UNITED KINGDOM: A number of energy sectors supply the UK which encompasses a wide range and different technologies.

These help the United Kingdom meet their carbon emission reduction targets. The Government committed to producing an Annual Energy Statement (AES) to provide market direction, set strategic energy policy and help guide investment. The first statement was delivered to Parliament on 27 June 2010. As the UKs oil and gas reserves and production are in decline, they need to import a greater proportion from a variety of countries as they move to a low-carbon economy. Against this backdrop, international issues form an important part of energy matters in the UK. Coal: Provides 14.2% of total UK energy supply. Bio Energy: Renewable fuels, materials and products can be derived from a wide range of crops and biomass. Combined Heat and Power: CHP captures and uses the heat that is a byproduct of the electricity generation process. District heating: It provides 1-2% of the UKs heat demand with the potential to supply 14%. Geothermal: Several areas across the UK have good potential for deep geothermal exploitation. Hydroelectricity: The total hydroelectric installed capacity in the UK in 2010 was approximately 1650 megawatts. Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Hydrogen and fuel cells offer the potential for low, and ultimately zero, CO2 emissions. Micro generation: Solar PV, micro wind turbines, air source heat pumps, micro-hydro etc Nuclear: Nuclear power provides 18% of the electricity consumed in the UK .Managing Radioactive Waste Safely Programme (started in 2011)-The programme is focused on implementing the long-term geological disposal of higher activity radioactive waste. Wave and tidal: UK is one of the leading centres for research and development in marine energy technology. It is estimated that the UK has around 50 percent of Europes tidal energy resource, and a study in 2004 estimated our technical resource at around 16 TWh/year (4 percent of supply). Oil and Gas: UK oil and gas currently supplies around 60% of UK energy needs. Although oil and gas production is now in decline, the remaining resource is sufficient to provide major benefits to the economy and to security of supply for many years. Wind: Onshore and offshore wind will help us meet our renewable energy targets .Onshore and offshore wind generation can make a significant contribution to the UKs renewable energy targets and aspirations given the UKs substantial wind resource and the relatively advanced nature of wind generation technology. The UK already has more offshore wind capacity than any other country in the world. In addition to addressing non-financial

barriers, DECC is working to provide a clear, stable regulatory environment for companies to facilitate further investment. MALAYSIA: Malaysia is a relatively typical country in the region, in terms of predicting a shortfall in power capacity over the next few years. Emphasis is being placed on the use of renewable energy and increasing energy efficiency as Malaysia commits to 40% reduction in carbon intensity. The Government aims to introduce the Feed-in Tariff and Renewable Energy Fund to encourage the implementation of renewable energy projects. With its gas reserves predicted to last for 33 years and oil reserves expected to last for 19 years the Government is providing incentives through the Green Technology Financing Scheme worth RM1.5 billion to enhance the application of green technology and the implementation of the Small Renewable Energy Programme also promotes small power plants, utilizing renewable energy, to sell electricity to the state-owned electricity utility. This programme applies to all types of renewable energy, including biomass, biogas, municipal waste, solar, mini-hydro and wind. Malaysia, in the heart of South East Asia, has an abundance of natural resources like many of its ASEAN neighbours, with huge potential to harness and develop a significant sustainable energy industry for a diverse solution to the renewable energy challenges. Energy production in Malaysia has been based around oil and natural gas. Malaysia currently has 13GW of electrical generation capacity. The generation fuel mix is 62.6% gas, 20.9% coal, 9.5% hydro and 7% from other forms of fuel. In 2007, the country as a whole consumes 514 thousand barrels (23.6 million tonnes) of oil daily against a production of 755 thousand barrels (34.2 million tonnes) per day. BRAZIL: Total primary energy consumption in Brazil has increased by close to a third in the last decade; due to sustained economic growth making it the 9th largest consumer. Brazil has made great strides in increasing its total energy production, particularly oil and ethanol. Recent discoveries of large offshore, pre-salt oil deposits could transform Brazil into one of the largest oil producers in the world. According to New Power Sector Model the State involvement splits the sector into regulated and

unregulated markets for different producers and consumers. Auctions in early 2011 resulted in contracts for 78 wind power projects capable of generating 1,928 MW, and priced at approximately R$ 99.5/MWh - 19 percent lower cost/MWH than the average price for wind power traded in Brazil last year and lower than the average price of Natural Gas currently at R$ 103/MWh. This reflects a new feasibility of market competition between wind and natural gas sources. In addition to wind power, Aneel auctions last week featured biomass, hydro-electric, and natural gas, for a total of 92 energy projects of 3,962 MW to be generated beginning in 2014. Thermal generating sources provided only a small part of Brazils electricity supply, contributing about 13 percent (biomass 38%) in 2009. Brazil generated 387 Bkwh of hydroelectric power in 2009. Many of Brazil's hydropower generating facilities are located far away from the main demand centers, resulting in high transmission and distribution losses.