G..

Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 17(4): 89-101 (2004)

ISSN 1303-9709

G.U. Journal of Science 17(4):89-101 (2004)

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE OF LIMESTONE ADDED TO LIGNITE ON EMISSION BEHAVIOUR IN A FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION SYSTEM brahim ATILGAN Gazi niversitesi, Mhendislik-Mimarlk Fak., Makina Mhendislii Blm, 06570 Maltepe-Ankara,TRKYE, e-mail: atilgan@gazi.edu.tr
ABSTRACT In the experimental studies, Ktahya Tunbilek Lignite was used as fuel, silica sand and ash mixture was used as bed material, limestone from Gynk was used as adsorbent. For the combustion system particle size of coal and limestone were calculated employing the cumulative method and optimum particle sizes for the system were determined. Adding limestone to the coal, effect of particle size on the emission behaviour was investigated. Separately optimum operating conditions were determined on the basis of pollutant emissions for different coal and adsorbent properties. These conditions are described as regions there the combustion performance is not hindered and there the efficiencies in combustion and SO2 adsorption are kept high. Key Words: Emissions, fluidized bed, limestone

AKIKAN YATAKLI YAKMA SSTEMNDE LNYTE KATILAN KRETAI TANE BOYUTUNUN EMSYONLARA ETKSNN NCELENMES
ZET Yaplan almada, yakt olarak Ktahya Tunbilek Linyiti, yatak malzemesi olarak silis kumu ve kl karm, adsorbent madde olarak da Gynk Yresi Kireta kullanlarak emisyon davranlar incelenmitir. Kmr, silis kumu ve kiretann tane boyutlar kmlatif yntemle hesaplanarak en uygun tane boyutlar, sistem iin belirlenmitir. Kireta ilaveli dolaml akkan yatakta, tane boyutlarnn emisyonlara etkisi incelenmitir. Kullanlan kmrn ve adsorbent maddelerin zelliklerine de bal olarak allan aralklarda, kirletici emisyonlarn deiimi incelenerek en uygun alma blgesi belirlenmitir. Bu blge yanma performansnn bozulmad, yanmadaki ve SO2 tutulmasndaki verimlerin yksek tutulduu blge olarak tarif edilmitir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Emisyonlar, akkan yatak, kireta

1.GR
Hzl gelien teknoloji, artan dnya nfusu ve bunlara paralel olarak artan enerji ihtiyac, birok problemleri de birlikte getirmitir. Bunlarn banda atmosferik kirleticiler, kaliteli enerji kaynaklarnn srekli azalmas, dk kaliteli yksek kirletici zellii gsteren kmrlerin kullanlmas gelmektedir. Kaliteli kmr rezervlerinin srekli azalmas ve artan fiyatlar dolaysyla, geni rezervlere sahip dk kaliteli kmrlerin (linyit, turba, ist vb.) kullanm, zorunlu hale gelmitir. Yerli birincil enerji kaynaklarmzdan linyit yaklak 8,4 milyar ton rezerv ile, enerji alt yapmzn temel girdisini oluturmaktadr (1, 2). lkemizde kullanlan linyitlerin olduka dk kalorili olular ve iersinde yanmay olumsuz ynde etkileyen ve hava kirletici emisyonlara neden olan nem, kl, kkrt ve uucu maddelerin yksek oranlarda bulunmas nedeniyle;

1.INTRODUCTION
Rapidly advancing technological improvements, increasing population on the world and the increasing energy requirements in parallel to such facts had simultaneously introduced numerous problems along with. Among such problems, the major ones could be determined as atmospheric pollutants, continuous diminish in high quality energy resources and utilization of low quality coals with highly pollutant characteristics. Continuous diminishing of high quality coal reserves and corresponding increase in price levels had made it obligatory to use low quality coal reserves having abundant reserves (lignite, turf, schist, etc.). Lignite, one of the local primary energy sources of our State constitutes the basic input of our energy infrastructure with approximately 8.4 billion tons of available reserves (1, 2). As a consequence of the facts that the lignite used in our

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allm yakma sistemlerinde gerekli biimde temiz ve verimli yaklamamaktadr. Bu nedenle bu tr yaktlarn enerji, iletme ve evre ekonomisi ynnden daha uygun biimde yaklmasn salayacak yakma sistemleri gelitirilmesi ynne gidilmitir. Dk kaliteli kmrlerin yaklmas glne kar ve de emisyonlarn azaltlmas bakmndan en uygun yakma sistemleri, akkan yatakl yakma sistemleridir. Bu tr yakma sistemleri, enerji kullanm verimi ve evre kirlenmesi problemine bir alternatif zm olmaktadr. Dolaysyla linyitlerin verimli ve temiz yaklabilmesi iin, yanmann yksek s depolu, trblansl, yapsal olarak zellikle SO2, NOx ve toz emisyonlarn nleyici bir ortamn salanmas gerekmektedir (1). Buna gre bu zellikleri salayan yakma sistemi ise, akkan yatakl yakma sistemleri iersinde dolaml olandr (3, 4). Ayrca bu tr sistemlerde kireta katlmas kolay ve kontrolludur. Bu almada, dolaml akkan yatak yakma sisteminde sabit operasyon artlar tespit edilerek Ktahya Tunbilek Linyiti, deiik tane boyutlu kiretalaryla ayr ayr karm salanarak yaklmtr. Kiretann sl performans ve emisyon zelliklerine gre belirlenen en uygun tane boyut deiimleri, Ca/S oran ve kmr tane boyutu sabit tutularak kmrle yaklmasyla, baca gazyla atmosfere atlan hava kirletici emisyonlar ve SO2 tutma verimleri incelenerek uygun deerler belirlenmitir.

G.U. J. Sci., 17(4):89-101 (2004) /brahim ATILGAN

State has extremely low calorific values and contain materials such as moisture, ash, sulfur and volatile materials causing air pollutant emissions; the lignite shall not be burned in a clean and effective manner as required in the ordinary combustion systems. Therefore, development of combustion systems to provide combustion of this type of fuels in more appropriate methods to improve energy, administration and environmental economical aspects had been applied. The most suitable combustion methods for surpassing the combustion difficulties of low quality coals and decreasing the emission rates shall be the fluidized bed combustion systems. This type of combustion shall provide an alternate solution for effectiveness of energy usage and problem of environmental pollution. Thus, in order to provide effective and clean combustion of lignite it is required to provide a medium with heat storage, having turbulence and including structural means for prohibiting particularly SO2, NOx and dust emissions (1). Accordingly, the combustion system to provide all of the above-mentioned features shall be the method with circulation within the fluidized bed combustion system (3, 4). Also the addition of limestone shall be easier and controllable within this type of systems. In this study, the constant operational conditions within the fluidized bed combustion system with circulation had been fixed and combusted with provision of Ktahya Tunbilek Lignite product with variable mixture of various particle sizes of limestone. The most appropriate particle size variations, Ca/S ratio determined in accordance with the thermal performance and emission characteristics of limestone and upon combustion with coal as fixing the coal particle size the air pollutant emissions with flue gas and SO2 retaining efficiencies had been examined and appropriate values had been determined. 2.THE SYSTEM OF EXPERIMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF THE EXPERIMENTS The existing energy sources of Turkey require the development of appropriate combustion systems with regard to economical and environmental effect and modification of the existing systems to the contemporary conditions under the scope of technical and economical means. Realization of such a study shall be performed by establishment of research infrastructure in compliance with the relevant national and international standards. Therefore, in accordance with the combustion of lignite coal having highly pollutant characteristics in a more effective and clean manner, this study had been performed with fluidized bed combustion system with circulation existing and modified in Gazi University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Mechanical Engineering Department (Figure 1).

2.DENEY SSTEM VE DENEYLERN YAPILII Trkiyenin mevcut enerji kaynaklar, teknik ve ekonomik imkanlar dahilinde, ekonomik ve evresel etki ynnden kendisine uygun olan yakma sistemlerini gelitirmesi, mevcut sistemleri de gnn koullarna gre modifiye etmesi gerekmektedir. Byle bir almann gerekletirilmesi, ilgili ulusal ve uluslararas standartlara uygun bir aratrma alt yapsnn kurulmas ile olumaktadr. Dolaysyla yksek kirletici zelliklere sahip linyit kmrlerinin daha verimli ve temiz yaklmasna ynelik olarak, Gazi niv. Mh. Mim. Fakltesi Makine Mh. Blm Isl G Laboratuvarnda bulunan ve modifiye edilen dolaml akkan yatakl yakma sisteminde bu alma yaplmtr (ekil 1).

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1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

Fluidized body/Akkanlatrc gvde Feeding system/Besleme sistemi Cyclone/ Siklon Back circulation system/ Geri sirklasyon sistemi Refining and distributing system/ Datc elek sistemi Electrical starting system/ Ateleme elektrodlar Coal and limestone silos/ Kmr ve kireta silolar Probes for sample gas taking/ Gaz rnek alma sondalar Orificemeters/ Orifismetreler Fan / Fan Ash exhausting system/ Kl alma sistemi Ash for star-valve/ Kl alc yldz valf The first feeding point/ Birinci besleme noktas The second feeding point/ kinci besleme noktas Watching hole/ Gzetleme delii

Figure 1. The circulating fluidized bed combustion system for laboratory ekil 1. Laboratuvar artlarnda dolaml akkan yatakl yakma sistemi

Sistem, akkanlatrc gvde ve yanma odas, besleme sistemi, siklon, geri sirklasyon sistemi, datc elek sistemi, elektrikli ateleme sistemi, yakt (linyit) ve adsorbent (kireta) iin silolar, fan, kl alma mekanizmas, gzetleme delikleri (sya dayankl cam) ve zorlanm sirklasyon sisteminden olumaktadr. Ayrca sistemin n stlmas ve yakt ilk tututurma ilemi iin sanayii tipi LPG tp kullanlmtr. Yakt ve kiretann belli bir tane boyutuna getirilmesi iin, ekili kaba krc ile diskli tcden faydalanlmtr. Deney test merkezinde bulunan Mobil Emisyon Test Laboratuvarndaki lm sistem grubu ematik olarak ekil 2de verilmitir.

The system constitutes of a fluidizing body and combustion chamber, feeding system, cyclone, backcirculation system, distribution sieve system, electrical ignition system, silos for fuel (lignite) and adsorbent (lime), fan, ash removal mechanism, observation holes (heat rated glass) and forced circulation system. In addition, industrial type LPG tube had been used for preheating and initial ignition process for fuel. Rough hammer crusher and grinders with discs had been used for crushing the fuel and limestone into a particle size. The measurement system group existing in the Mobile Emission Test Laboratory in the experiment test center had been schematically given in Figure 2.

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G.U. J. Sci., 17(4):89-101 (2004) /brahim ATILGAN

Temperature pressure probes / Scaklk basn proplar Infrequency probe / Seyreltme probu Heated probe / Isltlm prop Chimney / Baca Pressure and temperature lines / Basn ve scaklk hatlar Central processing computer / Merkezi ilem bilgisayar Zero air-systems / Sfr hava sistemi Recording system / Kayt sistemi Data collection system / Veri toplama sistemi Cooler / Soutucu Vacuum pump / Vakum pompas Heated sample obtaining line / Isltlm rnek alma hatt

Figure 2. Schematic view of system group of measurement and evaluation ekil 2. lme ve veri deerlendirme sistem grubunun ematik grnm

Bu lm grubu; rnek gaz alma ve hazrlama sistemi, lm aygtlar, sfr hava sistemi, kayt sistemi, basn ve scaklk hatlar, veri toplama ve deerlendirme sistemi, merkezi ilem bilgisayar ve dier yardmc tehizattan olumaktadr (5). ekil 2de grld gibi gaz emisyon lmlerinde seyreltilmi ve seyreltilmemi olarak iki rnekleme hatt kullanlmtr. Gaz analizi yaplacak olan numune srekli olarak ayn anda iki hat ile beraber alnabilmektedir. rnekleme yaplan gaz konsantrasyonlar gaz analiz sistemlerinin lme snrlarnn zerinde olmas durumunda seyreltilmi hat ile gaz rnei ayn anda Mobil Emisyon Test Laboratuvarnda hazrlanan temiz hava ile seyreltilerek alnr. Seyreltme uygulanmayan rnek gaz alma ilemlerinde, rnekleme hattnda youmann nlenebilmesi iin stlm hat kullanlmtr. Elektrik ile stlan rnek gaz alma hortumlarnda, stma scakl 170-200C aralnda ayarlanabilmektedir. Gaz rneinin ierisindeki nem bir youturucuda alndktan sonra, kuru olarak gaz analiz cihazlarna beslenmektedir. Ayrca yakt ve kireta analizleri iin bomba kalorimetresi, elementel analiz cihaz (Leco 610), scaklk lmleri iin sl iftler, basn lmlerinde manometreler, emi lerler, ak lmleri iin gazometreler, digital anemometre, hassas terazi ve kurutma frn gibi cihazlar da kullanlmtr. Yaplan almada, laboratuvar artlarnda bir dolaml akkan yatak yakma sisteminin hidrodinamik tasarm

This measurement group composes of sample gas collection and preparation system, measurement devices, zero air system, recording system, pressure and temperature lines, data collection and evaluation system, central processing computer and other auxiliary equipments (5). As seen in Figure 2, two sampling lines as diluted and undiluted had been used for gas emission measurements. The sample on which the gas analysis process shall be performed is available for simultaneous collection from two lines in a continuous manner. In case the gas concentrations on which sampling had been performed are determined to be in excess values than the measurement limits of the gas analysis systems, the gas sample shall be simultaneously collected by diluted line upon dilution by clean air prepared in Mobile Emission Test Laboratory. For the undiluted sample gas collection processes, the heated line had been used in order to prevent condensation within the sampling line. The sample gas collection hoses heated electrically shall be adjustable for heating temperature values falling between 170-200C. After the moisture content of the gas sample is removed within a condenser, the sample is fed to a gas analysis device in dry form. Additional devices such as bomb calorimeter, elemental analysis device (Leco 610) had been used for fuel and limestone analysis processes; thermal couples for temperature measurements; manometers, absorption

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hesaplarna gre belirlenen ilgili temel parametreler (izelge 1) tespit edilerek, deiik kireta tane boyutlarna gre hazrlanan karmn (kmr+kireta) emisyon etkileri incelenmitir.

gauges for pressure measurements; gas meters, digital anemometer, precision balance and drying oven for flow meter. In the performed study, relevant fundamental parameters (Table 1) determined according to the hydrodynamic design calculations of the fluidized bed combustion system with circulation under laboratory conditions had been designated and the emission effects of the mixture (coal+limestone) prepared according to various limestone particle sizes had been examined.

Table 1. Basic parameters and values (8) izelge 1. Temel parametreler ve deerleri (8) BASIC PARAMETERS/ TEMEL PARAMETRELER / Fuel type / Yakt tr Bed material / Yatak malzemesi Adsorbent material / Adsorbent madde Shape factor / ekil faktr Volume fraction of minumum bed cavity/Minumum yatak boluu hacim kesri Average solid pile density/ Ortalama kat yn younluu Bed prewarming/ Yatak n stma Interior area of fluidized bed/ Akkan yatak i alan Runnig speed (normal conditions)/ letme hz (normal artlar) Minumum fluidization speed/ Minumum akkanlama hz Air density/ Hava younluu (25C, 1 atm) Air density/ Hava younluu (850C, 1 atm) Air viscosity/ Hava vizkositesi (25C, 1 atm) Air viscosity/ Hava vizkositesi (850C, 1 atm) Ktahya Tunbilek Lignite/Ktahya Tunbilek Linyiti Cilis sand + coal ash/Silis kumu + kmr kl,

d p = 0.65 Gynk Limestone / Gynk kireta s = 0.86 (for sand) / (kum iin)
mf = 0.40 (Teorik) / (Theoretical) p = 1360 (kg/m3) LPG (45 kg) A = 0.0123 m2 U0 = 1.30 m/s Umf = 0.30 m/s (Teorik) / (Theoretical) 1.187 kg/m3 0.315 kg/m3 1.83 x 10-5 kg/m.s 4.39 x 10-5 kg/m.s

Kireta tane boyutu, ASTM normu 8 inlik eleklerle elek analizi neticesi kmlatif yntemle 0,15 ; 0,30 ; 0,60 ; 0,90 ; 1,20 mm olarak belirlendi. Ayn yntemle belirlenen ortalama kmr tane boyutu 0,75 mm ve Ca/S = 1,5 oran sabit tutularak deneyler yapld. Bu sabit deerler daha nce yaplan almalarda en uygun deerler olarak belirlenmi olup, bu almada sabit olarak kullanlmtr (6, 7). Bu deneylerde Ca/S = 1,5 oranna gre, her bir kireta tane boyutu ile kmr, homojen bir ekilde karm salanarak yakma sistemine beslendi. Yatak malzemesi ortalama tane boyutu, elek analizi uygulanarak kmlatif yntemle 0,65 mm olarak belirlendi. Deneylerde kullanlan kmre ait ya temelde yaplan elementel analiz ve sl deerler izelge 2de verilmitir.

The limestone particle sizes had been determined to be 0.15; 0.30; 0.60; 0.90; 1.20 mm with cumulative method as a result of the sieve analysis by ASTM norm 8 inch sieves. The experiments had been performed with constant values of average coal particle size 0.75 mm determined upon application of the mentioned method and Ca/S = 1.5 ratio. These constant values had been determined to be the most appropriate values in previous studies and thus had been taken as constant for this study (6, 7). In the experiments, each limestone particle size and the coal had been homogenously mixed and fed into the combustion system according to the Ca/S = 1.5 ratio. The bed material average particle size had been determined to be 0.65 mm with cumulative method upon application of sieve analysis. The elemental analysis and thermal values performed on the wet foundation for the coal used in the experiments had been given in Table 2.

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Table 2. Results of elementary analysis and thermal values related to used coal izelge 2. Kullanlan kmre ait elementel analiz sonular ve sl deerler COAL/ KMR Fuel Components/ Yakt Bileenleri % C (Carbon)/ (Karbon) H (Hydrogen)/ (Hidrojen) O (Oxygen)/ (Oksijen) N (Nitrogen)/ (Azot) S (Sulfur)/ (Kkrt) A (Ash)/ (Kl) W (Moisture)/ (Nem) Ho (kcal/kg.Y) Hu (kcal/kg.Y) Ca (Calcium)/ (Kalsiyum)

G.U. J. Sci., 17(4):89-101 (2004) /brahim ATILGAN

TUNBLEK LIGNITE/ TUNBLEK LNYT Moist State/ Ya Temel 58.28 5.25 9.85 2.50 1.92 14.45 7.75 5775 5445 1.18

Sisteme katlan kireta miktar ve Ca/S oran belirlenirken, kiretann gzeneklilii, dnm oranlar ve kireta iindeki CaOin arlka yzdelerine gre hesaplamalar yapld. Buna gre Gynk Yresi kiretann dnm oran maksimum olarak yaklak 0,15 mm tane boyutu iin % 55 civarndadr (izelge 3). Fakat CaSO4n CaOin gzeneklerini tkamas sonucu bu kiretann en iyi artlarda dnm oran ortalama % 40 gibi bir deere dmektedir. izelge 3 incelendiinde, kireta tane boyutunun artmas ile ulalan maksimum dnm oranlar azalmaktadr. Dnm oranlarnda ortalama scaklk T = 900Cdir. Ayrca bu yre kireta iindeki CaOin arlka yzdesi % 53,1 deerindedir. Deneylerde kullanlan Gynk Yresi kiretann; kimyasal analizi izelge 4de, ortalama gzenek yarap (p), bkmllk faktr (), gzeneklilii () ve etkin difzivite deeri (De) izelge 5de verilmitir (9). Birim kg yakt iin % 20-40 fazla hava artlarnda ve normal artlarda toplam havann oluturduu yanma odas bo kolon hz 1,3 m/s baz alnarak; Ktahya Tunbilek Linyitinin elementel analiz sonularna gre, ilgili yanma hesaplar (10) ve stokiyometrik bantlarla (11) elde edilen yanma verileri izelge 6de verilmitir.

In determination of the quantity of the limestone and the ratio of Ca/S added to the system, required calculations had been performed according to the porosity of the limestone, conversion rates and percentage by weight of CaO within the limestone. Accordingly, the conversion rate of the limestone from Gynk Region shall be approximately 55 % for maximum of average 0.15 mm particle size (Table 3). However, the conversion rate of this limestone falls down to an average value of 40 % under best applied conditions as a result of clogging of the pores of CaO by CaSO4. When we examine Table 3, it is obvious to observe that the increase in the particle size of limestone shall decrease maximum conversion rates achieved. The average temperature at the conversion rates shall be T = 900C. Also, the percentage by weight for CaO in the limestone obtained from this region shall be 53.1 %. The chemical analysis of the limestone from Gynk Region used in the experiments is given in Table 4, average pore radius (p), tortuosity factor (), porosity () and effective Table 5 (9). diffusivity value (De) had been given in Taking the value for combustion chamber empty column velocity of 1.3 m/s as a basis in which the overall air constitutes under normal conditions and 20-40 % excessive air conditions for unit kg fuel and according to the elemental analysis results of Ktahya Tunbilek Lignite product, relevant combustion calculations (10) and the combustion data obtained by stochiometric relations (11) are given in Table 6.

Table 3. Transformation ratios of the limestone according to various particle size (9) izelge 3. Muhtelif tane boyutlarna gre kiretann dnm oranlar (9) Gynk Limestone Transformation Ratio/ Gynk Kireta Dnm Oran (%) (Xs)maks / max (mm) 54.08 0.10 55.81 0.25 50.32 0.62 52.58 1.02 19.06 1.70 12.13 2.25 (Kalsinasyon scakl / Calcination temperature T = 900C, gaz ak hz / gas flow rate = 12 L/h, %SO2 = 0.35)

d p / limestone kireta /

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Table 4. Elementary analysis of Gynk Limestone izelge 4. Gynk Kiretann kimyasal analizi LIMESTONE/ KRETAI % CaO 53.1 MgO 1.1 Re2O3 0.2 SiO2 2.2

T able 5. p, , and De values Gynk Limestone izelge 5. Gynk Kiretann p, , ve De deerleri LIMESTONE / KRETAI / Average pore radius / Ortalama gzenek yarap (p), nm / Tortuosity factor /Bkmllk faktr () Porosity/ Gzeneklilik () Effective diffusivity /Etkin difzivite (De), cm2/s x 102 / Table 6. Values of related to combustion and stoichiometric values izelge 6. lgili yanma ve stokiyometrik deerler Theoretical air necessity/ Teorik hava gereksinimi Theoretical combustion gas/ Teorik yanma gaz Combustion gas quantity / Yanma gaz miktar Theoretical oxygen necessity/ Gerekli teorik oksijen ihtiyac O2 quantity with air feeding/ Hava ile beslenen O2 miktar Coal feeding rate/ Kmr besleme hz Thermal power produced/ retilen sl g / VHt = 6.32 (Nm3 Havateo/kg-y) VGt = 6.66 (Nm3 Gazteo/kg-y) VG = 7.92 (Nm3 Gaz/kg-y) 0.0653 (kg mol O2/kg-y) 0.0066 (kg mol/dk) 5.4 (kg-y/h) (Theoretical)/ (Teorik) 40 (kWt) (Theoretical)/ (Teorik) Values /Deerler 61.91 2.67 0.37 2.95

Teorik olarak orjinal (nemli) kmr (yakt) besleme hz, 5,4 kg-y/h belirlenmitir. Bu besleme hzna gre yakma sisteminin sl gc, st sl deere (H0)a gre 40 kWt olarak hesaplanmtr. Bulunan bu deer yakma sisteminde kmrn tam yanmas sonucuna gre deney artlarnda maksimum s gcn veren deerdir. Kmre katlacak kireta miktar, kmr besleme hz ve stokiyometrik bantlarla Ca/S = 1,5 sabit oranna gre 1283,4 gr/h belirlenmitir. Bu kireta miktar, kmrle homojen bir karm salanarak yakma sisteminde yaklmtr.

Theoretically, the original (wet) coal (fuel) feed velocity had been determined to be 5.4 kg-y/h. According to this feeding velocity, the thermal energy of the combustions system had been calculated as 40 kWt for upper thermal value (H0). This value obtained is the value demonstrating the maximum heat energy according to the full consumption of the coal within the combustion system under experimental conditions. The quantity of the limestone to be added to the coal had been determined as 1283.4 gr/h according to the Ca/S = 1.5 constant ratio with coal feed rate and stockiometric relations. This quantity of limestone had been combusted within the combustion system upon provision of a homogenous mixture with coal.

4. DENEY SONULARI Deney sresince (kararl rejim durumunda) yanma parametreleri ve emisyon miktarlar (cihazlardan dorudan llen) izelge 7de gsterilmitir.

4. RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT

The combustion parameters and emission amounts (measured directly from the devices) during the experiment (under stable regimes) had been given in Table 7.

Table 7. Measured emission values and combustion parameters according to particle size of limestone izelge 7. Kireta tane boyutuna gre yanma parametreleri ve llen emisyon deerleri

d p kiretai
d p lim estone
(mm) 0.15 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20

O2 (%) 7.20 6.10 5.96 4.20 3.70

CO2 (%) 9.80 10.93 11.07 11.19 12.50

SO2 (ppm) 218 309 384 470 604

CO (%) 0.027 0.030 0.031 0.036 0.041

CmHn (ppm) 13 17 64 83 106

NOx (ppm) 223 492 537 630 681

Mup (mg/Nm3) 1718 1420 1317 683 485

( d p kmr / coal = 0.75 mm,

Ca/S = 1.50)

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Kireta tane boyutuna gre SO2 tutma verimi ve emisyon gaz konsantrasyonlar ile uucu partikl miktarlarnn deiimi ynetmelik artlarnda (% 7 O2 esas alnarak) izelge 8, grafik olarak da ekil 3 ve ekil 4de belirtilmitir.

G.U. J. Sci., 17(4):89-101 (2004) /brahim ATILGAN

The SO2 retention effectiveness according to the limestone particle size and the emission gas concentrations and the variation of volatile particle quantities had been shown in Table 8 under regulation conditions (taking 7 % 02 as basis) and shown graphically in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Table 8. Emission values for statutes conditions according to particle size of limestone izelge 8. Kireta tane boyutuna gre ynetmelik artlar dahilinde emisyon deerleri

d p lim estone
(mm)/

d p kiretai
Original/ Orjinal 0.15 0.30 0.60 0.90 1.20

SO2 (%)

SO2 (mg/Nm3) Statutes/Ynetmelik / 1943 632 830 1022 1120 1397

NOx (mg/Nm3) Statutes/Ynetmelik

CO (mg/Nm3) Statutes/ Ynetmelik 24 9 11 43 49 61

CmHn (mg/Nm3) Statutes/ Ynetmelik 446 343 352 361 375 415

Mup (mg/Nm3) Statutes/ Ynetmelik 330 1743 1334 1226 569 393

49.43 83.55 78.40 73.40 70.85 63.64

1009 303 619 670 703 738 ( d p kmr / coal = 0.75 mm,

Ca/S = 1.50)

izelge 7de grld gibi 0,15-1,20 mm kireta tane boyut aralnda yanma parametrelerinin (O2, CO2) deerleri ve bu deerlerin deiim grafii ise ekil 5de belirtilmitir.

As seen in Table 7, the values of the combustion parameters (O2, CO2) between 0.15-1.20 mm limestone particle sizes and the variation graphic of such values are given in Figure 5.

Limestone particle size / Kireta tane boyutu SO2 Retention efficiency / SO2 tutma verimi

Figure 3. SO2 retention change according to limestone particle size participating in system ekil 3. Sisteme katlan kireta tane boyutuna gre SO2 tutulma deiimi

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Statutes / Ynetmelik Limestone particle size / Kireta tane boyutu

Figure 4. The system added limestone, the change of emission values for statutes conditions according to particle size of limestone ekil 4. Kireta ilaveli sistemde, kireta tane boyutuna gre ynetmelik artlar dahilinde emisyon deerlerinin deiimi

Limestone particle size / Kireta tane boyutu

Figure 5. The change of combustion parameters according to limestone particle size participating in system ekil 5. Sisteme katlan kireta tane boyutuna gre yanma parametrelerinin deiimi

Kiretann katld yanma deneylerinde, sistem kararl rejime geldiinde akkan yatak boyunca oluan scaklk dalmlar ekil 6da verilmitir.

The distribution of temperature formed along the fluidized bed when the system reaches to a steady state in the combustion experiments where limestone is added had been given in Figure 6.

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Figure 6. Temperature distrubition of combustion system (T2, T3, T4 bed body temperatures and T5 cyclone temperature) ekil 6. Yakma sistemi scaklk dalmlar (T2, T3, T4 yatak gvde scaklklar ve T5 siklon scakl)

Scaklk deerleri alnrken Ca/S = 1,5 oran, ortalama kmr tane boyutu 0,75 mm ve kireta tane boyutu 0,15 mm sabit tutulmutur. T2 yatak alt gvde, T3 yatak orta gvde, T4 yatak st gvde ve T5 siklon scaklklarn gstermektedir.

The Ca/S = 1.5 ratio, average coal particle size 0.75 mm and limestone particle size 0.15 mm had been taken as constant during taking the temperature values. T2 indicates the temperature rating for lower body of the bed; T3 indicates the temperature rating for intermediate body of the bed, T4 indicates the temperature rating for upper body of the bed and T5 indicates the temperature rating for cyclone.

5. SONULARIN DEERLENDRLMES VE TARTIMA

izelge 8, ekil 3 ve ekil 4 incelendiinde; SO2 tutulmas, kireta tane boyutu bydke azalmakta, emisyon gaz konsantrasyonlar SO2, NOx, CO ve CmHn deerleri artmakta, uucu partikl (Mup) miktarlarnda ise azalma grlmektedir. Kireta tane boyutunun ok klmesinde, kireta partikllerinin siklon tarafndan tutulmasnn yetersiz kald grlmtr (Mupnin artmas). Bu durumdan dolay SO2 tutulmasnn, izelge 8de belirtilen orjinal (kireta katlmam kmr) yakt yaklmas durumundaki deerine yaklat belirlenmitir. Kiretann 0,15 mm ve daha kk tane miktarlarnda toz partikllerinin belirgin artmas, mevcut sistemdeki tek siklonun yanna ilave siklonlarn konulmas veya sisteme elektro filtre taklmasn gerektirecektir. izelge 7 ve ekil 5 incelendiinde; kireta tane boyutu bydke, yanma parametrelerini gsteren O2 deerlerinde azalma CO2de ise artma belirlenmitir. Bu durum, yanmann salanabilmesi ve kalsinasyon iin daha fazla O2e gereksinim olduunu gstermektedir. CO2de art ise yanmann iyiletiini gstermektedir. Daha iri tanelerde yaplan deneylerde ise kararl rejimin bozulduu grlmtr. Rejimin bozulmas durumunda, yanma performans derek eksik yanma olumasyla CO deerlerinde artma belirlenmitir. Dolaysyla kiretann 0,60-1,20 mm tane aralnda uygun yanma parametreleri elde edilerek yanmann daha dzenli ve sistemin sl dengede kald sylenebilir. ekil 6 incelendiinde, yakma sisteminde scaklk

5. EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

When if examine Table 8, Figure 3 and Figure 4, as the limestone particle size increases, the SO2 retention rate decreases, the emission gas concentrations SO2, NOx, CO and CmHn values increases and the volatile particle (Mup) quantities decreases. If the limestone particle size decreases excessively, it was observed that the cyclone was not able to perform the retention of the limestone particles (increasing of Mup). Therefore, it was observed that the SO2 retention rate approaches to the value of combusting original (coal with no limestone addition) fuel as indicated in Table 8. The significant increase of the dust particles in 0.15 mm or lower sized limestone shall require introduction of additional cyclones to the system originally having single cyclone unit or installation of electro filters to the system. When we examine Table 7 and Figure 5, as the limestone particle size increases, the combustion parameters indicating O2 value decreases while CO2 value increases. This fact represents that the system requires more amount of O2 in order to provide combustion and calcinations. Increase in the amount of CO2 represents that the combustion had been bettered. The experiments performed with larger sized particles shown that the steady state condition had been corrupted. In case of corruption within the regime, the combustion performance falls, thus leading to defective combustion of the fuel and increase in the CO value. Therefore, we could say that with the limestone particle sizes of 0.60-1.20 mm, it is

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dalmlar (kararl rejimin saland andan itibaren) incelendiinde akkan yatak ierisinde homojen bir scaklk dalmnn olutuu ve yaklak 870-900 C arasnda bir deiim gsterdii tespit edilmitir. Bu durum kl ergimesi ve NOx deerlerinin fazla olumamas asndan nemlidir. nk 1000 Cden sonra NOxlerde ani art grlr, 1200 Cden sonra da kl ergimesinin meydana gelmesi datc elein tkanmasna yolaar. Siklonda ise yanc gazlarn ve dolamdaki partikllerin meydana getirdii scaklklardan dolay yaklak 550-600 C scaklklar olumutur. Bu scaklklarn bacaya ulamas, yanma veriminin dmesine neden olur.

possible to obtain suitable combustion parameters more regular combustion process and that the system remains in thermal balance. When we examine Figure 6, the distribution of temperature values within the combustion system (after the moment of achieving the steady state regime), we observe that a homogenous temperature distribution is obtained within the fluidized bed displaying a variation in between approximately 870-900C. This fact is extremely important from the aspect of preventing ash fuse and formation of excessive NOx value, as NOx value increases instantaneously when the temperature value exceeds 1000C and after 1200C, the formation of ash fuse shall lead to clogging of distributive sieve. The cyclones had encountered approximately 550-600C temperature rates as a result of the heat formed by circulating particles and combustible gasses. If such temperature ratings reach to the funnel, this shall lead to decrease in the efficiency of the system. 6. CONCLUSION One of the major reasons of air pollution in our State is the combustion of low quality lignite coal inappropriately with existing combustion technologies and applications. Particularly the fluidized bed combustion system with circulation indicates itself as one of the most efficient systems for effective and clean combustion of this type of fuel. The system provides complete combustion of the fuel as a consequence of high level turbulence and prolonged retention period within the combustion chamber, retention of SO2 emission by addition of adsorbent (limestone) to the coal as well as decreasing the NOx emission by low (750-850C) level of bed temperature and availability of control. Addition of extra cyclones to the combustion system shall also provide measures for decreasing the dust emissions exhausted from the funnel. The principal emissions determining the emission attribute of the fluidized bed combustion system with circulation and limestone addition are the SO2, NOx, flue gas, combustible particles and dust emissions. In the experiments performed in order to determine the effect of the limestone particle size in between 0.15-1.20 mm, highest level of SO2 retention had been determined in the experiments performed with the smallest particle dimensions (0.15-0.30 mm) of the limestone. In between the 0.60-1.20 mm sizes of the limestone particles, suitable combustion parameters had been obtained and the combustion had been observed to be more regular and that the system is in thermal balance. The average bed temperature value under steady state regime conditions had been determined to be 885C. The emission results achieved from the experiments performed in the fluidized bed combustion system with circulation with limestone addition under laboratory conditions according to the particle sizes of limestone are generally in parallel with the results given in the literature (9, 12). The most important parallel fact is that as the size of the limestone particle increases, the rate of SO2 retention decreases, because the particle size of the

6. SONU Hava kirliliinin lkemizde oluumunun balca nedenlerinden biri, dk kalite linyitlerin mevcut yakma teknolojileri ve uygulamalar ile uygun biimde yaklamamasdr. zellikle dolaml akkan yatak yakma sistemleri bu tr yaktlarn verimli ve temiz yaklmas ynnde en etkin sistemlerden birisi olarak kendini gstermektedir. Youn trblans ve yanma odasnda uzun kalma sresi nedeniyle tam yanmann salanabilmesi, kmre adsorbent (kireta) ilavesiyle SO2 emisyonunun tutulabilmesi, bunun yansra yatak scaklnn dk (750-850C) ve kontrollu olabilmesi ile de NOx emisyonlarnn azaltlabilmesi salanmaktadr. Ayrca yakma sistemine ilave siklon taklmasyla, bacadan darya atlan toz emisyonlar azaltlabilmektedir. Kireta katkl dolaml akkan yatakl yakma sisteminin emisyon davrann belirleyen balca emisyonlar SO2, NOx, baca gaz yanc partikl ve toz emisyonlardr. 0,15-1,20 mm tane aralndaki kireta tane boyutu etkisinin belirlenmesi amacyla yaplan deneylerdeki en kk tane boyutlarndaki (0,15-0,30 mm) kireta ile yaplan deneylerde en yksek SO2 tutulmas belirlenmitir. Kiretann 0,60-1,20 mm tane aralndaki boyutlarnda, uygun yanma parametreleri elde edilerek yanmann daha dzenli ve sistemin sl dengede kald gzlenmitir. Kararl rejim artlarnda ortalama yatak scakl, 885 C olarak belirlenmitir. Laboratuvar artlarnda dolaml akkan yatakl yakma sisteminde, kireta ilaveli ve bu kiretann tane boyutlarna gre yaplan deneylerde elde edilen emisyon sonular, literatrde verilen sonularla (9, 12) genelde paralellik gstermektedir. En nemli paralellik, kireta tane boyutunun artmasyla, SO2 tutulmasnda azalmaya neden olmasdr. nk kiretann tane boyutu, reaksiyon hzn ve dnm orann byk lde etkilemektedir. Dolaysyla tane boyutunun artmas kiretann dnm orann nemli miktarlarda azaltmaktadr. Akkan yatak scaklnn artmas da

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reaksiyon hzn artrarak bu durumu oluturmaktadr (9, 13).

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limestone shall greatly affect the reaction speed and conversion rate. Therefore increasing the particle size shall significantly decrease the limestone conversion rate. Increasing of the fluidized bed temperature value shall also increase the reaction speed, thus leading the formation of this situation (9, 13). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support of this study by the research fund of the Gazi University under Grant No. MMF 06/98-8 is gratefully acknowledged.

TEEKKR Bu alma Gazi niversitesi Rektrl MMF 06/98-8 Nolu Aratrma Fonu tarafndan desteklenmitir.

SEMBOLLER CO CO2 CmHn Ca CaO : Karbonmonoksit, (mg/Nm3)yn : Karbondioksit, (%) : Hidrokarbonlar, (mg/Nm3)yn , : Kalsiyum, (%) : Kalsiyumoksit, (%)

NOMENCLATURE CO : Carbon monoxide / Karbonmonoksit, (mg/Nm3)yn : Carbon dioxide / Karbondioksit, (%) CO2 CmHn : Hydrocarbons / Hidrokarbonlar, (mg/Nm3)yn , (ppm) Ca : Calcium / Kalsiyum, (%) CaO : Calcium oxide / Kalsiyumoksit, (%)

(ppm)

dp
Ho Hu LPG MgO Mup NOx O2 Re2O3 SO2 SiO2 Xs y SO2

: Ortalama partikl ap, (mm) : Yakt st sl deeri, (kcal/kg) : Yakt alt sl deeri, (kcal/kg) : Likit petrol gaz : Magnezyumoksit, (%) : Uucu partikl miktar, (mg/Nm3)yn : Azotoksitler, (mg/Nm3)yn , (ppm) : Oksijen, (%) : Fe2O3 + Al2O3, (%) : Kkrtdioksit, (mg/Nm3)yn , (ppm) : Silisyumdioksit, (%) : Dnm oran, (%) : Yakt, (kg) : Verim, (%)

dp : Average particle diameter / Ortalama partikl ap, (mm) Ho : Fuel high thermal value / Yakt st sl deeri, (kcal/kg) Hu : Fuel low thermal value / Yakt alt sl deeri, (kcal/kg) LPG : Liquid petrol gas / Likit petrol gaz MgO : Magnesium oxide / Magnezyumoksit, (%) Mup : Volatile particle quantity / Uucu partikl miktar, (mg/Nm3)yn NOx : Nitrogen oxides / Azotoksitler, (mg/Nm3)yn , (ppm) : Oxygen / Oksijen, (%) O2 Re2O3 : Fe2O3 + Al2O3, (%) SO2 : Sulfur dioxide / Kkrtdioksit, (mg/Nm3)yn , (ppm) SiO2 : Silicium dioxide / Silisyumdioksit, (%) : Transformation ratio / Dnm oran, (%) Xs y : Fuel / Yakt, (kg) : Efficiency / Verim, (%) : Sulfur dioxide retention efficiency / Kkrt SO2 dioksit tutulma verimi, (%)

KAYNAKLAR/ REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. Durmaz, A., Yanmadan Kaynaklanan Hava Kirliliinin Kontrolu, Trkiyenin enerji alt yaps ve hava kirlilii, Gazi niv., Mh. Mim. Fak., Makina Mh. Blm, (Edit., Durmaz, A., Ercan, Y.) Ankara, 1-71 (1987). Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanl, Trkiye Yerli Birincil Enerji Kaynaklar Hedefleri, ETKB, APKK Raporlar, Ankara, 3-9 (2000). Plass, L. Bierbach, H. And Gummel, P., Experience with Combustion in Circulating Fluidized Beds, Lurgi GmbH Gervinusstrasse, Frankfurt, 17-19 (1986).

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Basu, P, Fraser,.S.A., Circulating fluidized bed boilers, Design and operations, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA, 416 (1991). Bakaya, ., Mobil Emisyon Test Laboratuvar Kullanm Klavuzu, Gazi niv., Mh. Mim. Fak. Makina Mh. Blm, (1989). Atlgan, ., Yakt Tane Boyutunun Yanma Verimi ve Emisyonlara Etkisinin Akkan Yatakta ncelenmesi, Gazi niv. Fen Bilimleri Enstits Dergisi, Ankara, 11 (1):135-147 (1998). Atlgan, ., Kireta laveli Dolaml Akkan Yatakta Ca/S Orannn Yanma ve Emisyonlara Etkisinin ncelenmesi, Gazi niv. Fen Bilimleri Enstits Dergisi, Ankara, 12(3): 593-605 (1999). Howard, J.R., Fluidized bed technology, Principles and upplications, Adam Hilger, Bristol and New York, 8-32 (1989). Ar, ., Kireta-SO2 Reaksiyonunun Kinetii almalar ve Baca Gazndaki SO2nin Tutulmas Amacyla Sobalara Uygulanmas, Doktora Tezi, Gazi niv., Fen Bil. Enst., Ankara, 154-158 (1992).

10. Trk Standartlar Enstits, Kazanlar-Anma Is Gc ve Verim Deneyleri Esaslar, TS4041, TSE, Ankara, (1983). 11. Smith, J. M., Van Ness, H. C., Introduction to Chemical Eng. Thermodynamics, 3th. ed., McGraw Hill, Tokyo, 213-225 (1975). 12. Dou, T. ve Togay, M., Effect of Air to fuel Ratio on The Reaction of SO2 and NOx Emissions in a Fluidized Bed Combustor, Technologie Des Lits Fluidises et disperses Applications Industrielles, Compiegne, 1-5 (1979). 13. Dou, T., The importance of pore st ructure and diffusion in the kinetics of gas-solid non-catalytic reactions: Reaction of calcined limestone with SO2, Chem. Eng. J., 21:213-222 (1981).

Received/ Geli Tarihi:07.07.2003

Accepted/Kabul Tarihi: 10.06.2004.