1988
)( .

( .
)

.
.

.
.

.
- :

Communications Unit, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, florence@unicef.org

:
>.</www.unicef-irc.org/publications
/UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1492 :
Auxiliary Creatives :
:
Nuova Grafica Fiorentina srl :
)(
/ 2011
978-88-65220-00-9 :
:
UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre
Piazza SS. Annunziata, 12
50122, Florence, Italy
Tel: (39) 055 20 330
Fax: (39) 055 2033 220
florence@unicef.org
www.unicef-irc.org




.

.
.

.

.

/
) ( / 2006 / 2007 )
(.
: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(
.

/
. :
Kembatti Mentti Gezzimma-
/ KMG )

(Tope -
VividCom
.
.
:

- .
/ .
.

iii


vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4
4
5
5

3 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6
6
6
7
8
8
9

4 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
10
17
24
34
40

5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46
46
48
48

49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

/ .

.
18

. /

2
.

.
:
- / ) (.
-
)(.
-
/ ) (.
-
3
.

4.

.

5
.

)(

/
.

.
.

.
7
.

vi

.
8
.

9
.

10.

11
. .

.

12
. .

.
13
.

.
14. .

vii

10


. .

.

.
.
.


.

.
.

.

.


.
.

. .

.

.

.

.


.

.

.

.

viii


/ ) (
:

.



.
.
.

.
.
.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.
.

.
.

.

70 140
15.


.

.

.

17

18
.

.


16 .

.


.

.

.

.

UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2258/Kate Holt

/ 2006



.




.
/ 2007
.

.

.

)
( .


.

Simona Galbiati/2006

.



.

.



.

.
)(

.



.
/ 2007
/ 2008
.


19

.





20 .
.

.

.
.





.

.
5000 30000

.

.


.
3

:

49-15

.


49-15

.




.

49-15
.

.

.



21 .


. 2009
22



.


.
.



.




.

.
23

:

.

.
.

24
.



.

.

.



.

.

- .


.

-

.
.
25

26

.
.

.

.
.


.

UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2297/Kate Holt

.



27

28.

. 29

.

-


.


.

.

.

.



.



.

:

.

30
.

31
.

:

.
.
.

- -

32


.
.

33

.


.

.
.

.

34
.

.
:


35
.

:

- -
36
.


.

.


.

37.

.

-
-


.

.

.
.

.


38
.

.

.

.



.
.

.

.

.
.


.

.




.

.

2005

) 60 (

39
1014
40
.

2005 28
49-15

.
)
.(11
) 78 ( ) 74

(
) 2
41
(.

10

) .(11
) 94 ( ) 93 (
10
) 2 ( ) 4
( ) 6 ( ) 7 (.
) 22
42
34 (.

2005
: 25

15 19

31

49-45.

) 94 (


43.
) 18 ( 44

) 53 ( ) 2
( .
: 20

.

45
.



15-49
2005
cqpy;f
Xq2p
5yf
y2f
z6.Ryl'

78%


74%


62%

60%

5;f

2%

Yyfyf

2%

46%

5?p2Sk
1f

28%


100%

:
.2005

15-49
2005

10-2%

50-11%
94-51%

: :
.


.
.

2005

. 2008

.
14

:
.2005

5 11



.


. 1984

)
( .
1997

46
/ .
/ 1999
.
/

99-50

.

299

.



.

) (2001-1997
) (2007-1998
) (2001-1997
+++
).(2010-2006
2000

/ ) (2005-2000

.


. 8

48 .2015-2010 /
2010 3 :


49.

12

51
.

50

52.
1991

.
2010
.



53
.


.

.

30

.
2530

.


.


54
.

55.

.

.


.
.


1995
.

.

2000

.

56

.



.

.
) (
) :

(
) :

( .


57
.

(



.

.

58
.

.
/ - 1997
-

59
.

.



.
.

60

3 5
.


. 200


.

.
.




.

5 13

 UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1096/Mariella Furrer

14

 .

.
2004

.

.

.


64.

.


.

.
.


65.

66. -
) (
-
.

67.

.

/ 2009

61.



.

.
.

.


.

/ .1997 12
/ 2009 4121

62
.

.


.

.

63.

2005-2000
2008
.


.
.

.

68
.



.

.

:


.

.

.

5 15

.





69
.

-
.






. Dveloppe-
) ment Holistique des Filles (

70
.2008

71
.

72.

73

.

.

74
.

2015-2010

.

. -

16

-
)
(
.

75
.

2000
76

. )(

/ .

.

.

.

13 10

77.

15

.

78

91 2008
79.
) (86%
) (66%
93 )
(.

82 1995 63
.2008
80
.

49-15

2008

66% :
86% :
93% :

:
.


.
.

2008

.

26

.

:
.2008

5 17

.
1994

.

81
.


60 -

-

.


1995
.


.

.


.

.

82
.
/

.
2002

.

.





.

.

18

83
.



.

2009 .


.

.



.

2007
271




84.
.

2008

) 242(.

) 241 (242

.
.




.


1991 )
(
.
1998-1997

85 .

-


15 .

86
.

.


.


.

87
.




.

:

88.
2007
89

.


162 14
90 .


.

4
:


)
(

- -
.

.

.

.


.


.



.

91
.

.


.

.


92
.

-


.

5 19

 Simona Galbiati/2007

20

.






.


93
.

.




.
2008
2009
94
.

. 50

.

95
.



.


96
.

.

.

.

.

97
.
2003

.
.


.
2007

. 24

.



.


.



.


.

.

.

5 21



. :

2009 50

.

.
2007


100
.

.



.

.
92

45
.

101
.

.



.
.

.


.


98
.


.

/ 2007 12

. /
2007
13 99 .

22

6
) 7 38
( .
: 49
41

102 .


.
.

103
.

104 .






105
.

.
.

106
.

.


.

.



.

Simona Galbiati/2007

5 23

.

.

1988 88


107
.

.
)
(

. -


-

.

/
. 2005 74

) (
.
) 54 (
108

.


. 2000 2005
80 74 .

2005 62
19-15 81
49-45 .
) 15 (

) 67 (

.


60
2000 31 2005

109
.
) 29
5(
) 14
( 110
.

49-15 2005
.

49-27%
75-50%

90-76%
90%

:
.


.
.

:
.2005

24



.

. 16 35

111 . / 2005


.

.

112
.


.
1993


. /

2005
.
/ 2008

.



.
.

:

113.

.

.


.


.

49-15
20002005

2005

2000





0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

:
2000.2005

5 25

215
114

.

115
.

/
.

70

.


.

.
18

.


.

.



.


.


.

: 9
10


116

26

35
117.


.


.


.

13
.
118
.


119
.



.

.


.


.

.


.

)( )(.


.


.


.

.

2005 92
3
5
122 .
123
.

) 77 (

120 .

:

.
.

.



.

.


.

. :

27
16
121 .
.

-

4370

16 .

31300 124

.

.
) (

.



.
15
3
/ / .2006




.

.

.


.

.



. 6

.

.

5 27

 UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2268/Kate Holt

28

 .
.


.

KMG Ethiopia

128 1999

. 76
.




125
.

KMG
.

.







.


.


.

.
.

.


.

.

.

683000

126 .
.



.

.
1218
127
.

KMG
:


.
KMG -
-

.
2004 100000


.


129
.

KMG
2002

130 .

-

5 29

.

:
131
.


.
.
/ 2008 800

464

23200
132

.
50

)

(
.

.
KMG


.
KMG
.


)
(
.

KMG 1218

.



.

.

133
.


2000 317
.
:
.

30

: .

.

.

.
2004
:

.


134
.


.

.


.
.

96

135
.



.

KMG

.

.

.

.

.


.
:
76


22

.
1




136
.

KMG 97

.
2007 5
.

.
85


.

.
.

137
.

.

.
) (

.


.

.
) (



.

.




.

5 31

.
.

.
.
.

.
/ .2000
.

. 10
.

.
.

.

.

: :
2003 160-154
- ) (
/ .2008

32

 UNICEF/NYHQ2009-2296/Kate Holt

5 33

.




138
.

2009-2008 27

49-15

141 .
98
1
) (.


.35

98 96

.
.

2009-2008

139

.
1218

140 .
712

2003 2009-2008 32
27 142 .
:
2009-2008 15

19-15

49-45
49

.
.

49-15
2009-2008

20-1%
36-21%

98%

:
.


.
.

:
2009-2008

34

.
146


.



147
.

.

143 .

(


144 .
:
145
.

.

:

) (1985-1976


.


.

) 8 (2001
18
14
.

49-15
2009-2008
















0%
0%

4%

23%
21%

0%

32%

40%
40%
39%

73%

51%

98%
96%

27%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

:
.2009-2008

5 35

50000
12
148
) 710 ( .

2005


.
149
).(2012-2008
/ 2009

150
.

UNICEF Kenya/2009/Zeinab Ahmed

36

.
/ 2009


) (
.

.

151
.



.


.

.


.

. 2001

152 .

.

.

.

153 .
2001



.



. .

.

) ( .

.
.
:

130000

.

3 8.
- 2002

Vivid Communication with
) Women in Their Cultures
(

154

.

155
.

- .

.
:

.

.

-

.


156 .





.
.

157 .

5 37


.

158
.
-

-

.

.

210 )
(
.

.

.



.
.

.
.
.

.
.


.

)

270
)
( -
-

38

90
18
.


.

.

.

.

.





. / 2004
2000
.
10

.

.


.
!


.

.
2005
50

.

.
2008 100
.

20022008

52
. 2008

14 .



.

.

.


.

.

.



14 . /
2008 700
6 .
-

.




.

.

.

.



.



.
.

.

2002

.
2009 16500


.




.




.
-
.

5 39

159 .

.
-
-

.

.

.

89

.

5
160 .
11.

. 2006
51 49-15

79
.1990-1989
16
: 54
2006

82 -1989
161
.1990





.
.


.

2006
49-15

79-54%
90-80%

90%
/

:

.
.
.

:
.2006

40

.


-
:

.


.

.



162
.


163 .


.


)(2002
(2003) 366

) (2007 29
) (2007 .

.

) (2018-2008

.2011-2007
2011

.

.

/ .2008

.

) (2008 ).(2007

.

2007 .

.

.

/ 2008

.
:
/
.

/ 2009
.

.





.

:
164
).(ROCSS


.



.

.


.

.

5 41

 UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1503/Kate Holt

42

.
.


.

.


.
ROCSS

.


.

.
3

.

.
3-2

.

.




.



.

.

.

.

.
:



.
.

.

.

/ 2008


.

.

.
)-2008
(2009
.


.
/ 2009
.


.

.




.

. ...

...
.

.


.

5 43

.



.

.

.

.
.

:
:
.
)
(


.

.
:

.
.



.

:


.

.
:



.

44

ROCSS


.



.

.
.



.

) ( .


) ( .

.

165
.

.


.

.


.

UNICEF/NYHQ2009-1486/Kate Holt

5 45

.

.

.
.

.






.

.


.

.


.

.

46

.


.

.




.

.




.

.


.


.



.

.

.
.




.

 .
) (
) (
) (
) (

.


.

.


.

.

.





.
.



.



.

.
.

.


.

.




.

-

.






.


.

.


.


.

.
.
.
166


.


.

47




/
.

.

.

.

.
)
( )
(

.

.

.

.


.

.
.


.


.

10


.

48

.


.

.




.



.


.




.

Ending Violence

Changing a Harmful Social

Convention: Female genital mutilation/cutting Innocenti Digest
12 2005 13 .

against Women and Girls Programming Essentials

/ 2010.87 .

:
-
/



/ 2008.28-23 4 .

Coordinated Strategy to Abandon

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in One Generation
/ 2007.14 .

Old Beyond
Imaginings: Ethiopia, harmful traditional practices
2003 .155-156

Social Dynamics of Abandonment of

Harmful Practices: A new look at the theory
2009-06
/ 2009 .20 .

10
11

20

Changing a Harmful Social

Convention: Female genital mutilation/cutting Innocenti Digest
12 2005 .14
Social Dynamics of Abandonment of
Harmful Practices: A new look at the theory
2009-06
/ 2009 .20

12
14

Changing a Harmful Social

Convention: Female genital mutilation/cutting Innocenti
Digest 12 2005 .13 .

21

22

23

24

25

.20 .

26

15

:
: 8
/ 200912 .
Female Genital Mutilation 241
/ www.who.int/mediacentre/ 2010
factsheets/fs241/en 24/ .2010

17

A/64/315
21 / 2009 6316 .
Female Genital Mutilation WHA61.16
11.8 24 / 20082 .
: -

/


/ 200811 .

16

18

.<www.unicef-irc.org>
2001

.
> <www.fgm-cdonor.org 10/ .2010

Coordinated Strategy to Abandon

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in One Generation
/ 2007 .

.11-9

13

19

Ending Violence against Women

and Girls Programming Essentials
/ 2010.88 .

Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating

international law into local justice, University of Chicago Press
2006 .27 .

27

:
/


/ 2008 .1
28

Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A convention

account, American Sociological Review 61 6
/ 1996 1017-999
Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female
genital mutilation/cutting Innocenti Digest 12
2005 12 .
Coordinated Strategy to Abandon Female
Genital Mutilation/Cutting in One Generation
2007 .3 .
Social Dynamics of Abandonment of
Harmful Practices: A new look at the theory
2009-06
/ .2009

.
.Schelling, Thomas C., Strategy :
of Conflict, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1960; Aydinonat,
N. Emrah, Economics Bulletin, An Interview with Thomas C.
Schelling: Interpretation of game theory and the checkerboard
model, vol. 2, no. 2, 2005, pp. 1-7; Mackie, Gerry, Ending
Footbinding and Infibulation: A convention account, American
;Sociological Review, vol. 61, no. 6, December 1996, pp. 999-1017
and United Nations Childrens Fund, Coordinated Strategy to
Abandon Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in One Generation,
2007 .49-45 18-13
Social Dynamics of Abandonment of
Harmful Practices: A new look at the theory
2009-06
/ 2009 .20 .

: The Grammar
.20 .
of Society: The nature and dynamics of social norms, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 2006 The .
Origin, Development, and Regulation of Norms, Michigan Law
Review 96 2007 2 .438-333

. )
(

[...] .
.:
/ - Contingency, Context, and Change:
Negotiating female genital cutting in the Gambia and Senegal,
,Africa Today 53 4 2007.52 .

- Prisoners of Ritual: Some contemporary devel-

opments in the history of female genital mutilation
30 / 3 -
/ www.fgmnetwork. org/articles/prisonersofritual.>1991
<php 1/ 2010 Female
Genital Cutting: A persisting practice
1 3 2008 139-135
> <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582648
12/.2010
An Assessment of the
Alternative Rites Approach for Encouraging Abandonment of
Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya FRONTIERS Final Report
/ .2001

49

29

Female Genital Mutilation: Proposals for

change .1992

31

Social Dynamics of Abandonment of

Harmful Practices: A new look at the theory
2009-06
/ 2009 .20 .

33

.18 16

35

Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating

international law into local justice, University of Chicago Press
2006 .222 .

30

. :
:
1998 Tostan Story:
Breakthrough in Senegal: Ending female genital cutting,
Frontiers Report 2000
Female Genital Cutting, Womens
Health, and Development: The role of the World Bank
122 2007 12-11

32

The Transformative Power of

Democracy and Human Rights Nonformal Education: The case of
Tostan, Adult Education Quarterly 26/ :2010
10.1177/0741713610363017

34

.13-12

36

37

38

Social Dynamics of Abandonment of

Harmful Practices: A new look at the theory
2009-06
/ 2009 .27 .

:
.
Coordinated Strategy to Abandon Female Genital Mutilation/
Cutting in One Generation .2007

Changing a Harmful Social

Convention: Female genital mutilation/cutting Innocenti
Digest 12
2005 14 13 :
-
/



/ 2008 16-13

39

2005 ORC Macro
/ 2006.240 .

41

2005 ORC Macro
/ 2006 240-238

40

Long-Term Evaluation of the Tostan

Programme in Senegal: Kolda, This and Fatick Regions

/ 2008 .57- 56 47-46

42

.239-238

44

.259-258

46

:
LExcision au Sngal: sens, porte
,et enseignements tirs de la rponse nationale, Final Report
/.2008

43

45

47

50

.238-237

48
49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56
57

58

59

60

61

.244-243

Evaluation de la mise en oeuvre au Sngal du plan

daction rgional pour acclrer llimination des mutilations
) sexuelles fminines en Afrique

( 22
/ 2003 .16-15

62

63

-

/ 20088 . .35

: :
18 / www.tostan.> .2010
<org/web/module/events/pressID/144/interior.asp
2/ 2010
24 / .2010

:

- )
(

.



.2011-2007 :
2011-2007
2007 .47 .

:
Breaking Out of the Egg: Methods of transformative learning
in rural West Afric in Transformative Learning in Practice:
Insights from community, workplace, and higher education
.
2009 .239-227

The Transformative Power of

Democracy and Human Rights Nonformal Education: The case of
Tostan, Adult Education Quarterly 26/ 2010
.10.1177/ 0741713610363017 :

.
.

.

18
and is called.
.aawd, a Fulani word meaning to plant the seed

The Transformative Power of

Democracy and Human Rights Nonformal Education: The case of
Tostan, Adult Education Quarterly 26/ 2010
.10.1177/ 0741713610363017 : .16-15

Human Rights and Gender violence: Translating

international law into local justice, University of Chicago Press
2006 .220

The Transformative Power of

Democracy and Human Rights Nonformal Education: The case of
Tostan, Adult Education Quarterly 26/ 2010
.10.1177/ 0741713610363017 :.16 .
.17

Walking Away from the Past: How does an outsider

change a culture? From the inside, says activist Molly Melching
25 / .2007

14
.
) 2009-2008 (2009-2008
)( ICF Macro Calverton
/ 20091 .

Film :
for Social Change: The Diegoune Call to Action2009
>www.tostan.org/web/page/823/sectionid/547/ pagelevel/2/
<interior.asp 2/ .2010

158
)(
20/ 2009 : :
)
5/ .2010
( 4/ 2010
Long-Term Evaluation of the Tostan :
Programme in Senegal: Kolda, This and Fatick Regions

/ 2008.74 .

64

LExcision au Sngal: sens, porte

et enseignements tirs de la rponse nationale, Final Report
/ 2008 .19 18

66

- Contingency and Change in the Practice of

Female Genital Cutting: Dynamics of decision-making in
Senegambia
/ / /

) (
.2010 0313503

65

.21-20

67

LExcision au Sngal: sens, porte et

enseignements tirs de la rponse nationale, Final Report
/ 2008 .21-20

69

The Transformative Power of

Democracy and Human Rights Nonformal Education: The case of
Tostan, Adult Education Quarterly 26/ 2010
10.1177/ 0741713610363017/ :.14 .

68

-

/ .2008

70

:

2010 / .6
World
Vision . 2008

.

72

:

2010 / .4

74

LExcision au Sngal: sens, porte et

,enseignements tirs de la rponse nationale, Final Report
/ 2008 .21-20

71

Abandonment of Female Genital

Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya, Tanzania and Senegal: Programmatic
considerations, World Vision
2009 :
World Vision Senegal
/ 2009

73

.24-21 7-6

75

-

/ 2008 . .36-31 8-7

76
77
78

79

80

81

Female Genital Mutilation: Legal, cultural and

.medical issues, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, NC, 2005

82

:
24
/ 2008 59 54 52 24 21 16 15 7 6
.
3
/ 2008.73 16 .

84

) (261 1996
)
(
.
.

83

85

:
1998 .12-11

87

: -
Ceopress
2003 109-100
: / 5 :

2006 .124-104

86

88

89

90

91

2008
Macro International 2009 .201 .
.201 .

2008
Macro International 2009
.208-197

2008

.
49-15

. 2008

49-15

91 ) 95 81
(.
.201-199 .

3/ 2008.16 .

2011-2007 28 / 2006 40 30 19-17
.
3
/ 2008 .31-27

92

93
94

.16-12

2003

20
2006
.

2003

. 2009
.

:2007 /

3 / 2008
:
/ 2008
:
24 / .2008

/ 2009
120 10 .

18 )85
23 .
:

3/
2008 45-36

24 / 2008 .33-31

:

/ 2008 49-48 46 43 42
146-143 :

24/ 2008 .32

3/ 2008.83 .

85-84
:
24 / 2008.39 .

51

95

3
/ 2008 120-116 84-83
:
24 / 2008 .35-33 26

97

3/ 2008 52-49
:
24 / 2008 .38

99

3/ 2008 .96-95

96

:
24
/ 2008 .60 15-12

98

2007
.

) .

3 / 2008 .(61

) .(82-57

.

100

.
:




.

101

3/ 2008.59 .

103

.61-60

102

.74 .

104

.62 .
2008 97 96
)
2008
.Macro International 2009 .(208

105
106

108

ORC Macro
ORC Macro 2005
/ 2006 .254-252

:

ORC Macro
ORC Macro 2005 /
.2006.225 .

111

16 :
. 35 4
.

109

110

52 2000

38 2005
.2005

112

414/2004 .569 567 566 565

52

114

116

.27 26

118

- 2007
/ 2008 .77

120

.43 .

115

:
A Study on Community Dialogue Leading
towards Abandoning of Harmful Traditional Practices with Special
Reference to Female Genital Cutting, Early Marriage and
Marriage by Abduction, Conducted in Yilmanadensa Woreda/
) Amhara, Gewane/Afar and Wolayta Zone (
/ .2006

117

.26

119

:
A Study on Community Dialogue Leading towards
Abandoning of Harmful Traditional Practices with Special
Reference to Female Genital Cutting, Early Marriage and
Marriage by Abduction, Conducted in Yilmanadensa Woreda/
) Amhara, Gewane/Afar and Wolayta Zone (
/ .2006

121

59-15
49-15. .Macro International Inc :

Macro 2005
International Inc / 2008 .3

122
123

.67-62

/
1998 .18-16

2009-07
.2010
2006 2008

.
.



.

.

2007
/ 2008.63 .

.76-75 71-70

107

113

: Ethiopia: Social dynamics of
abandonment of harmful practices Experiences in four locations

124

125

126
127

128

ORC Macro
ORC Macro 2005
/ 2006 .253 252

: A Study
on Community Dialogue Leading towards Abandoning of Harmful
Traditional Practices with Special Reference to Female Genital
Cutting, Early Marriage and Marriage by Abduction, Conducted in
Yilmanadensa Woreda/ Amhara, Gewane/Afar and Wolayta Zone
) ( / .2006

- 2007
/
2008 .59

A Study on Community Dialogue Leading

towards Abandoning of Harmful Traditional Practices with Special
Reference to Female Genital Cutting, Early Marriage and
Marriage by Abduction, Conducted in Yilmanadensa Woreda/
) Amhara, Gewane/Afar and Wolayta Zone (
/ 2006.64 .

- 2007
/ 2008 .76

:
A Study on Social Dynamics Leading to Abandonment of
Harmful Traditional Practices with Special Reference to Female
Genital Cutting, Kambatta and Tembaro Zone. Kembatti Menti
) Gezzima Toppe Project (
/ .2008
KMG : <www.kmgselfhelp.org>
6/ .2010

129

A Study on Social Dynamics Leading to

Abandonment of Harmful Traditional Practices with Special Reference to Female Genital Cutting, Kambatta and Tembaro Zone,
) Kembatti Menti Gezzima Toppe Project (
/ 2008 .21

131

Ethiopia: Social Dynamics of Abandonment of

Harmful Practices Experiences in four locations
2009-07
2010 .21-19

:
.
.

133

.34-25

135

.42 .

130

. :
Community Capacity Enhancement Handbook
.2005

132

A Study on Social Dynamics Leading to

Abandonment of Harmful Traditional Practices with Special Reference to Female Genital Cutting, Kambatta and Tembaro Zone,
) Kembatti Menti Gezzima Toppe Project (
/ 2008 .23-22

134

.36-34

136
137

138

Contributing towards Efforts to Abandon

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya: A situation analysis
/ 2007 .5

140

:

CEDAW/C/KEN/7
24 / 2010 48 ..14 .

142

:2003 ORC
Macro 2003
][ ORC Macro 2004 .
.250 :2008-2009
ICF Macro 09-2008.264 .

141

ICF Macro
09-2008
2010 .268-264

143

The Politicization of the Ban of Female

Circumcision and the Rise of the Independent School Movement
,1932-in Kenya: The KCA, the missions and government, 1929
Journal of Asian and African Studies 33 2/
1998 .158-137

146

149

150

151
152

.45-41

139

145

148

.41-40

ICF Macro
09-2008 ICF
Macro 2010 .266.

144

147

,Facing Mount Kenya: The tribal life of the Gikuyu, Vintage Books
1965 .130 .

153

154

155

2001 8 2001 2007

) (2001
14.20

CEDAW/C/KEN/7 24
/ 2010 47-45 .13 12 1999

) (2019-1999

CEDAW/C/KEN/7
24/ 2010 4713 .


29 / .2009

:
:
2009 .22-23

An Assessment of the Alternative Rites Approach for

Encouraging Abandonment of Female Genital Mutilation in
Kenya, FRONTIERS Final Report
/ 2001 .42-44

Final Report for a Study on Social Dynamics of

Abandonment of Harmful Practices Relating to Alternative Rite of
Passage (ARP) and Intergenerational Dialogue (IGD) as Strategies
)Aimed at Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C
) in Kenya (
.2008

-

Hinkelmann-Toewe, Muthgard, Womens Power in Africa: :
From appreciating womens value to the creation of value The
economic implications of the Value- Centered Approach,
] KONSENS [CONSENSUS 1.2007 2

-
: Final Report for a Study on Social :
Dynamics of Abandonment of Harmful Practices Relating to
Alternative Rite of Passage (ARP) and Intergenerational Dialogue
(IGD) as Strategies Aimed at Eliminating Female Genital
) Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in Kenya (

2008 .22-18
VividCom
.




-:
> www.fulda-mosocho-project.com

156

.
:
)
(

158

- Women in Kenya: Cultural structures and

special characteristics of the Luo, Kisii and Kuria and their effects

.128 .

Contributing towards Efforts to Abandon of

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Kenya: A situation analysis
/ 2007 .18-12
10 2007
(1) : / )(2
(3)
) (4 ) (5
) (6 ) (7 ) (8 )(9
) (10

- Between Law, Religion, and Tradition: Contesting

female genital cutting in Kenya
28 /
1 -/ 2007 .3

157

) (

53

on the lives and developmental prospects of women, reflected

and analysed from the viewpoint of these very women 1987
One World for All Women: Innovative approaches
to development work.1994

159

: .
. .Sudan: An in-depth analysis of the social
dynamics of abandonment of FGM/C
08-2009
.2008


.2006-2001

160

2006 /
2006 .196-188
2006

50

69 .

15 49
89 .

162

161

1990-1989 Macro International /
.Inc / 1991 .130-117

163

2012-2009

.


)
2012-2009/ 2008 .(50 25

164

165

)
.(4

GM in Sudan: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices.

)Qualitative research on female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C
in West Kardofan and Kassala States .2004

166

54

:
8 / 2009 .14

55

 .


.

UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre

Piazza SS. Annunziata, 12
50122 Florence, Italy
Tel: (39) 055 20 330
Fax: (39) 055 2033 220
florence@unicef.org
www.unicef-irc.org
978-88-65220-00-9 :
IRC stock no.: 629U

( )
2011 /

58