Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6 K. Hanjali , Y. Nagano and S. Jakirli (Editors) c c c 2009 Begell House, Inc.

New opportunities for detailed ow measurements at high Reynolds numbers

J-D. R edi1 , A. Talamelli2 , H. M. Nagib3 , P. H. Alfredsson4 and P. A. u Monkewitz5
1

II Facolt` di Ingegneria, Universit` di Bologna, a a Via Fontanelle 40, Forl`, 47100, Italy, jeandaniel.ruedi@unibo.it II Facolt` di Ingegneria, Universit` di Bologna, a a Via Fontanelle 40, Forl`, 47100, Italy, alessandro.talamelli@unibo.it

MMAE, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA, nagib@iit.edu

4

Linn FLOW Centre, KTH Mechanics, e Osquars Backe 18, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden, hal@mech.kth.se
5

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Station 9, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland, peter.monkewitz@ep.ch
Abstract High Reynolds number turbulence is ubiquitous in many ows of practical interest and its understanding is crucial to draw conclusions on the physics of turbulence. Although recent laboratory experiments, measurements in the planetary boundary layer and direct numerical simulations provide a huge amount of information, none of these data sets provide high Reynolds number, high spatial resolution and well converged statistics at the same time. As a response to this problem, an international collaboration between a group of universities and research centers started some years ago to build large scale infrastructures for detailed high Reynolds number experiments. The Center for International Cooperation in Long Pipe Experiments, CICLoPE (www.ciclope.unibo.it) at the University of Bologna, was created for this purpose and will be open to international scientists through different collaboration programs. The rst facility, which will be ready in 2010, is a large pipe ow experiment that will allow fully resolved turbulence measurements even at high Reynolds number.

1. Introduction
High Reynolds number turbulence is ubiquitous in aerospace engineering, ground transportation systems, ow machinery, energy production, in nature as well as of prime interest to draw conclusions regarding the general physics of turbulence. The possibility to probe

Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6

and understand turbulence dynamics in general has taken a giant leap with the increase of computing power. However, even with the world largest computers, the Reynolds number attainable with fully resolved direct numerical simulations of turbulent ows remains moderate and is not likely to reach the higher values of practical interest for decades to come. High Reynolds number can be obtained from experiments but requires the spatial size of the smallest scales to be sufciently large to be resolvable by available measurement techniques. Such conditions can be obtained in nature but well converged data cannot be obtained easily, hence well controlled laboratory experiments remains the only alternative available at present. There exists several canonical ow cases that can be used for laboratory experiments but pipe ow has the unique advantage over the other ones that the wall shear stress can be determined directly from the pressure drop along the pipe. A measure of the smallest scale is the viscous length scale ( = /u , where is the kinematic viscosity and u the friction velocity), and it can be easily shown that for a pipe ow experiment with radius R, the following relation holds

R Re

(1)

where Re = u R/ and Re is nearly proportional to the Reynolds number Re = U D/, based on the mean velocity (U ) and the diameter (D). It is clear that in order to have large scales at high Re, the overall dimension of the facility must be large. The Center for International Cooperation on Long Pipe Experiment, CICLoPE 1 is an international collaboration between several Universities and research laboratories to develop large scale infrastructure for high Reynolds number experiments.The centre is hosted by the university of Bologna and was founded in collaboration with a group of different Universities and research Centres including the International Centre of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, the Ecole Polytechnique F d rale de Lausanne, La Sapienza in Rome and Princeton Unie e versity. The laboratory is located in a complex of tunnels from the ex-Caproni industry in Predappio (IT), which belongs to the University of Bologna. A long pipe, allowing good spatial resolution even at high Reynolds number, is currently being built and will be installed at CICLoPE in 2010.

2. Fully resolved high Reynolds number experiments

In wall bounded ows it is well accepted that there is an overlap region of the mean velocity prole where both the inner and the outer scales can be used. This region is well
1

www.ciclope.unibo.it

J-D. R edi et al. u described by a logarithmic relationship U 1 = ln y + + B, u

(2)

between the mean streamwise velocity and the distance from the wall (y), where y + = y/l . The two constants in the logarithmic relationship are the von K rm n constant () a a and the so called logarithmic intercept (B). There is strong evidence that in boundary layers, this region starts around y + = 200 and stretches out to approximately 0.15 + , where is the boundary layer thickness and + = /l see Osterlund et al. [11]. In pipe ow we would expect the logarithmic region to stretch even further out since the wake component is known to be weaker in conned ows. If we accept that it starts at y + = 200 and want it to stretch over at least one decade of y + in order to have sufcient scale separation, we would like it to reach at least to y + = 2000. This would then directly lead to the conclusion that R+ should be at least 13300 (=2000/0.15). The Reynolds number range must be further expanded by a factor of at least 3 to study scaling behavior, 13300 < R+ < 40000. Therefore, we may assume that for pipes R+ =40000 is sufcient to provide a range of operation with adequate extent of the logarithmic overlap region. One crucial point to measure turbulence uctuations with sufcient spatial resolution, is that the viscous scale has to be large enough compared to the size of the sensing element. Standard single hot-wire probes can be manufactured with a sensing length as small as 120 m (with a wire diameter of 0.6 m and a length-to-diameter ratio of the sensing element of 200 (Bruun [1]). It is also recognized that probe lengths larger than 10 may lead to spatial averaging, which then sets a lower limit for the viscous length of about 12 m (Johansson and Alfredsson [3]). The Reynolds number dened above and the viscous length yield together with equation 1 a radius of 0.48 m, or a diameter of 0.96 m. Another crucial design feature of a pipe ow experiment is the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) of the pipe itself. This issue was discussed by Zagarola & Smits [18] who argue that there are two different processes that have to take place: rstly, the length required for the boundary layer growth such that the boundary layers reach the centre of the pipe; secondly, the length required for the turbulence to become fully developed. Both lengths increase with the Reynolds number; i.e., the higher the Re the larger the pipe L/D has to be. According to Zagarola & Smits [18] a length of the pipe of at least 100 D, or nearly 100 m, would be necessary to achieve a fully developed pipe ow for these Reynolds numbers. There have been a number of pipe ow experiments reported in the literature over the years, but none of them fulll the criteria discussed above. The characteristics of various pipe experiments are shown in gure 1 together with the planned CICLoPE pipe, in terms of Reynolds number (R+ ) versus viscous length scale ( ). The experiments include air, compressed air and water as ow medium. As it can be seen, most experiments are for

Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6

Figure 1: Range of Reynolds number and viscous length scale of various pipe ow experiments. : Wygnanski & Champagne [20]; : van Doorne & Westerweel [19]; : Monty [7]; : Zagarola & Smits [18]; : Nikuradse [10]; : University of Cottbus (Under construction); +: Laufer [4]; : CICLoPE, Talamelli et al. [15]. Direct Numerical Simulations: Satake et al. [12] and Hoyas & Jim nez [2]. The solid vertical and horizontal lines e line refer to the criterion of a well developed overlap region and to the minimum viscous length scale for sufcient spatial resolution. low Reynolds numbers and the long pipe at CICLoPE is the only one that passes through the range of interest dened in section 2. i.e. R+ > 13300 and > 10 simultaneously. .

3. Setup
3.1. The laboratory The CICLoPE laboratory is located in Predappio, Italy, beside the old factory of the Caproni Industry, which was one of the major sites of aircraft production during the period 1930-1945. Two 130 m long tunnels were excavated there to provide shelter for civilians and to keep the plant operative even under bombing activities. In 2006 the tunnels were given to the University of Bologna specically for the CICLoPE laboratory. The long pipe facility will be installed in one of these tunnel as shown in gure 2 and the re-

J-D. R edi et al. u

maining space could be used for future developments and for other experiments. These tunnels offers optimal conditions for such an experiment as there is no vibrations due to trains or roads, the ambient conditions are very stable and the electricity distribution can be designed specically to ensure low electrical and electromagnetic perturbations for the measuring equipment.

Figure 2: Outline of the long pipe facility. Clock-wise from upper left. a) Pipe and return circuit in the tunnel, b) Test section and expansion circuit, c) Settling chamber and contraction, d) Corners of circular cross-section upstream of the settling chamber. 3.2. The facility The facility consists in a closed loop wind tunnel operating with air at atmospheric pressure. The closed loop conguration allows to control velocity, temperature and humidity very accurately for continuous use. The layout resembles an ordinary wind tunnel where the main difference is the long test section, which produces most of the friction losses. Many of the various aerodynamic components are the same as those for an ordinary wind tunnel (corners, diffusers, screens, contraction, etc.), and the design of several of these components is based on the experience gained during the construction of the MTL and

Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6

BL-wind tunnels at KTH, Stockholm (Lindgren et al. [5], Lindgren & Johansson [6]) and the NDF at IIT, Chicago (Tan-atichat [16], Tan-atichat et al. [17], Nagib et al. [8], Nagib et al. [9]). The main part of the set-up is the long pipe, which consists of a 115 m long tube with an inner diameter of 0.9 m. The pipe is made of 5 m long modules held by precision positioning elements. The pipe modules are made of carbon with two accesses holes of 15 cm diameter at the downstream end to mount measurement devices along the whole length of the pipe. The main test section, at the end of the pipe, can be easily removed to

Figure 3: Detail of a pipe module with the access holes on the right end install different type of elements depending of the type of measurements to perform. The test section is linked to the return duct, one oor below, trough a series of diffuser and two corners (gure 2). A heat exchanger is used to control the temperature with an accuracy of 0.1 o C. The mixing produced by the fan located downstream of the heat exchanger ensures an optimal homogenization of the temperature in the ow even at low velocities where temperature stratication are more likely to occur. The fan has four stages to produces a pressure rise of 6500 Pa at a volume ow rate of 38 m3 s1 , corresponding to a velocity of 60 m/s in the test section. It has a diameter of 1.8 m and a power of 300 kW. The fan is

J-D. R edi et al. u

powered by two electric motors and a two AC inverter allowing to control the RPM with an accuracy of 0.001%. The circuit between the fan and the contraction has a circular crosssection of constant area. A combination of perforated plate, honeycomb and 5 screens are used to homogenize the ow and to reduce the turbulence level upstream of the settling chamber. The contraction has a contraction ratio of 4:1 and is based on the one used on the NDF wind tunnel at IIT, Chicago (Tan-atichat [16]). The long pipe is equipped with state of the art instrumentation including precision traversing mechanism, 32 channel pressure scanner, high accuracy pressure sensors, multi-channel hot-wire anemometer, calibration nozzle and hot-wire manufacturing workshop.

4. Research issues and possible experiments

A preliminary set of scientic objectives to be investigated in CICLoPE has been dened during several workshops held in Bertinoro Italy in September 2005 and 2007. The main objectives are summarized below and the full text as well as the related authors can be found on the homepage of the CICLoPE project (www.ciclope.unibo.it). Large scale structures and energy transfer in wall-bounded shear ows. Anisotropy and SO3 decomposition. Evidence on non-universality of K rm n constant, and other scaling anomalies. a a Inner/outer scaling of spectra, correlations and other high order statistics in various regions. deviation of canonical scaling laws using approximate symmetries/Lie groups. The long pipe has been designed in a exible manner to allow different type of experiments and congurationsas well as to evolve with time. The long pipe will be initially congured for smooth wall experiments but the removable test section and the access ports along the pipe allow to use it for many other applications like forward/backward steps, entrained cavities, rough surface, porous surfaces, active/passive ow manipulators, pressure gradients (convergent/divergent), scalar dispersion, heat transfer experiments, etc. Special pipe modules allowing to insert 1.5 m long custom test section along the pipe are also under development. These elements will allow to move a test section between two or three stations along the pipe to obtain different ow conditions as well as different upstream and downstream distances between the test section and the pipe extremities. These elements are fairly complex and expensive hence wont be implemented at rst but could be added at a later stage depending on the demand for such feature. An autonomous measurement cart is also being designed to perform measurements at any stream-wise location inside the pipe.

Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6

5. Conclusions
None of the turbulent wall bounded ow data currently available from simulations, laboratory experiments and atmospheric measurements provide simultaneously high enough Reynolds number, high resolutions and well converged statistics. Full numerical simulations are still far from the Reynolds number of interest and atmospheric experiments have inherent limitations that limit the accuracy of the data, hence the only alternative available at present is to perform large scale laboratory experiments with well controlled ow conditions. The CICLoPE laboratory is operated with the goal of gathering world-leading scientists for a collaborative effort to make decisive breakthroughs in the fundamental issues of high Reynolds number turbulence and related problems. The center will be open for international collaborations through different research programs and will allow visitors to have full access to the facility, the usage of standard measuring devices, ofce space and technical support. The Long pipe will offer unprecedented possibilities to probe high Reynolds number wall turbulence down to the viscous scale, hence opening a wide domain of possible studies for turbulence as well as heat and mass transfer.

References
1. H. H. Bruun. Hot-wire Anemometry Principles and Signal Analysis. Oxford science publications, 1994. 2. S. Hoyas and J. Jim nez. Scaling of the velocity uctuations in turbulent channels e up to Re=2003. Phys. Fluids 18, 011702, 2006. 3. A. Johansson and H. Alfredsson. Effect of imperfect spatial resolution on measurements of wall-bounded turbulent shear ows. J. Fluid Mech. 137:409421, 1983. 4. J. Laufer. The structure of turbulence in fully developed pipe ow. NACA Report 1174, 1954. 5. B. Lindgren, J. Osterlund and A. V. Johansson. Measurement and calculation of guide vane performance in expanding bends for wind-tunnels. Exp. Fluids 24, 265272, 1998. 6. B. Lindgren and A. V. Johansson. Evaluation of a new wind tunnel with expanding corners. Exp. Fluids 36, 197-203, 2004. 7. J. P. Monty. Developments in smooth wall turbulent duct ows. PhD thesis, Dept. Mech. and Manufact. Engrg., Univ. Melbourne, 2005. 8. H. Nagib, A. Marion and J. Tan-atichat. On the design of contraction and settling chambers for optimal Turbulence manipulations in wind tunnels. AIAA 22nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA 84-0536, 1984. 9. H. Nagib, M. Hites, J. Won and S. Gravante. Flow quality documentation of the national Diagnostic Facility. AIAA 18th Aerospace Ground Testing Conference, AIAA 94-2499, 1994.

J-D. R edi et al. u

10. J. Nikuradse. Gesetzm ssigkeit der turbulenten Str mung in glatten Rohren. Forschg. a o Arb. Ing.Wes. 356, 1932. 11. J. Osterlund. Experimental studies of zero pressure-gradient turbulent boundarylayer ow. PhD Thesis, KTH. 12. S. Satake, T. Kunugi and R. Himeno. High Reynolds number computation for turbulent heat transfer in a pipe ow. High performance computing, Proc. Lecture notes in computer science 1940, pp. 514523, 2000. 13. M. A. Shockling, J. J. Allen and A. J. Smits. Roughness effects in turbulent pipe ow. J. Fluid Mech., 564, 267-285, 2006. 14. A. Talamelli, J-D. R edi, H. Alfredsson, H. M. Nagib and P. A. Monkewitz. The u new high Reynolds number pipe ow facility at CICLoPE. 26th AIAA Aerodynamic Measurement Technology and Ground Testing Conference, Seattle AIAA-2008-3966, 2008. 15. A. Talamelli, F. Persiani, J.H.M. Fransson, P.H. Alfredsson, A.V. Johansson, H.M. Nagib, J.-D. R edi, K.R. Sreenivasan and P.A. Monkewitz. CICLoPE - a response u to the need for high Reynolds number experiments. Fluid Dynamics Research 41, 021407, 2009. 16. J. Tan-atichat. Effects of axisymmetric contractions on turbulence of various scales. PhD Thesis, Northwestern University, 1980. 17. J. Tan-atichat, H. M. Nagib and R. I. Loehrke. Interaction of free-stream turbulence with screens and grids: A balance between turbulence scales. J. Fluid Mech. 114:501-528, 1982. 18. M.V. Zagarola and A. J. Smits. Mean-ow scaling of turbulent pipe ow. J. Fluid Mech. 373, 33-79, 1998. 19. C. W. H. van Doorne and J. Westerweel. Measurement of laminar, transitional and turbulent pipe ow using stereoscopic-PIV. Exp. Fluids 42, 259279, 2007. 20. I. J. Wygnanski and F.H. Champagne. On transition in a pipe. Part 1. The origin of puffs and slugs and the ow in a turbulent slug. J. Fluid Mech. 59, 281-335, 1973.