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ASSIGNMENT

SAMYUKTA MAHARASHTRA

Subject-Landmark Events In The History Of The World : India & Maharashtra

Name-Prachi Chandak Roll No-9 Semester 1 2011-2012

Under The Guidance Of :AmanjeetKaur

L .S . RAHEJA COLLEGE OF ARTS AND COMMERCE


Juhu Road, Santacruz (west), Mumbai-400054.

INTRODUCTION

Maharashtra is a state located in India. The word Maharashtra is derived from the Sanskrit words Maha meaning Great and Rashtra meaning Nation, thus rendering the name Maharashtra (Great Nation). It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra encompasses an area of 308,000 km (119,000 mi). Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. Marathi is the language of Maharashtra. In the 17th century, the Marathas rose under the leadership of ChhatrapatiShivaji against the Mughals who were ruling a large part of India. By 1760, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 250 millionacres (1 million km) or one-third of the Indian subcontinent. After the third Anglo-Maratha war, the empire ended and most of Maharashtra became part of Bombay state under a British Raj. After Indian independence, Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti demanded unification of all Marathi speaking regions under one state. At that time Bharat RatnaDr. BabasahebAmbedkar was of opinion that linguistic reorganizaion of states should be done with - "One state - One language" principle and not with "One language - One state" principle. He submitted a memorandum to the reorganization commission stating that, " Single Government can not administer such a huge state as United Maharashtra".[9] The first state reorganization committee created the current Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960 (known as Maharashtra Day). The Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay state, Deccan states and Vidarbha (which was part of Central Provinces and Berar) united, under the agreement known as Nagpur Pact, to form the current state.

HISTORY OF MAHARASHTRA

The Chinese visited Maharashtra during AD 640-641 and was very impressed by the prosperity of the country, the efficiency of the administration and the character of the people. He called the land Mo-ho-lo-cha (Moholesh), and was perhaps the first person to discuss the region and its people. He says: "The soil is rich and fertile and it is regularly cultivated and very productive. Men are fond of learning and studying both heretical and orthodox books. The disposition of the people is honest and simple; they are tall in stature and of a stern and vindictive character. To their benefactors, they are grateful; to their enemies, relentless. If they are insulted, they will risk their lives to avenge themselves. If they are asked to help one in distress, they will forget themselves in their haste to render assistance." The antiquity of this region can be traced to approximately the 3rd century BC. Marathi, which evolved from Maharastri-Prakrit, has been the lingua franca of the people of this area from the 10th century onwards. And, in the course of time, the term 'Maharashtra' was used to describe a region which consisted of Aparanta, Vidarbha, Mulak, Ashmak and Kuntal. The tribal communities of Nags, Munds and Bhills inhabited this area, also known as Dandakaranya, in ancient times. They were joined by the Aryas, the Shakas and the Huns, who came from the North, as well as by foreigners, who arrived by sea.

SAMYUKTA MAHARASHTRA
The Indian National Congress was pledged to linguistic states, but the States Re-organisation Committee recommended a bi-lingual state for MaharashtraGujarat, with Mumbai as its capital. Its inauguration on November 1, 1956, caused a great political stir and, under the leadership of KeshavraoJedhe, an

all-party meeting was held in Pune and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was founded on February 6, 1956. In the second general election the Samiti defeated the stalwarts of Congress by securing 101 seats out of 133, including 12 from Mumbai. The Congress could form a government only with the support of Gujarat, Marathwada and Vidarbha. YeshwantraoChavan became the first Chief Minister of the bi-lingual Bombay State. SM Joshi, SA Dange, NG Gore and PK Atre fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, even at the cost of sacrificing the lives of several people and finally succeeded in convincing Congress leaders that Maharashtra should form a separate state. The resignation of CD Deshmukh, the then Finance Minister of the Nehru Cabinet, had its salutary effect, and on May 1, 1960, the state of Maharashtra, which included western Maharashtra, Vidarbha and Marathwada was formed. Thus, in 1960 the historical process of formation of this incomplete Marathi State from Moho-lo-cha to Maharashtra was done which was without Belgaum from where the Samyukta Maharashtra movement was started.Still today Belgaum, Karwar, Hubli, Dharwad, Bidar and Gulbarga districts are not included in Maharashtra State and people of this area are fighting to get in to the Maharashtra. But whatever Maharashtra is there, it conforms to the image recorded by Hiun Tsang, the Chinese pilgrim, more than 1,300 years ago.

1. Sanyukta Maharashtra Samiti roughly translated as United Maharashtra Committee, was an organisation that spearheaded the demand in the 1950s for the creation of a separate Marathi-speaking state out of the (then bilingual) State of Bombay in western India, with the city of Bombay (now known as Mumbai) as its capital. 2. The organisation was founded on February 6, 1956, under the leadership of KeshavraoJedhe in Pune. Some prominent activists of Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti were AcharyaAtre Prabodhankar Thackeray SenapatiBapat ShahirAmarShaikh

3.

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AcharyaAtrecriticised Jawaharlal Nehru, Morarji Desai (then chief minister of Mumbai) and S.K. Patil (a prominent MP from Mumbai city) through his firebrand editorials in Maratha The Indian National Congress had pledged to introduce linguistic states prior to Independence. However after Independence, Nehru and SardarVallabhai Patel were adamantly opposed to linguistic states. They perceived linguistic states as a threat to the integrity of India. For the first time and perhaps the only time, RSS and its chief MadhavSadashivGolwalkar supported Nehru and Patel against redrawing of the map along linguistic lines. In 1956, the SRC (States Re-organisation Committee) recommended creation of linguistic states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala, but recommended a bi-lingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat, with Mumbai as its capital. Further, they recommended the creation of Vidharbha state to unite the Marathi-speaking people of former Hyderabad State with Marathi speaking areas of Central provinces and Berar state. This led to the creation of the predecessor movement Samyuka Maharashtra Parishad, inaugurated on November 1, 1956, causing a great political stir and, under the leadership of KeshavraoJedhea whole party meeting was held in Pune and Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti was founded on February 6, 1956. S.M. Joshi, ShripatAmritDange, N.G. Gore and PrahladKeshavAtre fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, even at the cost of sacrificing the lives of several people and finally succeeded in convincing Congress leaders that Maharashtra should form a separate state. The resignation of C. D. Deshmukh, the then Finance Minister of the Nehru Cabinet, had its salutary effect. In January 1956, demonstrators were fired upon by the police at Flora Fountain in Mumbai. Flora Fountain was subsequently renamed HutatmaChowk ("Martyr's Crossroads" ) in their memory. It is estimated that in all, 105people were shot by security forces during the period of agitation and at different places. MorarjiDesai, who was the then chief minister of Bombay state was later removed and replaced by YB Chawan as a result of criticism related to this incident.

8. The Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti achieved its goal on May 1, 1960 when the State of Bombay was partitioned into the Marathi-speaking State of Maharashtra and the Gujarati-speaking State of Gujarat. However Goa (then a Portuguese colony), Belgaon, Karwar and adjoining areas, which were also part of the Maharashtra envisaged by the Samiti, were not included in Maharashtra state. 9. Chronology of statehood of Maharashtra(Timeline) 1906: LokmanyaBalGangadharTilak conceptualizes the state of Maharashtra. 1919: Congress Democratic Party includes demand of state of Maharashtra in its manifesto. The manifesto is drafted under leadership of Tilak. Oct 1, 1938: The legislative assembly of Central Province passes the resolution to break away from bi-lingual Bombay presidency and form a separate state of Vidarbha. Oct 15, 1938: A Marathi literary meet, presided over by V. D. Savarkar, passes a resolution for a separate state for Marathi speaking areas including Vidharbha. Jan 28, 1940: The SamyuktaMahasabha organization is formed in Bombay (now Mumbai) to pursue the resolution passed at the literary meet. 10. 1940-45: The demand of Maharashtra takes back seat due to World War and Quit India Movement. May 12, 1946: A resolution of Samyukta Maharashtra (Unified Maharashtra) is passed at the literary meet in Belgaum, which is presided over by GT Madkholkar. A committee comprising Madkholkar, DV Potdar, ShankarraoDeo, KeshavraoJhede and SS Navre is constituted to implement the resolution. Jul 28, 1946: The committee holds a conference, Maharashtra EkikaranParishad, in Bombay, organized by SK Patil and presided by ShankarraoDeo. Around 200 delegates from Maharashtra, south Maharashtra, Vidharbha and Marathwadaare present for the conference and resolution of Samyukta Maharashtra is passed after Acarya Dada Dharmadhikaris proposal. Dec 1946: People supporting the formation of state on linguistic lines hold a meeting in New Delhi under leadership of PattabhiSitaramaiya. 11. April 13, 1947: The Akola pact is finalized between ShankarraoDeo and MadhavAne. It is decided that the Maharashtra EkikaranParishad will work on formation of Samyukta Maharashtra including MahaVidharba, Marathwada, Bombay and Maharashtra.

Jun 17, 1948: The Union government appoints a commission to be headed by the president of the constitutional council, SK Dhar, to study the formation of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala. Dec 10, 1948: The Dhar commission submits its report opposing the formation of states on linguistic lines, saying that such move will be against national interest. Dec 1948: The Congress accepts the principle of the formation of the states on linguistic lines at its Jaipur conclave. A committee comprising PittabhiSitaramiya, Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhai Patel is formed to reconsider this issue. Oct 1953: The State of Andhra Pradesh is formed. 12. Nov 4, 1953: ShankarraoDeo writes Nehru and demands formation of Samyukta Maharashtra. Dec 29, 1953: Union government constitutes the State Reformation Board under Fazal Ali. Aug 1954: Fazal Ali files report after touring Nagpur, Chanda, Akola, Amravati, Pune, and then Bombay Oct 10, 1955: Fazal Alis report is made public. The report suggests formation of two states, Bombay and Vidharbha. Ali proposes Bombay with two divisions Gujarat, including Kutch and Saurashtra, and Maharashtra, including Marathwada. However, the Samyukta Maharashtra Parishad opposes this proposal. Oct 19, 1955: Nehru suggests formation of three states: Samyukta Maharashtra, including Vidharba and Marathwada; MahaGujarat , including Kutch and Saurashtra and Bombay. However, ShankarraoDeo and DhananjayGadgil suggest two states: Samyukta Maharashtra, including Vidharbha, Marathwada and Bombay, and Maha Gujarat, including Kutch and Saurashtra. 13. Nov 8, 1955: Congress working committee accepts Nehrus tri-state formula. Nov 18, 1955: The Left parties observe the strike in Bombay. Nov 20, 1955: Morarji Desai and SK Patil hold rally at GirgaonChowpatty challenging the supporters of Samyukta Maharashtra. Nov 21, 1955: The Left parties take a morcha (procession) to the state legislature, which the police try to stop. Fifteen people die and 200 are injured as the police open fire on the morcha at Flora Fountain (now known as Hutatmachowk) after some people throw stones. ChimanlalSheth, a

reporter from the Gujarati daily Janmabhoomi, is killed while covering the morcha. Nov 1955: Non-Congress political parties form the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti in Pune. Dec 1, 1955: YashwantraoChavan states that if he has to make a choice between Samyukta Maharashtra and Nehru, he will choose Nehru. Jan 16, 1956: Violent agitations follow Nehrus announcement of making Bombay a union territory. 14. Jan 22, 1956: Union minister C D Deshmukh resigns from the Nehrus cabinet and alleges that Nehru nurtures ill-will towards Maharashtra. Jun 3, 1956: Nehru declares Bombay a Union territory for five years, but refuses to make the city capital of Maharashtra. He announces a high court and a public service commission for Bombay, Maharashtra and Gujarat. Aug 10, 1956: LokSabha passes a resolution for bigger bilingual state of Bombay. The state includes: Samayukta Maharashtra, including Bombay; and Maha Gujarat including Kutch and Saurashtra. Nov 1956: Samayukta Maharashtra Samiti starts satyagraha Mar 28, 1960: Proposal of division of bigger bilingual state of Bombay is put up in Loksabha. April 21, 1960: Loksabha gives its approval for a divided bigger bilingual state of Bombay. 15. Finally . . . May 1, 1960: Maharashtra is formed with Bombay as its capital.

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