Multiple Integrals
8.1
8.1.1
Double Integrals
Definition
n
X
i=1
f (xi, yi)Ai.
Geometrical meaning
8.1.2
RR
R f (x, y)
z=f(x,y)
R 11111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
11111111111111
d
00000000000000
11111111111111
a
b
11111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
11111111111111
c
00000000000000
11111111111111
x
00000000000000
11111111111111
f (xi, yi)Ai
i=1
(1)
ZZ
(2)
ZZ
cf (x, y) dA = c
a constant.
(3) If f (x, y) g(x, y) for all (x, y) R,
ZZ
ZZ
then
f (x, y) dA
g(x, y) dA.
R
R
ZZ
ZZ
(4)
dA =
1 dA = A(R), the area of R.
R
ZZ
ZZ
(5)
ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
f (x, y) dA +
R1
f (x, y) dA,
R2
where R = R1 R2
and R1, R2 do not overlap except perhaps on their
boundary.
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R
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2
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R
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R
1
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.... ..............
.................
.
.............................................
8.2.1
Rectangular regions
c y d.
Z d "Z
f (x, y) dA =
R
f (x, y) dx
c
dy.
The RHS is called an iterated integral. i.e. repeating the integration for each variable, one at a
time.
We can also change the order of the variables of integration (without changing the value):
ZZ
Z "Z
b
f (x, y) dA =
R
f (x, y) dy
a
#
dx.
Example
Solution:
Z 3Z
(a)
=
2 y=2
y y=1 dx
(x + 2y) dydx =
xy +
0
2 0 x=3
Z 31
x
+ 3x
= 27/2.
(x + 3) dx =
2
0
x=0
Z 2Z
(b)
Z 2
x=3
x
(x + 2y) dxdy =
+ 2xy
dy
2
1
0
1
x=0
y=2
Z 2
9
9y
+ 6y dy =
+ 3y 2
= 27/2.
2
2
1
y=1
6
Example
8.2.3
Solution:
ZZ
Z 4Z 2
x2y dA =
x2y dydx
R
0Z 41
Z 2
=
x2 dx
y dy
0
64 3
= 32.
=
3
2
Remark
8.2.4
c y d.
7
8.2.5
0000
1111
y=g (x)
11111
00000
0000
1111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000
11111
00000 111
11111
000
00000
11111
0
1
0
1
000y=g (x)
111
00000
11111
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
x
2
1
0
0
1
0a
1
x+dx
g1(x) y g2(x),
a x b.
g2 (x)
f (x, y) dy
g1 (x)
Z b "Z
g2 (x)
c(x) dx =
a
#
f (x, y) dy
dx.
g1 (x)
g1 (x)
9
10
8.2.6
11
00
y
00
11
00
11
111111
000000
d
00
11
111111111x=h (y)
x=h (y)000000000
00
11
0000000000000
1111111111111
111111
000000
y+dy
00
11
0000000000000
1111111111111
00
11
0000000000000
1111111111111
y
00
11
1111
0000
00
11
00
11
11111
00000
c
00
11
111111111111
000000000000
00
11
1111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000
00
11
x
0
00
11
00
11
1
10
11
h1(y) x h2(y),
c y d.
ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
R
8.2.7
h2 (y)
#
f (x, y) dx
dy
h1 (y)
Example
2
RR
R 30xy
x2 y x,
0
y1
0
1
111111111
000000000
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
y=x
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
y=x
000000000
111111111
11111111111111
00000000000000
0
1
x
000000000
111111111
01
1
0
0
1
2
11
0 x 1.
dA.
12
Then
Z 1 Z
ZZ
30xy dA =
R
1
Z
=
15xy
2 y=x
y=x2
dx
30xy dy
0
Zx
dx =
15x(x2 x4) dx
0
0 4
x=1
15x
15x6
5
=
= .
4
6 x=0 4
yx
y,
0 y 1.
1
0
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
x=y
0
1
x=y
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
11111111111111
00000000000000
x
000000000
111111111
0
0 1
0
1
0
1
y
1
1/2
Z 1 "Z
ZZ
30xy dA =
Z
=
R
1
30xy dx
0
15x y
x=y
x=y
dy
dy =
0 3
4 y=1
15y
15y
5
=
= .
3
4 y=0 4
12
15y 15y
dy
13
8.2.8
Example
ZZ
Calculate
sin x
dA, where R is the triangle in
x
R
If we treat R as type B:
R : y x 1, 0 y 1.
11
00
y
00
11
00
11
000000000
111111111
1
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
x=y
000000000
111111111
x= 1
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
11
000000000 x
111111111
11111111111111
00000000000000
00
11
000000000
111111111
00
011
00
11
00
11
ZZ
sin x
dA =
x
R
Z 1 Z
0
1
y
sin x
dx dy,
x
14
If we treat R as type A:
R:
0 y x,
0 x 1.
1
0
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
y=x
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
0
1
000000000
111111111
11111111111111
00000000000000
x
0
1
000000000
111111111
01
y=0
0
1
0
1
0
1
y
Z 1 Z x
sin x
sin x
dA =
dy dx
x
x
y=x 0
Z 1R
Z0 1
sin x
=
y
dx =
(sin x 0) dx
x
0
0
y=0
ZZ
= [ cos x]x=1
x=0 = 1 cos 1.
14
15
8.2.9
Example
Z 3Z
Evaluate
ey dy dx.
Solution:
1
x/3
R may be described as :
r
R:
x
y 1,
3
0 x 3.
11
00
y
00
11
y=1
111111111
000000000
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
y=(x/3)
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
11111111111111
00000000000000
x
00
11
0
3
00
11
00
11
00
11
1/2
px
3
= x = 3y 2.
15
16
0 x 3y 2,
0 y 1.
11
00
y
00
11
00
11
11111111
00000000
00
11
1
00
11
00
11
00
x = 3y
x = 11
0
00
11
00
11
00
11
00
11
x
00
11
11111111111111
00000000000000
0
00
11
00
11
2
Z 3Z
0
Z 1 "Z
y3
e dy dx =
x/3
3y 2
y3
e dx
0
Z 1h
Z 1
2
i
x=3y
3
3
=
xey
dy =
3y 2ey dy
x=0
0
Z0 1
=
eudu = [eu]u=1
u=0 = e 1.
0
16
dy
17
8.3
Circle
y
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17
18
x2
1 x2,
1 x 1.
y2
1 y 2,
1 y 1.
18
0 2
19
8.3.2
Sector of a circle
y
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..........................................................................................................................................................................................60
.....................................................................................................................................................................................
1 y 2,
3
0y
.
2
19
0 /3
20
8.3.3
Ring
y
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0 2
Polar rectangle
a r b,
20
21
..
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b
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...... R
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...
.... ......... a
.. .....
. ...
... ..... ..................
.. ... ........ .. ...
................... ... ...
.
.............................................................................................................................
.........................
8.3.5
Change of variables
y = r sin .
22
a r b,
then we have
ZZ
f (x, y) dA =
R
8.3.6
Example
ZZ
(3x + 4y 2) dA, where R is the semicir-
Evaluate
R
...
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......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
22
23
Solution:
0 .
So
ZZ
Z
(3x + 4y 2) dA =
Z0
=
Z0
=
1
3
r cos + r sin )
r=2
r=1
7 cos + 15 sin d
Z0
15
=
7 cos + (1 cos 2) d
2
0
=
15
sin 2
= 7 sin + (
)
2
2
=0
15
=
2
23
24
8.4
8.4.1
Example
24
25
0 y 2.
So volume of D is
ZZ
(16 x2 2y 2)dA
R
Z 2Z 2
=
(16 x2 2y 2)dxdy
0
...
........
....
..................
.... ..... .................
.
.
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.......
.. ...
......
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...
....
2
...
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...
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2........................................................................................
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...
........
z = 16 x 2y 2
= 48.
8.4.3
Example
25
26
ZZ
f1(x, y)dA
V =
R
f2(x, y)dA
R
0 2.
26
27
ZZ
(x2 + y 2)dA
(20 x)dA
R
V =
(20 r cos )r dr d
Z0 2 Z0 3
(r2)r dr d
20r r2 cos r3 dr d
Z0 2 0
4 3
3
r
r
d
=
10r2 cos
3
4 0
Z0 2
81
90 9 cos
=
d
4
0
2
279
279
=
9 sin
=
4
2
0
=
8.4.4
Surface area
28
R is
s
ZZ
S=
R
8.4.5
z
x
2
+
z
y
2
+ 1 dA.
Example
0 x 1,
0 y 4.
x+z =4
11111111111
00000000000
2
00000000000
11111111111
S
00000000000
11111111111
00000000000
11111111111
2
4
1
4 x2 .
So the surface is given by the function f (x, y) =
28
29
4 x2 .
ZZ
S=
R
ZZ
z
x
2
+
z
y
2
2
+ 1 dA
x
=
+ 02 + 1 dA
4 x2
R
Z 4 Z 1
2
dx dy
=
2
4x
0
Z 4 0
1
x=1
=2
sin (x/2) x=0 dy
Z0 4
4
=2
dy = .
6
3
0
Z
1
Note that
dx = sin1(x/a) + C.
a2 x2
8.4.6
29
30
M=
R
Example
31
Solution:
x = 0,
y = 0,
y = x + 1.
It is described by R : 0 y x+1, 0 x 1.
The mass of the lamina is
ZZ
ZZ
(x, y) dA =
xy dA
R
y=x+1
Z 1RZ x+1
Z 1
1 2
=
xy dy dx =
xy
dx
2
0
0
0
y=0
Z 1
1
1
1 3
=
x x2 + x dx = .
2
2
24
0
For the center of gravity,
ZZ
ZZ
x(x, y) dA =
x2y dA
R
y=x+1
Z 1RZ x+1
Z 1
1 2 2
=
x2y dy dx =
xy
dx
2
0
0
0
y=0
Z 1
1 4
1 2
1
3
=
x x + x dx = ,
2
2
60
0
31
32
ZZ
ZZ
y(x, y) dA =
xy 2 dA
R
y=x+1
Z 1RZ x+1
Z 1
1 3
=
xy 2 dy dx =
xy
dx
3
0
0
0
y=0
Z 1
1 4
1
1
3
2
=
x + x x + x dx = .
3
3
60
0
So
and
8.5
RR
1/60 2
R x(x, y) dA
RR
x =
=
=
1/24
5
(x,
y)
dA
R
RR
y(x, y) dA 1/60 2
R
=
y = RR
=
1/24 5
R (x, y) dA
Triple integral
33
8.5.1
n
X
i=1
Physical meaning
There is no direct geometrical meaning for triple integral on a general function. However, when the function f represents certain physical quantity, then integrating f over a solid region may have some physical
meaning.
For example, when f is the constant function 1, then
ZZZ
1 dV = volume of D.
D
33
34
8.5.2
Example
34
35
Hence
M = lim
8.5.3
n
X
ZZZ
(xi, yi, zi)Vi =
(x, y, z) dV.
D
i=1
Rectangular region
a x b, c y d, r z s.
35
36
z
s
r
0
d
b
Z bZ dZ
f (x, y, z) dV =
D
f (x, y, z) dz dy dx.
a
As in the case of double integrals, the order of integration with respect to the three variables does not
affect the answer of the triple integrals.
36