Ans-1

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

APPENDIX D
Section D.1 (page D8)
1. Rational

Section D.2 (page D15)

1. d 5 2!5

3. Irrational

9. Rational

4
11

11.

15. (a) True

5. Rational

13.

(b) False

(e) False

7. Rational

11
37

(c) True

(d) False

21. y 4, f4, `d
1
25. x 2

23. 0.03 < r 0.07, s0.03, 0.07g

1
7
27. 2 2 < x < 2

5. 8!8 2 2!3

(1,

( 1, 1)

x
1

3
,
2

7
2

3)

0,,

3
2

x
2

x
2

31. 21 < x < 1

29. x > 6
x
4

33. x 13, x 27
7

35. a 2 b < x < a 1 b

13
0

x
x

10

7. Right triangle:
d1 5 !45, d2 5 !5
d3 5 !50
sd1d2 1 sd2d2 5 sd3d2

10

37. 23 < x < 2

39. 0 < x < 3

(2, 1)
d2

d1

x
2

41. 23 x 1

43. 23 x 2

( 1,

x
4

45.
49.
55.
59.
63.
67.
68.
72.
79.
81.

x
4

||

|
|

| | | ||
| || ||

5)

9. Rhombus: the length of each side is !5.

4, 24, 4
47. (a) 251, 51, 51
(b) 51, 251, 51
1
51. (a) 14
(b) 10
53. x 2
x22 > 2
57. (a) x 2 12 10 (b) x 2 12 10
61. x 41 or x 59
x 36 units
22
(a) 355
(b)
65. b
>
p
112
7 > p
False: the reciprocal of 2 is 12 , which is not an integer.
True
69. True
70. False: 0 5 0.
71. True
True
73. Proof
75. Proof
77. Proof
Proof
23 2 1 > 23 2 1
321 5 3 2 1

||

(4, 0)

d3

(3, 3)

(1, 2)
2
1

(2, 1)
x

(0, 0)

11. Quadrant II
13. Quadrants I and III
15. x 5 0 1990
y
2000

Number of
Wal-Mart stores

(2, 1)

The interval is unbounded.

1
2

1
, 1
2
x

1
,
2

1
2

(3, 3)

x
0

(4, 5)

19. x is no more than 5.

1

y
2

17. x is greater than 23 and less than 3.

The interval is bounded.
x
0

y
5

(f) False

4 3 2 1

3. d 5 2!10

1500

500
2

x
2

Year (0 1990)

Ans-2

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

17. d1 5 2!5, d2 5 !5, d3 5 3!5

Collinear, because d1 1 d2 5 d3
19. d1 5 !2, d2 5 !13, d3 5 5
Not collinear, because d1 1 d2 > d3
21. x 5 3
23. y 5 !55
3x1 1 x2 3y1 1 y2
x1 1 x2 y1 1 y2
25.
,
,
4
4
2
2

2 1

x1 1 3x2 y1 1 3y2
,
4
4

27. c

28. b

7. (a) 2708
r

8 ft

15 in.

85 cm

24 in.

12 ft

24 in.

63.75p cm

96 in.

1.6

3p
4

1.5

csc u 5 54

5
(b) sin u 5 2 13

csc u 5 2 13
5

5
3
3
4

2 12
13
5
12

sec u 5 2 13
12

tan u 5

31. x 2 1 y 2 2 9 5 0

sec u 5
cot u 5

13. (a) Quadrant III

35. x 2 1 y 2 1 2x 2 4y 5 0

15.

41. sx 2 1d 1 sy 1 3d 5 4
2

39. x 2 1 y 2 5 26,0002
43. sx 2 1d2 1 s y 1 3d2 5 0

y
x
2

(1,

1
1

(1,

3)

1
1
45. s x 2 2 d 1 s y 2 2 d 5 2
2

1
5
9
47. s x 1 2 d 1 s y 1 4 d 5 4
2

1 1
,
2 2

5
4

51.

x
1
2

(2,

23. (a) 0.1736

57. True

| |

56. False: the distance is 2b .

58. True

59. Proof

Section D.3 (page D25)

1. (a) 3968, 23248

(b) 2408, 24808

19p 17p
3. (a)
,2
9
9

10p 2p
(b)
,2
3
3

5. (a)
(c)

p
, 0.524
6
7p
, 5.498
4

(b)
(d)

5p
, 2.618
6
2p
, 2.094
3

61. Proof

1)

55. True

!2

(b) sins22258d 5

2
!2

29. (a) u 5

2
!2

tans22258d 5 21
11p
1
52
6
2
11p !3
5
cos
6
2
!3
11p
tan
52
6
3

(d) sin

(b) 5.759

p 7p
27. (a) u 5 ,
4 4

!2

coss22258d 5 2

!3
5p
52
3
2
5p 1
cos
5
3
2
5p
tan
5 2 !3
3

53. Proof

!2
5p
52
4
2
!2
5p
cos
52
4
2
5p
51
tan
4

(c) sin

tan 1208 5 2 !3

tan 2258 5 1

!3

(d) sin

cos 2258 5 2

1
,
2

(b) sin 1208 5

2
1
cos 1208 5 2
2

49.

21. (a) sin 2258 5 2

!3

(c) sin

cot u 5 12
5

4
3

p !2
5
4
2
p !2
cos 5
4
2
p
tan 5 1
4

tan u 5

tan 608 5 !3

3)

17.

cos u 5

(b) Quadrant IV

2
1
cos 608 5
2

!3

19. (a) sin 608 5

2p
3

3
5
4
3

33. x 2 1 y 2 2 4x 1 2y 2 11 5 0
37. x 2 1 y 2 2 6x 2 4y 1 3 5 0

12,963
mi
p
8642 mi

11. (a) sin u 5 45

cos u 5

30. d

(d) 2135.68

9.

29. a

(c) 21058

(b) 2108

25. (a) 0.3640

(b) 0.3640

3p 5p
(b) u 5
,
4 4

p 5p
,
4 4

(b) u 5

31. u 5

p 3p 5p 7p
, , ,
4 4 4 4

35. u 5

p 5p
,
3 3

5p 11p
,
6 6

p
5p
33. u 5 0, , p,
4
4

p
37. u 5 0, , p
2

39. 5099 feet

Ans-3

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

41. (a) Period: p

43. Period: 12

(b) Period: 2

Amplitude: 2

p
45. Period:
2

Amplitude:

1
2

65.

Amplitude: 3

f )x)

2p
47. Period:
5

sin x

2.5

3.14

x
2

(b) Change in period

1
2

c = 2

c = 2

c = 1
c=1

sin x

x
2

49. (a) Change in amplitude

g)x)

3.14

c = 1

3.14

3.14

h )x)

c=2
2.5

sin x

(c) Horizontal translation

2
1

1.5

c = 2

c=2
1.57

1.57

c = 1

c=1
1.5

51.

53.

The graph of f sxd will reflect any parts of the graph of f sxd
below the x-axis about the x-axis. The graph of f s x d will
reflect the part of the graph of f sxd left of the y-axis about the
x-axis.

||

67.

100

1
1

x
3
2

12
0

January, November, December

55.

57.

69. f sxd 5

4
1
1
sin px 1 sin 3px 1 sin 5px 1 . . .
p
3
5

3
2

2
1
1
1

x
3

3
2

59.

61.

APPENDIX E (page E6)

1.

sy9d2 sx9d2
2
51
2
2

x
2

y
2

3
2

y
2

1
p
63. a 5 3, b 5 , c 5
2
2

sx9d2 sy9d2
2
51
1y4
1y6

2
1

3.

45
x

45

Ans-4

5.

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

s x9 2 3!2d 2 2 s y9 2 !2 d2 5 1
16

31. Two lines

33. Proof

16

y
x

y
4

45

x
4

7.

APPENDIX F (page F10)

sx9d2 sy9d2
1
51
3
2

9. x9 5 2 sy9d2

1. 11 2 i
9.
y

y
y

45

60
2

x
2

11. 22!3

25. 34
x

2
4

35.

16
41

1 20
41 i

41.

9
2 1681

13. u 5 458

2 1
1
6

53.13

57. 25i

45.

62
949

1 297
949 i

5
3
51. 2 2 , 2 2

1 !11

i
8
8

53.

59. 2375!3i

61. i

Imaginary
axis

Real
axis

4 + 4i

5i

x
4

39. 27 2 6i

1
5
43. 2 2 2 2 i

1
49. 22 2 i

23. 210
33. 26i

31. 8

Imaginary
axis

15. 5 1 i

65. 4!2

1 45 i

63. 5

3
5

37.

55. 21 1 6i

sx9d2 x9
11. y9 5
2
6
3

29. 400

40
1681 i

7. 214 1 20i

13. 210
21. 29 1 40i

19. 24

27. 9

47. 1 i

5. 3 2 3!2i

3. 4

1 76 i

17. 12 1 30i

1
6

5 4 3 2 1
1

Real
axis

15. u < 26.578

67. !85

17. u < 31.728

69. 3!2 cos

Imaginary
axis

Imaginary
axis

Real
axis

21. Ellipse

23. Hyperbola

25. Parabola

6 7i

71. 2 cos

3 3i

73. 4 cos

4p
4p
1 i sin
3
3

Real
axis

3+i
1

2
1

1
1

Imaginary
axis

x
1

p
p
1 i sin
6
6

Imaginary
axis

Real
axis

29. Two parallel lines

27. Two lines

19. Parabola

7p
7p
1 i sin
4
4

Real
axis

2 (1 +

3i)

Ans-5

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

p
p
1 i sin
2
2

75. 6 cos

Imaginary
axis

Imaginary
axis

1
3

Real
axis

Real
axis

(c) 1 1 !3i, 2 !3 1 i, 21 2 !3i, !3 2 i

Imaginary
axis

Imaginary
axis

3.75 cos 34 + i sin 34

87. 24 2 4i

6
4
2
6

Real
axis

4
6

Real
axis

1
1

85.

89. 232i

10
scos 2008 1 i sin 2008d
9

91. 2128!3 2 128i

95. (a) !5 scos 608 1 i sin 608d

!5 scos 2408 1 i sin 2408d

93. i

p
p
1 i sin
8
8
5p
5p
cos
1 i sin
8
8
9p
9p
cos
1 i sin
8
8
13p
13p
cos
1 i sin
8
8

1 p5 1 i sin p5 2
3p
3p
31cos
1 i sin 2
5
5

103. 3 cos

101. cos

3scos p 1 i sin pd

1 75p 1 i sin 75p2

9p
9p
31cos
1 i sin 2
5
5
3 cos

Imaginary
axis

Imaginary
axis

(b)

Imaginary
axis

3 (cos 300 + i sin 300)

2

p
p
1 i sin
2
2

(b)

Real
axis

83. 12 cos

1 49p 1 i sin 49p2

10p
10p
1 i sin
51cos
9
9 2
16p
16p
1 i sin
51cos
9
9 2

99. (a) 5 cos

215!2 15!2
1
i
81.
8
8

3 3!3
i
79. 2
4
4

Real
axis

2
2

2(cos 150 + i sin 150)

6i

Imaginary
axis

(b)

77. 2 !3 1 i

Imaginary
axis

4
Real
axis

1
3

Real
axis

Real
axis

3
4

(c)

!5

!15

i, 2

!5

p
p
97. (a) 2 cos 1 i sin
3
3

4p
4p
1 i sin
3
3

11p
11p
1 i sin
6
6

2 cos

5p
5p
2 cos
1 i sin
6
6
2 cos

!15

1 p2 1 i sin p2 2
7p
7p
41cos
1 i sin 2
6
6
11p
11p
41cos
1 i sin
6
6 2

105. 4 cos

6 2 scos 1058 1 i sin 1058d

107. !
6 2 scos 2258 1 i sin 2258d
!
6 2 scos 3458 1 i sin 3458d
!
Imaginary
axis
2

Imaginary
axis

5
2

3
2
1
5

3
2
3
5

Real
axis

Real
axis

Ans-6

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises

23. x < 40 units

APPENDIX G (page G5)

27. (a)

1. (a) Fixed cost

25. $30,000

12

(b)

13
8

(b) Maximum sales x 5 7.18 (July)

(c) The cosine factor; 9.90
(c) Yes, it occurs when production costs are increasing at their
slowest rate.
3. 4500
11. x 5 30

5. 300
7. 200
9. 200
13. x 5 1500
15. x 5 3

p 5 60

17. Proof

(d) 0.02t would mean a steady growth of consumption over

time. In this case, the maximum consumption in 2000 sthat
is, on 73 t 84d would be 12.1 billion gallons.
29. (a)

10

p 5 35

19. (a)
Order
size, x Price

Profit, P

102
104
106

90 2 2s0.15d
90 2 4s0.15d

102f90 2 2s0.15dg 2 102s60d 5 3029.40

104f90 2 4s0.15dg 2 104s60d 5 3057.60

90 2 6s0.15d

106f90 2 6s0.15dg 2 106s60d 5 3084.60

108

90 2 8s0.15d

108f90 2 8s0.15dg 2 108s60d 5 3110.40

110

90 2 10s0.15d 110f90 2 10s0.15dg 2 110s60d 5 3135.00

90 2 12s0.15d 112f90 2 12s0.15dg 2 112s60d 5 3158.40

112
(b)

Order
size, x Price
Profit, P
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
90 2 46s0.15d 146f90 2 46s0.15dg 2 146s60d 5 3372.60
146
148

90 2 48s0.15d 148f90 2 48s0.15dg 2 148s60d 5 3374.40

150

90 2 50s0.15d 150f90 2 50s0.15dg 2 150s60d 5 3375.00

152

90 2 52s0.15d 152f90 2 52s0.15dg 2 152s60d 5 3374.40

154
.
.
.

90 2 54s0.15d 154f90 2 54s0.15dg 2 154s60d 5 3372.60

.
.
.
.
.
.
(c) P 5 xf90 2 sx 2 100ds0.15dg 2 xs60d 5 xs45 2 0.15dx,
x 100
(d) 150 units
(e)

4000

(150, 3375)

100

300
0

21. Line should run from the power station to a point across the
river 3ys 2!7 d mile downstream.

9
0

(b) y 5 6.2 1 0.25x 1 1.5 sin

17
31. h 5 2 3 , elastic

1p2 x2

1
33. h 5 2 2, inelastic