Global Forest Resources Assessment - Sri Lanka

Forestry Department
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT
SRI LANKA
FRA2010/197 Rome, 2010
The Forest Resources Assessment Programme

Sustainably managed forests have multiple environmental and socio-economic functions important at the global, national and local scales, and play a vital part in sustainable development. Reliable and upto-date information on the state of forest resources - not only on area and area change, but also on such variables as growing stock, wood and non-wood products, carbon, protected areas, use of forests for recreation and other services, biological diversity and forests contribution to national economies - is crucial to support decision-making for policies and programmes in forestry and sustainable development at all levels. FAO, at the request of its member countries, regularly monitors the worlds forests and their management and uses through the Forest Resources Assessment Programme. This country report forms part of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (FRA 2010). The reporting framework for FRA 2010 is based on the thematic elements of sustainable forest management acknowledged in intergovernmental forest-related fora and includes variables related to the extent, condition, uses and values of forest resources, as well as the policy, legal and institutional framework related to forests. More information on the FRA 2010 process and the results - including all the country reports - is available on the FRA Web site (www.fao.org/forestry/fra ). The Global Forest Resources Assessment process is coordinated by the Forestry Department at FAO headquarters in Rome. The contact person for matters related to FRA 2010 is: Mette Lyche Wilkie Senior Forestry Officer FAO Forestry Department Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome 00153, Italy E-mail: Mette.LoycheWilkie@fao.org Readers can also use the following e-mail address: fra@fao.org
DISCLAIMER
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The Global Forest Resources Assessment Country Report Series is designed to document and make available the information forming the basis for the FRA reports. The Country Reports have been compiled by officially nominated country correspondents in collaboration with FAO staff. Prior to finalisation, these reports were subject to validation by forestry authorities in the respective countries.
FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka
Contents
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 TABLE T1 EXTENT OF FOREST AND OTHER WOODED LAND ............................................... 5 TABLE T2 FOREST OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT RIGHTS ........................................... 12 TABLE T3 FOREST DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT ........................................................ 16 TABLE T4 FOREST CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................................................... 23 TABLE T5 FOREST ESTABLISHMENT AND REFORESTATION.............................................. 27 TABLE T6 GROWING STOCK .......................................................................................................... 28 TABLE T7 BIOMASS STOCK............................................................................................................ 32 TABLE T8 CARBON STOCK............................................................................................................. 34 TABLE T9 FOREST FIRES ................................................................................................................ 36 TABLE T10 OTHER DISTURBANCES AFFECTING FOREST HEALTH AND VITALITY .... 38 TABLE T11 WOOD REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS ............................................... 41 TABLE T12 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS 43 TABLE T13 EMPLOYMENT............................................................................................................... 46 TABLE T14 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................... 48 TABLE T15 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................... 50 TABLE T16 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ................................................................................... 52 TABLE T17 PUBLIC REVENUE COLLECTION AND EXPENDITURE ..................................... 54
Report preparation and contact persons

The present report was prepared by the following person(s):
Name (FAMILY NAME, First name) SATHURUSINGHE, Anura
Institution / address Forest Department P.O.Box 3 Rajamalwatte Road Battaramulla Sri Lanka
E-mail
Fax
Tables
tree@slt.lk anu.sath@hotmail.com
+94.11.2866633
All
1
1.1
Table T1 Extent of Forest and Other wooded land

FRA 2010 Categories and definitions
Definition Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Land not classified as Forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. All land that is not classified as Forest or Other wooded land. Land classified as Other land, spanning more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs.
Category Forest
Other wooded land
Other land Other land with tree cover (Subordinated to Other land) Inland water bodies
1.2 1.2.1
National data Data sources

Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Satellite imageries and aerial photos taken in 1992 and field checking
References to sources of information Legg and Jewell. 1995. A 1:50.000 scale Forest Map of Sri Lanka: The basis for National Geographic System. Christopher Legg and Nicholas Jewell. The Sri Lanka Forester. Special Issue 1995. GOSL. 2000. Forest Cover Mapping 2000. Forest Inventory Division. Forest Department. Sri Lanka FAO. 1996. Sri Lanka Profile, In Asia Pacific Agroforestry Profiles: Second Edition. RAP Publication 1996/20. Asia Pacific Agroforestry Network. FAO. Bangkok. CBSL.2004. Sri Lanka Socio-Economic Data 2004, Vol Xxvii, Central Bank Of Sri Lanka, June 2004
Vegetation types & canopy cover
1992
Vegetation types & canopy cover Land use type & extent
1996
Satellite imageries and aerial photos taken in 1996 and field checking
1994
Rubber Plantation
19782003
GOSL. 1999. Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka A framework for Action, Ministry of Forestry & Environment Sri Lanka
Definitions
1.2.2
Classification and definitions

Definition
National class Closed Canopy Forests
All lands, with a forest cover with canopy density of 70 percent or above
a. b.
Montane Forest Sub-Montane Forest
Altitude 1500 2500 m. Annual rainfall 2500 5000 mm. No dry months Altitude 1000 1500 m. Annual rainfall 2500 5000 mm. No dry months
c. Lowland Forest (Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest) d. Moist Monsoon Forest (Moist Evergreen Forest) e. Dry Monsoon Forest (Dry Mixed Evergreen Forest) Riverine Forest Mangrove Forest
Altitude 0 1000 m. Annual rainfall 2500 5000 mm. No dry months
Altitude 0 1000 m. Annual rainfall 1900 2500mm. Less than 3 dry months
Altitude 0 500 m. Annual rainfall 1250 1900 mm. 4-5 dry months
f. g.
Forests found along the rivers and streams Area covered by Mangrove Vegetation All lands, with a forest cover with canopy density less than 70 percent
Open Canopy Forests a. Sparse Forests
(Source: Biodiversity Conservation in Sri Lanka A framework for Action, Ministry of Forestry & Environment 1999)
1.2.3
Original data
Land Use in Sri Lanka (1994)

Land category Urban Land Specific land use Built-up land Associated non-agricultural land Agricultural land Homesteads Tree & Other Perennial Crops 781,280 Ha 22,640 7,319
Tea Rubber Coconut Cinnamon Cashew Oil-palm Other perennial crops Crop land Paddy Sparsely used cropland Other crop land Forestland Natural Forest Dense forest Open forest Forest Plantations Range land Scrub land Grass land Wet land Forested MANGROVES Non- forested Marsh Water Barren land Total
201,630 166,500 332,140 8,880 580 1,070 54,740 494,460 1,069,990 599,110
1,582,700 463,800 72,300 205,630 91,190
20,150
42,400 290,520 77,480 6,586,509
(Source: Asia Pacific Agroforestry Profiles: Second Edition, Sri Lanka Profile, Asia Pacific Agroforestry network) Area of Natural Forest by National Classes, 1992 & 1996
Forest Class Montane Forest Sub-montane Forest Lowland Rain Forest Moist Monsoon Forest Dry Monsoon Forest Riverine Dry Forest Mangroves Sparse Forest Forest Plantations Excluding Rubber Total Forest Area Total Land Area 1992 (ha) 3,108 68,838 141,549 243,877 1,094,287 22,411 8,687 463,842 72,340 2,118940 6,586,509 1996 (ha) 3,099 65,792 124,340 221977 1,027,544 18,352 9,530 471,583 79,940 2,022160 6,616,628
Area of Rubber Plantations Category

Main Agricultural Crops Rubber Plantations (000 ha) 1978 226 1997 158 1998 158 1999 159 2000 157 2001 157 2002 157 2003 129
(Source: Sri Lanka Socio-Economic Data 2004, Vol Xxvii, Central Bank Of Sri Lanka, June 2004)
1.3
Analysis and processing of national data
1.3.1 Calibration The calibration step was implemented as country land area figures did not match with the FAOSTAT. The forests figures were keep intact and all necessary adjustments were made in the area of Other lands. Further, the area of inland water bodies was taken as maintained by FAOSTAT. All the forest classes listed in 1992 and 1996 were classified as forests. However to match country definition the rubber plantation areas were not included in the area under forests.
Area (1000 hectares) 1992 1996 2119 2022 0 0 4,344 4,441 1,115 n.a. 98 6,561 98 6,561
FRA Categories Forest excluding rubber Other Wooded Land Other Land of which with tree cover Inland water bodies TOTAL
1.3.2 Estimation and forecasting A. Excluding Rubber Plantations The available data provides information for 1992 and 1996. Therefore, figures for 1990 and 2000 were estimated using linear-interpolation and the figure for 2005 was forecasted using linear extrapolation. To match national definitions the area of rubber plantation was included.
FRA Categories Forest excluding rubber Other Land Inland water bodies TOTAL
1990
Area (1000 hectares) 2000 2005 1925 4538 98 6,561 1804 4659 98 6,561
2167 4296 98 6,561
B. Rubber Plantations The estimate of area in 1990 under rubber trees was developed by linear interpolation method. The information for 2000 was directly available in the original data. Based on personnel communication of the National Correspondent with Rubber authorities, the figure for 2003 was taken as the figure for 2005.
Category Rubber Plantations 1990 183 Area in 000 ha 2000 2005 157 129
C. Including Rubber Plantations 8
The area of rubber plantation was added to area of forest to match FRA definition of forests.
Area (1000 hectares) 1990 2000 2005 2350 2082 1933 0 0 4,113 4,381 4,530 n.a. n.a. n.a. 98 98 98 6,561 6,561 6,561
FRA Categories Forests including rubber Other Wooded Land Other Land of which with tree cover Inland water bodies TOTAL
1.3.3
Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories

Percentage allocation of a national category to FRA categories Forests Other Other .... of Inland Wooded Land which water land with tree bodies cover 100 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100
FRA Categories
Forests including rubber Other Wooded Land Other Land of which with tree cover Inland water bodies TOTAL
Data for 2010 were estimated using following information: 1. Pilot study on change of Forest cover in selected districts (Kurunegala & Kaluthara Districts) from 1992 to 2008 Information provided by GIS unit of the Forest Department and personal communication with the staff of GIS unit. 2. Information and data available on forest boundary survey carried under ADB funded Forest Resources Management Project 3. Recorded Encroachment Reports during 2005 2008 4. Forest Range Plans prepared for each range 5. Personal Communications with the staff of the Forest Department 6. Land use plans prepared at each Divisional Secretary division in Sri Lanka Based on above information and expert consultations, it was revealed that trend of declining of forest land reported in FRA 2005 was unacceptably high. One reason identified for this is the inaccuracy of calculations of GOSL Forest Cover Mapping 2000 published with satellite imageries taken in the year 1996. In addition, pilot studies carried out with 2008 satellite imageries have proven this hypothesis and indicated that it is less than 50% of the trend reported in 2005. Therefore, to attain more reasonable figure for 2010, 50% of declining rate of the 2005 trend forest land was used. Accordingly following extents were estimated.
FRA Categories Forest excluding rubber Other Land Inland water bodies TOTAL
1990
Area (1000 hectares) 2000 2005 1925 4538 98 6,561 1804 4659 98 6,561
2010 1743 4720 98 6,561
2167 4296 98 6,561
As per the statistical hand book-2007 prepared by Department of census and statistics, Sri Lanka the extent of Rubber plantations in Sri Lanka are as follows: Year Extent 2002 114,681 2003 114,681 2004 114,681 2005 115,823 2006 116,478
Based on personal communications with the officials of Ministry of Plantation Industries and the Rubber Research Institute, Sri Lanka an extent of 117,000 ha was agreed for the year 2010. Accordingly figures for T-1 were estimated.
1.4
Data for Table T1

Area (1000 hectares) 2000 2005 2 082 1 933 0 0 4 381 4 530 98 6 561 98 6 561
FRA 2010 categories Forest Other wooded land Other land ...of which with tree cover Inland water bodies Total for country
1990 2 350 0 4 113 98 6 561
2010 1 860 0 4 603 98 6 561
1.5
Comments to Table T1
Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Comments on the reported trend
Variable / category Forest
Other wooded land
There may exist areas of other wooded land but the extent cannot be estimated from available data and any such areas are included under the other categories.
10
Other land
Other land with tree cover
Inland water bodies
Other general comments to the table 1. The country does not consider rubber as part of forests. The above table has been developed for the purposes of FRA only. 2. Coconut timber plays an important role in wood industry in Sri Lanka. It is considered as a multipurpose tree and grown in home gardens as well as large plantations. Expected year for completion of ongoing/planned national forest inventory and/or RS survey / mapping Field inventory Remote sensing survey / mapping 2009
11
2
2.1
Table T2 Forest ownership and management rights

Definition Forest owned by the State; or administrative units of the public administration; or by institutions or corporations owned by the public administration. Forest owned by individuals, families, communities, private co-operatives, corporations and other business entities, private religious and educational institutions, pension or investment funds, NGOs, nature conservation associations and other private institutions. Forest owned by individuals and families.
Category Public ownership
Private ownership
Individuals (sub-category of Private ownership) Private business entities and institutions (sub-category of Private ownership) Local communities (sub-category of Private ownership) Indigenous / tribal communities (sub-category of Private ownership) Other types of ownership
Forest owned by private corporations, co-operatives, companies and other business entities, as well as private non-profit organizations such as NGOs, nature conservation associations, and private religious and educational institutions, etc. Forest owned by a group of individuals belonging to the same community residing within or in the vicinity of a forest area. The community members are co-owners that share exclusive rights and duties, and benefits contribute to the community development. Forest owned by communities of indigenous or tribal people.
Other kind of ownership arrangements not covered by the categories above. Also includes areas where ownership is unclear or disputed.
Categories related to the holder of management rights of public forest resources Public Administration The Public Administration (or institutions or corporations owned by the Public Administration) retains management rights and responsibilities within the limits specified by the legislation. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to individuals or households through long-term leases or management agreements. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to corporations, other business entities, private cooperatives, private non-profit institutions and associations, etc., through long-term leases or management agreements. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to local communities (including indigenous and tribal communities) through long-term leases or management agreements. Forests for which the transfer of management rights does not belong to any of the categories mentioned above.
Individuals/households
Private institutions
Communities
Other form of management rights
12
2.2
National data
2.2.1 Data sources Almost all natural forests and forest plantations in Sri Lanka are administered by the state. Two state agencies namely; the Forest Department and Department of Wildlife Conservation are the responsible institutions for forest administration and management. In addition, state plantation Corporation and Land Reform Commission are responsible for administration of less than 5% of state forests in Sri Lanka. Rubber plantations which are owned by private companies and individuals are classified under private ownership group.
References to sources of information Legg and Jewell. 1995. A 1:50.000 scale Forest Map of Sri Lanka: The basis for National Geographic System. Christopher Legg and Nicholas Jewell. The Sri Lanka Forester. Special Issue 1995. GOSL. 2000. Forest Cover Mapping 2000. Forest Inventory Division. Forest Department. Sri Lanka Administrative Reports
Quality (H/M/L) H
Variable(s)
Year(s)
Additional comments Satellite imageries and aerial photos taken in 1992 and field checking
1992
Vegetation types & canopy cover Different Land ownerships and extents
1996
Satellite imageries and aerial photos taken in 1996 and field checking
Reports issued by the Ministry of Lands
2.2.2

Definition Areas gazetted under the provisions given in the Forest ordinance
National class Forest Department
1. Conservation Forests 2. Forest Reserves 3. Proposed Forest Reserves 4. Other State Forests
Forests allocated strictly for biodiversity conservation Conservation and non-destructive uses Forests to be gazetted as Reserved Forests Allocated for multiple purposes
13
Areas gazetted under the provisions given in the Forest ordinance Department of Wildlife Conservation Forests allocated strictly for biodiversity conservation 1. Strict Nature Reserves 2. National Parks 3. Nature reserves 4. Jungle Corridors Area open for public and used for ecotourism activities Restricted visitor activities and focussed on Conservation Area that has been used to combine two or more areas administered by the Department of Wildlife Conservation Both public and privately owned lands where development activities controlled under Fauna & Flora protection Ordinance (Wildlife Ordinance)
5. Sanctuaries
2.2.3
Original data
The data recorded in Table T1 was used as the original data source 2.3 Analysis and processing of national data
No analysis and calibration is needed as data were directly transferred from the table T1 2.4 Data for Table T2
Table 2a - Forest ownership

FRA 2010 Categories Public ownership Private ownership ...of which owned by individuals ...of which owned by private business entities and institutions ...of which owned by local communities ...of which owned by indigenous / tribal communities Other types of ownership TOTAL Forest area (1000 hectares) 1990 2000 2005 2 167 1925 1804 183 157 129 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0 0 0 1 933
2 350 2 082 Note: If other types of ownership is reported, please specify details in comment to the table.
Does ownership of trees coincide with ownership of the land on which they are situated? If No above, please describe below how the two differ:
Yes No
14
Table 2b - Holder of management rights of public forests

FRA 2010 Categories Public Administration Individuals Private corporations and institutions Communities Other TOTAL Forest area (1000 hectares) 1990 2000 2005 2 167 1925 1804 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 167 1925 1804
2.5
Variable / category Public ownership
Private ownership
Other types of ownership
Management rights
Other general comments to the table Although official data are not available, there are very small extents of private forest lands managed by private individuals and companies. A survey will be conducted to estimate the figure by 2010.
15
3
3.1
Table T3 Forest designation and management

Term Definition Primary designated function The primary function or management objective assigned to a management unit either by legal prescription, documented decision of the landowner/manager, or evidence provided by documented studies of forest management practices and customary use. Protected areas Areas especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. Categories of primary designated functions Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other No / unknown Forest area designated primarily for production of wood, fibre, bio-energy and/or non-wood forest products. Forest area designated primarily for protection of soil and water. Forest area designated primarily for conservation of biological diversity. Includes but is not limited to areas designated for biodiversity conservation within the protected areas. Forest area designated primarily for social services. Forest area designated primarily for more than one purpose and where none of these alone is considered as the predominant designated function. Forest areas designated primarily for a function other than production, protection, conservation, social services or multiple use. No or unknown designation.
Special designation and management categories Area of permanent forest estate (PFE) Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Forest area that is designated to be retained as forest and may not be converted to other land use. Forest area within formally established protected areas independently of the purpose for which the protected areas were established. To be defined and documented by the country. Forest area that has a long-term (ten years or more) documented management plan, aiming at defined management goals, which is periodically revised.
3.2 3.2.1

Quality (H/M/L) M Variable(s) Plantation Areas Plantation Areas Protected Areas Year(s) 1992 Additional comments
References to sources of information FSMP. 1995. Forestry Sector Mater Plan. Sri Lanka GOSL. 2003. Forest Department Annual Report - 2003 UNEP_WCMC. 2005. The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA).
2003
2004
16
Legg and Jewell. 1995. A 1:50.000 scale Forest Map of Sri Lanka: The basis for National Geographic System. Christopher Legg and Nicholas Jewell. The Sri Lanka Forester. Special Issue 1995.
1992
3.2.2

Definition Forest areas administered by the Forest Department Natural Forest areas which, have been gazetted as Forest Reserves & Forest Plantations
National class Area with Forest Department
FOREST RESERVE Natural Forest areas pending to be gazetted as Forest Reserves Proposed Reserve National Heritage Wilderness Area Area with Department of Wildlife Conservation JUNGLE CORRIDORS Areas declared under the Flora & Fauna Protection Ordinance and administered by the Department of Wildlife Conservation Area that has been used to combine two or more areas administered by the Department of Wildlife Conservation Area open for general public and used for ecotourism development activities Restricted visitor activities and mainly focus on Biodiversity Conservation National Parks Both private and public land where development activities are controlled Nature Reserves Areas strictly reserved for Biodiversity conservation and only research works are allowed Forest Lands declared under National Heritage Wilderness Area Act
Sanctuaries
Strict Natural reserves
3.2.3
Original data
National statistics are not maintained by designation of forests as given in FRA categories and definitions. However, areas administered by the Department of Wildlife Conservation Department could be further classified according to the objectives of management. Areas under Forest Department can also be broadly categorised into three categories based on management objectives.
17
A. Forest Plantations Excluding Rubber The main production activity in forest areas in Sri Lanka is confined to plantation areas. The following table provides the area under plantations in 1995 based on FSMP (1995) and Legg and Jwell (1995).
Species Conifers Eucalyptus and Acacias Teak Mahogany Total Extent in 000 ha 16.8 16.2 35.3 4.0 72.3
The above figures of area under plantations are being regularly updated by successive plantation inventories. The country information for FRA 2000 provides the following information by purpose of plantations in 1998 based on Plantation Management Plans of Pines, Eucalyptus, Teak and Mahogany.
Species Conifers Eucalyptus Teak Mahogany Total Percentage Productive 12.1 5.1 18.4 3.0 38.6 64 Area in 1998 Protective Conservation 2.5 3.3 10.7 0.1 16.6 28 Total 1.0 3.9 4.9 8 15.6 8.4 33.0 3.1 60.1 100
The forest statistics provides following information on plantations in for 2003

Species Conifers Eucalyptus and Acacias Teak Mahogany Miscellaneous Total Including Misc. Total Excluding Misc. Area in 000 ha 16.4 27.5 31.7 2.8 14.5 93.0 78.5
B. Area of Rubber plantations The information from Table T1 has been used.
C. Conservation of Biodiversity The protected area details at the website of UNEP-WCMC provides following information on PAs in Sri Lanka.
Year 1875 Area in ha. 6,283 Year 1931 Area in ha. 493 Year 1992 Area in ha. 3,125
18
1888 1890 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1901 1902 1903 1912 1918 1921 1922 1924 1927 1929 1930
150 5,455 6,163 1,747 861 24 16,781 196 0 86 458 47,259 636 8,730 145 122,500 285 3,313 82,225 110,881 8,117
1932 1933 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1946 1948 1949 1950 1970 1978 1979 1980 Till 1990
7,03 0 379 7,536 5,540 506 1,528 21,165 24,234 4,367 26,580 539 5,664 2,746 103 73 2,520 10,360 1,372 45 3,416 548,491
1998 Till 2000
-45 551,571
3.3 3.3.1
Analysis and processing of national data Calibration
3.3.2 Estimation and forecasting A. Forest Plantation Excluding Rubber The net plantation area has been calculated using the ratio (0.83) between the areas of plantations contained in management plans for plantations and reported in FSMP. Further, the ratio of production, protective and conservation plantations from management plans has been used to break down the net plantation figure into these categories. Lastly linear interpolation and extra-polation method has been used to estimate following figures for 1990, 2000 and 2005 and 2010.
Variable Gross Total Plantation Area (000 ha) Ratio Net/Total Net Total Plantation Area (000 ha) Production Plantation (000 ha) Protective Plantation (000 ha) Conservation Plantation (000 ha)
1992 72.3 0.83 60.0 38.4 16.8 4.8
2003 78.5 0.83 65.2 41.7 18.2 5.2
1990 71.2 0.83 59.1 37.8 16.5 4.7
2000 76.8 0.83 63.8 40.8 17.9 5.1
2005 79.6 0.83 66.1 42.3 18.5 5.3
2010 82.4 0.83 68.4 43.8 19.1 5.5
B. Rubber Plantation 19
These plantation has been treated as productive plantation.

Variable Rubber Plantations 1990 183 Area in 000 ha 2000 2005 157 129 2010 117
C. Protected Area The 2005 forecast has been developed through linear extra-polation method. It has been assumed that all the area is forested with more than 10 percent cover. 2010 is assumed the same as 2005.
Variable 1990 Protected Areas 548.5 Area in 000 ha 2000 551.6
2005 553.15
2010 553.15
D. Forests for Protection of Soil and Water The area of protective plantations has been used for this purpose. D. Remaining forest The total forest area except that under plantations and protected areas has been assumed to serve multiple purpose function. 3.3.3 Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories
A. Primary Function
National Category Production Plantation Protective Plantation Conservation Plantations Protected Areas Rubber Plantations Remainder Forest Areas Percentage allocation of a National Class to FRA Categories- Primary Function Social No o r Multipurpose Service Unknown Production Protection Conservation 100 100 100 100 100 100
20
3.4
Data for Table T3
Table 3a Primary designated function

FRA 2010 Categories Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other (please specify in comments below the table) No / unknown TOTAL Forest area (1000 hectares) 1990 2000 2005 2010 161 221 199 171 19 17 18 19 558 553 557 558 0 0 0 0 1122 1559 1308 1185 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 860 2 350 2 082 1 933
Table 3b Special designation and management categories

FRA 2010 Categories Area of permanent forest estate Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Forest area (1000 hectares) 1990 2000 2005 2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
21
3.5
Variable / category Production
Protection of soil and water
Conservation of biodiversity
Social services
Multiple use
Other
No / unknown designation
Area of permanent forest estate
Forest area within protected areas
Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan
Other general comments to the table
22
4
4.1
Table T4 Forest characteristics

Definition Forest predominantly composed of trees established through natural regeneration. A species, subspecies or lower taxon, occurring outside its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans). Naturally regenerated forest of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. Naturally regenerated forest where there are clearly visible indications of human activities. Other naturally regenerated forest where the trees are predominantly of introduced species. Forest predominantly composed of trees established through planting and/or deliberate seeding. Planted forest, where the planted/seeded trees are predominantly of introduced species. Forest area with rubber tree plantations. Area of forest and other wooded land with mangrove vegetation. Area of forest and other wooded land with predominant bamboo vegetation.
Term / category Naturally regenerated forest Introduced species
Characteristics categories Primary forest
Other naturally regenerated forest Other naturally regenerated forest of introduced species (sub-category) Planted forest Planted forest of introduced species (sub-category) Special categories Rubber plantations Mangroves Bamboo
4.2 4.2.1

Quality (H/M/L) Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments
References to sources of information table 3 FAO.2007. Mangroves of Asia, working paper 137 FAO. 2005. Thematic study on bamboo, Country report of Sri Lanka Working paper 137
Mangroves
Secondary source
Bamboo
Secondary source
23
4.2.2 Original data Based on expert consultation national data on characteristics of forests (excluding rubber plantations) in Sri Lanka for 1992 & 1996 will be as follows;
National Data on the following Primary Forest 1992 245 1996 221
The area of plantations has been taken from Table 3 All remaining areas of forest (excluding primary forests and plantations) Data for mangroves come from the FAO Atlas of Mangroves which reports the followings: Mangroves area ha 1992 1996 8 688 9 530 Original source 1992: 1992 8 800 WCMC. 2000. Coral reefs and
mangroves of the world. (http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/d ata/coral_mangrove/) Data are based on analysis of satellite imagery as of early 1992. An additional 500-700 ha in stands <20 m wide may also exist. Legg in litt.
Original source 1996: 1996 9 530 GOSL. 2000. Forest Cover Mapping 2000. Forest Inventory Division. Forest Department. Sri Lanka X Satellite imageries and aerial photos taken in 1996 and field checking. Data for bamboo comes from the FRA 2005 Thematic study on bamboo (Sri Lanka country report)
GBRA 2005 Categories Bamboo on forest land Monopodial bamboo area Sympodial bamboo area TOTAL 1,122.32 989.4 742.45 1,221.32 989.4 742.45 1990 Area (1000 hectares) 2000 2005
Data sources:
1988 Neela de Zoysa, Upeksha Hettige and K.Vivekanandan 1988. Some Aspects of Bamboo and its Utilization in Sri Lanka.:6-11.Bamboo Current research, Proc. International Bamboo Workshop, India 1991 P.A.Swarnamali and K.Vivekanandan 1991. The Bamboo Resource in Sri Lanka.: 37-40. Proc. 4th International Bamboo Workshop
4.3 4.3.1
4.3.2 Estimation and forecasting The linear interpolation and extrapolation method was used to estimate and forecast the area of primary forests using the original data for 1992 and 1996.
Variable Primary Forest 1990 257 Area in 000 ha 2000 2005 197 167
2010 167
24
Due to lack of updated figures the estimated 2005 figure of primary forest has been used also for 2010. For mangroves linear interpolation for 1990 and linear extrapolation for 2000 and 2005 has been used. For 2010 due to lack of updated figures same figure as 2005 has been used. For bamboo linear interpolation for 1990 and linear extrapolation for 2000 and 2005 has been used. For 2010 due to lack of updated figures same figure as 2005 has been used.
4.4
Data for Table T4
Table 4a
FRA 2010 Categories Primary forest Other naturally regenerated forest ...of which of introduced species Planted forest ...of which of introduced species TOTAL Forest area (1000 hectares) 2000 2005 197 167 1 664 1 571 n.a. n.a. 221 195 n.a. n.a. 2 082 1 933
1990 257 1 851 n.a. 242 n.a. 2 350
2010 167 1 508 n.a. 185 n.a. 1 860
Table 4b
FRA 2010 Categories Rubber plantations (Forest) Mangroves (Forest and OWL) Bamboo (Forest and OWL) Area (1000 hectares) 2000 2005 157 129 11.214 12.267 989 742
1990 183 9.109 1 221
2010 117 12.267 742
25
4.5
Variable / category Primary forest
Other naturally regenerating forest Planted forest
Rubber plantations
Mangroves
Bamboo
It might also include forest areas where bamboo not the dominant species.
26
Table T5 Forest establishment and reforestation
Data not available
27
6
6.1
Table T6 Growing stock

Definition Volume over bark of all living trees more than X cm in diameter at breast height (or above buttress if these are higher). Includes the stem from ground level or stump height up to a top diameter of Y cm, and may also include branches to a minimum diameter of W cm. Growing stock (see def. above) of commercial species.
Category Growing stock
Growing stock of commercial species
6.2 6.2.1

Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) Volume Year(s) 1992 Additional comments
References to sources of information FSMP. 1995. Forestry Sector Mater Plan. Sri Lanka. National Forestry Inventory - 1986 FSMP. 1995. Forestry Sector Mater Plan. Sri Lanka. GOSL. 1995. A summary of the Methodology and results of the Indicative Inventory, 1993. J.H. Sandom. Forest Management and Plantation Project (GOSL/ODA).Forest Department, GOSL, Colombo. Legg and Jewell. 1995. A 1:50.000 scale Forest Map of Sri Lanka: The basis for National Geographic System. Christopher Legg and Nicholas Jewell. The Sri Lanka Forester. Special Issue 1995. GOSL. 2000. Forest Cover Mapping 2000. Forest Inventory Division. Forest Department. Sri Lanka
H H
Volume Volume
198285 1992
Volume
Volume H 1992
Volume H 1996
28
6.2.2

Definition
National class Not available
6.2.3
Original data
1992 (Legg and Jwell, 1995) (Area in ha) 3,108 68,838 141,549 243,877 1,094,287 22,411 8,687 463,842 72,340 1996 (GOSL, 2000) (Area in ha) 3,099 65,792 124,340 221977 1,027,544 18,352 9,530 471,583 79,940 1984 and 1993 (NFI, 1986) and (GOSL, 1995) (cubic meter/ha) 9 9 126 29 15 15 10 5 40
Forest Type
Montane Forest Sub-montane Forest Lowland Rain Forest Moist Monsoon Forest Dry Monsoon Forest Riverine Dry Forest Mangroves Sparse Forest Forest Plantations Excluding Rubber
6.3 6.3.1
6.3.2 Estimation and forecasting A. Growing stock per hectare in Forests without Rubber Plantations Following estimation of growing stock have been made assuming that the growing stock density of 1986 of different forest types also to hold good for 1992 and 1996.
Variables Total Growing Stock Total Forest Area (000 ha) excluding rubber Growing Stock/ha Volume 1992 47,605.27 2,119 22.47 Volume 1996 44,063.45 2,022 21.79
This leads to following estimates of growing stock per hectare in forests (excluding rubber plantations) in 1990, 2000 and 2005.
Variables Growing Stock (m /ha) in Forests Excluding Rubber
3
1990 22.80
2000 21.12
2005 20.28
2010 19.41
B. Growing Stock per ha in Rubber Plantations It has been assumed that growing stock per hectare in Rubber plantations in 1990, 2000 and 2005 is similar to that (40 m3/ ha) in Forest plantations in 1986.
29
C. Total Growing Stock in 1990, 2000 , 2005 and 2010

Variable Forest Excluding Rubber Rubber Plantations Total Forests Growing Stock in million m3 1990 2000 2005 2010 49.43 40.66 36.59 33.83 7.32 6.28 5.16 4.68 56.75 46.94 41.75 38.51
6.3.3
6.4
Data for Table T6
Table 6a Growing stock

Volume (million cubic meters over bark) Forest Other wooded land 2000 2005 2010 1990 2000 2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. 38.51 46.94 41.75 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
FRA 2010 category Total growing stock ... of which coniferous ... of which broadleaved Growing stock of commercial species 1990 56.75
n.a.
2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Table 6b Growing stock of the 10 most common species

FRA 2010 category / Species name Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th Remaining TOTAL Scientific name Common name Growing stock in forest (million cubic meters) 1990 2000 2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Note: Rank refers to the order of importance in terms of growing stock, i.e. 1st is the species with the highest growing stock. Year 2000 is the reference year for defining the species list and the order of the species.
30
Table 6c Specification of threshold values

Item Minimum diameter (cm) at breast height 1 of trees included in growing stock (X) Minimum diameter (cm) at the top end of stem for calculation of growing stock (Y) Minimum diameter (cm) of branches included in growing stock (W) Volume refers to above ground (AG) or above stump (AS) Value 10 cm 10 cm 10 cm AS Complementary information
6.5
Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Since there were no new updated national forestry inventory to provide information on growing stock, the data of national forestry inventory 1986 has been used. These estimates have been updated with the help of the indicative inventory of 1993 and the management plans of forest plantations. Comments on the reported trend
Variable / category Total growing stock
Growing stock of broadleaved / coniferous Growing stock of commercial species Growing stock composition
Other general comments to the table There has been only one complete National Forest Inventory in 1986. It was spread over four years period from 1982 to 1985. Its data on volume in forest has been assumed to be from 1984 (one of the two mid years 1983 and 1984). The 1986 figures for Low land Rain Forests, Monsoon Forests and Dry Monsoon Forests have been upgraded with the help of information from indicative inventory of 1993. The indicative inventory figures were conservative to the extent that it estimates volume from trees above 30 cm diameter only. Similarly figures for growing stock of various species in plantations has been updated with the help of information coming from their respective management plans.
Diameter at breast height (DBH) refers to diameter over bark measured at a height of 1.30 m above ground level or 30 cm above buttresses if these are higher than 1 m.
31
7
7.1
Table T7 Biomass stock

Definition All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. All biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2mm diameter are excluded because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. All non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country.
Category Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass
Dead wood
7.2 7.2.1

References to sources of information FAO. 2008. Guidelines for Country Reporting to FRA 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010
Biomass conversion and expansion factor (BCEF) and root-shoot ratio from Appendix 5 FRA guidelines
7.2.2

Definition
7.2.3 Original data No national data on biomass were available so IPCC default values were applied to the growing stock as in table 6.
7.3
7.3.1 Estimation and forecasting Above ground biomass: Following recommendations from FRA guidelines the following assumptions and calculations have been made:
32
From appendix 5, table 5.4 pag 6 of the FRA guidelines and considering an ecological zone corresponding to the humid tropical the biomass conversion and expansion factor (BCEF) of 2.8 have been applied to the growing stock: Below ground biomass : From appendix 5, table 5.3 pag 5 of the FRA guidelines, considering an above ground biomass>20t/ha and a tropical dry forest biome, the root-shoot ratio of 0.20 has been chosen.
1990 Growing stock (million m3) BCEF Aboveground biomass (million tonnes) Root-shoot ratio Belowground biomass 56.75 2.8 158.9
2000 46.94 2.8 131.4
2005 41.75 2.8 116.9
2010 38.51 2.8 107.87
0.20 31.8
0.20 26.3
0.20 23.4
0.20 21.6
7.4
Data for Table T7

Biomass (million metric tonnes oven-dry weight) Forest Other wooded land 2000 2005 2010 1990 2000 2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. 131.4 116.9 107.87 n.a. n.a. n.a. 26.3 23.4 21.6 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
FRA 2010 category Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood TOTAL 1990 158.9 31.8 n.a. n.a.
2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
7.5
Variable / category Above-ground biomass Below-ground biomass Dead wood
33
8
8.1
Table T8 Carbon stock

Definition Carbon in all living biomass above the soil, including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage. Carbon in all biomass of live roots. Fine roots of less than 2 mm diameter are excluded, because these often cannot be distinguished empirically from soil organic matter or litter. Carbon in all non-living woody biomass not contained in the litter, either standing, lying on the ground, or in the soil. Dead wood includes wood lying on the surface, dead roots, and stumps larger than or equal to 10 cm in diameter or any other diameter used by the country. Carbon in all non-living biomass with a diameter less than the minimum diameter for dead wood (e.g. 10 cm), lying dead in various states of decomposition above the mineral or organic soil. Organic carbon in mineral and organic soils (including peat) to a specified depth chosen by the country and applied consistently through the time series.
Category Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in below-ground biomass
Carbon in dead wood
Carbon in litter
Soil carbon
8.2 8.2.1

References to sources of information FAO. 2008. Guidelines for Country Reporting to FRA 2005. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010
Carbon conversion factor of 0.47
8.2.2

Definition
8.2.3 Original data No original data on carbon were available, so the carbon conversion factor of 0.47 recommended in the FRA guidelines has been applied to the biomass as coming from table 7. Carbon in litter has been estimated using table5.9 of Appendix 5 of the FRA 2010 Guidelines considering a default value of 2.1t/ha.
34
8.3
Data for Table T8

Carbon (Million metric tonnes) Forest Other wooded land 2000 2005 2010 1990 2000 2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. 61.76 54.94 50.7 n.a. n.a. n.a. 12.36 11 10.15 n.a. n.a. n.a. 74.12 65.94 60.85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.4 n.a. 4 n.a. 3.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
FRA 2010 Category Carbon in aboveground biomass Carbon in belowground biomass Sub-total: Living biomass Carbon in dead wood Carbon in litter Sub-total: Dead wood and litter Soil carbon TOTAL
1990 74.68 14.95 89.63 n.a.
2010 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Soil depth (cm) used for soil carbon estimates
8.4
Variable / category Carbon in above-ground biomass Carbon in below-ground biomass Carbon in dead wood
Carbon in litter
Soil carbon
35
9
9.1
Table T9 Forest fires

Definition Average number of vegetation fires per year in the country. Average area affected by vegetation fires per year in the country. Any vegetation fire regardless of ignition source, damage or benefit. Any unplanned and/or uncontrolled vegetation fire. A vegetation fire regardless of ignition source that burns according to management objectives and requires limited or no suppression action.
Category Number of fires Area affected by fire Vegetation fire (supplementary term) Wildfire Planned fire
9.2 9.2.1

Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) EXTENT DAMAGED BY FIRE Year(s) Additional comments
References to sources of information Reports from Field Staff & Annual Administration reports
1990 2000 2005
All forest fires in Sri Lanka are human originated. Fire is not used as a management tool.
9.2.2

Definition Fire recorded within a boundary of a land administered by the Forest Department
National class Forest fire
9.2.3
Original data
Average annual area affected (1000 hectares) Forests Other wooded land 1990 2000 1990 2000 0.032 0.026 0 0
FRA-2005 Categories Disturbance by fire
9.3 9.3.1
9.3.2
Estimation and forecasting
36
9.3.3
9.4
Data for Table T9
Table 9a
Annual average for 5-year period 1990 2000 2005 1000 number 1000 number 1000 number of hectares of fires hectares of fires hectares fires 0.032 n.a. 0.026 n.a. n.a. n.a.
FRA 2010 category Total land area affected by fire ... of which on forest ... of which on other wooded land ... of which on other land
Table 9b
FRA 2010 category Wildfire Planned fire Note: The figures for the reporting years refer to the averages of annually affected areas for the 5-year periods 1988-1992, 1998-2002 and 2003-2007 respectively Proportion of forest area affected by fire (%) 1990 2000 2005
9.5
Variable / category Area affected by fire Number of fires Wildfire / planned fire
All forest fires recorded in Sri Lanka are due to the human activities. Fire is not used as a management tool in Sri Lanka
37
10
Table T10 Other disturbances affecting forest health and vitality

Definition Damage caused by any factor (biotic or abiotic) that adversely affects the vigour and productivity of the forest and which is not a direct result of human activities. Species that are non-native to a particular ecosystem and whose introduction and spread cause, or are likely to cause, socio-cultural, economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. Definition Disturbance caused by insect pests. Disturbance caused by diseases attributable to pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, phytoplasma or virus. Disturbance caused by biotic agents other than insects or diseases, such as wildlife browsing, grazing, physical damage by animals, etc. Disturbances caused by abiotic factors, such as air pollution, snow, storm, drought, etc.
10.1
Term
Disturbance
Invasive species
Category Disturbance by insects Disturbance by diseases Disturbance by other biotic agents Disturbance caused by abiotic factors
10.2
National data
10.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information Reports from Field Staff & Annual Administration reports Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) EXTENT DAMAGED DUE TO DROUGHT Year(s) Additional comments
10.2.2 Classification and definitions

National class Not available Definition
10.2.3 Original data

FRA-2005 Categories Disturbance by drought Average annual area affected (1000 hectares) Forests Other wooded land 1990 2000 1990 2000 0.018 0.027 0.211 0.119
38
10.3
10.3.1 Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories

Disturbances by abiotic factors 100
National Category Disturbance by draught
10.4
Data for Table T10
Table 10a Disturbances

FRA 2010 category Disturbance by insects Disturbance by diseases Disturbance by other biotic agents Disturbance caused by abiotic factors Total area affected by disturbances Affected forest area (1000 hectares) 1990 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.084 n.a. 2000 n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.065 n.a. 2005 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Notes: The figures for the reporting years refer to the averages of annually affected areas for the 5-year periods 1988-1992, 1998-2002 and 2003-2007 respectively. The total area affected by disturbances is not necessarily the sum of the individual disturbances as these may be overlapping.
Table 10b Major outbreaks of insects and diseases affecting forest health and vitality
Tree species or genera affected (scientific name) Year(s) of latest outbreak Area affected (1000 hectares) If cyclic, approx. cycle (years)
Description / name
Note:
Area affected refers to the total area affected during the outbreak.
39
Table 10c Area of forest affected by woody invasive species

Scientific name of woody invasive species Alstonia macrophylla Forest area affected 2005 (1000 hectares) No data available
Total forest area affected by woody invasive species Note: The total forest area affected by woody invasive species is not necessary the sum of the values above, as these may be overlapping.
10.5

Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Almost all mature teak plantations are subjected to Teak skeletornizer attack but it is not considered as a major problem in economic terms Comments on the reported trend
Variable / category Disturbance by insects
Disturbance by diseases
Disturbance by other biotic agents
Disturbance caused by abiotic factors
Major outbreaks
Invasive species
There are number of invasive species appearing in the forest edges but damage is not up to the assessable level.
Other general comments to the table Apart from some fire damages due to human interventions, some small extents of young plantations have been reported to be damaged due to drought conditions.
40
11
11.1
Table T11 Wood removals and value of removals

Definition The wood removed (volume of roundwood over bark) for production of goods and services other than energy production (woodfuel). The wood removed for energy production purposes, regardless whether for industrial, commercial or domestic use.
Category Industrial roundwood removals Woodfuel removals
11.2
National data
11.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information FAOSTAT. FAO, Rome Quality (H/M/L) m Variable(s) Removals Year(s) 1988 to 20002 Additional comments

National class Definition
No national definitions are available.
11.2.3 Original data The following data has been taken from FAOSTAT. A. Industrial Wood (under bark)
1988 695 1989 711 1990 658 1991 637 1992 656 1998 631 1999 636 2000 676 2001 694 2002 694
2003 694
2004 694
2005 694
2006 694
B. Wood fuel (under bark)

1988 6360 2003 5710 2004 5646 1989 6380 2005 5584 1990 6349 2006 5584 1991 9226 1992 9002 1998 6004 1999 5955 2000 5907 2001 5840 2002 5774
41
Variables Industrial roundwood Woodfuel
1990
Values SLR per cubic meter 2000 2005 4023 402 5369 580 5998 603
11.3
11.3.1 Estimation and forecasting The five year average has been developed after converting the under bark figures to over bark figures using a multiplier (1.15) as suggested in FRA 2005 guidelines. The forecast for 2005 has bee made using linear-extra-polation method.
11.4
Data for Table T11

Industrial roundwood removals 1990 2000 2005 772 766 763 n.a. n.a. n.a. 4023 5369 5998 3 105 756 4 112 654 4 576 474 Woodfuel removals 1990 2000 2005 8 583 6 780 6 476 n.a. n.a. n.a. 402 580 603 3 450 366 3 932 400 3 905 028
FRA 2010 Category Total volume (1000 m3 o.b.) ... of which from forest Unit value (local currency / m3 o.b.) Total value (1000 local currency) Note:
The figures for the reporting years refer to the averages of annually affected areas for the 5-year periods 1988-1992, 1998-2002 and 2003-2007 respectively. 1990 Sri Lankan Rupees 2000 Sri Lankan Rupees 2005 Sri Lankan Rupees
Name of local currency
11.5

Variable / category Total volume of industrial roundwood removals Total volume of woodfuel removals Unit value Total value
42
12
Table T12 Non-wood forest products removals and value of removals

Definition Goods derived from forests that are tangible and physical objects of biological origin other than wood. For the purpose of this table, value is defined as the market value at the site of collection or forest border.
12.1
Term Non-wood forest product (NWFP) Value of NWFP removals
NWFP categories
Category Plant products / raw material 1. Food 2. Fodder 3. Raw material for medicine and aromatic products 4. Raw material for colorants and dyes 5. Raw material for utensils, handicrafts & construction 6. Ornamental plants 7. Exudates 8. Other plant products Animal products / raw material 9. Living animals 10. Hides, skins and trophies 11. Wild honey and bee-wax 12. Wild meat 13. Raw material for medicine 14. Raw material for colorants 15. Other edible animal products 16. Other non-edible animal products
12.2
National data
The quantitative information available on traditional non-wood forest products in Sri Lanka is very limited. Unlike in many other countries in the region, peoples dependency on NWFP is found to be minimal. Availability of other income sources and less market demand is the main reasons which discourage people engaging in collection of NWFPs. Although there had been number of studies carried out, they were found to be confined to specific sites, and no quantitative data available. The given information was extracted from available studies which are confined to some selected forest types. Surprisingly, resin produced from exotic Pines has become the most valuable NWFP in the country. Pinus was introduced to Sri Lanka in the middle of the last century as a plantation species suitable for highly degraded lands.
43
12.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information Sri Lanka Non-Wood Forest Products in 15 countries of Tropical Asia An Overview. September 2002. 153-162 EC-FAO Partnership Programme (2000 2002) Bandaratilleke, H.M. 1995 Use of non-wood forest products by village communities in Sri Lanka. Beyond Timber: Social, Economic and Cultural Dimensions of Non-Wood Forest Products in Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings of a Regional Expert Consultation FAO/RAP, Bangkok: 291306 Quality (H/M/L) Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments
Forest Types Different NWFPs
1995
Information available are based on different studies but confined to selected geographical areas.
Forest Types Different NWFPs
1995
Information available are based on different studies but confined to selected geographical areas.
12.2.2 Classification and definitions The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka has defined following materials as non-wood forest products:
National class Plant Products Plants Animal Products Others Definition Leaves, Flowers and Fruits, Seeds, Juice, Catechu, Wood Oil, Resin, Natural Varnish, Bark, Lac, Gum and Myrabolants Plants that are not trees, including grass, creepers, reed, moss and all parts or produce of such plants Tusk horns, shed horns, and edible bird nests Peat, Surface soil, rocks and minerals including limestone, laterite, bitumen, bituminous shale, asphalt, mineral oils and all products of mines and quarries
12.2.3 Original data According to the available information, it is rather difficult to draw up a national level conclusion on traditional NWFP in Sri Lanka. The data available are very much confined to the interest of different researchers and are highly localised. No periodic studies have been carried out in order to study the trends. Since there is no sufficient quantitative information is available, it is not possible to meet the requirements of T12 of the FRA 2010. The most important traditional non-wood forest products in Sri Lanka are rattan, bamboo, medicinal plants and treacle and juggary made of Kitul plant (Caryota urens) etc.
44
12.3
Quantitative figures are given only for Resin production, which is a non-traditional NWFP for Sri Lanka. 12.4 Data for Table T12
NWFP removals 2005 Value (1000 Quantity local currency) 2228 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 192,990*
Rank
Name of product
Key species
Unit
NWFP category
1st
Resin
Pinus caribaea Calamus spp
2nd Rattan rd 3 Bamboo 4th Wild fruits & Edible plants th 5 Medicinal Plants th 6 Treacle & Juggery 7th Bee Honey th 8 Bush meat th 9 Ornamental Plants th 10 All other plant products All other animal products TOTAL
Caryota urens
Metric Tons m m kg kg kg lt kg no
4 5 5 1 3 1 11 12
* Amount earned by private companies by exporting raw material (resin)

2005 Sri Lankan Rupee
Name of local currency
12.5

Comments related to data, definitions, etc.
Variable / category 10 most important products Other plant products Other animal products Value by product Total value
Other general comments to the table As mentioned earlier lack of sufficient data is the main constraint in reporting for table T12
45
13
13.1
Table T13 Employment

Definition A measurement equal to one person working full-time during a specified reference period. Includes all persons in paid employment or self-employment. Persons who during a specified reference period performed some work for wage or salary in cash or in kind. Persons who during a specified reference period performed some work for profit or family gain in cash or in kind (e.g. employers, own-account workers, members of producers' cooperatives, contributing family workers).
Category Full-time equivalents (FTE) Employment Paid employment Self-employment
13.2
National data
13.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information Annual Records Forest Department Annual Records Department of Wild Life Conservation Annual Records State Timber Corporation Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) No of employees No of employees No of employees Year(s) 1990 & 2000 1990 & 2000 1990 & 2000 Additional comments Includes staff categories belonging to all three categories defined above Includes staff categories belonging to two categories (2 & 3) defined above Includes staff categories belonging to two categories (1 & 3) defined above
H H
13.2.2 Classification and definitions There are no national definitions that match FRA definitions. Therefore following classification was used:
National class Forestry Field Staff Wild Life Field Staff Field Staff of the State Timber Corporation Definition Forest Department field staff involved in establishment, maintenance and management of forest plantations and protection of natural forests Staff of the Department of Wild Life Conservation assigned to the duties at Protected areas administered by the Department of Wild Life Conservation Staff of the State Timber Corporation assigned to the duties at felling areas of forest plantations
13.2.3 Original data

Organization Forest Department State Timber Corporation 1990 1280 1200 2000 2400 2432
46
13.3
13.3.1 Calibration No calibration is needed as direct information is available 13.3.2 Estimation and forecasting
Organization Forest Department State Timber Corporation Department of Wildlife Conservation 1990 1280 1200 480 2000 2400 2432 564 2005 2319 2386 792
13.3.3 Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories

Organization Primary production of goods 100 100
Forest Department State Timber Corporation
13.4
Data for Table T13

Full Time Employment (1000 person-years) 1990 2000 2005 2.48 4.8 4.6 2.48 4.8 4.6 0 0 0 0.48 0.56 0.79
FRA Category Employment in primary production of goods ...of which paid employment ... of which self-employment Employment in management of protected areas
13.5

Variable / category Employment in primary production of goods
Paid employment / selfemployment
Employment in management of protected areas
47
14
14.1
Table T14 Policy and legal framework

Definition A set of orientations and principles of actions adopted by public authorities in harmony with national socio-economic and environmental policies in a given country to guide future decisions in relation to the management, use and conservation of forest and tree resources for the benefit of society. A document that describes the objectives, priorities and means for implementation of the forest policy. A generic expression that refers to a wide range of approaches towards forest policy formulation, planning and implementation at national and sub-national levels. The national forest programme provides a framework and guidance for country-driven forest sector development with participation of all stakeholders and in consistence with policies of other sectors and international policies. A set of rules enacted by the legislative authority of a country regulating the access, management, conservation and use of forest resources.
Term Forest policy
Forest policy statement National forest programme (nfp)
Law (Act or Code) on forest
14.2
Data for Table T14
Indicate the existence of the following (2008) Forest policy statement with national scope If Yes above, provide: Year of endorsement Reference to document X Yes
National forest programme (nfp) Name of nfp in country Starting year
No 1995 National Forestry Policy X Yes No
In formulation If Yes above, provide: Current status In implementation Under revision Process temporarily suspended Reference to document or web site X Law (Act or Code) on forest with national scope Yes, specific forest law exists Yes, but rules on forests are incorporated in other (broader) legislation No, forest issues are not regulated by national legislation 1907 1995 Forest Ordinance 1907 (No. 16 of 1907).
Year of enactment If Yes above, provide: Year of latest amendment Reference to document
48
In case the responsibility for forest policy- and/or forest law-making is decentralized, please indicate the existence of the following and explain in the comments below the table how the responsibility for forest policy- and law-making is organized in your country. Sub-national forest policy statements If Yes above, indicate the number of regions/states/provinces with forest policy statements Sub-national Laws (Acts or Codes) on forest If Yes above, indicate the number of regions/states/provinces with Laws on forests Yes X No Yes X No
14.3

Comments related to data, definitions, etc.
Variable / category Forest policy statement with national scope
National forest programme (nfp)
Law (Act or Code) on forest with national scope
Sub-national forest policy statements
Sub-national Laws (Acts or Codes) on forest
49
15
15.1
Table T15 Institutional framework

Definition Minister holding the main responsibility for forest issues and the formulation of the forest policy. The Head of Forestry is the Government Officer responsible for implementing the mandate of the public administration related to forests. Number of administrative levels between the Head of Forestry and the Minister. Qualification provided by University after a minimum of 3 years of post secondary education.
Term Minister responsible for forest policy-making Head of Forestry Level of subordination University degree
15.2
Data for Table T15
Table 15a Institutions

FRA 2010 Category Minister responsible for forest policy formulation : please provide full title 2008 Minister of Environment & Natural Resources
Level of subordination of Head of Forestry within the Ministry
1st level subordination to Minister X 2nd level subordination to Minister 3rd level subordination to Minister
Other public forest agencies at national level
4th or lower level subordination to Minister Department of Wildlife Conservation
Institution(s) responsible for forest law enforcement
Forest Department State Timber Corporation* Sri Lanka Police Department District Secretaries* Administrative Head at District Divisional Secretaties* Administrative Head at administrative Divison Grama Niladhari* Administrative Head at Village smallest administrative unit
* - relevant chapters of the Forest Law Table 15b Human resources

Human resources within public forest institutions 2000 2005 2008 Number %Female Number %Female Number %Female 2418 ...of which with university degree or equivalent 22 40 12 2319 24 40 10 2483 26 40 10
FRA 2010 Category Total staff
50
Notes: 1. Includes human resources within public forest institutions at sub-national level 2. Excludes people employed in State-owned enterprises, education and research, as well as temporary / seasonal workers.
15.3

Comments related to data, definitions, etc. There are organizations under the ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. They are: 1.Forest Department 2.Department of Wildlife Conservation 3.Central Environmental Authority 4.State Timber Corporation 5.Geological Survey & Mining Bureau 6.Marine Pollution Prevention Bureau Comments on the reported trend
Variable / category Minister responsible for forest policy formulation
Level of subordination of Head of Forestry within the Ministry Other public forest agencies at national level
Secretary to the Ministry is superior to the heads of the institutions
Department of Wildlife Conservation is responsible for administration of about 40% total forest land in the country. This includes Wildlife Parks and Sanctuaries.
Institution(s) responsible for forest law enforcement
Legal provisions related to timber transport and forest encroachments etc have given to local administrative heads in order to ensure the smooth implementation of law.
Human resources within public forest institutions
Only forestry field staff is included
Other general comments to the table Staff attached to supporting services are not considered.
51
16
16.1
Table T16 Education and research

Definition Post-secondary education programme with focus on forests and related subjects. University (or equivalent) education with a total duration of about 8 years. University (or equivalent) education with a total duration of about five years. University (or equivalent) education with duration of about three years. Qualification issued from a technical education institution consisting of 1 to 3 years post secondary education. Research centers primarily implementing research programmes on forest matters. Funding is mainly public or channelled through public institutions.
Term Forest-related education Doctors degree (PhD) Masters degree (MSc) or equivalent Bachelors degree (BSc) or equivalent Technician certificate or diploma Publicly funded forest research centers
16.2
National data
16.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information Administration Report of the Director Sri Lanka Forestry Institute Annual Reports of University of Peradeniya Annual Reports of University of Sri Jayawardanepura Same as above Same as above Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments
No of graduates
2000
H No of graduates No of graduates
H H
2005 2008
16.3
Data for Table T16

Graduation 1) of students in forest-related education 2000 2005 2008 Number %Female Number %Female Number %Female 10 33 35 60 50 0 10 35 34 40 60 0 10 34 0 50 62 0
FRA 2010 Category Masters degree (MSc) or equivalent* Bachelors degree (BSc) or equivalent* Forest technician certificate / diploma#
52
FRA 2010 Category Doctors degree (PhD)
Professionals working in publicly funded forest research centres 2) 2000 2005 2008 Number %Female Number %Female Number %Female 1 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 50 0
Masters degree (MSc) or equivalent Bachelors degree (BSc) or equivalent
2 4
Notes: 1. Graduation refers to the number of students that have successfully completed a Bachelors or higher degree or achieved a certificate or diploma as forest technician. 2. Covers degrees in all sciences, not only forestry.
16.4

Comments related to data, definitions, etc. There is only one University of Sri Lanka which offers BSc and MSc in Forestry and Environmental Science Comments on the reported trend *- MSc & BSc in Forestry & Environmental Science #-Graduates from Sri Lanka Forestry Institute There are two research stations functioning under the Forest department. At present, 2 PhD holders 3 MSc holders and 1 BSc graduate are employed as Research Officers.
Variable / category Graduation of students in forest-related education
Professionals working in public forest research centres
Other general comments to the table Graduates employed in supporting services are not considered for the reporting.
53
17
17.1
Table T17 Public revenue collection and expenditure

Definition All government revenue collected from the domestic production and trade of forest products and services. For this purpose, forest products include: roundwood; sawnwood; wood-based panels; pulp and paper; and non-wood forest products. As far as possible, this should include revenue collected by all levels of government (i.e. central, regional/provincial and municipal level), but it should exclude the income of publicly owned business entities. All government expenditure on forest related activities (further defined below). All government expenditure on public institutions solely engaged in the forest sector. Where the forest administration is part of a larger public agency (e.g. department or ministry), this should only include the forest sector component of the agencys total expenditure. As far as possible, this should also include other institutions (e.g. in research, training and marketing) solely engaged in the forest sector, but it should exclude the expenditure of publicly owned business entities. All government expenditure on direct financial incentives paid to nongovernment and private-sector institutions, enterprises communities or individuals operating in the forest sector to implement forest related activities. Public expenditure funded from domestic public financial resources, including: retained forest revenue; forest-related funds; and allocations from the national budget (i.e. from non-forest sector public revenue sources). Public expenditure funded from grants and loans from donors, non-governmental organisations, international lending agencies and international organisations, where such funds are channelled through national public institutions.
Category Forest revenue
Public expenditure Operational expenditure (sub-category to Public expenditure)
Transfer payments (sub-category to Public expenditure) Domestic funding
External funding
17.2
National data
17.2.1 Data sources

References to sources of information 1.Annual Budgets Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) I. Category II. Allocation (SL Rupees) I. Category II. Revenue (SL Rupees) Year(s) 2000 2005 2000 2005 Additional comments Allocation indicated under each budget category considered Revenue collected under each category considered
1.Administration Reports 2.Reports to the Treasury

National class Forest revenue (As defined in the Forest Ordinance) Definition Revenue collected from issuing permits for timber depots, sale of planting material, sale of leaflets and other forest extension material, visitor charges to protected areas, royalty paid on plantation harvesting, maintenance of quarries etc within the forest boundary
54
17.3
Data for Table T17
Table 17a - Forest revenues

Revenues (1000 local currency) 2000 2005 238,499 312,897
FRA 2010 Categories Forest revenue
Table 17b - Public expenditure in forest sector by funding source

Domestic funding External funding (1000 local currency) (1000 local currency) 2000 2005 2000 2005 Operational expenditure 205,000 362,270 81,000 394,567 Transfer payments 0 0 25,000 14,000 205,000 362,270 106,000 408,567 Total public expenditure If transfer payments are made for forest X Reforestation management and conservation, indicate for what X Afforestation specific objective(s) - Please tick all that apply. Forest inventory and/or planning FRA 2010 Categories X X X Conservation of forest biodiversity Protection of soil and water Forest stand improvement Establishment or maintenance of protected areas Other, specify below Total (1000 local currency) 2000 2005 311,000 770,834 25,000 14,000 336,000 784,834
17.4

Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Comments on the reported trend Revenue to the state is reported. The total income earned by private sector (eg. Tourism activities etc) is not reflected here. Include expenditure on supporting staff (salaries and wages) employed in Forestry institutions Incentives paid to the communities and community organizations for involvement of Forestry related activities
Variable / category Forest revenue
Operational expenditure Transfer payments
55

Global Forest Resources Assessment - Sri Lanka

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Global Forest Resources Assessment - Sri Lanka

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Forestry Department

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT

FRA2010/197 Rome, 2010

The Forest Resources Assessment Programme

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Report preparation and contact persons

Name (FAMILY NAME, First name) SATHURUSINGHE, Anura

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Table T1 Extent of Forest and Other wooded land

Other wooded land

National data Data sources

Vegetation types & canopy cover

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Classification and definitions

National class Closed Canopy Forests

Montane Forest Sub-Montane Forest

Altitude 0 1000 m. Annual rainfall 2500 5000 mm. No dry months

Open Canopy Forests a. Sparse Forests

Land Use in Sri Lanka (1994)

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

1,582,700 463,800 72,300 205,630 91,190

42,400 290,520 77,480 6,586,509

Area of Rubber Plantations Category

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Analysis and processing of national data

2167 4296 98 6,561

C. Including Rubber Plantations 8

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

2010 1743 4720 98 6,561

2167 4296 98 6,561

Data for Table T1

1990 2 350 0 4 113 98 6 561

2010 1 860 0 4 603 98 6 561

Variable / category Forest

Other wooded land

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Other land with tree cover

Inland water bodies

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Table T2 Forest ownership and management rights

Category Public ownership

Other form of management rights

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Vegetation types & canopy cover

Reports issued by the Ministry of Lands

Classification and definitions

National class Forest Department

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Table 2a - Forest ownership

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Table 2b - Holder of management rights of public forests

Variable / category Public ownership

Other types of ownership

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Table T3 Forest designation and management

National data Data sources

FRA 2010 Country Report, Sri Lanka

Vegetation types & canopy cover

Classification and definitions