POWERELECTRONICSLABMANUAL

LISTOFEXPERIMENTS
EXP#
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

TITLE
DeterminationoftheFormFactorofDiode Todemonstratetheuseofasemiconductordiodeasahalf waverectifier Todemonstratetheworkingoffullwavebridgerectifier Todemonstratethewaveformsofathyristor(DIAC)by applyingapulseatitsgate TostudytheTriac ToStudythePulseBridgeconnectionsofthyristorson resistive/inductiveLOAD ToStudythePulseBridgeconnectionsofthyristorson motorload TodesignasimpleseriesVOLTAGEREGULATOR DesignofanimprovedvariableoutputseriesVOLTAGE REGULATORandplotthegraphsbetween: Loadcurrentandoutputvoltage Inputvoltageandoutputvoltage TostudyICRegulatorLM317 PowerflowcontrolusingDIACandTRIAC PowerflowcontrolusingSCRandDIAC TodesignavariableVOLTAGEREGULATORusingOpAmp withovercurrentprotection TodesignavariableVOLTAGEREGULATORusingOpAmp withfoldbackcurrentlimiterprotection

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02 05 07 09 13 16 19 22 26 31 34 38 41 45

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Experiment #01

Determination of the Form Factor of Diode

Apparatus:
Supply Diode Resistive Load Ammeter Oscilloscope Connecting Leads Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
A diode is a specialized electronic component with two electrodes called the anode and the cathode. Most diodes are made with semiconductor materials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium. Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in a chamber evacuated or filled with a pure elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes can be used as rectifiers, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators, and oscillators.

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Form Factor:
Form factor is defined as the ratio of Rms value to the average value and it represents the multiplying factor or scaling factor for a device when its input need to changed from DC to AC.

V-I Characteristics:
A semiconductor diodes currentvoltage characteristic, or IV curve, is related to the transport of carriers through the so-called depletion layer or depletion region that exists at the p-n junction between differing semiconductors.. Following Figure shows the characteristics of a P-N junction diode (not to scale).

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Procedure:
Connect the Circuit Diagram as shown in the figure. With regards to metrology, the arithmetic mean of the diode conducting state current must be distinguish form its root mean square value. Form Factor F Represents the ratio of root mean square value and arithmetic mean value of current. F = Irms / Iavg Where Irms = Root mean square value of the conducting current. Iavg = Average value of the conducting state current.

Observations and Calculations:

Irms = Iavg =

0.12 A 0.09 A

Form Factor = 1.34

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Experiment #02

To demonstrate the use of a semi conductor diode as a half wave rectifier

Apparatus:
Bread board Oscilloscope Voltage Supply Resistance Diode Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.

Half-wave rectification:
In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22 Page5

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be achieved with a single diode in a one-phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.

Working principle of Half-wave rectifier:

When the sinusoidal wave is going positive the diode will conduct but in the negative half of the cycle it will block the current flow so the result wave form will be only the positive half that will be available for half the period of the cycle the other half will be 0 Volt.

PROCEDURE:

Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. Calibrate the oscilloscope Apply the input voltage observe the input and output waveforms on the screen of oscilloscope

Observations:

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Experiment #03

To demonstrate the working of full-wave bridge rectifier

Apparatus:
Experimental panel Oscilloscope Voltage Supply Resistors Diodes Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: Rectifier:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.

FULL-wave rectification:
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. FullASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22 Page7

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wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient.

Working principle of FULL-wave rectifier:

During the positive half cycle the diode D1 & D2 are in forward biased condition, they conduct the current. The other diodes are in the reverse biased condition that is why they will not conduct the current. During the negative half cycle the diode D3 & D4 are in forward biased condition, they conduct the current. The other diodes are in the reverse biased condition that is why they will not conduct the current.

PROCEDURE:

Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram. Calibrate the oscilloscope Apply the input voltage observe the input and output waveforms on the screen of oscilloscope

Observations:

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Experiment #04

To demonstrate the waveforms of a thyristor (DIAC) by applying a pulse at its gate

Apparatus:
Experimental panel Oscilloscope Voltage Supply Resistors Thyristor Connecting leads

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: THYRISTOR:
The thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N and P-type material. They act as bi-stable switches, conducting when their gate receives a current pulse, and continue to conduct for as long as they are forward biased ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22

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(that is, as lon as the voltage across t ng e e the devic has not ce revers sed).

FUNC CTION:
hyristor is a four-layer se emicondu ucting de evice, wit each th The th layer c consistin of alte ng ernately N-type o P-type materia for or e al, examp P-N-P ple P-N. The main te erminals, labeled anode a , and cathod are across the full fou layers and the control termina de, a ur s, al, called the gate is attached to p-type m e, material near to t the cathod (A va de. ariant called an S SCSSilicon Controlled S Switch brings all four layers o to ter s out rminals.) The ope ) eration o a of thyrist can be under tor b rstood in terms o a pair o tightly coupled of of y d Bipolar Junctio Transistors, arranged to cause the self on e f-latching g action:

Thyristors hav three s ve states: 1. R Reverse blocking mode Voltage is appli b e ied in the directio e on that woul be blo ld ocked by a diode 2. F Forward blocking mode Voltage is applied in the direction b e that woul cause a diode to condu ld uct, but the thyristor has s not n yet been trigg gered int condu to uction 3. F Forward conducting mode The thyristor has bee c e r en triggered into con nduction and will remain conducting until ASADN NAEEM 2006R RCETEE2 22 Page10

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the forwa curre drops below a thresho value known as ard ent s old e the "holding curre ent"

Func ction of th gat ter he te rmina al:

When the anod is at a positiv potent de ve tial VAK w with respect to th he cathod with no voltag applie at the gate, ju de n ge ed unctions J1 and J3 are forward biased, wh hile junct tion J2 is reverse biased. As J2 is s e revers biased no con se d, nduction takes place (Off state). N Now if VAK is increased be eyond th breakd he down voltage VBO of the t thyristor r, O avalan nche brea akdown of J2 tak place and the thyristo starts kes e e or conducting (On state). . If a po ositive po otential VG is app plied at the gate ter rminal with respe to ect the cathode, the break kdown of the f junctio J2 occ on curs at a lower va alue of VAK. By selecting an approp n priate value of VG, the thyristor can be switched e into th on sta sudde he ate enly. It shou be no uld oted that once avalanche breakdown has occurre e s ed, the thyristor continues to cond s duct, irre espective of the g e gate voltage, until both: b (a) Th potent he tial VG is removed and (b) Th curren throug the de he nt gh evice (an nodecat thode) is less tha s an the ho olding current spe ecified by the ma anufactu urer.

PROC CEDUR RE:

Connect the circu as sho C t uit own in th diagra he am. Calibrate the osci C illoscope e Apply the input voltage A e Increase the firing angle of gate p pulse to 90 degre ee observe the output wavef o t forms on the scre n een of os scilloscope Increase the firing angle of gate p pulse to 180 degree observe the output wavef o t forms on the scre n een of os scilloscope

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Observations:

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Experiment#05

To study the Triac

Apparatus:
Trainer Resistive Load Triac Connecting leads Power Supply Oscilloscope Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
SCRs are unidirectional (one-way) current devices, making them useful for controlling DC only. If two SCRs are joined in back-toback parallel fashion just like two Shockley diodes were joined together to form a DIAC, we have a new device known as the TRIAC:

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As the t term ano ode and cathode have no real me e o eaning fo triac, the or term te erminal-1 1(T1) and termin nal-2(T2) are use The t ) ed. triac can be n turned on by th inject he tion of e either a positive or a ne egative g gate current. It is , howev ver most sensitive when a po t ositive g gate current is used with terminal-2 at a pos sitive pot tential or a negat r tive gate cu urrent with term w minal-1 at a po ositive p potential. The le . east sensitiv condit ve tion is a positive gate cu e urrent ap pplied with terminal at a pos sitive potential.

Featu ure of the Triac: o e

A TRIAC acts mu uch like two SCRs conn nected ba ack-to-b back fo bidirectional (AC) operation. or T TRIAC co ontrols a are more often seen in simple, low-power e circuits than com c t mplex, h high-pow wer circuits. In large power control circuits, m c multiple S SCRs ten to be favored. nd . W When use to control AC power to a load TRIAC are of ed C d, Cs ften accompanied by DIACs c a connecte in ser ed ries with their g h gate te erminals s. The DIAC helps the T TRIAC fire m more symmetrically (m s more co onsistent tly from one polarity to m another). a . M Main term minals 1 and 2 on a TRIA are no interch n AC ot hangeable. T succe To essfully t trigger a TRIAC gate c C, current must co ome fr rom the main ter rminal 2 (MT2) si ide of the circuit! ASADN NAEEM 2006R RCETEE2 22

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Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown in the figure on the trainer. Pulse is provided to the gate of triac by the triggering circuit of trainer. Change the triggering angle a with the help of knob and observe the waveform of output on the oscilloscope.

Observations & Calculations:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 06

To Study the Pulse Bridge connections of thyristors on resistive/inductive LOAD

AppAratus:
Power Supply Voltmeter Resistive/Inductive Load Oscilloscope Thyristor Connecting leads

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Firing or triggering a thyristor means to apply a positive voltage at the gate (between its gate and cathode).

Firing Angle:
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(a)

Resistive Load:

Figure shows a single ideal thyristor supplying a resistive load. The thyristor is being turned ON after a delay of quarter a cycle after the voltage zero. In the case of RESISTIVE load, the load current follows exactly the load voltage.

(b)

Inductive Load:

Now the thyristor supplies an INDUCTIVE load and again thyristor is being turned ON after a delay of about a quarter of cycle after the voltage is zero. In this case the load voltage VL is made up of two components, the voltage across the inductor Vi and Vr and the current through the thyristor has an initial value of zero. The conduction period for the fully controlled bridge is and that of a half controlled bridge is (-) as a result of the action of the commutating diode. The effect of commutating diode on the operation of the half controlled bridge is clearly seen from the output voltage and current waveforms. The respective load voltages ignoring diode and thyristor forward voltage drops are: For Fully controlled bridge,

For half-controlled bridge,

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As the direction of the current through the thyristor doesnt reverse, the effect is to transfer power from DC-system to ACsystem in which case the converter is operating in inverting mode.

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram Connect the gate pulse generator and cathode to each thyristor separately Vary the firing angle of thyristors from zero to 90 degrees and observe the variation in the output waveform for both resistive and inductive load individually Now vary the firing angle of thyristors from zero to 180 degrees and observe the variation in the output waveform for both resistive and inductive load individually Compare the waveforms for resistive and inductive load

WAVEFORMS:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 07

To Study the Pulse Bridge connections of thyristors on motor load

AppAratus:
Power Supply Resistance Motor Load Oscilloscope Thyristors Commutating Diode Connecting leads

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Firing or triggering a thyristor means to apply a positive voltage at the gate (between its gate and cathode).

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Firing Angle:
The angle at which the voltage across the gate is applied is called the firing angle.

Motor Load:
We have two methods for controlling the speed of a DC motor namely current controlled and voltage controlled method. The speed of motor is inversely proportional to the field current. However speed of motor is directly proportional to the applied voltage. By varying the applied voltage the speed can be varied from a maximum value to rest. If the applied voltage is equal to zero, torque produced in the motor will be equal to zero, thus causing the motor to stop. By a controlled rectifier, we can vary the voltage input to the motor. The applied voltage will be maximum when the thyristors are triggered at an angle equal to zero degree and it will be zero for a firing angle of 180 degrees. The area under the curve of the rectified voltage reduces with the increasing firing angle thus decreasing the average or DC output.

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram Vary the firing angle of thyristors from zero to 90 degrees and observe the speed variation for the motor which will be decreasing with increasing firing angle Now vary the firing angle of thyristors from zero to 180 degrees and observe the speed variation for the motor which will be decreasing with increasing firing angle

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Observe that the motor will become at rest at a firing angle of 180 degrees This is because the average value of input becomes zero at the firing angle of 180 degrees

OBSERVATIONS: FIRING ANGLE WAVEFORM SPEED

MAXIMUM

90

DECREASING

180

STOP

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EXPRIMENT NO: 08

To design a simple series VOLTAGE REGULATOR

AppAratus:
Transistor D313 Zener diode Resistance of 120 Variable resistor Power Supply

Circuit Diagram:

THEORY: Simple series voltage regulator:

Adding an emitter follower stage to the simple zener regulator forms a simple series voltage regulator and substantially improves the regulation of the circuit. Here, the load current IR2 is supplied by the transistor whose base is now connected to the zener diode. Thus the transistor's base current (IB) forms the ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22 Page22

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load current for the zener diode and is much smaller than the current through R2. This regulator is classified as "series" because the regulating element, viz., the transistor, appears in series with the load. R1 sets the zener current (IZ).

Circuit Design:
Given a particular value of VIN, Vout and IL select VZ using equations: Vout=Vz-VBE Where VBE=0.7 V(Si) & 0.3 V(Ge) Select Q1capable of sustaining a continuous load current of 1A or above. From the datasheet of selected transistor, get the value of Beta that is hFE and calculate base current IB, using relation: IB=IE /=IL / Select a suitable power rating for Zener diode (typically commercially available values are 0.25W,0.5W,1W) Calculate: Iz.max=PZ / VZ Calculate value of R1 using the relations: ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22

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IZt=Iz.max/2 IR1=Izt+IB R1= (Vin(min)-Vt2)/IR1 Where IR1=current flowing through R1 Vin(min)=minimum value of applied input voltage

Calculations for No-Load:

INPUT VOLTAGE 0 5 12 12.5 13 14 15 17.6 NO LOAD OUTPUT VOLTAGE 0 5.2 11.9 12 12.08 12.15 12.2 12.7

NO LOAD INPUT OUTPUT RELATION:

14

12

10 NO-LOAD OUTPUT VOLTAGE

0 0

8 10 INPUT VOLTAGE

12

14

16

18

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Calculations with Load connected:

OUTPUT CURRENT (mA) 4.3 7.0 10.6 13 15.7 16.9

OUTPUT VOLTAGE (Volts) 11.5 11.5 11.46 11.44 11.41 11.40

RL (K) 2.67 1.6 1.08 0.88 0.72 0.67

LOAD CURRENT AND VOLTAGE RELATION:

11.5 11.49 11.48 11.47 OUTPUT VOLTAGE 11.46 11.45 11.44 11.43 11.42 11.41 11.4

10 12 OUTPUT CURRENT

14

16

18

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EXPRIMENT NO: 09

Design of an improved variable output series VOLTAGE REGULATOR and plot the graphs between: Load current and output voltage Input voltage and output voltage
AppAratus:
NPN Transistor D313 NPN Transistor 2N3904 Zener diode Variable Resistance Resistances Power Supply Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

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Circuit Design:
Given a particular value of VIN, Vout and IL select Q1 that is capable of sustaining a continuous load current of 1A or above. Select Q2 NPN transistor having large value of . Select an appropriate Zener diode voltage VZ ranging from 512Volts. Find V2 using the relation: V2=Vz+VBE2 Where VBE=0.7V (Si) VBE=0.3V (Ge) Select an appropriate value of R1 such that IR1 acts as a negligible load to the control element Q1 while IR1 should be such that Iz can be biased easily without affecting the voltage divider network consisting of R1 and R2. Then calculate R2 by using the relation: V2=R2*V0/ (R1+R2) Select IR1>5mA and Iz=1mA Select VCE2 as 1/2 VIN for linear operation and choose a safe value for IC2. For Q2 mentioned in the suggested components, 5mA to 10mA is a safe value. Calculate R4 using familiar relation: VCE2=VCC-ICR4

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If designed value for R4 is not standard then round the value of R4 to the next lower standard value and recalculate the collector current IC2. Using IC2, calculate IB2 IB=IC/ Calculate value of R3 using the relation: IR3=IZ-IB2 R3=VBE2/IR3 Decrease R1 and R2 by equal proportion and use a variable resistor of equal to the sum of decrease in R1 and R2.

Calculations for No-Load: VIN (VOLTS)

10 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

VOUT (VOLTS)
9.12 11.20 13.00 13.16 13.20 13.26 13.30 13.32 13.36

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Calculations with Load connected:

7.5 15 30 45.45 75 125 250

IL (mA)

15.14 15.12 15.09 15.09 15.01 14.91 14.93

VOUT (VOLTS)

2018 1008 503 331.5 200.13 191.28 59.78

R2(Ohms)

LOAD CURRENT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE RELATION:

15.15

15.1

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

15.05

15

14.95

14.9

50

100 150 LOAD CURRENT

200

250

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INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE RELATION:

13.5 13 12.5 OUTPUT VOLTAGE 12 11.5 11 10.5 10 9.5 9 10

11

12

13

14 15 16 INPUT VOLTAGE

17

18

19

20

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Experiment# 10

To study IC Regulator LM317

Apparatus:
LM 317 Resistances(R1=470,R2=5K(variable),R3=2.5K) Diode Capacitors(C1=0.12 F,C2=10 F,C3=1F) Power Supply Multimeter Bread board Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
LM317 REGULATOR: The LM317 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage regulators is capable of supplying in excess of 1.5A over a 1.2V to 37V output range. They are exceptionally easy to use and ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22

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require only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, both line and load regulation is better than standard fixed regulators.

Procedure:
Connect the circuit as shown in the figure on the bread board Apply the input voltage through power supply and connect the multimeter to take output voltage values Vary the input voltage Note the respective output voltage Now, vary the adjustable resistor to get required output voltage for regulation Take the output voltage readings by changing the input voltage keeping adjustable resistor fixed Verify that the output is regulated at required output voltage

Observations & Calculations:

With Radj=0 (minimum value) Vin 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 13 15 Vout 0.1 0.5 1.4 2.3 3.3 5.2 6.1 7.1 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5

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With Radj=2.84K (required value taking Vout=15Volts) Vin 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 21 25 Vout 11.03 11.94 12.95 13.90 14.87 14.96 14.96 14.96 14.96

COMMENTS:
LM317 is a variable output voltage regulator We can regulate the output voltage at any required value by varying the adjustable resistor Diode is attached to provide the discharging path for C3 C2 is connected to improve transient response C1 is also used to improve transient response

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EXPRIMENT NO: 11

Power flow control using DIAC and TRIAC

AppAratus:
DIAC TRIAC Capacitor Variable Resistance Resistances Power Supply Oscilloscope

Circuit Diagram:

THEORY:
The TRIC is triggered by positive gate current when A1 is negative with respect to A2. ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22

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A DIAC is connected between the gate and an RC circuit. When the capacitor voltage rises far enough to overcome the sum of break power voltage of the DIAC and the forward drop of the gate, the DIAC fires, and the capacitor discharges rapidly into the gate, and the TRIAC is triggered into conduction. Since RP controls the time constant at which the capacitor charges, it is used to control the firing angle F. Large values of RP delay the charging and therefore increase the firing angle. When A1 is negative with respect to A2, the polarities of all voltages are reversed and TRIAC is triggered into conduction during a portion of VE cycles. The firing angle can be adjusted in practical circuits from 0 to 180. So load current can be made to flow for nearly an entire cycle of input for a very small portion of input cycle. The load resistance used must be a power resistor because due to excessive current low power rating resistor may be destroyed. This type of dimmer is best suited for resistive loads only. There is a spike voltage associated with each TRIAC turn off. With inductive load connected, the turn on time of the TRIAC increases. With inductive load connected a full sine wave is achieved even before firing angle becomes zero. This happens when the firing angle and turn off delay of the TRIAC coincide. ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22 Page35

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PROCEDURE:
The design procedure of this experiment includes the values of R1, R2 and C1 such that the capacitor voltage during each cycle reaches a point to trigger the DIAC which will then trigger the TRIAC. The commercially available DIAC has a typical break over voltage of 32V. Hence when the DIAC fires in each half cycle it will allow the capacitor to discharge up to 1/3 of the capacitor voltage in this case 32V the DIAC will trigger and then TRIAC will trigger. The same process will repeated in reverse direction. The capacitor selected must not be of very small value so that the proper triggering may not be possible due to low energy storage and hence low power gate spike for the thyristor. The value of capacitor should be such that the maximum value of current through resistor connected in series with the capacitor is within the safe limits. The power must not exceed the rating of the variable resistor. Typically used values of capacitor are up to 1F for supply voltages>40V. A lower value than this upper limit results in better design. R2 is used to protect accidental application of full supply voltage across the capacitor which can be damaged due to excessive current. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Then vary the value of RVAR to change the time constant of the capacitor which in turn will vary the firing angle of TRIAC. Then draw the waveforms.

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OBSERVATIONS:

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EXPRIMENT NO: 12

Power flow control using SCR and DIAC

AppAratus:
DIAC Thyristor(BT-151) Capacitor(0.1F) Diode Variable Resistance (100K) Resistance (330) Power Supply Oscilloscope

Circuit Diagram:

DESIGN PROCEDURE:
The time constant is given as: ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22

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T=RC Where T=1/f And f=50Hz Therefore, T=1/50=20msec Since only one half cycle is used, so T=10msec Taking some suitable value of C, the value of R can be calculated using T=RC. Assume some value of resistance RL must be used to avoid burning due to high value of current. A 100 ohms resistance is connected in series with capacitor in its discharging path to limit the gate current. The diode in series with the DIAC is used to limit the reverse bias voltage at the gate terminals during negative half cycles.

PROCEDURE:
Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram Apply the input voltage source Observe the output waveform Vary the firing angle Draw the output waveforms for different values of firing angle

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OBSERVATIONS:
For resistive load:

For inductive load:

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EXPRIMENT NO: 13

To design a variable VOLTAGE REGULATOR using Op-Amp with over current protection
AppAratus:
NPN Transistor D313 NPN Transistor 3904 Zener diode Op-Amp 741 Variable Resistance Resistances (R1=83K,R2=130K,R3=47K,R4=820,RL=24, RSC=1.4) Power Supply Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

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Circuit Design:
Given a particular value of VIN, Vout and IL, select Q1 that is capable of sustaining a continuous load current of 1A or above. Select Q2 NPN transistor having large value of . Select an appropriate Zener diode voltage VZ ranging from 512Volts. Calculate: Iz, max=PZ/VZ Calculate value of R4 using the relation: IZt=IZ, max/2 IR4=IZt +IB R4= (VIN(min)-VZ)/IR4 Where: VIN(min)=Minimum value of applied input voltage IB =Bias current of Op-Amp (500nA for 741) IR4=Current flowing through resistor R4 Select an appropriate value of R1 such that IR1 acts as a negligible load to the control element Q1. Then calculate R2 by using the relation: VO= (1+R1/R2)/VZ Decrease R1 and R2 by equal proportion and use a variable resistor of equal to the sum of decrease in R1 and R2. Given a maximum safe value of IL, calculate RSC using relation: ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22

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RSC=VBE2/IL(max) Design for RL: RL=VL/IL Power rating for RL=VL*IL

Calculations for No-Load: VIN (VOLTS)

15 16 17 18 19 20

VOUT (VOLTS)
11.5 11 11 11.3 11.3 11.1

Calculations with Load connected:

0.288 0.48 0.69 0.67 0.75 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.60

IL (mA)

11.1 11.2 11.6 10.0 8.5 6.5 3.0 2.0 0.60

VOUT (VOLTS)

38.4 23.5 16.1 14.5 11.4 10.3 5.2 3.3 1.0

R2(Ohms)

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INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE RELATION:

12

10

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

8 10 12 INPUT VOLTAGE

14

16

18

20

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EXPRIMENT NO: 14

To design a variable VOLTAGE REGULATOR using Op-Amp with fold back current limiter protection
AppAratus:
NPN Transistor D313 NPN Transistor 3904 Zener diode Op-Amp 741 Resistances (R1=100K,R2=130K,R3=470,R4=820,R5=1K, RSC=38) Power Supply Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:

Circuit Design:
Given a particular value of VIN, Vout and IL, select an appropriate RSC using: ASADNAEEM 2006RCETEE22 Page45

POWERELECTRONICSLABMANUAL
VBE=VRSC-VR5 Assume suitable values of R5 and R6, then VR5= (R5/(R5+R6))*VOUT VRSC=VBE+VR5 RSC=VRSC/IL(max) Design for R1 and R2: Assume suitable value of R1 and then VZ=VOUT(R2/(R1+R2) R2= VZ(R1+R2)/ VOUT Design for R4: IR4=IZ+IOP-AMP But as IOP-AMP =500nA, so IR4=IZ R4= (VIN(min)-VZ)/IR4 Where: Design for RL: RL=VL/IL Power rating for RL=VL*IL

Calculations for No-Load: VIN (VOLTS)

15 16

VOUT (VOLTS)
11.03 11.05

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17 18 19 20 11.06 11.08 11.10 11.10

Calculations with Load connected:

0.254 0.465 0.480 0.498 0.586 0.209 0.137 0.090 0.079 0.069

IL (mA)

11.85 11.03 10.96 10.90 10.50 3.29 1.75 0.69 0.32 0

VOUT (VOLTS)

47.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 17.7 6.8 4.3 2.0 1.0 0.0

RL(Ohms)

INPUT OUTPUT VOLTAGE RELATION:

12

10

OUTPUT VOLATGE

8 10 12 INPUT VOLATGE

14

16

18

20

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