Chemistry Form 4 Definition List 1. Element a substance consists of one type of atom. 2.

. Compound a substance consists two or more elements that are chemically bonded (molecule or ions). 3. Atom smallest particle of an element. 4. Molecule a group of two or more atoms. 5. Ion a positively charged / negatively charged particle. 6. Isotopes atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon numbers. 7. Relative atomic mass of an element = the average mass of one atom of an element/((1/12) x the mass of one carbon-12 atom) 8. Relative molecular mass of an element = the average mass of one atom of an molecule/ ((1/12) x the mass of one carbon-12 atom) 9. Molecular formula compound shows the actual number of atoms of each element that are present in a molecule of the compound 10. Empirical formula compound shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound 11. Mole amount of substance that contains as many particles as the number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 the symbol of mole is mol. 12. One mole Avogadro constant 6.02 x 1023 13. Group (Periodic Table) vertical columns of element (similar chemical properties). 14. Periods (Periodic Table) horizontal rows of element. 15. Valence electrons electrons that occupy the outermost shell. 16. Ionic bond bond formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms of metal and nonmetal to achieve the stable octet electron arrangement. 17. Ionic compound consist of positive ions and negative ions which are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction. 18. Covalent bond bond formed through the sharing of non-metal electrons to achieve the stable duplet or octet electron arrangement. 19. Covalent compound (also simple molecular structure) consists of neutral molecules which are held by weak intermolecular forces (Van der Waals). 20. Alkali (base) chemical substance which ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-.

21. Acid chemical substance which ionizes in

water to produce hydrogen ions, H+ or hydroxonium ions, H3O+. 22. pH degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Scale ranges from 0 to 14. 23. pH value measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+. 24. Strong alkali ionises (dissociates) completely in water to form hydroxide ions, OH- of high concentration. 25. Weak alkali ionises (dissociates) partially in water to form hydroxide ions, OH- of low concentration. 26. Strong acid ionises (dissociates) completely in water to form hydrogen ions, H+ of high concentration. 27. Weak acid ionises (dissociates) partially in water to form hydrogen ions, H+ of low concentration. 28. Polymer long chain molecules made up by monomer (repeating unit). Important Terms 1. Matter anything that occupies space and has mass. 2. Compound a substance consists two or more elements that are chemically bonded (molecule or ions). 3. Element a substance that cannot be made into anything simpler by chemical reaction. 4. Atom smallest particle of an element. 5. Molecule a group of two or more atoms. 6. Ion a positively charged / negatively charged particle. 7. Cations positively-charge ions. Example: H+, K+, NH4+ and Mg2+ 8. Anions negatively-charge ions. Example: Br-, OH-, O2- and S2O329. Velocity of the particle increases when

Temperature increases Kinetic energy increases

10.Diffusion movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Changes in the States of Matter 1. Freezing / Solidification liquid -> solid 2. Melting solid -> liquid 3. Evaporation liquid -> gas / vapour 4. Condensation gas / vapour -> liquid 5. Sublimation gas / vapour -> solid 6. Sublimation solid -> gas / vapour (Sublimation iodine, ammonium chloride and solid carbon dioxide)

Important Scientist and Their Contributions Berry Teacher thinks that it will be good if students can link the contribution of each great scientists to their findings. This will allow a chronological understanding of the discoveries (for easier understanding) and to appreciate the work of these fine scientist. John Dalton (1808) atomic theory 1. Atoms small indivisible particles. 2. Atoms neither created nor destroyed. 3. Atoms an element are alike. 4. Atoms it combine in simple ratio. 5. Atoms chemical reactions result from combination / separation of atoms. J. J. Thomson (1897) 1. Electrons negatively-charged particles. 2. Atoms positively-charged sphere.

SPM Form 4 Terminology and Concepts: Chemical Formulae and Equations Part 1 1. Relative atomic mass, Ar is the atomic mass of an atom when compared to a standard atom 2. Standard atom: Hydrogen scale: hydrogen is the lightest atom of all and the mass of one hydrogen atom was assigned 1 unit. Weakness of Hydrogen scale: not too many elements can react readily with hydrogen, the reactive masses of some elements were not accurate, hydrogen exists as a gas at room temperature and has a number of isotopes with different masses. Helium scale: the second lightest atom of all and the mass of one helium atom was assigned 1 unit. Weakness of Helium scale: Mass of 1 helium atom = 4 times the mass of a hydrogen atom So, mass of 1 helium atom = 4 times 1/12 mass of a carbon atom helium exists as a gas at room temperature and helium is an inert gas. Oxygen scale: chose as the standard atom to compare the masses of atoms Weakness of Oxygen scale: the existence of three isotopes of oxygen were discovered, natural oxygen (containing all the three isotopes) as the standard (Chemist) and used the isotopes oxygen-16 as the standard (Physicists). Carbon scale: standard atom of comparison internationally. a carbon-12 atom is 12 times heavier than an atom of hydrogen, used as the reference standard in mass spectrometers, exists as a solid at room temperature, most abundant carbon isotope, happening about 98.89% and carbon-12 is close to the agreement based on oxygen. 3. Relative molecular mass, Mr of a substances is the average mass of a molecule (two or more atoms) of the substances when compared 1/12 with of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

Ernest Rutherford (1911) 1. Atoms consists of a positively-charged nucleus with a cloud of electrons surrounding nucleus. 2. Protons positively-charged particles. Niels Bohr (1913) 1. Electrons surrounding the nucleus (orbit). James Cadwick (1932) 1. Neutrons electrically neutral subatomic particles. 2. Neutrons mass almost the same with a proton. 3. Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons.

Concepts of the Atomic Model Modern Atomic Model 1. Nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons. 2. Electrons moving around the nucleus (orbits / electron shells/ quantum shells)

Proton number / Atomic number / Number of protons 1. Number of protons in its atom. 2. Number of electrons (neutral atom). Nucleon number / Mass number / Number of nucleon 1. Sum of the number protons and neutrons. Isotopes atoms of the same element with same proton number but different nucleon numbers.

4. Relative formula mass, Fr is for ionic compound which is calculated by adding up the relative atomic masses of all the atoms. 5. Example: Relative atomic mass, Ar of helium = 4 Relative molecular mass, Mr of CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44 Relative formula mass, Fr of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 Relative formula mass, Na2CO310H2O = 2(23) + 12 + 3(16) + 10 [2(1) + 16] = 286 Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro (Name at birth: Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro) Born: 9 August 1776 Birthplace: Turin, Piedmont, Italy Died: 9 July 1856 Best Known As: The guy they named Avogadros number after

RFM (Relative Formula Mass) of HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5

5. Avogadros Law / Gas Law states that equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules under the same temperature and pressure. Example: equal volumes of molecular hydrogen and nitrogen would contain the same number of molecules under the same temperature and pressure. 6. Volume of gas (dm3) = Number of moles of gas x Molar volume 7. Room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) = 24 dm3 mol-1 (25C and 1 atm) Example: What is the volume of 5.0 mol helium gas at s.t.p.? Volume of gas = Number of moles x Molar gas volume = 5.0 mol x 24 dm3 mol-1 = 120 dm3 8. Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.) = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 (0C and 1 atm) Example: What is the volume of 5.0 mol helium gas at s.t.p.? Volume of gas = Number of moles x Molar gas volume = 5.0 mol x 22.4 dm3 mol-1 = 112 dm3

1. Avogadro constant / Avogadros number is 6.02 x 1023 2. Atomic substances Elements all the particles are atoms. Example: zinc (Zn), sodium (Na), aluminium (Al) and all noble gases, argon (Ar), helium (He) and neon (Ne). RAM (Relative Atomic Mass) of Na = 23 3. Molecular substances Covalent compounds the particles are molecules. Example: carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and non-metal elements, iodine (I2), nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2). RMM (Relative Molecular Mass) of I2 = 127 + 127 = 254 4. Ionic substances Ionic compounds the particles are ions. Example: sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium iodide (KI).

9. Mass (g) = Number of moles x Molar mass 10. Number of particles = Number of moles x Avogadro constant 11. Volume (dm3) = Number of moles x Molar volume Empirical and Molecular Formulae 1. Empirical (simplest ratio of atoms of each element that present in the compound) and molecular formulae (actual number of atoms of each element that are present in one molecule of the compound) indicate: the types of the elements the symbols of the elements and the ratio of atoms or moles of atoms of each element in a compound. 2. Molecular formula = (empirical formula)n n is a positive number Compound Molecular formula n Carbon dioxide CO2 1 Ethane CH3 2 Propene CH2 3 Empirical formula (CO2) = CO2 (CH3)2 = C2H6 (CH2)3 = C3H6

Glucose Quinine

CH2O C10H12NO

6 2

(CH2O)6 = C6H12O6 C20H24N2O2

3. Chemical formulae for covalent compounds. Name Nitrogen gas Oxygen gas Ammonia Water Chemical formula N2 O2 NH3 H2O Number of each element 2 nitrogen atoms 2 oxygen atoms 1 nitrogen atom and 3 hydrogen atoms 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom

+2 Nickel(II) ion Ni2+ +2 * Tin(II) ion Sn2+ +2 Zinc ion Zn2+ +3 Aluminium ion Al3+ +3 * Chromium(III) ion Cr3+ +3 * Iron(III) ion Fe3+ +4 * Lead(IV) ion Pb4+ +4 * Tin(IV) ion Sn4+ * refer to the Roman numerals 5. Anions are negatively-charged ions. Charge Anions Formula -1 Bromide ion Br-1 Chloride ion Cl-1 Chlorate(V) ion ClO3-1 Ethanoate ion CH3COO-1 Fluoride ion F-1 Hydride ion H-1 Hydroxide ion OH-1 Iodide ion I-1 Manganate(VII) ion MnO4-1 Nitrate ion NO3-1 Nitrite ion NO2-2 Oxide ion O2-2 Carbonate ion CO32-2 Chromate(VI) ion CrO42-2 Dichromate(VI) ion Cr2O72-2 Sulphide ion S2-2 Sulphate ion SO42-2 Sulphite ion SO32-2 Thiosulphate ion S2O32-3 Nitride ion N3-3 Phosphate ion PO43-3 Phosphite ion PO336. Chemical formulae for ionic compounds Name Chemical formula ZnCl2 CuSO4 Al2(SO4)3 Number of cation 1 Zn2+ 2 Cu2+ 2 Al3+ Number of anion 2 Cl2 SO423 SO42-

4. Cations are positively-charged ions. Charge +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 * +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 * +2 * +2 * +2 +2 * Cations Ammonium ion Copper(I) ion Hydrogen ion Lithium ion Nickel(I) ion Potassium ion Silver ion Sodium ion Barium ion Calcium ion Copper(II) ion Iron(II) ion Lead(II) ion Magnesium ion Manganese(II) ion Formula NH4+ Cu+ H+ Li+ Ni+ K+ Ag+ Na+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ Pb2+ Mg2+ Mn2+ Zinc chloride Copper(II) sulphate Aluminium sulphate

7. Meaning of prefixes Prefix MonoDiTriTetraPentaHexaHeptaOctaMeaning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NonaDeca-

9 10

8. Naming of chemical (non-metal) compounds with Greek numerical prefixes. Non-metal Chemical formula compound Carbon monoxide CO Carbon dioxide CO2 Sulphur dioxide SO2 Sulphur trioxide SO3 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 (tetrachloromethane)