A preliminary assessment of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial properties in three common traditional medicinal plants of Madurai

by

ANANDARAJ P (06BOT01) ANANTHVINOTHAN I (06BOT02) ARUN PANDI N (06BOT04)

Under the guidance of

Dr. G. C. ABRAHAM

INTRODUCTION

Resurgence of interest on herbal medicine and traditional practices.

FRLHT, MSSRF agency involved in protecting the indigenous knowledge and information.

AIM

AND

OBJECTIVES

To collect information on common plants that are used by the community as medicine.

To study the specific uses of the selected plants.

To conduct phytochemical tests and an antimicrobial assay on the selected plants.

METHODOLOGY

1.

Field survey and collection of data. (a) Interviewing the practitioners and public with (b) Documentation of information in the form of tables prepared questionnaire

2.

Phytochemical investigation of shoot extracts. (c) Solvent extraction

3.

Antimicrobial assay

QUESTIONNAIRE (model)

A mini-survey on the therapeutic uses of certain common medicinal herbs at Madurai and its suburbs
Family S.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Plant Species Common name Region
Amaranthaceae Aristalochiaceae Lamiaceae Acanthaceae Capparaceae Sapindaceae Apiaceae Menispermaceae Caesalpinniceae Sapindaceae Euphorbiaceae Verbenaceae Koorai poo Aaduthinaa kulai Sethukku raja Kayamarunthu chedi Vivili Mudakkathan Vallarai Kattukodi Vavari kaachi Virali Amman pacharisi Notchi Kulasekaran kottai Nagamalai Poikaraipatti Apan thriupathi Azhagar kiol Kogimangalam Poikaraipatti Nagamalai Kammachipuram Kamatchipuram Vaadipatti Nagamalai

Medicinal practice

Mode of use
Wet paste Wet paste Wet paste Wet paste

Purpose
To remove poison Itching Ringworm

Aerva lenata Aristalochia bracteata Anisochilus ovata Blepharis mulluginifolia Cadaba fruticosa Cardiospermum halicacabum Centella asiatica Cocculus hirsutus Delonix elata Dodonea viscosa Euphorbia hirta Vitex negundo

Bruises and cut wounds Ligament Wet paste and oil disposition & coolant Leaf juice Wet pate Leaf juice Leaf paste Paste with gingili oil Wet paste Inhalement of Vapor Gastric problems Imporves memeory and nervine Coolant & Fabrifuge Rheumatic pain Rheumatism and swelling of bones Antiasthmatic and diarrhoea Head ache

Binomial Vitex negundo Linn Common Cat leaf chaste tree Family Tamil Verbenaceae - Notchi Binomial Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn Common Ballon vine, winter cherry. Family Tamil Sapindaceae - Mudakkathan

Binomial Coccinia indica W&A Common Ivy-gourd Family Cucurbitaceae Tamil Kovai kodi

Dry coarse shoot material extracted by Soxhlet method and in iodine flask

PLANT EXTRACTION PROCEDURE

Extracted with distilled water Aqueous extract Greenish black residue

Extracted with alcohol Alcoholic extract Dark green residue

Sl. no

Phytochemical tests Test For CARBOHYDRATES a. Molischs test

PHYTOCHEMICAL Test For GLYCOSIDES General Results TESTS

a. Legals test 6 b. Borntragers test c. Cyanogenetic glycoside test Test Of PHYTOSTEROLS 7 a. Liebermanns test b. LiebermannBurchards test Test For FLAVANOIDS a. Ferric chloride test 8 b. Shinodas test c. Flavones Test For TANNINS a. 5% ferric chloride solution test 9 b. Reaction with lead acetate c. Gelatin

Brown ring formation Brick red color formation Yellow precipitate formation

b. Fehlings test c. Benedicts test

pink color formation Pink color formation Brick color formation Blue color formation Green color formation Blackish red color formation Magenta color formation Orange color formation Bluish black color formation White precipitate formation White precipitate formation Red color formation Formation of foam

Blue color formation Test for starch Test For GUMS And MUCILAGE
2 Alcoholic precipitation Swelling in dried filtrate and Molischs test Test For PROTEINS And AMINO ACIDS a. Ninhydrin test Purple color formation 3 b. Biuret test c. Tannic acid test a. Spot test

Violet color formation White precipitate formation Stains of oils in paper

Test For FIXED OILS And FATS 4

b. Saponification test Soap formation Test For ALKALOIDS 5 a. Dragendorffs test b. Wagners test

Orange brown precipitate formation Reddish brown precipitate formation

10

d. Potassium ferric cyanide test Test For SAPONINS Frothing test

Phytochemical screening of selected plant Plant species species (End results)

Test for plant constituents PE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Carbohydrates Gums & Mucilage Proteins & Amino Acids Sterol Alkaloids Glycosides Flavanoids Tannins and Phenolics Saponins
+ + -

Vitex OH
+ + + + -

Coccinia Aq
+ + + + -

Cardiospermum Aq
+ -

Sl.no

PE
-

OH
+ _ -

PE
+ -

OH
+ + + +

Aq
+ + + -

PE -Petroleum Ether, OH Methanol and Aq stands for Aqueous extracts.

ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY

Selection of microbial culture.

Preparation of Muller-Hinton agar plates.

Spreading the microbial culture.

Wells creation over the medium.

Loading the wells with extracts.

Analyzing the zone of inhibition after incubation.

Test for the antimicrobial activity of three selected species of medicinal plants Plant species
Targeted microbe Vitex Escherichia coli (with aqueous extract ) Staphylococcus aureus (with aqueous extract ) E.coli (with Methanol extract ) S. aureus (with Methanol extract ) E.coli (with pet ether extract) S. aureus (with pet ether extract)
+ + ++

Coccinia
+ + ++ ++++

Cardiosperm um
+ ++

RESPONSES: - indicate absence of any effect. +, ++ & +++ indicate the extent of the zone of inhibition in increasing order.

ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY WITH SELECTED STRAINS

Control (E.coli)

Control (Staphyllococcus aureus)

Coccinia indica W&A pet ether extract showing resistance against S.aureus growth.

Methanol extract of Coccinia showing inhibition activity over E.coli..

DISCUSSION

AND

CONCLUSION

Many common plants have medicinal property. Of these, the three selected plants have some special constituents. Among the selected strains, S.aureus (G+) is controlled more than E.coli (G-). Of the three plants, Coccinia is more effective than the other two. Among the extracts, organic is more effective than aqueous and in that methanol is better than per ether extract.

THANK YOU