LAB MANUAL
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#01 INTRODUCTION TO THE DEV-2786 COMMUNICATION TRAINER BASIC CONCEPTS ABOUT A SIGNAL:
Frequency
Number of cycles per second
Carrier Signal
Signal that is used as base for carrying signals over long distance usually high frequency signal
Modulating Signal
Signal that is being modulated such as audio or low frequency signal relative to carrier
Modulated Signal
Signal after modulating on the carrier
Noise
Uncertainty or randomness in a signal
Clock
TTL or square wave for digital control
Voltage
A certain level of signal fixed and not varying e.g., 2.3Volts
Drift
Slowly varying noise (undesired signal)
Offset/Bias
DC level in a signal
Keying
Shifting frequencies within discrete levels
Audio Signal
Normally 300-3500Hz for communications application. Audible range is 2020KHz, but the telephonic bandwidth is one given above.
Sampling Frequency
Rate at which a signal is digitized by a analog to digital converter
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6) Buzzer and input socket ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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+5 VDC Socket for +5V1 0% DC fixed +12 VDC Socket for +12V10% DC fixed GND socket for ground -5 VDC Socket for -5V1 0% DC fixed -12 VDC Socket for -12V10% DC fixed Probe LEDs and Female 10 pin socket
12) Amplifier IN: Input to waveform amplifier 13) Amplitude: Knob for varying the amplitude of the function generator output waveform 14) Offset: Knob for adding DC offset to the function generator waveform. 15) Amplifier Out: Output to waveform amplifier ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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21) Frequency Measurement Selector switch: A two-position selector switch selects between two signals one of carrier signal and other Modulating 22) Modulating Signal output socket 23) External Capacitor: A socket is made available where you can add a capacitor of appropriate value to get a waveform of desired frequency.
24) Carrier Frequency Range Knob 25) AM & FM Sockets 26) Fine Range: Knob for fine-tuning the selected frequency of the function generator output waveform. 27) Duty: A variable knob to vary duty cycle of the output waveform of Function Generator. 28) Function: A 10-pin socket where either sinusoidal or triangular waveform (as selected) is available 29) Clock: A 10-pin socket where square wave output of function generator is available 30) Frequency Range Selector Switch: A twoposition selector switch selects between two ranges ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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31) External Capacitor: A socket is made available where you can add a capacitor of appropriate value to get a waveform of any desired frequency. 32) Function selector Switch: a two position selector switch selects between sinusoidal and triangular waveform 33) LCD Display
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#02 TO ADD NOISE SIGNAL TO ANY ORIGINAL SIGNAL USING THE DEV-2786 COMMUNICATION TRAINER EQUIPMENT:
DEV-2786 Trainer Oscilloscope connecting wires
THEORY:
Noise:
Uncertainty or randomness in a signal that is represented by sufficient statistics such as mean, variance etc.
2. Uniform Noise:
If we select Uniform Noise and increase the variance i.e., maximize noise signals then you can see on the scope on noise output as shown.
PROCEDURE:
First of all select the signal from function generator Give the output of generated signal to the amplifier input Observe the signal on oscilloscope taking from the
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Select the noise type using LCD display and specific push buttons Observe the noise signal on oscilloscope and also give the noise signal to the MIC input and give the output of that signal to the speaker input this causes a non uniform sound or noise Take the signal+noise output from the noise generator
Connect that output to the oscilloscope and the speaker system. We observe that the original signal which was seen before on oscilloscope is distorted due to the addition of noise signal and speaker output was also a distorted sound.
Observe the output by changing the noise level. That change in the noise level results in the change of shape of output.
CONCLSION:
Due to the addition of noise in original signal, our original signals shape was changed. This is called distribution of signal. We observed that by increasing the level distortion in the original signal was increased.
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EXPERIMENT#03
INTRODUCTION TO FILTERS
Filters:
Electronic filters are electronic circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically intended to remove unwanted signal components.
Types of Filters:
1. Low pass filter
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A stiff physical barrier tends to reflect higher sound frequencies, and so acts as a lowpass filter for transmitting sound. When music is playing in another room, the low notes are easily heard, while the high notes are attenuated.
Electronic low-pass filters are used to drive subwoofers and other types of loudspeakers, to block high pitches that they can't efficiently broadcast. Radio transmitters use low-pass filters to block harmonic emissions which might cause interference with other communications. An integrator is another example of a low-pass filter. DSL splitters use low-pass and high-pass filters to separate DSL and POTS signals sharing the same pair of wires. Low-pass filters also play a significant role in the sculpting of sound for electronic music as created by analogue synthesizers. See subtractive synthesis.
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One simple electrical circuit that will serve as a low-pass filter consists of a resistor in series with a load, and a capacitor in parallel with the load. The capacitor exhibits reactance, and blocks low-frequency signals, causing them to go through the load instead. At higher frequencies the reactance drops, and the capacitor effectively functions as a short circuit. The combination of resistance and capacitance gives you the time constant of the filter = RC (represented by the Greek letter tau). The break frequency, also called the turnover frequency or cutoff frequency (in hertz), is determined by the time constant: An active low-pass filter
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A passive, analog, first-order high-pass filter, realized by an RC circuit The simplest electronic high-pass filter consists of a capacitor in series with the signal path in conjunction with a resistor in parallel with the signal path. The resistance times the capacitance (RC) is the time constant (); it is inversely proportional to the cutoff frequency, at which the output power is half the input (3 dB):
Applications:
Such a filter could be used as part of an audio crossover to direct high frequencies to a tweeter while blocking bass signals which could interfere with, or damage, the speaker. High-pass and low-pass filters are also used in digital image processing to perform transformations in the spatial frequency domain.[citation needed] High-pass filters are also used for AC coupling at the input and output of amplifiers.[citation needed]
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#04 TO STUDY WORKING PRINCIPLES OF DEV-2762-21 DSB MODULE EQUIPMENT:
DEV-2786 Trainer with DSB Module Oscilloscope connecting wires
THEORY:
DSB-MODULE:
DSB module is used for DSB modulation. It has an input for carrier (high frequency) signal and an input for original (modulating) signal. It uses MC1496B IC and gives modulated signal as output.
DSB-MODULATION:
DSB modulation is one of the types of Amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation is characterized by the fact that amplitude A of a carrier signal Acos (wct) is valid in proportion to the base band signal m(t),the modulating signal. The frequency wc and c are constant, we can assume ( c =0) without a loss of generality. This type of modulation (DSB modulation) simply shifts the spectrum of m (t) to the carrier frequency. Modulated signal /Fourier Transform is as m (t) cos(wct) <=> 1/2[M(w+wc) + M(w-wc)] M(W-Wc) is M(W) shifted to the right by we and M(w+wc) is M(w) shifted to the left by wc.Thus,the process of modulation shifts the spectrum of the modulating sign to the left and the right by wc ,modulated signal spectrum centered at we is composed of two parts :a portion that lies above wc known as the upper sideband (USB),and a potion that lies below wc known as lower sideband (LSB).Hence, this modulation is called DSB(double side)modulation.
USB
LSB
LSB
USB
- wc
wc
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Select the carrier signal(of high frequency) from function generator Observe the signal on oscilloscope as shown
(CARRIER SIGNAL)
ORIGINAL SIGNAL MODULATING SIGNAL INPUT
MC1496B
MODULATED SIGNAL
CARRIER SIGNAL
(BLOCK DIAGRAM)
connect both modulating and carrier signal to the DSB-MODULE inputs Take the modulated signal from the output of module change the modulation level and observe the variations on oscilloscope
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(AMPLITUDE MODULATION)
(100% MODULATION)
(OVER MADULATION)
CONCLSION:
The carrier signal amplitude was varied according to modulation level, but frequency of the signal remained constant.
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#05 TO STUDY WORKING PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCT DETECTOR/FREQUENCY MIXER MODULE EQUIPMENT:
DEV-2786 Trainer with Product Detector/Frequency Mixer Module Oscilloscope Connecting wires
THEORY:
Product detector is a type of demodulator used for AM and SSB signals. Rather than converting the envelop of the signal into decoded waveform like an envelope detector, he product detector takes the product of the modulated signal and a local oscillator, hence the name product detector is a frequency mixer. Product detector can be designed to accept either IF or RF frequency inputs. A product detector which accepts an IF signal would be used as a demodulator block in a superhetrodyne receiver, and a detector designed for RF can be combined with an RF amplifier and a low-pass filter into a directconversion receiver. Let the modulated signal is given by: e (t) = m (t) cos2(wct) = 1/2 [ m(t) + m(t)cos2wct ] Now the Fourier transform of the signal e(t) is : E(w) = 1/2 M(w) + 1/4 [M(w+2wc) + M(w-2wc)] So, the signal e(t) contains two components: m(t) and m(t)cos2wct The first component 1/2 m(t) which is the original signal being a low frequency signal is obtained by passing through a low pass filter.
PROCEDURE:
First of all select the modulating signal(of low frequency) from function generator Observe the signal on oscilloscope as shown
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Carrier signal
modulated signal
(CARRIER SIGNAL) Connect these signals to the inputs of DSB-module to generate a modulated signal
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Connect the modulated signal to the specified input of Frequency mixer module Connect the same carrier signal which was used in modulation to the other input of frequency mixer module Observe the output signal of frequency mixer module on oscilloscope, which is the original signal.
CONCLSION:
By using product detector & frequency mixer module we can get back our modulating signal from the modulated signal. In fact this is the simplest technique of demodulation.
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#06 TO DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF THE 567PHASE LOCKED LOOP TONE DECODER EQUIPMENT:
Function generator Oscilloscope Connecting wires IC 567 Bread board Resistors (330,10k ,18k ) Capacitors (47,4.7 micro farad)
THEORY:
Phase locked loop: PLL is used to track the phase and frequency of the carrier component of the incoming signal. It can be used for the demodulation of AM signal with suppressed carrier. It can also be used for demodulation of angle modulated signal. PLL has here basic components: A voltage controlled oscillator A multiplier serving as phase detector A loop filter Asin(wct+i) e0(t)
Bcos(wct+0)
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0.1 F
567-IC
0.1 F
47 F
Step 3: Slowly increase the input frequency until he LED glows and record that frequency as f1: F1 = 588 Hz
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#07 TO DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF THE 4046CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOP EQUIPMENT:
Function generator Oscilloscope Connecting wires IC 4046 Bread board Resistors (27K,4.7k ,560, 100k ) Capacitors (0.1,4.7 micro farad)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Set the oscilloscope for the following settings: 1 volt/division 0.5 msec/div Step 2: Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. Apply the power supply from unction generator at 1 KHz and 6 volts peak to peak. Connect the oscilloscope to the common point of pin 3&4 of the 4046-IC. The output frequency must be the same as input frequency. Step 3:
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Step 4: Now set the oscilloscope time base to 0.2ms/div. Now with the same piece of wire connect pin 9 to the +5V supply. Record the output frequency of the phase locked loop denoted by FH that must be higher than the frequency measured in step3. FH = 5 KHz This output frequency is the upper range of VCO, which is determined by the 0.1 F capacitor connected between pin 6&7 and 560 resistor connected between pin 11 & ground. Sep 5:
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#08 TO DEMONSTRATE THE FUNCTION OF LOSS-OF-LOCK INDICATOR WITH THE 4046-CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOP EQUIPMENT:
Function generator Oscilloscope Connecting wires IC 4001 Bread board Resistors (100K,330) Capacitor (0.1micro farad) LED
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Wire the loss-of-lock circuit as shown in the diagram. Connect pin1 of 4001 CMOS NOR GATE to pin1 of the 4046-IC and pin2 of 4001 NOR GATE to pin2 of the 4046 phase locked loop IC. Make sure that you have connected the IN914 diode correctly across 100K resistor. The anode goes to pin3 while cathode goes to junction of pin 5&6 of 4001-NOR GATE. Step 2:
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Step 3: Increase the input frequency just past the upper range of the VCO. The LED goes off because the phase locked loop is unlocked. Step 4: Now set the input frequency to 1 KHz. The LED should light because this frequency lies in the lock range of the loop. You can use this circuit to visually indicate whether the loop is locked or no.
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#09 TO STUDY WORKING PRINCIPLES OF AM-7910 MODEM MODULE EQUIPMENT:
DEV-2786 Trainer with MODEM Module Oscilloscope connecting wires
THEORY:
MODEM-MODULE:
The Am7910 is a single-chip asynchronous Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) voice band modem. Digital signal processing techniques are employed in the Am7910 to perform all major functions such as modulation, demodulation and filtering. The Am7910 contain son-chip analog-to-digital and digital-toanalog converter circuits to minimize the external components in a system. Clocking can be generated by attaching a crystal to drive the internal crystal oscillator or by applying an external clock signal. All the digital input and output signals (except the external clock signal) are TTL compatible. Supply requirements are 5 volts. DATA TERMINAL READY (DTR) A LOW level on this input indicates the data terminal desires to send and or receive data via the modem. This signal is gated with all other TTL inputs and outputs so that a low level enables all these signals as well as the internal control logic to function. A HIGH level disables all TTL I/O pins and the internal logic. REQUEST TO SEND (RTS) ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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PROCEDURE:
Connect the input signals to the inputs of modem Module Connect the two terminals of the TC to the RC The carrier detect signal should now be ON. This shows the presence of the valid carrier on the receiver input Now we can observe the input and output signal of module as under
(Input signal)
(Modulated signal)
When we add noise into the modulated signal, then we can observe that the noise is added in the transmitted signal which can be seen as shown in the figure or we can hear noisy sound using speaker
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EQUIPMENT:
Function generator Oscilloscope Connecting wires Power Supply Soldering Iron and Solder NE 555 IC's (#442-53) (02) 565IC (#442-654) (01) 741 op amp (#442-22) (01) 100K (02) 10K (05) 560K (01) 560 (03) l5K (01) 4.7K (01) 10K potentiometer with solder leads (01) 0.022 f capacitor (04) 0.047 f capacitor (03) 4.7 f capacitor (01) 0.1 f capacitor (02) 0.001 f (01) Speaker (01) NPN transistor (#417-801) (01)
(PIN-OUTS)
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PROCEDURE:
Step 1:
Set your oscilloscope for the following setting Channel: IV/division Time base 0.2 mS/division Trigger Channel AC coupling
Step 2:
Wire circuit A (the fsk generator) on one section of the breadboard. Apply power to the breadboard and connect channel of your oscilloscope to the fsk output. You should hear a sort of "tweet-dell" sound that alternates between two different frequencies. You can also see the frequency shifting on the oscilloscope screen. ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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Step 3:
Next, connect the 10OKO resistor to the +5 volt supply voltage. You should now hear a steady tone that is higher in frequency than before. Measure this output frequency, called the space the space frequency, and record your result. F (space) = 12.5 KHz The frequency difference between the mark and space is called the frequency shift. As pointed out previously in the discussion in the 565 phase-locked-loop data communication system community use a 1070Hz (or 2025Hz) mark and a 1270Hz (or 2225Hz)space, resulting in a 200Hz shift. Amateur or "hum" radio teletypewriter use frequencies of 2125Hz (170Hz shift) or 2125Hz and 2975Hz (850Hz shift)
Step 4:
Reconnected the 100KQ resistor to pin 3 of the No 1 timer as shown in the schematic diagram, next temporarily disconnected the power from the bread board.
Step 5:
Now wire circuit B (the fsk demodulator) as shown in the schematic diagram. Set your oscilloscope for the following setting. Channels 1 & 2:2 V /division Time base: 10mS/division Trigger: Channel-1 Move the channel-1 oscilloscope probe from the fsk out put to input "A"
Step 6:
Apply power to the breadboard and connect the output of the fsk generator to the input of the demodulator circuit. Adjust the 10K potentiometer carefully until the waveforms shown on channels 1 and 2 are the same. At this point, the fsk demodulator is phaselocked-loop to both the mark and space input frequencies. The output of the demodulator circuit is now a logic that corresponds to the mark and space audio tones.
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POWER ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL EXPERIMENT#11 TO DEMONSTRATE THE OPERATION OF THE 4046CMOS PHASE LOCKED LOOP AND A 4017 DECADE COUNTER AS AN 10 FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER OR PRESCALER. EQUIPMENT:
Function generator Oscilloscope Connecting wires
4046 (#442-647) 4017 (#443-929)
PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Set the oscilloscope for the following settings: 1 volt/division 10 msec/div AC coupling Step 2:
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Step 3:
Measure the input frequency and record your result: Fin = 84 Hz
Step 4:
Now connected the oscilloscope to pin 4 of the 4046 device. Set the time base to 0.2ms/division. Measure the output frequency and record your result: F0 = 833 Hz
What relationship do you notice between the frequencies that you measured in this step and the one in step 3? The output frequency should be 10 times larger than the input. The input frequency that you measured in step 3 normally has a resolution of 0.1Hz. As an example, if you measured an input frequency of 87Hz, this means that the input frequency could range from 86 to 88 Hz. If the measured output frequency was 867 Hz, the input would be more precisely 86.7Hz, not 87 Hz! Thus, if this circuit were used with a frequency counter, the counters resolution would be increased 1 significant digit.
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EQUIPMENT:
Function generator Oscilloscope Connecting wires
4046 (#442-647) 4017 (#443-929)
0.001 f capacitor 4.7 f capacitor 560 K resistor 27 K resistor 330 resistor 68 pf capacitor
PROCEDURE:
Step 1:
Set your oscilloscope for the following setting 1. Channel-1: 1V/division 2. Time base : 20 S/division 3. AC coupling
Step 2:
Wire the circuit shown in the schematic diagram and apply power to the bread board. Be sure to change capacitor "C of the NE555 signal source to 68 pf. What frequency do you measure at the output? You should measure approximately 10 KHz which is the input frequency. This is because the 4017 counter is set to divide by 1. ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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Step 3:
Set your oscilloscope time base to 10 s/division. Now connect pin 15 to pin 4 on the 4017. Do this by removing the wire from pin 2 and connecting it to pin 4. What is the output frequency now? It should be 20 KHz or twice the input frequency since the 4017 counter is now set to divide by 2.
Step 4:
Set your oscilloscope time base to 5 s/division. Now connect pin 15 to pin 7. What is the output frequency now? It should be 30 KHz or three times the input frequency. This is because the 4017 counter is now set to divide by 3.
Step 5:
Now connect pin 1 to pin 10. What is the output frequency now? It should be 40 KHz or four times the input frequency.
Step 6:
Connect pin 15 to pin 1,5,6,9, and 11 one after and record the output frequencies obtained ASAD NAEEM 2006-RCET-EE-22 RACHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GUJRANWALA
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