Before, understanding Recession, we need to understand the market economy; A] TWO STAGES OF MARKET ECONOMY

B] TWO FACTORS OF MARKET; - DEMAND & SUPPLY

A] TWO STAGES OF MARKET ECONOMY

A1] Growing Market Economy

A2] Declining Market Economy

A1] Growing Market Economy

Starting Point = Willingness to buy

A2] Declining Market Economy

tarting Point = Unwillingness to buy

B] TWO FACTORS OF MARKET; - DEMAND & SUPPLY

oducer wants his demand always to be high nsumer wants his buying cost always to be low

Actually, Demand is the price at whic consumer is ready to buy and producer is ready to sell;

Producer Price Consumer Price

Usually, we think; Demand = Quantity But, here Demand = Price; This is because, Price decides the Quantity of Sales; Competitive Price = More Demand; In competitive Price = Less Demand

C] What is Recession?

Recession is the economy shrinking for two consecutive quarters (=6 months) with a decrease in the GDP (=Gross Domestic Product)

GDP = Value of all the reported goods and services produced by the people operating in the country
GDP = MONEY VALUE OF {C + I + G + (X M)}

Consumables, I = Gross Investments, G = Government Spendin X = Exports, M = Imports

C] What is Recession?
GDP is a good indicator of economy; Other indicators could be; -Unemployment Rate -Consumption Rate -Actual Personal Income -Etc.. If GDP is growing, then market is growing due to increased demand;

C] What is Recession?
GDP is a good indicator of economy; Other indicators could be; -Unemployment Rate -Consumption Rate -Actual Personal Income -Etc.. If GDP is growing, then market is growing due to increased demand; Note: If the recession continues for next quarter, (>6 months) then we go through DEPRESSION Economy;

C] What is Recession?
There is a joke that economists quote to explain the Difference between Recession & Depression RECESSION
= WHEN YOUR NEIGHBOR LOSES HIS JOB

DEPRESSION
= WHEN YOU LOSE YOUR JOB

D] What is a Business Cycle?

What goes up; Has to come down;

Growing economy has to come down if the production rate of goods & services was more than the actual consumption;

E] Why Recession happens?

E1] OVER PRODUCTION

E2] LOW CONFIDENCE LEVEL

E] Why Recession happens?

E1] OVER PRODUCTION

PSEUDO DEMAND ACTUAL NEED WAS NOT THERE; WRONG PROJECTIONS COMPANIES PRODUCED MORE

A situation in which the supply exceeds the nations ability to consume what has been produced;

E] Why Recession happens?

E2] LOW CONFIDENCE LEVEL E2.1] Word of mouth E2.1] Word of mouth E2.2] Assignable Cause

Confidence Level Consumers are fearing that they may lose their jobs; So, they have less Millions of confidence to spend money and buy sumers and ducers after they goods; This will result in reduction in demand in the market; Consumers r many job cuts, mand coming down,start saving money instead of spending money; This is a downward spiral in mpanies bankruptcy, the economy;

E] Why Recession happens?

E2] LOW CONFIDENCE LEVEL E2.1] Word of mouth E2.1] Word of mouth E2.2] Assignable Cause

Confidence Level Consumers arenot stock materials, they Producers do fearing that they may lose their jobs; So, they have less Millions of reduce their productions, gets into the confidence to spend money and buy sumers and cost reduction activities, worried about ducers after they goods; This will result in reduction the profitability, etc in demand in the market; Consumers r many job cuts, mand coming down,start saving money instead of spending money; This is a downward spiral in mpanies bankruptcy, the economy;

E] Why Recession happens?

E2.2] Assignable Cause

d Incidences Happening;

ample: September 11 Terrorist Attack in US; International Airport block in Thailand; Mumbai Attacked in India; etc Series of such incidences leading into a kind of War

ase see next slides, for details on business impact;

Terrorists Attack on 11th September in US

Created fear in people People cancelled their travel plans Resulted in low occupancy rates Airlines & Hotel Industries badly hit Airline & Hotel Industries offered discounts, gift coupons, to attract people But, still, no improvement in occupancy rate Airline & Hotel Industries started Cost Reduction activities
CONTINUED IN NEXT SLIDE

Terrorists Attack on 11th September in US

Airline & Hotel Industries started Cost Reduction activities

i] Reduce No. of flights

ii] Lay off people

iii] Salary reduction to Not laid off people

In flight meals reduced

Low or No income to They became careful due spend and buy goods to the fear of loss of job

Meals supplying company Demand for other goods Started saving money got the hit come down instead of spending Catering company now, lays off people Demand for other goods come down

o, you can see how the hit on Airline and Hotel

dustries can affect the end;

Un-related industries

ne industry can hit many other industries when the onfidence level of millions of consumers & producers astically comes down;

F] How to know recession? Indicators to say a nation is in recession;

- People buying less stuff - Decrease in factory production - Growing unemployment - Slump in personal income - An unhealthy stock market

G] How to come out of recession?

unhealthy for any nation to be in Recession; Government will take certain countermeasures iminate or reduce the Effect of recession for turnaro
Important Point: Today, it is a market Economy

Producers;
Can produce and sell at their prices

Consumers;
Can decide to buy or not;

th Producers and Consumers are free to act; Not a forced act

G] How to come out of recession?

, Government does not have direct control on Producers mers behavior; But, they can influence millions of Producer mers with Governments policies;

Government has 2 plans Fiscal Policies

(By Govt.)

Monetary Policies
(By RBI)

Government influences the economy by changing how it (Government) spends and collects money

RBI manipulates the available supply of money in the country

G] How to come out of recession?

Government influences the economy by changin Fiscal how Policies it (Government) spends and collects money 1] Tax cuts for businesses or for individuals 2] More Spending by Govt. to create jobs 3] Automatic fiscal policy; Unemployment Insurance More money available for spending Individuals get salary and spend money Some income to unemployed people to spend

Demand picks up; Market can recover;

G] How to come out of recession?

Government manipulates the available supply Monetary of Policies money in the country More money 1] Reduce reserve available for bank ratio to give loans
What is Reserve Ratio? Each bank has to keep a high % of their assets in RBI (Reserve Bank of India). These assets do not earn any interest to banks. This money kept in RBI is called Reserves; RBI sets certain ratio of this reserves and it is called Reserve Ratio

Demand picks up; Market can recover;

G] How to come out of recession?

Government manipulates the available supply Monetary of Policies money in the country More money 1] Reduce reserve available for bank ratio to give loans 2] Lower the interest rates Individuals take more loan

Demand picks up; Market can recover;

G] How to come out of recession?

Government manipulates the available supply Monetary of Policies money in the country More money 1] Reduce reserve available for bank ratio to give loans 2] Lower the interest rates 3] Use its own reserved money to buy Govt. bonds Individuals take more loan It becomes an income to Govt. to inject money into the market

Demand picks up; Market can recover;

I] WOW!!!!!!!!

RBIs Power or Governments Power is double-edged sword; Sometimes, their policies to recover from recession can be counter-productive and it may further worsen the situation;
If we advise our people to save money, then, the multiplication effect is that the demand will not pickup and recession will continue; Very peculiar!!!!! But, am not misguiding you; Just think from a macro level, if everybody in the country stops spending, what will happen?

Nations recession is controlled by the actions of everybody living in that country;

I] WOW!!!!!!!!

Currently, Most of the developing Slow Down Economies like China, Stage; Not yet India; in Recession

GDP Growth Rate Down; But, Still expected to be Around 6% in India

Most of the developed Economies like US, Japan, Germany, etc

Currently, in Recession

GDP Growth Rate Negative;

HOPING THIS TIME RECESSION VANISHES SOON SO THAT INDIA GETS BACK TO ITS STRONGER GDP GROWTH RATE OF 8% TO 10% (THOUGH THE EXPERSTS SAY IT WILL LAST TILL Q3 OF 2009)