When heat transfer to a control volume is defined as positive
dS cv
dQ
+ m out sout m in sin =
+ S irrev
dt
T
A
where
Sirrev 0
where dQ is the rate of heat transfer to an area dA of the control surface at temperature T and
the integration is over the whole area A of the control surface, S cv is the total entropy within
the control volume and S irrev is the rate of entropy creation within the control volume due to
irreversibilities.
06/09/04
EQUATIONS FOR STREAMLINES

Bernoulli's Equation for incompressible inviscid steady flow along a streamline
p + 2 V 2 + gz = const.
1
The pressure gradient normal to a streamline with a radius of curvature R

V
es
s
n,en
dp V 2
=
R
dn
INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS PIPE FLOW

The pressure drop along a pipe of constant diameter d and length L , with viscous flow
p = 4c f
L1
L1
V 2 = f
V 2
d2
d2
EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

FOR VISCOUS STEADY FLOW OF A FLUID
Mass conservation (continuity)
Intrinsic coordinates

e s + e n . ( V e s ) = 0
n
s
Vector Notation
. ( V ) = 0
Momentum
V
V 2
p
p
es
e n = e s e n + g + viscous
s
R
n
s
Intrinsic coordinates
Vector Notation
V V = p + g + viscous
06/09/04
THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCIES
Efficiency of a cycle
W
.
QB
cycle net
QB
but
.
WNet
W net = Q B Q A
so
Q
.
QA
cycle = 1 A
QB
Isentropic efficiencies of compressors and turbines
h h
Ideal Work Input
= 2s 1
Actual Work Input h2 h1
Actual Work Output h3 h4

=
Ideal Work Output
h3 h4s
06/09/04
10
COMBUSTION
The SFEE applied to stoichiometric combustion at constant T and p
When heat transfer to a control volume is defined as positive and in the absence of shaft work,
changes in KE and PE, capillarity, electric and magnetic fields, the rate of heat transfer and the
calorific value ( CV ) are related by
Q = m fuel ( CV ) = n fuel h
where
m fuel = Mn fuel

Calorific values of common fuels (Enthalpies of Reaction)
In the following table, the calorific value is equal and opposite to the enthalpy of reaction when
the reactants and products are at 25C and 1.01324 bar. In the evaluation of the lower calorific
value and lower enthalpy of reaction, the steam is assumed to be dry saturated.
Stoichiometric Equation
C + 2 O2 CO
1
Molar
Mass M of
Fuel
kg
kmol
12
Phase
Calorific Value
MJ/kg
solid
9.190
C + O2 CO2
12
solid
32.760
CO + 2 O2 CO2
28
gas
10.100
H 2 + 2 O2 H 2O
gas
Higher: H 2O
to water
142.000
CH 4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2 H 2O
16
gas
55.500
50.010
C2 H 6 + 3.5O2 2CO2 + 3H 2 O
30
gas
51.870
47.470
C3 H 8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4 H 2 O
44
gas
50.360
46.360
C 4 H10 + 6.5O2 4CO2 + 5H 2 O
58
gas
49.520
45.730
C8 H18 + 12.5O2 8CO2 + 9 H 2 O
114
gas
48.270
44.800
C8 H18 + 12.5O2 8CO2 + 9 H 2 O
114
liquid
47.900
44.430
A more exact value is 2.016
06/09/04
11
Lower: H 2O
to steam
120.000
PROPERTIES OF PERFECT GASES

Values of M , R , c p , cv and
At normal atmospheric conditions, and over a limited range of temperature and pressure, the
gases listed below may be assumed to behave as perfect gases. That is, they may be assumed to
have the equation of state pv = RT , and to have constant specific heat capacities.
Molar
mass M
kg/kmol
29.0
Gas
constant R
kJ/kg K
0.287
kJ/kg K
cv
kJ/kg K
1.005
0.718
1.40
28.15
0.295
1.033
0.738
1.40
N2
28
0.297
1.04
0.74
1.40
O2
32
0.260
0.92
0.66
1.40
40
0.208
0.52
0.31
1.67
H2
2*
4.120
14.20
10.08
1.41
He
2.080
5.19
3.11
1.67
CO
28
0.297
1.04
0.74
1.40
CO2
44
0.189
0.82
0.63
1.31
SO2
64
0.130
0.61
0.48
1.26
CH4
16
0.520
2.23
1.71
1.31
C2H6
30
0.277
1.75
1.47
1.19
C3H6
42
0.198
1.52
1.32
1.15
Gas
Air#
Atmospheric nitrogen
cp
cp
cv
Real gases are not perfect gases, and the rounded values for R, cp cv and c p cv listed above do
not exactly satisfy the relationships between these quantities that would be obtained for perfect
gases.
Molar (universal) gas constant
R = MR = 8.3143 kJ/kmol K
Molar volume of a perfect gas
1 kmol of any perfect gas occupies a volume of approximately 22.4 m3 at s.t.p. (0 C and 1 bar)
and contains 6.022x1026 particles.
Air contains 21.0% O2 and 79.0% atmospheric nitrogen by volume (Volumetric and Molar Analyses);
23.2% O2 and 76.8% atmospheric nitrogen by weight (Gravimetric Analysis).
Air contains 0.93 % of argon (A) and traces of other gases; these and the nitrogen together are called atmospheric
nitrogen.
A more exact value is 2.016.
06/09/04
12
MOLAR ENTHALPIES OF COMMON GASES

AT LOW PRESSURES
At low pressures, and over the temperature range quoted, the gases listed in this Table behave as
semi-perfect gases. That is, while having the molar equation of state pv = RT , their specific heat
capacities c p and cv are not constant but are functions only of temperature.
Gas
Molar Mass
kg/kmol
Temperature
K
200
298.15=25C
300
400
500
Air
29
N2
28
O2
32
5.79
8.64
8.70
11.62
14.57
600
700
800
900
1000
CO2
44
H2O
18
5.81
8.67
8.72
11.64
14.58
Molar enthalpy
MJ/kmol
5.79
5.69
5.81
8.66
8.46
8.67
8.71
8.52
8.72
11.68 11.42 11.64
14.74 14.34 14.60
5.96
9.37
9.44
13.37
17.67
6.62
9.90
9.96
13.35
16.82
Gas
Molar Mass
kg/kmol
Temperature
K
200
25C=298.15
300
400
500
17.59
20.66
23.81
27.03
30.30
17.56
20.61
23.72
26.89
30.14
17.90
21.16
24.50
27.90
31.37
17.27
20.21
23.16
26.13
29.14
17.61
20.69
23.85
27.07
30.36
22.27
27.12
32.18
37.41
42.78
20.39
24.09
27.90
31.83
35.90
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
33.64
37.02
40.44
43.90
47.39
33.44
36.79
40.19
43.62
47.09
34.88
38.43
42.01
45.63
49.27
32.18
35.26
38.38
41.54
44.75
33.71
37.11
40.54
44.02
47.53
48.27
53.87
59.55
65.31
71.13
40.09
44.41
48.84
53.39
58.05
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
50.92
54.47
58.04
61.63
65.24
50.59
54.12
57.67
61.25
64.84
52.94
56.63
60.35
64.09
67.86
48.00
51.29
54.62
58.00
61.40
51.07 77.01
54.63 82.94
58.21 88.92
61.81 94.93
65.42 100.97
62.81
67.65
72.58
77.59
82.67
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
68.87
72.52
76.18
79.86
83.55
68.44
72.06
75.70
79.35
83.01
71.65
75.46
79.29
83.14
87.02
64.84
68.31
71.82
75.35
78.90
69.06
72.70
76.36
80.03
83.71
107.05 87.81
113.15 93.01
119.28 98.27
125.43 103.58
131.61 108.94
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
137.80
144.02
150.25
156.50
162.76
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
87.25 86.68 90.92

90.96 90.36 94.83
94.69 94.05 98.77
98.42 97.74 102.72
102.16 101.44 106.70
H2
2
CO
28
82.48 87.40
86.09 91.10
89.72 94.80
93.37 98.51
97.04 102.23
114.34
119.78
125.26
130.77
136.31
Notes:
(1) The molar enthalpies listed are those in the ideal gas state at zero pressure, but the values
given are also valid at and around atmospheric pressure.
(2) In this table, the arbitrary datum state for zero enthalpy is that of the substance in the ideal
gas state at zero pressure and zero absolute temperature.
(3) The values for atmospheric nitrogen, N 2* , may be taken to be the same as those for N 2 .
A more exact value is 2.016
06/09/04
13
THERMOCHEMICAL DATA FOR EQUILIBRIUM

REACTIONS
The tables of equilibrium constants and standard enthalpy change on the next page relate to the
reactions listed below
Stoichiometric equations
vi Ai = 0
i
where vi is the stoichiometric coefficient of the substance whose chemical symbol is Ai.
(1) 2H + H2 = 0
(2) 2N + N2 = 0
(3) 2O + O2 = 0
(4) 2NO + N2 + O2 = 0
(5) H2 O2 + H2O = 0
(6) H2 OH + H2O = 0
(7) CO O2 + CO2 = 0
(8) CO H2O + CO2 + H2 = 0
(9) N2 3 2 H2 + NH3 = 0
Equilibrium constants
The equilibrium constant K p is given by
( )
ln K p = vi ln pi*
i
where
pi p0
pi partial pressure of species Ai in bars
p0 standard pressure 1 bar
pi*
Thus pi* is numerically equal to pi but is dimensionless.
Standard free enthalpy of reaction

At a given temperature, the standard free enthalpy of reaction (or the standard Gibbs function
change) GT0 may be calculated from the listed value of ln K p by the following equation:
( )
GT0 = R T ln K p
( )
= 8.3145 T ln K p
Standard enthalpy of reaction

The Standard enthalpy of reaction is given by
~
H T0 = i hi
i
where
where
([ ] )
f
0
T i
[ ]T0 = i ([H f ]T0 )i

i
[h~i ]T0 = ([H f ] 0298 )i + ([h ]T0 [h ] 0298 )i

is the standard enthalpy of formation of species i at temperature T and a
pressure p0 = 1 bar.
06/09/04
kJ
14
Equilibrium constants & standard enthalpies of reaction

Reaction Number
vi =
i
( )
Temperature
K
Equilibrium Constant ln K p
200
298.15
400
600
800
1000
250.149
163.986
119.150
75.217
53.126
39.803
554.472
367.479
270.329
175.356
127.753
99.127
285.471
186.975
135.715
85.523
60.319
45.150
105.592
69.865
51.311
33.203
24.145
18.706
139.972
92.207
67.321
42.897
30.592
23.162
161.789
106.228
77.284
48.905
34.634
26.033
159.692
103.762
74.669
46.245
32.036
23.528
19.719
11.554
7.348
3.348
1.444
0.366
15.433
6.593
1.778
3.191
5.822
7.457
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
30.874
24.463
19.632
15.865
12.835
80.011
66.329
56.055
48.051
41.645
35.005
27.742
22.285
18.030
14.622
15.082
12.489
10.546
9.035
7.824
18.182
14.608
11.921
9.825
8.145
20.281
16.160
13.065
10.657
8.727
17.871
13.841
10.829
8.497
6.634
0.311
0.767
1.091
1.329
1.510
8.570
9.371
9.972
10.439
10.810
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
10.353
8.276
6.512
5.002
3.685
36.391
32.011
28.304
25.117
22.359
11.827
9.497
7.521
5.286
4.357
6.834
6.010
5.314
4.720
4.205
6.768
5.619
4.647
3.811
3.086
7.148
5.831
4.718
3.763
2.936
5.119
3.859
2.800
1.893
1.110
1.649
1.759
1.847
1.918
1.976
11.109
11.358
11.563
11.738
11.885
Standard Enthalpy of Reaction H T0

MJ
Temperature
K
200
298.15
400
600
800
1000
434.7
436.0
437.3
439.7
442.1
444.5
944.1
945.3
946.6
948.9
951.1
953.0
496.9
498.4
499.8
502.1
503.9
505.4
180.4
180.6
180.7
180.7
180.8
180.9
240.9
241.8
242.8
244.8
246.5
247.9
280.2
281.3
282.4
284.1
285.5
286.6
282.1
283.0
283.5
283.6
283.3
282.6
41.21
41.17
40.63
38.88
36.82
34.74
43.71
45.90
48.04
51.39
53.66
55.07
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
446.7
448.7
450.6
452.3
453.8
954.7
956.1
957.5
958.7
959.9
506.7
507.8
508.9
509.8
510.6
180.9
181.0
181.0
181.0
181.0
249.0
249.9
250.6
251.2
251.7
287.4
287.9
288.4
288.6
288.8
281.8
280.9
279.9
278.9
277.9
32.79
30.98
29.29
27.71
26.22
55.83
56.07
55.99
55.66
55.19
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
455.2
456.4
457.6
458.6
459.6
961.0
962.1
963.1
964.1
965.0
511.4
512.0
512.5
513.0
513.4
180.8
180.7
180.4
180.1
179.7
252.1
252.4
252.7
253.0
253.3
288.9
289.0
289.0
288.9
288.9
276.8
275.8
274.8
273.7
272.7
24.79
23.41
22.07
20.77
19.49
54.61
53.92
53.12
52.22
51.20
Warning: These tables list absolute temperatures
06/09/04
15
DATA FOR STEAM

Source of data
The follow ing tables have been produced using equations from the IA PW S Form ulation
1995 for the Therm odynam ic Properties ofO rdinary W ater Substance for G eneraland Scientific
U se and the Supplem entary Release: Saturation Properties of O rdinary W ater Substance.
These docum ents can be found on the International A ssociation for the Properties of
W ater and Steam w ebsite http://w w w .iapw s.org.
TRIPLE POINT DATA FOR STEAM

o
Temperature =
273.16 K (0.01 C)
Pressure =
0.00611 bar
Specific volume
Specific enthalpy
Specific entropy
m /kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
Ice
0.0010905
-333.5
-1.221
Water
0.0010002
0.0062
0.0
Steam
206
2500.9
9.156
Phase
CRITICAL POINT DATA FOR STEAM
06/09/04
Temperature =
647.096 K (373.946C)
Pressure =
220.64 bar
Density =
322 kg/m
16
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER & STEAM:

Temperatures from the triple point to the critical point
Temp. Pressure
o
C
bar
T
p
Specific volume
3/
m kg
vg
vf
Spec. int. energy

kJ/kg
uf
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg
Specific entropy
kJ/kg K
sf
sg
Temp.
o
C
T
0.01
2
4
6
8
0.00611
0.00706
0.00814
0.00935
0.01073
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
206.005
179.776
157.135
137.652
120.846
0.0
8.4
16.8
25.2
33.6
2375.0
2377.6
2380.4
2383.1
2385.9
0.0
8.4
16.8
25.2
33.6
2500.9
2496.2
2491.4
2486.7
2481.9
2500.9
2504.6
2508.2
2511.9
2515.6
0.000
0.031
0.061
0.091
0.121
9.156
9.103
9.051
8.999
8.949
0.01
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.01228
0.01403
0.01599
0.01819
0.02065
0.001000
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
0.001001
106.319
93.732
82.804
73.295
65.005
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
75.5
2388.6
2391.4
2394.1
2396.9
2399.6
42.0
50.4
58.8
67.2
75.5
2477.2
2472.5
2467.7
2463.0
2458.3
2519.2
2522.9
2526.5
2530.2
2533.8
0.151
0.181
0.210
0.239
0.268
8.900
8.851
8.804
8.757
8.711
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
25
26
28
0.02339
0.02645
0.02986
0.03170
0.03364
0.03783
0.001002
0.001002
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004
57.762
51.422
45.861
43.340
40.975
36.673
83.9
92.3
100.6
104.8
109.0
117.4
2402.3
2405.0
2407.8
2409.1
2410.5
2413.2
83.9
92.3
100.6
104.8
109.0
117.4
2453.5
2448.8
2444.1
2441.7
2439.3
2434.6
2537.4
2541.1
2544.7
2546.5
2548.3
2551.9
0.296
0.325
0.353
0.367
0.381
0.409
8.666
8.622
8.578
8.557
8.535
8.493
20
22
24
25
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
0.04247
0.04760
0.05325
0.05948
0.06633
0.001004
0.001005
0.001006
0.001006
0.001007
32.879
29.527
26.560
23.929
21.593
125.7
134.1
142.4
150.8
159.2
2415.9
2418.6
2421.3
2424.0
2426.7
125.7
134.1
142.4
150.8
159.2
2429.8
2425.1
2420.3
2415.5
2410.8
2555.5
2559.2
2562.8
2566.3
2569.9
0.437
0.464
0.492
0.519
0.546
8.452
8.411
8.371
8.332
8.294
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
0.07385
0.08210
0.09113
0.10100
0.11178
0.001008
0.001009
0.001010
0.001010
0.001011
19.515
17.663
16.010
14.534
13.212
167.5
175.9
184.2
192.6
201.0
2429.4
2432.1
2434.7
2437.4
2440.1
167.5
175.9
184.2
192.6
201.0
2406.0
2401.2
2396.4
2391.6
2386.8
2573.5
2577.1
2580.6
2584.2
2587.8
0.572
0.599
0.625
0.652
0.678
8.256
8.218
8.181
8.145
8.110
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
0.12352
0.13632
0.15023
0.16534
0.18172
0.001012
0.001013
0.001014
0.001015
0.001016
12.026
10.962
10.006
9.145
8.368
209.3
217.7
226.0
234.4
242.8
2442.7
2445.4
2448.0
2450.7
2453.3
209.3
217.7
226.1
234.4
242.8
2382.0
2377.1
2372.3
2367.4
2362.5
2591.3
2594.8
2598.3
2601.8
2605.3
0.704
0.730
0.755
0.781
0.806
8.075
8.040
8.007
7.973
7.940
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
0.19947
0.21868
0.23944
0.26184
0.28600
0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001022
7.667
7.033
6.460
5.940
5.468
251.1
259.5
267.9
276.3
284.6
2455.9
2458.5
2461.1
2463.7
2466.3
251.2
259.5
267.9
276.3
284.7
2357.7
2352.8
2347.9
2342.9
2338.0
2608.8
2612.3
2615.8
2619.2
2622.7
0.831
0.856
0.881
0.906
0.931
7.908
7.876
7.845
7.814
7.784
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
0.31202
0.34002
0.37010
0.40240
0.43704
0.001023
0.001024
0.001025
0.001026
0.001028
5.040
4.650
4.295
3.971
3.675
293.0
301.4
309.8
318.2
326.6
2468.8
2471.4
2474.0
2476.5
2479.0
293.1
301.4
309.8
318.2
326.6
2333.0
2328.1
2323.1
2318.1
2313.1
2626.1
2629.5
2632.9
2636.3
2639.7
0.955
0.979
1.004
1.028
1.052
7.754
7.725
7.696
7.667
7.639
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
0.47416
0.51388
0.55636
0.60174
0.65018
0.001029
0.001030
0.001032
0.001033
0.001035
3.405
3.158
2.932
2.725
2.534
335.0
343.3
351.7
360.1
368.6
2481.5
2484.1
2486.5
2489.0
2491.5
335.0
343.4
351.8
360.2
368.6
2308.0
2303.0
2297.9
2292.8
2287.6
2643.0
2646.4
2649.7
2653.0
2656.3
1.076
1.099
1.123
1.146
1.170
7.611
7.584
7.557
7.530
7.504
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
0.70183
0.75685
0.81542
0.87771
0.94390
1.01418
0.001036
0.001037
0.001039
0.001040
0.001042
0.001043
2.359
2.198
2.050
1.914
1.788
1.672
377.0
385.4
393.8
402.2
410.6
419.1
2494.0
2496.4
2498.8
2501.2
2503.6
2506.0
377.0
385.4
393.9
402.3
410.7
419.2
2282.5
2277.3
2272.1
2266.9
2261.7
2256.4
2659.5
2662.8
2666.0
2669.2
2672.4
2675.6
1.193
1.216
1.239
1.262
1.285
1.307
7.478
7.453
7.428
7.403
7.378
7.354
90
92
94
96
98
100
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
06/09/04
17
Properties of Saturated Water & Steam continued:

Temperatures from the triple point to the critical point
Temp. Pressure
o
C
bar
T
p
Specific volume
3/
m kg
vf
vg
Spec. int. energy

kJ/kg
uf
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg
Specific entropy
kJ/kg K
sf
sg
Temp.
o
C
T
100
105
110
115
120
1.014
1.209
1.434
1.692
1.987
0.001043
0.001047
0.001052
0.001056
0.001060
1.67196
1.41856
1.20945
1.03598
0.89133
419.1
440.1
461.3
482.4
503.6
2506.0
2511.9
2517.7
2523.3
2528.8
419.2
440.3
461.4
482.6
503.8
2256.4
2243.1
2229.6
2216.0
2202.1
2675.6
2683.4
2691.1
2698.6
2705.9
1.307
1.363
1.419
1.474
1.528
7.354
7.295
7.238
7.183
7.129
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
2.322
2.703
3.132
3.615
4.157
0.001065
0.001070
0.001075
0.001080
0.001085
0.77012
0.66808
0.58179
0.50850
0.44600
524.8
546.1
567.4
588.8
610.2
2534.3
2539.5
2544.6
2549.6
2554.4
525.1
546.4
567.7
589.2
610.6
2188.0
2173.7
2159.1
2144.3
2129.2
2713.1
2720.1
2726.9
2733.4
2739.8
1.582
1.635
1.687
1.739
1.791
7.077
7.026
6.977
6.929
6.883
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
4.762
5.435
6.182
7.009
7.922
0.001091
0.001096
0.001102
0.001108
0.001114
0.39248
0.34648
0.30680
0.27244
0.24260
631.7
653.2
674.8
696.5
718.2
2559.0
2563.5
2567.8
2571.8
2575.7
632.2
653.8
675.5
697.2
719.1
2113.7
2098.0
2082.0
2065.6
2048.8
2745.9
2751.8
2757.4
2762.8
2767.9
1.842
1.892
1.943
1.992
2.042
6.837
6.793
6.749
6.707
6.665
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
8.926
10.028
11.235
12.552
13.988
0.001121
0.001127
0.001134
0.001141
0.001149
0.21659
0.19384
0.17390
0.15636
0.14089
740.0
761.9
783.9
806.0
828.2
2579.4
2582.8
2586.0
2589.0
2591.7
741.0
763.1
785.2
807.4
829.8
2031.7
2014.2
1996.2
1977.8
1959.0
2772.7
2777.2
2781.4
2785.3
2788.8
2.091
2.139
2.188
2.235
2.283
6.624
6.584
6.545
6.506
6.468
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
15.549
17.243
19.077
21.059
23.196
0.001157
0.001164
0.001173
0.001181
0.001190
0.12721
0.11508
0.10429
0.09468
0.08609
850.5
872.9
895.4
918.0
940.8
2594.2
2596.4
2598.3
2599.9
2601.2
852.3
874.9
897.6
920.5
943.6
1939.7
1919.9
1899.6
1878.8
1857.4
2792.0
2794.8
2797.3
2799.3
2800.9
2.331
2.378
2.424
2.471
2.518
6.430
6.393
6.356
6.320
6.284
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
25.497
27.971
30.626
33.470
36.512
0.001199
0.001209
0.001219
0.001229
0.001240
0.07841
0.07151
0.06530
0.05971
0.05466
963.7
986.8
1010.0
1033.4
1057.0
2602.2
2602.9
2603.2
2603.1
2602.7
966.8
990.2
1013.8
1037.6
1061.5
1835.3
1812.7
1789.4
1765.4
1740.7
2802.2
2802.9
2803.2
2803.0
2802.2
2.564
2.610
2.656
2.702
2.748
6.248
6.213
6.178
6.142
6.107
225
230
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
39.762
43.229
46.923
50.853
55.030
0.001252
0.001263
0.001276
0.001289
0.001303
0.05009
0.04594
0.04218
0.03875
0.03562
1080.8
1104.8
1129.0
1153.4
1178.1
2601.8
2600.5
2598.7
2596.5
2593.7
1085.8
1110.2
1134.9
1159.9
1185.2
1715.2
1688.9
1661.7
1633.6
1604.5
2800.9
2799.1
2796.6
2793.5
2789.7
2.793
2.839
2.885
2.930
2.976
6.072
6.037
6.002
5.966
5.930
250
255
260
265
270
275
280
285
290
295
59.464
64.166
69.146
74.418
79.991
0.001317
0.001333
0.001349
0.001366
0.001384
0.03277
0.03015
0.02776
0.02555
0.02353
1203.0
1228.3
1253.9
1279.8
1306.1
2590.3
2586.4
2581.8
2576.5
2570.5
1210.9
1236.8
1263.2
1290.0
1317.2
1574.3
1543.0
1510.5
1476.7
1441.5
2785.2
2779.9
2773.7
2766.7
2758.7
3.022
3.068
3.114
3.161
3.208
5.894
5.858
5.821
5.783
5.745
275
280
285
290
295
300
305
310
315
320
85.879
92.094
98.650
105.561
112.843
0.001404
0.001425
0.001447
0.001472
0.001499
0.02166
0.01993
0.01833
0.01685
0.01547
1332.8
1360.1
1387.8
1416.2
1445.2
2563.6
2555.8
2547.1
2537.2
2526.0
1344.9
1373.2
1402.1
1431.7
1462.1
1404.7
1366.2
1325.8
1283.3
1238.5
2749.6
2739.4
2727.9
2715.0
2700.6
3.255
3.302
3.351
3.399
3.449
5.706
5.666
5.624
5.582
5.537
300
305
310
315
320
325
330
335
340
345
120.510
128.581
137.073
146.007
155.406
0.001528
0.001560
0.001597
0.001638
0.001685
0.01418
0.01298
0.01185
0.01078
0.00977
1475.0
1505.7
1537.5
1570.7
1605.4
2513.4
2499.2
2483.0
2464.5
2443.2
1493.4
1525.8
1559.4
1594.6
1631.6
1190.9
1140.2
1086.0
1027.4
963.4
2684.3
2666.0
2645.4
2621.9
2595.1
3.500
3.552
3.605
3.660
3.718
5.491
5.442
5.391
5.336
5.276
325
330
335
340
345
350
355
360
365
370
373.95
165.293
175.700
186.660
198.218
210.438
220.640
0.001741
0.001808
0.001895
0.002015
0.002217
0.003106
0.00881
0.00787
0.00695
0.00601
0.00495
0.00311
1642.3
1682.1
1726.2
1777.2
1844.5
2018.1
2418.3
2388.6
2351.8
2303.6
2230.1
2018.1
1671.1
1713.9
1761.5
1817.2
1891.2
2086.6
892.7
812.9
720.0
605.5
443.1
0.0
2563.8
2526.9
2481.6
2422.7
2334.3
2086.6
3.779
3.844
3.916
4.000
4.112
4.410
5.211
5.138
5.054
4.949
4.801
4.410
350
355
360
365
370
373.95
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
06/09/04
18
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER & STEAM:

Pressures from the triple point to the critical point
Pressure Temp.
o
bar
C
p
T
Specific volume
3/
m kg
vf
vg
Spec. int. energy

kJ/kg
uf
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg
Specific entropy Pressure

kJ/kg K
bar
sf
sg
p
0.00611
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.01
17.50
28.96
36.16
41.51
0.001000
0.001001
0.001004
0.001006
0.001008
206.00
66.99
34.79
23.73
18.10
0.0
73.4
121.4
151.5
173.8
2375.0
2398.9
2414.5
2424.2
2431.4
0.0
73.4
121.4
151.5
173.8
2500.9
2459.5
2432.3
2415.2
2402.4
2500.9
2532.9
2553.7
2566.6
2576.2
0.000
0.261
0.422
0.521
0.592
9.156
8.723
8.473
8.329
8.227
0.00611
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
45.81
49.42
52.55
55.31
57.80
0.001010
0.001012
0.001013
0.001015
0.001016
14.67
12.36
10.69
9.43
8.44
191.8
206.9
220.0
231.5
241.9
2437.2
2442.0
2446.1
2449.8
2453.0
191.8
206.9
220.0
231.6
241.9
2392.1
2383.4
2375.8
2369.1
2363.0
2583.9
2590.3
2595.8
2600.6
2605.0
0.649
0.696
0.737
0.772
0.804
8.149
8.085
8.031
7.985
7.944
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
60.06
62.13
64.05
65.84
67.52
0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.001021
7.65
6.99
6.45
5.98
5.58
251.4
260.1
268.1
275.6
282.6
2456.0
2458.7
2461.2
2463.5
2465.7
251.4
260.1
268.1
275.6
282.6
2357.5
2352.4
2347.7
2343.3
2339.2
2608.9
2612.5
2615.9
2619.0
2621.8
0.832
0.858
0.882
0.904
0.925
7.907
7.874
7.844
7.817
7.791
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
69.09
70.58
72.00
73.34
74.63
0.001022
0.001023
0.001024
0.001025
0.001026
5.23
4.92
4.65
4.41
4.19
289.2
295.5
301.4
307.0
312.4
2467.7
2469.6
2471.4
2473.1
2474.8
289.3
295.5
301.4
307.1
312.5
2335.3
2331.6
2328.1
2324.7
2321.5
2624.5
2627.1
2629.5
2631.8
2634.0
0.944
0.962
0.979
0.996
1.011
7.767
7.745
7.725
7.705
7.687
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
75.86
77.03
78.16
79.25
80.30
0.001026
0.001027
0.001028
0.001029
0.001029
3.99
3.81
3.65
3.50
3.37
317.6
322.5
327.3
331.8
336.2
2476.3
2477.8
2479.2
2480.6
2481.9
317.6
322.6
327.3
331.9
336.3
2318.4
2315.5
2312.6
2309.9
2307.2
2636.1
2638.0
2639.9
2641.8
2643.5
1.026
1.040
1.054
1.067
1.079
7.669
7.652
7.637
7.621
7.607
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
81.32
82.30
83.25
84.17
85.06
0.001030
0.001031
0.001031
0.001032
0.001032
3.24
3.12
3.02
2.91
2.82
340.5
344.6
348.6
352.4
356.2
2483.2
2484.4
2485.6
2486.8
2487.9
340.5
344.6
348.6
352.5
356.3
2304.7
2302.2
2299.8
2297.4
2295.2
2645.2
2646.8
2648.4
2649.9
2651.4
1.091
1.103
1.114
1.125
1.135
7.593
7.580
7.567
7.555
7.543
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
85.93
86.77
87.59
88.39
89.17
0.001033
0.001034
0.001034
0.001035
0.001035
2.73
2.65
2.57
2.50
2.43
359.8
363.4
366.8
370.2
373.5
2488.9
2490.0
2491.0
2492.0
2492.9
359.9
363.4
366.9
370.3
373.5
2293.0
2290.8
2288.7
2286.6
2284.6
2652.9
2654.2
2655.6
2656.9
2658.2
1.145
1.155
1.165
1.174
1.183
7.531
7.520
7.509
7.499
7.489
0.60
0.62
0.64
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
89.93
90.67
91.40
92.11
92.81
0.001036
0.001036
0.001037
0.001037
0.001038
2.37
2.30
2.25
2.19
2.14
376.7
379.8
382.9
385.8
388.8
2493.9
2494.8
2495.7
2496.5
2497.4
376.7
379.9
382.9
385.9
388.8
2282.7
2280.8
2278.9
2277.0
2275.2
2659.4
2660.6
2661.8
2663.0
2664.1
1.192
1.201
1.209
1.217
1.225
7.479
7.470
7.460
7.451
7.443
0.70
0.72
0.74
0.76
0.78
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
93.49
94.15
94.80
95.44
96.07
0.001039
0.001039
0.001039
0.001040
0.001040
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.95
1.91
391.6
394.4
397.2
399.9
402.5
2498.2
2499.0
2499.8
2500.6
2501.3
391.7
394.5
397.3
400.0
402.6
2273.5
2271.7
2270.0
2268.4
2266.7
2665.2
2666.3
2667.3
2668.3
2669.3
1.233
1.241
1.248
1.255
1.263
7.434
7.426
7.418
7.410
7.402
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
96.69
97.29
97.89
98.47
99.04
99.61
0.001041
0.001041
0.001042
0.001042
0.001043
0.001043
1.87
1.83
1.80
1.76
1.73
1.69
405.1
407.6
410.1
412.6
415.0
417.4
2502.1
2502.8
2503.5
2504.2
2504.9
2505.5
405.2
407.7
410.2
412.7
415.1
417.5
2265.1
2263.5
2262.0
2260.4
2258.9
2257.4
2670.3
2671.3
2672.2
2673.1
2674.1
2674.9
1.270
1.277
1.283
1.290
1.296
1.303
7.394
7.387
7.380
7.373
7.366
7.359
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
06/09/04
19

Pressure Temp.
o
bar
C
p
T
Specific volume
3/
m kg
vf
vg
Spec. int. energy

kJ/kg
uf
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg

kJ/kg K
bar
sf
sg
p
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
99.61
111.35
120.21
127.41
133.52
0.001043
0.001053
0.001061
0.001067
0.001073
1.6941
1.1594
0.8858
0.7187
0.6058
417.4
467.0
504.5
535.1
561.1
2505.5
2519.2
2529.1
2536.8
2543.1
417.5
467.1
504.7
535.3
561.4
2257.4
2226.0
2201.5
2181.1
2163.5
2674.9
2693.1
2706.2
2716.5
2724.9
1.303
1.434
1.530
1.607
1.672
7.359
7.223
7.127
7.053
6.992
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
138.86
143.61
147.90
151.83
155.46
0.001079
0.001084
0.001088
0.001093
0.001097
0.5242
0.4624
0.4139
0.3748
0.3426
583.9
604.2
622.7
639.5
655.2
2548.5
2553.1
2557.1
2560.7
2563.9
584.3
604.7
623.1
640.1
655.8
2147.7
2133.4
2120.2
2108.0
2096.6
2732.0
2738.1
2743.4
2748.1
2752.3
1.727
1.776
1.820
1.860
1.897
6.940
6.896
6.856
6.821
6.789
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
158.83
161.98
164.95
167.75
170.41
0.001101
0.001104
0.001108
0.001111
0.001115
0.3156
0.2926
0.2728
0.2555
0.2403
669.7
683.4
696.2
708.4
720.0
2566.8
2569.4
2571.8
2574.0
2576.0
670.4
684.1
697.0
709.2
720.9
2085.8
2075.5
2065.8
2056.4
2047.4
2756.1
2759.6
2762.8
2765.6
2768.3
1.931
1.962
1.992
2.019
2.046
6.759
6.732
6.707
6.684
6.662
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
172.94
175.35
177.66
179.88
182.01
0.001118
0.001121
0.001124
0.001127
0.001130
0.2269
0.2149
0.2041
0.1944
0.1855
731.0
741.6
751.7
761.4
770.8
2577.9
2579.6
2581.2
2582.7
2584.1
732.0
742.6
752.7
762.5
771.9
2038.8
2030.5
2022.4
2014.6
2007.0
2770.8
2773.0
2775.1
2777.1
2778.9
2.070
2.094
2.117
2.138
2.159
6.641
6.621
6.603
6.585
6.568
8.5
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
184.06
186.04
187.96
189.81
191.60
0.001133
0.001136
0.001138
0.001141
0.001144
0.1775
0.1701
0.1633
0.1570
0.1512
779.8
788.5
797.0
805.2
813.1
2585.5
2586.7
2587.8
2588.9
2589.9
781.0
789.8
798.3
806.6
814.6
1999.6
1992.4
1985.4
1978.6
1971.9
2780.6
2782.2
2783.7
2785.1
2786.5
2.178
2.198
2.216
2.234
2.251
6.552
6.537
6.522
6.507
6.494
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
193.35
195.04
196.68
198.29
199.85
0.001146
0.001149
0.001151
0.001154
0.001156
0.1458
0.1408
0.1361
0.1317
0.1276
820.8
828.4
835.7
842.8
849.8
2590.9
2591.8
2592.6
2593.4
2594.1
822.4
830.0
837.4
844.6
851.6
1965.3
1958.9
1952.6
1946.4
1940.3
2787.7
2788.8
2789.9
2791.0
2791.9
2.267
2.284
2.299
2.314
2.329
6.480
6.467
6.455
6.443
6.431
13.5
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
201.37
202.86
204.31
205.72
207.11
0.001159
0.001161
0.001163
0.001166
0.001168
0.1237
0.1201
0.1167
0.1134
0.1104
856.6
863.3
869.8
876.1
882.4
2594.8
2595.5
2596.1
2596.7
2597.2
858.5
865.2
871.7
878.2
884.5
1934.4
1928.5
1922.7
1917.0
1911.4
2792.8
2793.7
2794.5
2795.2
2795.9
2.343
2.357
2.371
2.384
2.397
6.420
6.409
6.398
6.388
6.377
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
208.47
209.80
211.10
212.38
213.63
0.001170
0.001172
0.001175
0.001177
0.001179
0.1075
0.1047
0.1021
0.0996
0.0972
888.5
894.5
900.4
906.2
911.8
2597.8
2598.2
2598.7
2599.1
2599.5
890.7
896.7
902.7
908.5
914.2
1905.9
1900.5
1895.1
1889.8
1884.6
2796.6
2797.2
2797.8
2798.3
2798.8
2.410
2.423
2.435
2.447
2.458
6.368
6.358
6.348
6.339
6.330
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
20.5
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
214.86
216.06
217.25
218.41
219.56
0.001181
0.001183
0.001185
0.001187
0.001189
0.0949
0.0928
0.0907
0.0887
0.0868
917.4
922.9
928.3
933.6
938.8
2599.9
2600.2
2600.6
2600.9
2601.1
919.9
925.4
930.9
936.3
941.5
1879.4
1874.3
1869.2
1864.2
1859.3
2799.3
2799.7
2800.1
2800.5
2800.8
2.470
2.481
2.492
2.503
2.513
6.321
6.312
6.304
6.295
6.287
21.0
21.5
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
220.68
221.79
222.88
223.95
225.01
0.001191
0.001193
0.001195
0.001197
0.001199
0.0850
0.0832
0.0816
0.0800
0.0784
943.9
949.0
954.0
958.9
963.8
2601.4
2601.6
2601.9
2602.1
2602.2
946.7
951.9
956.9
961.9
966.8
1854.4
1849.6
1844.8
1840.0
1835.3
2801.1
2801.4
2801.7
2801.9
2802.2
2.524
2.534
2.544
2.554
2.564
6.279
6.271
6.263
6.256
6.248
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
06/09/04
20

Pressure Temp.
o
bar
C
p
T
Specific volume
3/
m kg
vg
vf
Spec. int. energy

kJ/kg
uf
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg

kJ/kg K
bar
sf
sg
p
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
226.05
227.07
228.08
229.07
0.001201
0.001203
0.001205
0.001207
0.0769
0.0755
0.0741
0.0727
968.6
973.3
977.9
982.5
2602.4
2602.5
2602.7
2602.8
971.7
976.5
981.2
985.9
1830.7
1826.1
1821.5
1816.9
2802.3
2802.5
2802.7
2802.8
2.574
2.583
2.592
2.601
6.241
6.234
6.226
6.219
26.0
26.5
27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
230.06
231.02
231.98
232.92
0.001209
0.001211
0.001213
0.001215
0.0714
0.0702
0.0690
0.0678
987.1
991.6
996.0
1000.4
2602.9
2603.0
2603.1
2603.1
990.5
995.0
999.5
1004.0
1812.4
1808.0
1803.6
1799.2
2802.9
2803.0
2803.1
2803.1
2.611
2.619
2.628
2.637
6.212
6.206
6.199
6.192
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30
32
34
36
38
233.85
237.46
240.90
244.18
247.33
0.001217
0.001224
0.001231
0.001238
0.001245
0.06667
0.06248
0.05876
0.05545
0.05247
1004.7
1021.5
1037.7
1053.1
1068.1
2603.2
2603.2
2603.1
2602.8
2602.3
1008.4
1025.4
1041.8
1057.6
1072.8
1794.8
1777.7
1761.0
1744.8
1728.9
2803.2
2803.1
2802.9
2802.4
2801.7
2.645
2.679
2.710
2.740
2.769
6.186
6.160
6.136
6.113
6.091
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
250.35
253.26
256.07
258.78
261.40
0.001252
0.001259
0.001266
0.001273
0.001280
0.04978
0.04733
0.04510
0.04306
0.04118
1082.5
1096.4
1109.9
1123.0
1135.8
2601.7
2601.0
2600.1
2599.2
2598.1
1087.5
1101.7
1115.5
1128.9
1141.9
1713.3
1698.1
1683.1
1668.4
1653.9
2800.8
2799.8
2798.6
2797.3
2795.8
2.797
2.823
2.849
2.874
2.898
6.070
6.049
6.029
6.010
5.992
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
263.94
266.40
268.79
271.12
273.38
0.001286
0.001293
0.001299
0.001306
0.001312
0.03945
0.03784
0.03635
0.03496
0.03366
1148.2
1160.3
1172.1
1183.6
1194.9
2597.0
2595.7
2594.4
2593.0
2591.5
1154.6
1167.0
1179.1
1190.9
1202.5
1639.6
1625.5
1611.6
1597.8
1584.2
2794.2
2792.5
2790.7
2788.8
2786.7
2.921
2.943
2.965
2.986
3.007
5.974
5.956
5.939
5.922
5.906
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
275.58
277.73
279.83
281.87
283.87
0.001319
0.001326
0.001332
0.001339
0.001345
0.03245
0.03131
0.03024
0.02923
0.02828
1206.0
1216.8
1227.4
1237.8
1248.1
2589.9
2588.3
2586.5
2584.8
2582.9
1213.9
1225.0
1235.9
1246.7
1257.2
1570.7
1557.4
1544.1
1531.0
1518.0
2784.6
2782.4
2780.1
2777.7
2775.2
3.027
3.047
3.067
3.085
3.104
5.890
5.875
5.859
5.844
5.829
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
285.83
287.74
289.61
291.45
293.25
0.001352
0.001358
0.001365
0.001371
0.001378
0.02738
0.02653
0.02572
0.02495
0.02422
1258.1
1268.0
1277.8
1287.4
1296.8
2581.0
2579.0
2577.0
2574.9
2572.7
1267.6
1277.8
1287.9
1297.8
1307.6
1505.0
1492.2
1479.4
1466.7
1454.0
2772.6
2770.0
2767.3
2764.5
2761.6
3.122
3.140
3.157
3.174
3.191
5.815
5.800
5.786
5.772
5.759
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
295.01
296.74
298.43
300.10
301.74
0.001384
0.001391
0.001398
0.001404
0.001411
0.02352
0.02286
0.02223
0.02162
0.02104
1306.1
1315.3
1324.4
1333.4
1342.2
2570.5
2568.2
2565.9
2563.5
2561.0
1317.2
1326.7
1336.2
1345.5
1354.7
1441.4
1428.9
1416.4
1404.0
1391.5
2758.7
2755.7
2752.6
2749.4
2746.2
3.208
3.224
3.240
3.256
3.271
5.745
5.732
5.718
5.705
5.692
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
303.35
304.93
306.48
308.01
309.52
0.001418
0.001425
0.001431
0.001438
0.001445
0.02049
0.01996
0.01945
0.01895
0.01848
1351.0
1359.7
1368.2
1376.7
1385.1
2558.5
2556.0
2553.3
2550.7
2548.0
1363.8
1372.8
1381.7
1390.5
1399.3
1379.2
1366.8
1354.5
1342.1
1329.8
2742.9
2739.6
2736.1
2732.6
2729.1
3.287
3.302
3.317
3.331
3.346
5.679
5.666
5.654
5.641
5.628
90
92
94
96
98
100
105
110
115
120
311.00
314.60
318.08
321.43
324.68
0.001452
0.001470
0.001488
0.001507
0.001526
0.01803
0.01696
0.01599
0.01509
0.01426
1393.4
1413.9
1433.9
1453.6
1473.0
2545.2
2538.0
2530.4
2522.5
2514.3
1407.9
1429.3
1450.3
1471.0
1491.3
1317.5
1286.8
1256.0
1225.1
1194.1
2725.5
2716.1
2706.3
2696.1
2685.4
3.360
3.396
3.430
3.464
3.496
5.616
5.585
5.554
5.524
5.494
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
327.81
330.85
333.80
336.67
339.45
0.001546
0.001566
0.001588
0.001610
0.001633
0.01350
0.01278
0.01211
0.01149
0.01090
1492.2
1511.1
1529.8
1548.4
1566.9
2505.6
2496.5
2487.0
2477.1
2466.7
1511.5
1531.4
1551.2
1571.0
1590.6
1162.8
1131.3
1099.3
1067.0
1034.1
2674.3
2662.7
2650.6
2637.9
2624.7
3.529
3.561
3.592
3.623
3.654
5.464
5.434
5.403
5.373
5.342
125
130
135
140
145
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
06/09/04
21

Pressure Temp.
o
bar
C
p
T
Specific volume
3/
m kg
vg
vf
Spec. int. energy

kJ/kg
uf
ug
Specific enthalpy
kJ/kg
hf
hfg
hg

kJ/kg K
bar
sf
sg
p
150
155
160
165
170
342.16
344.79
347.35
349.86
352.29
0.001657
0.001683
0.001710
0.001739
0.001770
0.01034
0.00981
0.00931
0.00883
0.00837
1585.4
1603.9
1622.5
1641.2
1660.2
2455.7
2444.2
2432.0
2419.1
2405.4
1610.3
1630.0
1649.9
1669.9
1690.3
1000.5
966.2
931.1
894.9
857.4
2610.8
2596.3
2581.0
2564.8
2547.7
3.685
3.715
3.746
3.777
3.808
5.311
5.279
5.247
5.213
5.179
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
195
354.67
356.99
359.26
361.47
363.63
0.001804
0.001840
0.001881
0.001926
0.001977
0.00793
0.00750
0.00709
0.00668
0.00627
1679.4
1699.1
1719.3
1740.3
1762.3
2390.7
2374.9
2357.9
2339.1
2318.4
1711.0
1732.2
1754.1
1776.9
1800.9
818.5
777.8
734.9
689.2
639.8
2529.5
2510.0
2489.0
2466.0
2440.7
3.840
3.872
3.905
3.940
3.976
5.143
5.106
5.067
5.026
4.981
175
180
185
190
195
200
205
210
215
220
220.64
365.75
367.81
369.83
371.79
373.71
373.95
0.002038
0.002111
0.002207
0.002349
0.002703
0.003106
0.00586
0.00544
0.00499
0.00448
0.00364
0.00311
1785.9
1811.7
1841.6
1879.5
1951.6
2018.1
2294.8
2267.3
2233.5
2187.4
2092.4
2018.1
1826.6
1855.0
1888.0
1930.0
2011.1
2086.6
585.4
523.8
450.4
353.6
161.5
0.0
2412.1
2378.9
2338.4
2283.6
2172.6
2086.6
4.015
4.057
4.107
4.171
4.294
4.410
4.931
4.875
4.808
4.719
4.544
4.410
200
205
210
215
220
220.64
vf
vg
uf
ug
hf
hfg
hg
sf
sg
06/09/04
22
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY OF WATER AND STEAM

kJ/kg
Pressure
(bar)
0.1
0.5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
220.64
250
300
400
500
1000
Critical
Isobar
Temp ( C)
0.01
25
50
75
0
104.8
2592.0
2639.8
0.1
104.9
209.4
314.0
0.1
104.9
209.4
314.1
0.5
105.3
209.8
314.4
1
105.8
210.2
314.8
2
106.7
211.1
315.6
4.1
108.5
212.8
317.2
6.1
110.4
214.5
318.8
8.1
112.2
216.2
320.5
10.1
114.1
217.9
322.1
15.1
118.6
222.2
326.1
20.1
123.2
226.5
330.1
22.1
125.1
228.3
331.8
25
127.8
230.8
334.2
29.9
132.3
235.1
338.2
39.6
141.3
243.6
346.2
49.2
150.2
252.0
354.3
95.4
194.1
293.9
394.3
100
125
150
175
2687.5
2735.2
2783.0
2831.2
2682.4
2731.5
2780.2
2828.9
2675.8
2726.7
2776.6
2826.1
419.5
525.3
632.2
2801.4
419.8
525.6
632.5
741.1
420.6
526.3
633.1
741.6
422.1
527.7
634.4
742.7
423.6
529.1
635.6
743.7
425.1
530.5
636.9
744.8
426.6
531.8
638.1
745.9
430.4
535.3
641.3
748.6
434.2
538.8
644.4
751.4
435.7
540.3
645.8
752.6
438.0
542.4
647.7
754.2
441.7
545.9
650.9
757.1
449.3
553.0
657.4
763.0
456.9
560.1
664.0
768.9
495.1
596.3
697.9
800.2
200
225
250
275
2879.6
2928.4
2977.4
3026.9
2877.8
2926.8
2976.1
3025.8
2875.5
2924.9
2974.5
3024.4
2855.8
2908.8
2961.0
3012.9
2828.3
2887.0
2943.1
2997.8
852.5
2836.1
2903.2
2965.2
853.3
967.1
1085.8
2887.3
854.1
967.6
1085.7
1210.9
854.9
968.1
1085.7
1210.0
855.8
968.7
1085.8
1209.3
858.0
970.1
1086.1
1207.8
860.3
971.7
1086.7
1206.7
861.2
972.4
1087.0
1206.4
862.6
973.4
1087.4
1206.0
865.0
975.2
1088.4
1205.7
870.0
979.0
1090.7
1205.8
875.2
983.2
1093.5
1206.8
903.4
1007.6
1113.1
1220.2
300
325
350
375
3076.7
3126.9
3177.5
3228.5
3075.8
3126.1
3176.8
3227.9
3074.5
3125.0
3175.8
3227.0
3064.6
3116.3
3168.1
3220.1
3051.6
3105.0
3158.2
3211.3
3024.2
3081.5
3137.7
3193.2
2961.7
3029.5
3093.3
3154.7
2885.5
2969.5
3043.9
3112.8
2786.5
2898.4
2988.1
3066.9
1343.3
2810.3
2924.0
3016.3
1338.3
1485.6
2693.1
2858.9
1334.4
1475.2
1646.0
2602.6
1333.0
1471.7
1635.6
2337.7
1331.3
1467.3
1623.9
1849.4
1328.9
1461.1
1608.8
1791.8
1325.6
1452.2
1588.8
1742.6
1324.0
1446.4
1576.1
1716.6
1329.1
1440.3
1554.0
1670.8
400
425
450
475
3279.9
3331.8
3384.0
3436.6
3279.3
3331.2
3383.5
3436.2
3278.6
3330.5
3382.8
3435.6
3272.3
3324.9
3377.7
3430.9
3264.5
3317.8
3371.3
3425.1
3248.3
3303.3
3358.2
3413.2
3214.5
3273.2
3331.2
3388.7
3178.2
3241.4
3302.9
3363.4
3139.4
3207.7
3273.3
3337.1
3097.4
3172.0
3242.3
3309.7
2975.7
3072.3
3157.9
3236.6
2816.9
2953.0
3061.7
3155.8
2732.9
2896.1
3017.8
3120.0
2578.6
2805.0
2950.6
3066.2
2152.8
2611.8
2821.0
2966.8
1931.4
2199.0
2511.8
2740.2
1874.4
2060.7
2284.7
2520.0
1791.1
1915.7
2044.7
2178.5
500
550
600
650
3489.7
3597.1
3706.3
3817.2
3489.3
3596.8
3706.0
3816.9
3488.7
3596.3
3705.6
3816.6
3484.5
3592.7
3702.5
3813.9
3479.1
3588.1
3698.6
3810.5
3468.2
3579.0
3690.7
3803.8
3446.0
3560.3
3674.9
3790.1
3423.1
3541.3
3658.7
3776.2
3399.5
3521.8
3642.4
3762.3
3375.1
3502.0
3625.8
3748.1
3310.8
3450.4
3583.1
3712.1
3241.2
3396.1
3539.0
3675.3
3210.8
3373.0
3520.4
3659.8
3165.9
3339.2
3493.5
3637.7
3084.7
3279.7
3446.7
3599.4
2906.5
3154.4
3350.4
3521.6
2722.6
3025.3
3252.5
3443.4
2316.2
2595.9
2865.1
3110.5
700
750
800
3929.9
4044.4
4160.6
3929.7
4044.2
4160.4
3929.4
4043.9
4160.2
3927.0
4041.8
4158.4
3924.1
4039.3
4156.1
3918.2
4034.1
4151.5
3906.3
4023.6
4142.3
3894.3
4013.2
4133.1
3882.2
4002.6
4123.8
3870.0
3992.0
4114.5
3839.1
3965.2
4091.1
3807.8
3938.1
4067.5
3794.7
3926.9
4057.7
3776.0
3910.9
4043.8
3743.9
3883.4
4020.0
3679.1
3828.4
3972.6
3614.6
3773.9
3925.8
3330.7
3530.5
3715.3
06/09/04
23
SPECIFIC ENTROPY OF WATER AND STEAM

kJ/kg K
Pressure
(bar)
0.1
0.5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
220.64
250
300
400
500
1000
Critical
Isobar
Temp ( C)
0.01
25
50
75
0.000
0.367
8.174
8.317
0.000
0.367
0.704
1.016
0.000
0.367
0.704
1.016
0.000
0.367
0.704
1.015
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.015
0.000
0.367
0.703
1.015
0.000
0.366
0.702
1.013
0.000
0.366
0.701
1.012
0.000
0.365
0.700
1.011
0.000
0.365
0.699
1.010
0.001
0.363
0.697
1.006
0.001
0.362
0.695
1.003
0.001
0.361
0.694
1.002
0.001
0.360
0.692
1.000
0.000
0.359
0.690
0.997
0.000
0.356
0.686
0.992
-0.001
0.353
0.681
0.986
-0.008
0.337
0.659
0.958
100
125
150
175
8.449
8.573
8.689
8.800
7.695
7.823
7.941
8.053
7.361
7.493
7.615
7.728
1.307
1.581
1.842
6.943
1.307
1.581
1.841
2.090
1.306
1.580
1.840
2.089
1.304
1.578
1.838
2.087
1.303
1.576
1.836
2.084
1.301
1.574
1.834
2.081
1.300
1.573
1.831
2.079
1.296
1.568
1.826
2.073
1.292
1.564
1.821
2.066
1.291
1.562
1.819
2.064
1.288
1.559
1.816
2.060
1.285
1.555
1.811
2.054
1.278
1.546
1.801
2.043
1.271
1.538
1.791
2.032
1.237
1.500
1.748
1.982
200
225
250
275
8.905
9.005
9.101
9.194
8.159
8.260
8.357
8.449
7.836
7.937
8.035
8.128
7.061
7.170
7.272
7.369
6.696
6.817
6.926
7.029
2.330
6.416
6.547
6.663
2.327
2.561
2.793
6.231
2.324
2.557
2.789
3.022
2.320
2.554
2.784
3.016
2.317
2.550
2.779
3.010
2.310
2.541
2.768
2.995
2.303
2.532
2.757
2.981
2.300
2.529
2.753
2.976
2.296
2.524
2.747
2.969
2.289
2.516
2.737
2.956
2.275
2.500
2.719
2.934
2.263
2.485
2.701
2.913
2.206
2.421
2.628
2.828
300
325
350
375
9.283
9.368
9.451
9.532
8.539
8.625
8.708
8.788
8.217
8.303
8.387
8.467
7.461
7.550
7.635
7.716
7.125
7.216
7.303
7.386
6.768
6.866
6.958
7.046
6.364
6.480
6.584
6.681
6.070
6.214
6.336
6.444
5.794
5.985
6.132
6.256
3.249
5.760
5.946
6.091
3.228
3.479
5.444
5.705
3.209
3.449
3.729
5.227
3.202
3.439
3.707
4.798
3.192
3.424
3.680
4.034
3.176
3.402
3.644
3.931
3.147
3.363
3.587
3.829
3.122
3.331
3.543
3.764
3.022
3.212
3.398
3.582
400
425
450
475
9.609
9.685
9.758
9.830
8.866
8.942
9.015
9.087
8.545
8.621
8.695
8.766
7.796
7.872
7.947
8.019
7.467
7.545
7.620
7.693
7.129
7.209
7.287
7.361
6.771
6.857
6.939
7.017
6.543
6.635
6.722
6.804
6.366
6.465
6.558
6.645
6.214
6.323
6.422
6.514
5.882
6.023
6.143
6.250
5.553
5.751
5.904
6.032
5.400
5.638
5.810
5.949
5.140
5.471
5.676
5.833
4.476
5.147
5.442
5.640
4.114
4.504
4.945
5.256
4.003
4.275
4.590
4.910
3.764
3.945
4.127
4.309
500
550
600
650
9.900
10.034
10.163
10.287
9.157
9.291
9.420
9.544
8.836
8.971
9.100
9.223
8.089
8.225
8.354
8.478
7.764
7.901
8.031
8.156
7.434
7.572
7.704
7.830
7.092
7.235
7.371
7.499
6.883
7.031
7.169
7.300
6.727
6.880
7.022
7.156
6.599
6.758
6.904
7.041
6.348
6.523
6.680
6.823
6.145
6.339
6.507
6.659
6.068
6.272
6.445
6.601
5.964
6.182
6.364
6.524
5.796
6.040
6.237
6.407
5.474
5.786
6.017
6.208
5.176
5.556
5.825
6.037
4.490
4.841
5.158
5.431
700
750
800
10.406
10.520
10.631
9.663
9.777
9.888
9.342
9.457
9.568
8.598
8.713
8.824
8.275
8.391
8.502
7.951
8.067
8.179
7.621
7.739
7.852
7.425
7.544
7.658
7.282
7.403
7.518
7.169
7.292
7.408
6.957
7.084
7.204
6.799
6.930
7.053
6.743
6.876
7.000
6.670
6.805
6.932
6.560
6.700
6.830
6.374
6.524
6.661
6.218
6.378
6.523
5.664
5.864
6.041
06/09/04
24
DENSITY OF WATER AND STEAM

kg/m3
Pressure
(bar)
0.1
0.5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
220.64
250
300
400
500
1000
Critical
Isobar
Temp ( C)
0.01
25
50
75
999.8
997.0
0.0673
0.0624
999.8
997.0
988.0
974.8
999.8
997.0
988.0
974.8
1000.0
997.2
988.2
975.0
1000.3
997.5
988.4
975.2
1000.8
997.9
988.9
975.7
1001.8
998.8
989.7
976.6
1002.8
999.7
990.6
977.5
1003.8
1000.6
991.5
978.3
1004.8
1001.5
992.3
979.2
1007.3
1003.7
994.4
981.3
1009.7
1005.8
996.5
983.5
1010.7
1006.7
997.4
984.4
1012.2
1008.0
998.6
985.6
1014.5
1010.1
1000.7
987.7
1019.2
1014.3
1004.7
991.8
1023.8
1018.4
1008.7
995.8
1045.3
1037.9
1027.4
1014.6
100
125
150
175
0.0582
0.0545
0.0512
0.0484
0.293
0.274
0.257
0.243
0.590
0.550
0.516
0.487
958.5
939.2
917.0
2.503
958.8
939.4
917.3
892.4
959.2
939.9
917.9
893.0
960.2
940.9
919.0
894.3
961.1
941.9
920.1
895.6
962.0
942.9
921.2
896.8
962.9
943.9
922.3
898.1
965.2
946.4
925.0
901.1
967.4
948.8
927.7
904.1
968.4
949.8
928.8
905.4
969.6
951.2
930.3
907.1
971.8
953.5
932.9
909.9
976.1
958.1
937.9
915.5
980.3
962.5
942.7
920.9
999.8
983.1
964.8
945.0
200
225
250
275
0.0458
0.0435
0.0414
0.0395
0.230
0.218
0.207
0.198
0.460
0.437
0.416
0.396
2.353
2.223
2.108
2.006
4.850
4.550
4.300
4.070
865.0
9.63
8.97
8.43
866.5
835.1
798.9
18.31
868.0
836.9
801.2
759.1
869.5
838.7
803.5
762.2
870.9
840.4
805.7
765.1
874.5
844.7
811.0
772.2
878.0
848.8
816.1
778.7
879.4
850.5
818.1
781.3
881.3
852.8
820.9
784.8
884.6
856.6
825.6
790.6
890.9
864.0
834.3
801.4
897.0
870.9
842.4
811.1
923.7
901.0
876.7
850.8
300
325
350
375
0.0378
0.0362
0.0348
0.0334
0.189
0.181
0.174
0.167
0.379
0.363
0.348
0.335
1.913
1.830
1.754
1.684
3.880
3.700
3.540
3.390
7.97
7.57
7.21
6.90
16.99
15.93
15.04
14.28
27.63
25.39
23.67
22.27
41.2
36.5
33.4
31.0
715.3
50.3
44.6
40.7
725.6
664.9
87.1
71.9
734.7
679.8
600.6
130.3
738.2
685.3
612.0
210.0
743.0
692.4
625.5
505.5
750.7
703.4
643.9
558.2
764.4
722.0
671.9
609.3
776.5
737.6
693.2
641.2
823.2
793.7
762.3
728.8
400
425
450
475
0.0322
0.0310
0.0300
0.0290
0.161
0.155
0.150
0.145
0.322
0.311
0.300
0.290
1.620
1.561
1.506
1.454
3.260
3.140
3.030
2.920
6.61
6.35
6.11
5.90
13.62
13.03
12.49
12.01
21.09
20.07
19.17
18.37
29.1
27.5
26.2
25.0
37.8
35.5
33.6
31.9
63.8
58.3
54.1
50.8
100.5
87.1
78.6
72.4
121.9
101.8
90.3
82.4
166.5
126.8
109.0
97.8
357.4
188.7
148.4
128.1
523.3
394.1
270.9
210.0
577.8
497.7
402.0
315.2
692.9
654.7
614.2
571.7
500
550
600
650
0.0280
0.0263
0.0248
0.0235
0.140
0.132
0.124
0.117
0.280
0.263
0.248
0.235
1.407
1.320
1.244
1.176
2.820
2.650
2.490
2.360
5.69
5.33
5.01
4.73
11.57
10.79
10.12
9.53
17.65
16.39
15.32
14.40
23.9
22.1
20.6
19.4
30.5
28.0
26.1
24.4
48.0
43.6
40.1
37.3
67.6
60.3
55.0
50.8
76.4
67.7
61.4
56.5
89.7
78.5
70.7
64.8
115.1
98.3
87.4
79.4
177.8
143.2
123.6
110.5
257.1
195.4
163.7
143.7
528.3
444.6
374.2
321.0
700
750
800
0.0223
0.0212
0.020
0.111
0.106
0.101
0.223
0.212
0.202
1.115
1.060
1.010
2.230
2.120
2.020
4.48
4.25
4.05
9.01
8.55
8.14
13.60
12.88
12.25
18.2
17.3
16.4
22.9
21.7
20.6
34.9
32.9
31.1
47.3
44.4
41.9
52.5
49.2
46.4
60.1
56.2
52.8
73.2
68.2
64.0
100.7
93.1
86.8
129.6
118.8
110.2
282.0
253.0
230.6
06/09/04
25
SPECIFIC INTERNAL ENERGY OF WATER AND STEAM

kJ/kg
Pressure
(bar)
0.1
0.5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
220.64
250
300
400
500
1000
Critical
Isobar
Temp ( C)
0.01
25
50
75
0.0
104.8
2443.3
2479.5
0.0
104.8
209.3
314.0
0.0
104.8
209.3
314.0
0.0
104.8
209.3
313.9
0.0
104.7
209.2
313.8
0.0
104.7
209.0
313.6
0.1
104.5
208.7
313.1
0.1
104.4
208.4
312.7
0.1
104.2
208.2
312.3
0.2
104.1
207.9
311.9
0.2
103.7
207.1
310.8
0.3
103.3
206.4
309.8
0.3
103.2
206.2
309.4
0.3
102.9
205.8
308.8
0.3
102.6
205.1
307.8
0.3
101.9
203.7
305.9
0.3
101.1
202.5
304.1
-0.2
97.7
196.6
295.8
100
125
150
175
2515.5
2551.6
2587.9
2624.5
2511.5
2548.7
2585.7
2622.8
2506.2
2545.0
2582.9
2620.6
418.9
524.7
631.6
2601.6
418.8
524.5
631.4
740.0
418.5
524.2
630.9
739.4
417.9
523.4
630.0
738.2
417.4
522.7
629.1
737.0
416.8
522.0
628.2
735.9
416.2
521.2
627.3
734.8
414.8
519.5
625.1
732.0
413.5
517.8
622.9
729.3
412.9
517.1
622.0
728.2
412.2
516.1
620.8
726.7
410.9
514.4
618.7
724.1
408.4
511.2
614.8
719.3
405.9
508.2
611.0
714.6
395.1
494.6
594.3
694.4
200
225
250
275
2661.3
2698.5
2736.1
2774.0
2660.0
2697.4
2735.1
2773.2
2658.2
2695.9
2733.9
2772.1
2643.3
2683.9
2723.8
2763.6
2622.2
2667.3
2710.4
2752.3
850.1
2628.5
2680.2
2727.8
848.6
962.3
1080.8
2668.9
847.2
960.5
1078.2
1203.0
845.7
958.6
1075.8
1199.5
844.3
956.8
1073.4
1196.2
840.8
952.4
1067.6
1188.3
837.5
948.1
1062.2
1181.0
836.1
946.4
1060.0
1178.1
834.2
944.1
1057.0
1174.2
831.1
940.2
1052.0
1167.7
825.1
932.7
1042.7
1155.9
819.4
925.8
1034.2
1145.2
795.1
896.6
999.1
1102.7
300
325
350
375
2812.3
2850.9
2890.0
2929.5
2811.6
2850.3
2889.4
2929.0
2810.6
2849.5
2888.7
2928.3
2803.2
2843.0
2883.0
2923.2
2793.6
2834.7
2875.7
2916.7
2773.2
2817.2
2860.5
2903.3
2726.2
2778.3
2827.4
2874.7
2668.4
2733.1
2790.4
2843.4
2592.3
2679.2
2748.3
2808.9
1329.4
2611.6
2699.6
2770.7
1317.6
1463.0
2520.9
2650.4
1307.1
1445.8
1612.7
2449.1
1303.1
1439.5
1599.6
2232.6
1297.6
1431.2
1583.9
1799.9
1288.9
1418.4
1562.2
1738.1
1273.3
1396.7
1529.3
1677.0
1259.6
1378.6
1503.9
1638.6
1207.6
1314.3
1422.8
1533.6
400
425
450
475
2969.3
3009.6
3050.3
3091.4
2968.9
3009.2
3049.9
3091.0
2968.3
3008.7
3049.4
3090.6
2963.7
3004.5
3045.6
3087.1
2957.9
2999.2
3040.9
3082.8
2945.9
2988.5
3031.1
3073.9
2920.7
2966.1
3011.0
3055.7
2893.7
2942.4
2989.9
3036.7
2864.6
2917.2
2967.8
3017.0
2833.1
2890.4
2944.5
2996.5
2740.6
2815.0
2880.7
2941.3
2617.9
2723.5
2807.2
2879.7
2551.9
2679.3
2773.4
2852.1
2428.5
2607.8
2721.2
2810.5
2068.9
2452.8
2618.9
2732.7
1854.9
2097.5
2364.2
2549.7
1787.8
1960.2
2160.3
2361.4
1646.8
1762.9
1881.9
2003.6
500
550
600
650
3132.9
3217.2
3303.3
3391.2
3132.6
3217.0
3303.1
3391.0
3132.2
3216.6
3302.8
3390.7
3129.0
3213.9
3300.4
3388.6
3125.0
3210.5
3297.5
3386.0
3116.9
3203.6
3291.5
3380.8
3100.3
3189.5
3279.4
3370.3
3083.1
3175.2
3267.2
3359.6
3065.4
3160.5
3254.7
3348.9
3047.0
3145.4
3242.0
3337.9
2998.4
3106.2
3209.3
3310.1
2945.3
3064.7
3175.3
3281.4
2922.0
3046.9
3160.9
3269.3
2887.3
3020.8
3140.0
3251.9
2824.0
2974.5
3103.4
3221.7
2681.6
2875.0
3026.8
3159.5
2528.1
2769.5
2947.1
3095.6
2126.9
2371.0
2597.9
2798.9
700
750
800
3480.8
3572.2
3665.3
3480.6
3572.0
3665.2
3480.4
3571.8
3665.0
3478.5
3570.2
3663.6
3476.2
3568.1
3661.7
3471.6
3564.0
3658.0
3462.4
3555.8
3650.6
3453.0
3547.5
3643.2
3443.6
3539.1
3635.7
3434.0
3530.7
3628.2
3409.8
3509.4
3609.2
3385.1
3487.7
3590.1
3374.7
3478.7
3582.1
3359.9
3465.8
3570.7
3334.3
3443.6
3551.2
3282.0
3398.6
3511.8
3228.7
3353.1
3472.2
2976.1
3135.2
3281.7
06/09/04
26
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF SATURATED WATER & STEAM

Specific volume
3
m /kg
Isobaric specific
heat capacity
kJ/kg K
vf
vg
cpf
c pg
f / 10 3
g / 10 6
Pr f
Prg
0.01
10
20
30
40
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00100
0.00101
206.2
106.4
57.8
32.9
19.5
4.217
4.193
4.182
4.179
4.179
1.854
1.860
1.866
1.885
1.885
0.569
0.587
0.603
0.618
0.632
0.0173
0.0185
0.0191
0.0198
0.0204
1.755
1.301
1.002
0.797
0.651
8.8
9.1
9.4
9.7
10.1
13.02
9.29
6.95
5.39
4.31
0.942
0.915
0.918
0.923
0.930
0.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.00101
0.00102
0.00102
0.00103
0.00104
12.05
7.68
5.05
3.41
2.36
4.181
4.185
4.190
4.197
4.205
1.899
1.915
1.936
1.962
1.992
0.643
0.653
0.662
0.670
0.676
0.0210
0.0217
0.0224
0.0231
0.0240
0.544
0.462
0.400
0.350
0.311
10.4
10.7
11.1
11.4
11.7
3.53
2.96
2.53
2.19
1.93
0.939
0.947
0.956
0.966
0.976
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
175
200
0.00104
0.00107
0.00109
0.00112
0.00116
1.673
0.770
0.392
0.217
0.127
4.216
4.254
4.310
4.389
4.497
2.028
2.147
2.314
2.542
2.843
0.681
0.687
0.687
0.679
0.665
0.0249
0.0272
0.0300
0.0334
0.0375
0.278
0.219
0.180
0.153
0.133
12.1
13.3
14.4
15.6
16.7
1.723
1.358
1.133
0.990
0.902
0.986
1.047
1.110
1.185
1.270
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
0.00120
0.00125
0.00132
0.00140
0.00153
0.0783
0.0500
0.0327
0.0216
0.0142
4.648
4.867
5.202
5.762
6.861
3.238
3.772
4.561
5.863
8.440
0.644
0.616
0.582
0.541
0.493
0.0427
0.0495
0.0587
0.0719
0.0929
0.1182
0.1065
0.0972
0.0897
0.0790
17.9
19.1
20.2
21.4
23.0
0.853
0.841
0.869
0.955
1.100
1.36
1.45
1.56
1.74
2.09
225
250
275
300
325
350
360
374.15
0.00174
0.00190
0.00317
0.00880
0.00694
0.00317
10.10
14.6
17.15
25.1
0.437
0.400
0.24
0.1343
0.168
0.24
0.0648
0.0582
0.045
25.8
27.5
45.0
1.50
2.11
3.29
3.89
350
360
374.15
Temp.
C
06/09/04
Thermal conductivity
W/m K
27
Dynamic viscosity
kg/s m
Prandtl number
= c p
Temp.
C
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF STEAM

Isobaric sp.
heat capacity
kJ/kg K
Thermal
conductivity
W/m K
cp
100
200
300
400
2.028
1.979
2.010
2.067
0.0245
0.0331
0.0434
0.0548
12.1
16.2
20.4
24.6
0.986
0.968
0.946
0.928
500
600
700
800
2.132
2.201
2.268
2.332
0.0673
0.0805
0.0942
0.1080
28.8
32.9
36.8
40.6
0.912
0.898
0.887
0.876
Temp.
C
Dynamic
viscosity
kg/s m
6
/ 10
Prandtl number
Pr = c p
Values for water at atmospheric pressure between 0C and 100C are given with sufficient
accuracy by the saturated values in the previous table.
The above values are correct for a pressure of 1 atm = 1.01325 bar but may be used with
sufficient accuracy at other pressures.
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF AIR

Isobaric sp.
heat capacity
kJ/kg K
Thermal
conductivity
W/m K
cp
-100
0
1.01
1.01
0.016
0.024
12
17
0.75
0.72
100
200
300
400
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.07
0.032
0.039
0.045
0.051
22
26
30
33
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.70
500
600
700
800
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
0.056
0.061
0.066
0.071
36
39
42
44
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
Temp.
C
Dynamic
viscosity
kg/s m
6
/ 10
Prandtl number
Pr = c p
This table may be used with reasonable accuracy for values of cp, , and Pr of N2, O2 and
CO.
06/09/04
28
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Isobaric sp.
heat capacity
kJ/kg K
Thermal
conductivity
W/m K
cp
-50
0
0.79
0.83
0.011
0.015
11
14
0.79
0.78
100
200
300
400
0.92
1.00
1.06
1.11
0.022
0.030
0.038
0.046
18
22
26
29
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.71
500
600
700
800
1.16
1.20
1.23
1.25
0.053
0.061
0.069
0.078
32
35
38
41
0.70
0.69
0.68
0.67
Temp.
C
Dynamic
viscosity
kg/s m
6
/ 10
Prandtl number
Pr = c p
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN

Isobaric sp.
heat capacity
kJ/kg K
Thermal
conductivity
W/m K
cp
-200
-100
0
10.6
13.1
14.2
0.050
0.112
0.172
3.3
6.2
8.4
0.71
0.72
0.69
100
200
300
400
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.6
0.220
0.307
0.307
0.348
10.3
12.1
13.8
15.4
0.68
0.67
0.66
0.65
500
600
700
800
14.7
14.8
14.9
15.1
0.387
0.427
0.476
0.528
16.9
18.3
19.9
21.1
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
Temp.
C
Dynamic
viscosity
kg/s m
6
/ 10
Prandtl number
Pr = c p
06/09/04
29
PERFECT GAS RELATIONS

FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLOW FOR =1.4
m c p T0
Ap0
T 1 2
= 1 +
M
2
T0
p 1 2
= 1 +
M
2
p0
1 2
=
M 1 +
M
2
1
1 2
= 1 +
M
0
2
M ach Num ber

Notes:
(1) T0 = const. in adiabatic flow with no shaft work
(2) If flow is isentropic, p0 = const. and 0 = const. when T0 = const.
(3) At Mach 1 and when =1.4,
06/09/04
m c pT0
Ap0
= 1.281
30
1 +1

2 1
1
1
PROPERTIES OF GASES AT SEA LEVEL

CONDITIONS
The following data are at p sl = 1.01325 bar and Tsl = 15 C .
Density kg/m 3
Viscosity kg/m s
Kinematic viscosity m 2 /s
Speed of sound m/s
Thermal conductivity W/m K
Air
CO2
H2
He
1.225
17.9 10 6
1.860
14.4 10 6
0.0852
8.9 10 6
0.1693
19.7 10 6
14.64 10 6
340
0.0252
7.7 10 6
264
0.0153
104 10 6
1292
0.180
116 10 6
988
0.150
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AT SEA LEVEL

CONDITIONS
The following data are at p sl = 1.01325 bar and Tsl = 15 C .
Density kg/m 3
Viscosity kg/m s
Kinematic viscosity m 2 /s
Thermal conductivity W/m K
Hg
H 2O
13595.1
1.59 10 3
1000
1.14 10 3
0.117 10 6
8.36
1.14 10 6
0.620
THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE

The sea-level condition for the international standard atmosphere is given by
p sl = 1.01325 bar = 760 mm Hg
Tsl = 15 C = 288.15 K
for which
sl = 1.225 kg/m 3
sl =
sl
= 14.64 10 6 m 2 /s
sl
a sl = RTsl = 340 m/s
06/09/04
31
PROPERTIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL STANDARD

ATMOSPHERE AT ALTITUDE
Height
m
T
Tsl
p
p sl
sl
sl
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
1.0000
0.9774
0.9549
0.9324
0.9098
0.8873
0.8648
0.8423
0.8198
0.7973
0.7748
0.7523
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7519
0.7551
0.7585
0.7620
0.7654
0.7689
0.7723
0.7758
0.7792
0.7826
0.7861
1.0000
0.8870
0.7846
0.6920
0.6085
0.5334
0.4660
0.4057
0.3519
0.3040
0.2615
0.2240
0.1915
0.1636
0.1398
0.1195
0.1022
0.0873
0.0747
0.0638
0.0546
0.0467
0.0399
0.0342
0.0293
0.0252
0.0216
0.0186
0.0160
0.0137
0.0118
1.0000
0.9075
0.8217
0.7422
0.6689
0.6012
0.5389
0.4816
0.4292
0.3813
0.3376
0.2978
0.2546
0.2176
0.1860
0.1590
0.1359
0.1162
0.0993
0.0849
0.0726
0.0618
0.0527
0.0449
0.0383
0.0327
0.0280
0.0239
0.0205
0.0175
0.0150
1.0000
1.0826
1.1739
1.2753
1.3881
1.5138
1.6543
1.8117
1.9887
2.1881
2.4137
2.6697
3.1206
3.6514
4.2722
4.9983
5.8476
6.8408
8.0023
9.3606
10.9488
12.9031
15.2021
17.8964
21.0515
24.7434
29.0603
34.1039
39.9926
46.8626
54.8714
The speed of sound at altitude is given by

a
T
=
a sl
Tsl
The viscosity at altitude is given approximately by
1.458 10 6 T 3 / 2
=
kg/m.s
T + 110.4
06/09/04
32
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Absolute zero of temperature
Acceleration due to gravity, g
Avogadros number, N A
Base of natural logarithms, e
Boltzmanns constant, k
Electronic charge, e
Faradays constant, F
Universal Gas constant, R
Permeability of vacuum, o
Permittivity of vacuum, o
Pi,
Plancks constant, h
Stefan-Boltzmanns constant,
Velocity of light in vacuum, c
Volume of perfect gas at STP
06/09/04
-273.15C
9. 80665 m/s2
6.022x1026 kmol-1
2.7182818
1.381 x 10-23 J/K
-1.602 x 10-19 C
9.648 x 107 C/kmol
8.3143 kJ/kmol K
1.257 x 10-6 H/m
8.854 x 10-12 F/m
3.14159265
6.626 x 10-34 J/s
5.67x10-8 W/m2K4
2.998 x 108 m/s
22.41 m3/kmol
33
CONVERSION OF NON-SI TO SI UNITS

Non SI Unit
Length
1 yard (yd)
1 foot (ft)
1 inch (in)
1 mile (mile)
Mass
1 pound (lb)
1 ounce (oz)
1 hundredweight (cwt)
1 tonne (t)
1 ton (ton)
Force
1 dyne (dyn)
1 ounce (ozf)
1 pound force (lbf)
1 ton force (tonf)
Volume
1 Imperial gallon (gal)
1 pint (pt)
1 litre (l)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.9144
0.3048
0.0254
1609
m
m
m
m
0.45359237 2240
0.45359237
0.02835
50.8
1000
1016
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
0.45359237 9.80665/16
0.45359237 9.80665
0.45359237 9.80665 2240
10-5
0.278
4.45
9960
N
N
N
N
0.9144/3.0
0.9144/36.0
0.9144 1760
0.45359237 16
0.45359237 112
0.0045460916/8
Dynamic Viscosity
1 poise (P)
06/09/04
SI
Unit
Conversion
= 0.0045460916
0.0005683
=
0.001
34
0.1
m3
m3
m3
Ns/m2
CONVERSION OF NON-SI TO SI UNITS cont.

Non SI Unit
SI
Unit
Conversion
Kinematic Viscosity
1 stokes (St)
10-4
m2/s
Energy
1 erg
1 calorie (cal)
1 Cal (kcal)
1 Btu
=
=
=
10-7
4.1868
4186.8
1055
J
J
J
J
746
=
=
=
=
=
0.1
1
9.80665
133.32
133.32
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
Pa
3386
Pa
6895
Pa
=
=
=
100000
101325
9806650
Pa
Pa
Pa
4.1868 0.45359237 / 1.8
Power
1 horsepower (hp)
0.9144
0.45359237 9.80665
3
= 550
Pressure
1 dyn/cm2
1 N/m2
1 mm H2O
1 mm Hg
1 torr
=
=
=
1 in Hg
1 lb/in2
1 bar
1 atm
1 kgf/mm2
06/09/04
1000 0.001 9.80665

13595.1 0.001 9.80665
101325/760
0.9144
13595.1 9.80665
36
36
0.45359237 9.80665
0.9144
1 9.80665 1000000
35
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Haywood, RW, Thermodynamic Tables in SI (metric) Units, 3rd Edition, CUP.
Gas Flow Tables, CUED, 1975.
Houghton E.L., Brock A.E., Tables for compressible flow of dry air: giving major
parameters for the Mach number range 0 to 4, 3rd Edition, London, 1975
Kay, GWC, and Laby, TH, Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants and Some
Mathematic Functions 14th Ed, Longman, 1972
US Standard Atmosphere, NOAA-S/T 76-1562, 1976
The Pressure-Enthalpy chart for the refrigerant HFC-134a is reproduced with the kind
permission of DuPont.
CRITICAL POINT DATA FOR REFRIGERANT R-134a

(CH2FCF3)
Critical Temperature =
Critical Pressure =
Critical Volume =
Molecular Weight =
06/09/04
36
101.08 oC
40.603 bar
0.0019 m3/kg
102.03 kg/kMol
PROPERTIES TABLE FOR REFRIGERANT R-134a (CH2FCF3)

Saturation Saturation
Pressure
Temp.
Specific volume
Saturated
Specific enthalpy
Specific entropy
m /kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
bar
Tsat
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
Psat
0.39
0.51
0.66
0.84
1.06
vf
0.00070
0.00071
0.00071
0.00072
0.00073
vg
0.46458
0.36094
0.28390
0.22585
0.18155
hf
141.9
148.1
154.4
160.8
167.2
hg
370.8
374.0
377.2
380.3
383.4
sf
0.7687
0.7956
0.8221
0.8483
0.8743
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
1.33
1.64
2.01
2.43
2.93
0.00074
0.00074
0.00075
0.00076
0.00077
0.14735
0.12065
0.09959
0.08281
0.06933
173.6
180.1
186.7
193.3
200.0
386.5
389.6
392.7
395.6
398.6
5
10
15
20
25
3.50
4.15
4.88
5.72
6.65
0.00078
0.00079
0.00080
0.00082
0.00083
0.05840
0.04947
0.04212
0.03602
0.03093
206.8
213.6
220.5
227.5
234.6
30
35
40
45
50
7.70
8.87
10.17
11.60
13.18
0.00084
0.00086
0.00087
0.00089
0.00091
0.02666
0.02305
0.01999
0.01736
0.01511
60
70
80
90
100
16.82
21.16
26.33
32.45
39.73
0.00095
0.00101
0.00108
0.00119
0.00148
0.01148
0.00871
0.00654
0.00481
0.00345
06/09/04
Saturation
Temp.
Superheated by
20K
40K
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
sg
1.7722
1.7643
1.7574
1.7512
1.7458
h
385.8
389.2
392.7
396.1
399.5
s
1.8348
1.8270
1.8201
1.8139
1.8085
h
401.3
405.0
408.6
412.3
416.0
s
1.8949
1.8869
1.8797
1.8734
1.8678
Tsat
0.8999
0.9253
0.9505
0.9753
1.0000
1.7410
1.7368
1.7331
1.7299
1.7270
402.9
406.3
409.7
413.1
416.4
1.8037
1.7995
1.7959
1.7927
1.7900
419.7
423.4
427.0
430.7
434.3
1.8629
1.8587
1.8550
1.8518
1.8491
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
401.5
404.3
407.1
409.8
412.3
1.0244
1.0486
1.0726
1.0965
1.1202
1.7245
1.7222
1.7202
1.7183
1.7165
419.7
422.9
426.1
429.3
432.3
1.7877
1.7857
1.7840
1.7825
1.7813
437.9
441.5
445.0
448.5
452.0
1.8469
1.8450
1.8434
1.8422
1.8412
5
10
15
20
25
241.7
249.0
256.4
263.9
271.6
414.8
417.2
419.4
421.5
423.4
1.1438
1.1672
1.1906
1.2140
1.2374
1.7148
1.7130
1.7112
1.7093
1.7073
435.4
438.3
441.2
444.0
446.7
1.7803
1.7794
1.7786
1.7779
1.7772
455.4
458.8
462.1
465.4
468.6
1.8405
1.8399
1.8395
1.8393
1.8392
30
35
40
45
50
287.5
304.3
322.4
342.9
373.3
426.6
428.6
428.8
425.4
407.7
1.2846
1.3329
1.3834
1.4393
1.5183
1.7022
1.6953
1.6848
1.6665
1.6105
451.8
456.4
460.4
463.8
466.4
1.7759
1.7743
1.7722
1.7692
1.7650
474.8
480.7
486.2
491.3
495.9
1.8392
1.8394
1.8395
1.8392
1.8384
60
70
80
90
100
37
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
PROPERTIES OF STEAM
06/09/04
39

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THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

THERMODYNAMIC DEFINITIONS & RELATIONSHIPS

Specific heat capacity at constant volume

Specific heat capacity at constant pressure

Ratio of specific heat capacities

Coefficient of volume expansion

For a simple compressible substance, in the absence

Tds = du + pdv = dh vdp

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

IDEAL GAS RELATIONSHIPS

Relationship between c p , cv and R

PERFECT GAS RELATIONSHIPS

Change in specific enthalpy

Change in specific entropy

For Isentropic changes

MIXTURES OF PERFECT GASES

Pressure of the mixture

Enthalpy of the mixture

Entropy of the mixture

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

Skin Friction Coefficient

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

Rate of heat transfer Q by conduction along a straight bar of cross-sectional area A

Logarithmic-Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

Red < 2300

2300 < Red < 10 7

0.5 < Pr < 120

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

EQUATIONS FOR SYSTEMS

2nd Law of Thermodynamics applied to a system

When heat transfer to a system of mass m undergoing a process is defined as positive

pdv work for a system

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

EQUATIONS FOR CONTROL VOLUMES

where dA is positive out of the control volume. It may also be written as

For steady flow, the above becomes

and in x and y coordinates, the SFME is

m outVx,out m inVx,in = Fx ( pA)x

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

2nd Law of Thermodynamics applied to a control volume

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

EQUATIONS FOR STREAMLINES

The pressure gradient normal to a streamline with a radius of curvature R

INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS PIPE FLOW

EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

Actual Work Output h3 h4

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

m fuel = Mn fuel

C 4 H10 + 6.5O2 4CO2 + 5H 2 O

C8 H18 + 12.5O2 8CO2 + 9 H 2 O

C8 H18 + 12.5O2 8CO2 + 9 H 2 O

A more exact value is 2.016

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

PROPERTIES OF PERFECT GASES

Molar (universal) gas constant

A more exact value is 2.016.

THERMOFLUIDS DATA version 13.doc

MOLAR ENTHALPIES OF COMMON GASES

87.25 86.68 90.92

Rate of heat transfer Q by conduction along a straight bar of cross-sectional area A

m outVx,out m inVx,in = Fx ( pA)x

m fuel = Mn fuel