a proteins Watersolublehormones o Proteins,epinephrine,andnorepinephrine o Donotbindtoplasmaproteinsorreadilydiffuse outoftheblood o Theyarequicklybrokendownbyenzymesorare takenupbytissues o Thesehormonesregulateactivitiesthathavearapid onsetandashortduration Lipidsolublehormonesandthyroidhormones o Notquicklyremovedfromtheblood o Produceaprolongedeffect Hormonesleavethebloodtoreachtargettissuesorare excretedbythekidneysorliver ClassesofReceptors Targettissueshavereceptormoleculesthatarespecificfora particularhormone Onlycellswithareceptorforahormonerespondtothe hormone ClassesofReceptors Membraneboundreceptors o Spantheplasmamembrane o Bindtowatersolubleorlargemolecularweight hormones Intracellularreceptors o Inthecellcytoplasmornucleus o Bindtolipidsolublehormones
GProteins Manymembraneboundreceptorsproduceresponsesthrough theactionofGproteins o Gproteinsconsistofthreesubunits Alpha(a) Beta(b) Gamma(g) o Inactivestate GDPboundtoasubunit o Activestate GTPboundtoasubunit GProteins HormonesthatactivateGproteins o Luteinizinghormone o Folliclestimulatinghormone o Thyroidstimulatinghormone o Adrenocorticotropichormone o Oxytocin o Antidiuretichormone o Calcitonin o Parathyroidhormone o Glucagon o Epinephrine
GProteinsandIonChannels
GProteinsandEnzymes
MembraneBoundReceptorThatDirectly ActivatesEnzymes Ahormonebindingtoamembrane boundreceptorcandirectlyactivate intracellularenzymes MembraneBound ReceptorsThat Phosphorylate Intracellular Proteins
CascadeEffect Intracellularmediatormechanismsactrapidly becausetheyworkonalreadyexistingenzymes andproduceacascadeeffect IntracellularReceptors Lipidsolublehormonesbindwithintracellular receptors o Thereceptorhormonecomplexdiffuses intothenucleuswhereitactivatesgenes mRNAisproduced mRNAinitiatestheproductionof certainproteins(enzymes)that producetheresponseofthetargetcelltothehormone IntracellularreceptormechanismsareslowactingbecausetimeisrequiredtoproducethemRNAandthe protein