GENERALITIES ON SKIN, FASCIAE AND MUSCLES Dr.

Sanoria June 13, 2011

-protects the skin from light, heat, microbes, and chemicals

b)

StratumLucidum

-transparent, flattened dead/drying cell usually without nuclei SKIN (Integumentary System) -not seen in thin skin - Largest/biggest organ system in the body - covering the body with a surface of 3000 Sq. in c) StratumGranulosum

-flattened cell of 3-5 layers with granules Characteristics: -active in keratinization y y y y Elastic Rugged Self-regenerating Water proof

d)

StratumSpinosum

-withpolyhydral cells Functions: y y y y Protection Heat regulation Sensation Secretion -prickly outline

e)

StratumGerminativum

-cuboidal to columnar cells -generative cells resting on a basement membrane Layers: 1. EPIDERMIS Outermost covering Consists of squamous cell epithelium -with specialized cell called melanocyte to produce more melanin responsible for skin color -sun stimulates melanocyte to produce melanin -we all have the same number of melanocyte, skin color would differentiate depending on the activity of the melanocyte

Sublayers: a) StratumCorneum

-consist of dead cells filled with keratin -constantly shed off

2. DERMIS/CORIUM/TRUE SKIN y Connective tissue with white collagenous and yellow elastic fiber

Embedded are the blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands Bundle of collagenous fibers arranged in parallel rows

d)

Hair shaft

-visible portion of the hair

Sublayers: a. papillary layer - upper portion which projects into the depression of the overlying epidermis b. reticular layer - lower portion found above the subcutaneous tissue and before papillary layer

Histologically composed of: a) Cuticle

-outermost, overlapping, scale-like cells b) Cortex

-composed of elongated cells united to make a flattened fiber c) Medulla

Appendages of the Skin 1. Hair

-many sided cell with air in between

-filamentous structure found in almost all parts of the body except y y y y y y y y Parts: a) Hair follicle Lip Labia minora Internal surface of labia majora Glans penis Clitoris Soles and sides of the feet Palm of the hands Sides of the finger

v Hair growth occurs with the mitotic division of epithelial matrix cells at the base of the bulb and the old cell moving upward, keratinized forming the horny layer of shaft v Hair color attributable to the pigment produced by melanocyte v Arrectorpilli muscles produce gooseflesh v Hair graying/whitening is due to absence of pigment and formation of bubbles of air?

1.

Nails

-tubular invagination of the epidermis surrounded by the dorsal root sheath b) Hair bulb

-keratinized plate on the dorsal surface of the tips of fingers and toes Parts: a) Nail root

-expanded extremities of hair follicles c) Hair papilla

-proximal edge of nail plate b) Nail fold

-concave terminal end of hair bulb containing vascular connective tissue

-skin surrounding the lateral and proximal plate of the nail Parts: c) Nail bed 1. -surface of the skin covered by nail plate -blind, twisted tube coiled upon itself d) Lunula -localized in the dermis -crescentic, whitish discoloration at the proximal edge of nail v Nail growth is 1mm per week v Fingernails grow faster than toenails v Avulsed nail regeneration for fingernails is 3 to 5 months Function: 1. 1. Sebaceous glands Heat regulation 1. Excretory portion Secretory portion

-tubular structure which spirals to the surface -passageway of sweat out of the skin

-sweating is initiated by an increase in body temperature -stimulates cerebral center for sweating

-holocrine gland attached to hair follicular wall secreting sebum to lubricate the hair shaft on the surface of the skin -distributed in all parts of the body except palm of the hand and sole of the foot -not associated with hair follicles: corner of mouth, glans penis, labia minora -endocrine system controls sebaceous secretion thus it is increased during puberty and pregnancy and decreased during old age v Blackheads result from discoloration of the orifice of the sebaceous glands and secondary to oxidation of fatty material v Retention of sebaceous gland secretions provide a medium of growth of fast growing bacteria responsible for boils and pimples

Modified sweat glands: y y Seraminous gland of the external meatus of the ear Ciliary gland of eyelids

Clinical aspects: -skin color may help in the diagnosis of disease y y y y Red HPN Whitish/pallor leukemia, anemia Bluish/purple cyanotic heart disease, severe pneumonia Yellow hepatobiliary disease

1.

Sweat glands

v Langers line made up of collagen fibers bundle v Skin creases overlines a joint

-simple, tubular gland responsible for secretion of sweat (odorless and whitish = when odor is present, it is due to dirt of the skin)

-covers trunk mobile viscera FASCIA y Connective tissue that will bind skin and muscles/bone Subtypes of serous membrane: Types: 1. Superficial/subcutaneous fasciae a) -loose areolar and adipose tissue -wall of cavity -thicker skin anchored by superficial fasciae with abundant collagen fiber bundle (scalp, palms, sole) -thinner skin anchored by superficial fasciae which are devoid of adipose tissue (eyelids, scrotum) 1. Deep fasciae -between is a serous fluid which lubricates organ thus preventing friction -sensitive to pain and touch -nerve supply: spinal nerve Parietal -smooth layer of mesothelium

-membranous connective tissue -invests on the muscles and other deep structures b) Visceral - organ found within the cavity Variations: y Neck well defined o Abdomen and thorax areolar tissue which covers the muscles and aponeurosis o Limbs definitive sheath o Joints thickened - sensitive to stretch - nerve supply: autonomic nerve

MUSCLES -made up of contractile tissues

MEMBRANE -external covering of internal structures

-for contraction/movement

Types: Types: 1. Mucous membrane 1. 2. 3. Skeletal somatic musculature Cardiac forms wall of heart Smooth visceral

-lines organs which is in the surface of the body 1. Serous membrane Skeletal

Smooth Cardiac Striations Striated Unstriated 2. Endomysium Striated surrounding each muscle fiber Action Voluntary 3. Muscle fasciculi Involuntary bundle of muscle fiber Involuntary Localization 4. Perimysium Somatic sorrounds its fasciculi Visceral Myocardium 5. Epimysium Innervations sorrounds skeletal muscle/bundle fasciculi Cerebrospinal nerves ANS 6. Fascia ANS located outside epimysium Cell nucleus multinucleus Attachment of skeletal muscle single 1. single -least movement Origin Structures: 1. Muscle fibers

single cylindrical cell contains several nuclei located on sides or periphery

SKELETAL MUSCLE 2. Insertion Cells are called fiber because its length exceeds its width Attached to bones and causes movement -most movement

Work of skeletal muscle 1. Prime mover

y y y

Muscles that line: GI tract Respiratory tract Iris, ciliary muscle of the eye

-chief muscle responsible for a particular movement

Arranged as inner circular, outer tubular (ICOT) 2. Antagonist -apposes the action of prime move CARDIAC MUSCLE Has an intercalated disc which is a junctional specialization linking muscle fibers 3. Fixator -contractsisometrically to stabilize the origin of the prime mover Important characteristic is its slow return to resting phase state after contraction and during this phase, it is insensitive to stimulus 4. Synergist -prevents movement of intermediate joints -contracts and stabilizes intermediate joints Contractions are rhythmic due to SA node ANS regulates heart rate

Physiology: 1. 2. 3. 4. Myofibril Sarcoplasm Motor units Myofilament

v Sarcoplasm and myofibril = cytoplasm of muscle fibers

SMOOTH MUSCLE Found in internal organs Visceral Innervated by ANS